1210:(a polymorphic set of genes which is important for immune-function in humans) is correlated with the ingredients found in perfume. This suggests that humans do, in fact, choose perfumes that complement or enhance their natural scents (their pheromones). This evidence offers support for the hypothesis that perfume is chosen by individuals to advertise their physical health. Research suggests that this advertisement of good health will, in fact, enhance females' attractiveness to the opposite sex as health markers have been shown to do. While strong evidence has been found to support the hypothesis that wearing perfume enhances females' attractiveness to males, little research has been done into the effect of fragrance on males' attractiveness to females. Considerably more research has covered the effect of males' natural odor and females' ratings of attractiveness. Many studies found that odor predicted attractiveness when female raters were not on any form of contraceptive pill. For those who were, there was no relation between attractiveness and body odor.
1127:
emotional processing of olfactory stimuli. Odors can disturb our concentration, diminish productivity, evoke symptoms, and in general increase a dislike for an environment. Odors can impact the liking for a person, place, food, or product as a form of conditioning. Memories recalled by odors are significantly more emotional and evocative than those recalled by the same cue presented visually or auditorily. Odors can become conditioned to experiential states and when later encountered have directional influences on behavior. Doing a frustrating task in a scented room decreases performance of other cognitive tasks in the presence of the same odor. Nonhuman animals communicate their emotional states through changes in body odor, and human body odors are indicative of emotional state.
1302:. The ovulatory-shift hypothesis argues that women experience elevated immediate sexual attraction, relative to low-fertile days of the cycle, to men with characteristics that reflect good genetic quality. Body odor may provide significant cues about a potential sexual partner's genetic quality, reproductive status, and health, with a woman's preferences for particular body odors becoming heightened during her most fertile days. As certain body odors can reflect good genetic quality, woman are more likely to prefer these scents when they are fertile, as this is when they are most likely to produce offspring with any potential mates, with conception-risk being related to a preference for the scent of male symmetry. Men also prefer the scent of women at their fertile cycle points.
814:(VOCs) may have higher concentrations in confined indoor environments, due to restricted infiltration of fresh air, as compared to the outdoor environment, leading to greater potential for toxic health exposures from a variety of chemical compounds. Health effects of odor are traced to the sensation of an odor or the odorant itself. Health effects and symptoms vary—including eye, nose, or throat irritation, cough, chest tightness, drowsiness, and mood change—all of which decrease as an odor ceases. Odors may also trigger illnesses such as asthma, depression, stress-induced illness, or hypersensitivity. The ability to perform tasks may decrease, and other social/behavioral changes may occur.
150:
301:. The sense of smell can induce pleasure or subconsciously warn of danger, which may, for example, help to locate mates, find food, or detect predators. Humans have an unusually good sense of smell considering they have only 350 functional olfactory receptor genes compared to the 1,300 found in mice, for example. This is despite an apparent evolutionary decline in the sense of smell. The human sense of smell is comparable with many animals, able to distinguish between a diverse range of odors. Studies have reported that humans can distinguish in the region of one trillion unique aromas.
63:
342:
MOR244-3, showing that copper is essential for detection of certain thiols and other sulfur-containing compounds. Thus, by using a chemical that binds to copper in the mouse nose, so that copper was not available to the receptors, the authors showed that the mice could not detect the thiols without the copper. However, these authors also found that MOR244-3 lacks the specific metal ion binding site suggested by
Suslick, instead showing a different motif in the EC2 domain.
832:
705:
818:
workers, as well as comfort, because exposure to chemicals can elicit physiological and biochemical changes in the upper respiratory system. Standards are hard to set when exposures are not reported and can also be hard to measure. Workforce populations vary in terms of discomfort from odors because of exposure history or habituation, and they may not realize possible risks of exposure to chemicals that produce specific odors.
354:
complexity of food preparation presented humans with a broader range of odorants, ultimately leading to a "richer repertoire of smells". Animals such as dogs show a greater sensitivity to odors than humans, especially in studies using short-chain compounds. Higher cognitive brain mechanisms and more olfactory brain regions enable humans to discriminate odors better than other mammals despite fewer olfactory receptor genes.
1135:
maternal odor appears to guide infants toward the breast and to have a calming effect." Body odor is involved in the development of infant–mother attachment and is essential to a child's social and emotional development and evokes feelings of security. Reassurance created by familiar parental body odors may contribute significantly to the attachment process. Human body odors
1315:
contraceptives. When women take a contraceptive pill, this has been found to demolish the cycle attractiveness of odors that men find attractive in normally ovulating women. Therefore, a contraceptive pill affects both women's preferences for scent and also affects their own scents, making their scent less attractive to males than the scent of normally cycling women.
403:. The most accepted technique for collecting odor samples is the lung technique, where the sample bag is placed in a sealed drum, where a vacuum is created outside the bag, which fills under expansion, and draws into itself the sample from the source. Critically, all components which touch the odor sample, must be odor free, which includes lines and fittings.
476:
instrumental methods, are normally used to measure such odor. Odor sensory methods are available to monitor odor both from source emissions and in the ambient air. These two contexts require different approaches for measuring odor. The collection of odor samples is more easily accomplished for a source emission than for odor in the ambient air.
1306:
women's preferences for the scent of symmetry. Women's preferences for masculine faces is greatest when their fertility is at its highest, and so is the preference for attractive faces. Other scents found to be preferred by women in the most fertile phase of their cycle are the scent for developmental stability, and the scent for dominance.
679:, that have a vertical velocity component. For such sources, consideration must be given as to the most appropriate method. A commonly used technique is to measure the odor concentration at the emitting surface, and combine this with the volumetric flow rate of air entering the biofilter to produce an emission rate.
313:, are less noticeable than uncommon odors. This is due to "habituation." After continuous odor exposure, the sense of smell is fatigued, but recovers if the stimulus is removed for a time. Odors can change due to environmental conditions: for example, odors tend to be more distinguishable in cool dry air.
1162:
An odor can cue recall of a distant memory. Most memories that pertain to odor come from the first decade of life, compared to verbal and visual memories which usually come from the 10th to 30th years of life. Odor-evoked memories are more emotional, associated with stronger feelings of being brought
1154:
males' brains respond in different ways to two odors that may be involved in sexual arousal, and that the gay men respond in the same way as straight women, though it could not be determined whether this was cause or effect. The study was expanded to include lesbian women; the results were consistent
1142:
Body odor is a sensory cue critical for mate selection in humans because it is a signal of immunological health. Women prefer men with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genotypes and odor different from themselves especially during ovulation. Different MHC alleles are favorable because different
1126:
Odor perception is a complex process involving the central nervous system and can evoke psychological and physiological responses. Because the olfactory signal terminates in or near the amygdala, odors are strongly linked to memories and can evoke emotions. The amygdala participates in the hedonic or
341:
suggested that Cu(I) is "the most likely candidate for a metallo-receptor site in olfaction" of strong-smelling volatiles. These are also good metal-coordinating ligands, such as thiols. In 2012, Zhuang, Matsunami, and Block confirmed the
Crabtree/Suslick proposal for the specific case of a mouse OR,
1281:
are affected by the gene, which can be detected in body odor. Female mice and humans have both shown odor preferences for males with MHC-dissimilarity. Research has shown that women prefer the scent of men with dissimilar MHC genes. In a study, women rated the scent of T-shirts, worn over two nights
1214:
affect (elicited by pheromones), with a potential mate, their liking for, and attraction to, that potential mate will be increased. Although not a typically evolutionary hypothesis, this hypothesis is one that acknowledges how humans have adapted their mating strategies to modern-day societal norms.
1177:
The sense of smell is not overlooked as a way of marketing products. The deliberate and controlled application of scent is used by designers, scientists, artists, perfumers, architects, and chefs. Some applications of scents in environments are in casinos, hotels, private clubs, and new automobiles.
809:
The perception of irritation from odor sensation is hard to investigate because exposure to a volatile chemical elicits a different response based on sensory and physiological signals, and interpretation of these signals is influenced by experience, expectations, personality, or situational factors.
570:
Most commonly, a set of standard descriptors is used, which may range from "fragrant" to "sewer odor". Although the method is fairly simplistic, it is important for the FIDOL factors to be understood by the person rating the smell. This method is most commonly used to define the character of an odor
418:
Humans can discriminate between two odorants that differ in concentration by as little as 7%. A human's odor detection threshold is variable. Repeated exposure to an odorant leads to enhanced olfactory sensitivity and decreased detection thresholds for a number of different odorants. It was found in
209:
of the brain. Interpretation of the smell begins there, relating the smell to past experiences and in relation to the substance(s) inhaled. The olfactory bulb acts as a relay station connecting the nose to the olfactory cortex in the brain. Olfactory information is further processed and forwarded to
644:
In many countries odor modeling is used to determine the extent of an impact from an odor source. These are a function of modeled concentration, averaging time (over what time period the model steps are run over, typically hourly), and a percentile. Percentiles refer to a statistical representation
554:
assessment is the process of rating odors according to a scale ranging from extremely unpleasant to extremely pleasant. Intensity and hedonic tone, whilst similar, refer to different things: that is, the strength of the odor (intensity) and the pleasantness of an odor (hedonic tone). The perception
1314:
preferences. Those taking a contraceptive pill show no significant preference for the scent of either symmetrical or asymmetrical men, whereas normally cycling women prefer the scent of shirts worn by symmetrical men. Males' preferences for women's scent may also change if the woman is taking oral
1202:
is natural in humans. Without perfume or aftershave, humans unconsciously detect people's natural scents: in the form of pheromones. Pheromones are usually detected unconsciously, and it is believed that they have an important influence on human's social and sexual behaviour. There are a number of
817:
Occupants should expect remediation from disturbing and unexpected odors that disturb concentration, diminish productivity, evoke symptoms, and generally increase the dislike for a particular environment. It is important to set occupational exposure limits (OELs) to ensure the health and safety of
406:
In comparing the odor emitted from each port, the panelists are asked to report if they can detect a difference between the ports. The gas-diluting ratio is then decreased by a factor of 1.4 or two (i.e., the concentration is increased accordingly). The panelists are asked to repeat the test. This
273:
or aversions. The ability to taste also decreases with age as the sense of smell tends to dominate the sense of taste. Chronic smell problems are reported in small numbers for those in their mid-twenties, with numbers increasing steadily, with overall sensitivity beginning to decline in the second
566:
The character of an odor is a critical element in assessing an odor. This property is the ability to distinguish different odors and is only descriptive. First, a basic description is used—such as sweet, pungent, acrid, fragrant, warm, dry, or sour. The odor is then referenced to a source such as
1213:
A person's odor can increase or decrease ratings of attractiveness because the olfactory receptors in the brain are directly linked with the limbic system, the part of the brain that is thought to be most involved with emotion. This link is important, because if an individual associates positive
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influence interpersonal relationships and are involved in adaptive behaviors, such as parental attachment in infants or partner choice in adults. "Mothers can discriminate the odor of their own child, and infants recognize and prefer the body odor of their mother over that of another woman. This
316:
Habituation affects the ability to distinguish odors after continuous exposure. The sensitivity and ability to discriminate odors diminishes with exposure, and the brain tends to ignore continuous stimulus and focus on differences and changes in a particular sensation. When odorants are mixed, a
1305:
There are several scents that reflect good genetic quality that females prefer during the most fertile phase of their cycles. Women prefer the scent of symmetrical men more during the fertile phases of their menstrual cycle than during their infertile phases, with estrogen positively predicting
806:. Perception of odor and of irritation is unique to each person, and varies because of physical conditions or memory of past exposures to similar chemicals. A person's specific threshold, before an odor becomes a nuisance, depends also on the frequency, concentration, and duration of an odor.
475:
Odor measurement is essential for odor regulation and control. An odor emission often consists of a complex mixture of many odorous compounds. Analytical monitoring of individual chemical compounds present in such an odor is usually not practical. As a result, odor sensory methods, instead of
353:
proposed that the retro-nasal route of olfaction (odorants introduced to the olfactory mucosa through the oral cavity often as food) was partially responsible for the development of human olfactory acuity. He suggested the evolutionary pressure of diversification of food sources and increased
1105:
to produce a fingerprint of whatever volatile chemicals in the local environment. Most electronic noses need to be "trained" to recognize chemicals of interest before it can be used. Many current electronic-nose instruments suffer from problems with reproducibility subject to varying ambient
943:", wherein fragrances are claimed to cure a wide range of psychological and physical problems. Aromatherapy claims that fragrances can positively affect sleep, stress, alertness, social interaction, and general feelings of well-being. Evidence for the effectiveness of aromatherapy is mostly
217:
is usually recognized by many receptors. Different odorants are recognized by combinations of receptors. The patterns of neuron signals help to identify the smell. The olfactory system does not interpret a single compound, but instead the whole odorous mix. This does not correspond to the
1143:
allele combinations would maximize disease protection and minimize recessive mutations in offspring. Biologically females tend to select mates "who are most likely to secure offspring survival and thus increase the likelihood that her genetic contribution will be reproductively viable."
1015:
is present both in animals and humans and its intensity can be influenced by many factors (behavioral patterns, survival strategies). Body odor has a strong genetic basis both in animals and humans, but it can be also strongly influenced by various diseases and psychological conditions.
1178:
For example, "technicians at New York City’s Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center disperse vanilla-scented oil into the air to help patients cope with the claustrophobic effects of MRI testing. Scents are used at the
Chicago Board of Trade to lower the decibel level on the trading floor."
1155:
with previous findings that lesbian women were not as responsive to male-identified odors, while their response to female cues was similar to that of straight males. According to the researchers, this research suggests a possible role for human pheromones in the biological basis of
801:
The human sense of smell is a primary factor in the sensation of comfort. Olfaction as a sensory system brings awareness of the presence of airborne chemicals. Some inhaled chemicals are volatile compounds that act as a stimulus, triggering unwanted reactions such as nose, eye, and
483:
can seem more effective, but olfactometer use is not regulated in Europe, while it is popular in the U.S. and Canada, where several states set limits at the receptor sites or along the perimeter of odor-emitting plants, expressed in units of dilution-to-threshold (D/T).
371:. The detection threshold is the concentration of an odor in air when 50% of a population can distinguish between the odorous sample and an odor-free reference sample. The recognition odor threshold is usually a factor of two to five higher than the detection threshold.
1261:
in fighting off pathogens. Experimental research has shown mixed findings for this idea. The "Red Queen" or "rare-allele" hypothesis suggests that diversity in the MHC gene provides a moving target for pathogens, making it more difficult for them to adapt to MHC
1282:
by men, as more pleasant when smelling those of MHC-dissimilar men. It has also been found that women were reminded more of current or prior partners when smelling odors from men whose MHC was dissimilar to their own. A study of married couples found that MHC
317:
habitual odorant is blocked. This depends on the strength of the odorants in the mixture, which can change the perception and processing of an odor. This process helps classify similar odors as well as adjust sensitivity to differences in complex stimuli.
261:
The ability to identify odor varies among people and decreases with age. Studies claim that there are sex differences in odor discrimination, and that women usually outperform men. Conversely, there are some studies claiming a male advantage. A 2019
378:
13725:2003. The method is based on dilution of an odor sample to the odor threshold. The numerical value of the odor concentration is equal to the dilution factor that is necessary to reach the odor threshold. Its unit is the "European Odour Unit",
399:—as a reference are presented from sniffing ports to a group of panelists who are sensitive in odor perception. To collect an odor sample, the samples are collected using specialized sample bags, which are made from an odor free material, e.g.,
471:
to dilute the odor sample. Olfactometry is rarely used for immission measurement because of low odor concentrations involved. The same measuring principles are used, but the judgment of the air-assay happens without diluting the samples.
990:
are unattractive to others. But studies have shown that a person who is exposed to a particular unpleasant odor can be attracted to others who have been exposed to the same unpleasant odor. This includes odors associated with pollution.
2220:
Duan, Xufang; Block, Eric; Li, Zhen; Connelly, Timothy; Zhang, Jian; Huang, Zhimin; Su, Xubo; Pan, Yi; Wu, Lifang; Chi, Qiuyi; Thomas, Siji; Zhang, Shaozhong; Ma, Minghong; Matsunami, Hiroaki; Chen, Guo-Qiang; Zhuang, Hanyi (2012).
1041:
The study of odors is complicated by the complex chemistry taking place at the moment of a smell sensation. For example, iron-containing metallic objects are perceived to have a distinctive odor when touched, although iron's
1009:, animal rendering factories, and industries processing chemicals (such as sulfur) which have odorous characteristics. Sometimes industrial odor sources are the subject of community controversy and scientific analysis.
2080:
Devriese, S; Winters, W; Stegen, K; Diest, I Van; Veulemans, H; Nemery, B; Eelen, P (2000). "Generalization of acquired somatic symptoms in response to odors: a pavlovian perspective on multiple chemical sensitivity".
985:
An odor that is viewed as unpleasant by some people or cultures can be viewed as attractive by others where it is more familiar or has a better reputation. It is commonly thought that those exuding an unpleasant
939:, the area of the brain that governs emotional responses. Some believe that these messages have the power to alter moods, evoke distant memories, raise spirits, and boost self-confidence. This belief has led to "
1309:
If women are taking a contraceptive pill the changes in mate scent preferences over the menstrual cycle are not expressed. If odor plays a role in human mate choice then the contraceptive pill could disrupt
961:
Unpleasant odors play various roles in nature, often to warn of danger, though this may not be known to the subject who smells it. The natural gas industry uses odor to enable consumers to identify leaks.
690:
Many methods are used, but all make use of the same inputs which include surface roughness, upwind and downwind concentrations, stability class (or other similar factor), wind speed, and wind direction.
329:
transmembrane proteins. But there are no known structures for any olfactory receptor. There is a conserved sequence in roughly three quarters of all ORs. This is a tripodal metal-ion binding site, and
954:
Some people are allergic to the fragrances found in perfume, scented shampoo, scented deodorant, or similar products. Reactions, as with other chemical allergies, can range from slight headaches to
3009:
Glindemann, Dietmar; Dietrich, Andrea; Staerk, Hans-Joachim; Kuschk, Peter (2006). "Communication The Two Odors of Iron when
Touched or Pickled: (Skin) Carbonyl Compounds and Organophosphines".
928:
Some odors are sought after, such as from perfumes and flowers, some of which command high prices. Whole industries have developed around products that remove or mask unpleasant odors, such as
555:
of an odor may change from pleasant to unpleasant with increasing concentration, intensity, time, frequency, or previous experience with a specific odor—all factors in determining a response.
1001:
Unpleasant odors can arise from specific industrial processes, adversely affecting workers and even residents downwind of the source. The most common sources of industrial odor arise from
2544:
1066:
ions that are formed in the sweat-mediated corrosion of iron. The same chemicals are also associated with the smell of blood, as ferrous iron in blood on skin produces the same reaction.
4574:
Gangestad, S. W.; Simpson, J. A.; Cousins, A. J.; Garver- Apgar, C. E.; Christensen, P. N. (2004). "Women's preferences for male behavioural displays change across the menstrual cycle".
407:
continues until the panelists respond with certainty and correctly twice in a row. These responses are used to calculate the concentration of the odor in terms of
European odor units (OU
4427:
Thornhill, R.; Chapman, J. F.; Gangestad, S. W. (2013). "Women's preferences for men's scents associated with testosterone and cortisol levels: Pattens across the ovulatory cycle".
3782:
1146:
Studies have suggested that people might be using odor cues associated with the immune system to select mates. Using a brain-imaging technique, Swedish researchers have shown that
2348:
4383:
Thorne, Frances, Fink, Bernhard (2002). "Effects of putative male pheromones on female ratings of male attractiveness: influence of oral contraceptives and the menstrual cycle".
1028:
can detect many thousands of scents based on only minute airborne concentrations of a chemical. The sense of smell of many animals is even better. Some fragrant flowers give off
1139:. Fragrances are commonly used to raise sexual attractiveness and induce sexual arousal. Researchers found that people choose perfume that interacts well with their body odor.
1089:. Worker bees can release such smells to call other bees into an appropriate cavity when a swarm moves into new quarters, or to "sound" an alarm when the hive is threatened.
492:
Odor intensity is the perceived strength of odor sensation. This intensity property is used to locate the source of odors and perhaps most directly related to odor nuisance.
3589:
Herz, Rachel S.; Inzlicht, Michael (2002). "Sex differences in response to physical and social factors involved in human mate selection: The importance of smell for women".
4149:
Singh, P. B.; Herbert, J.; Roser, B.; Arnott, L.; Tucker, D. K.; Brown, R. E. (1990). "Rearing rats in a germ-free environment eliminates their odors of individuality".
495:
The perceived strength of the odor sensation is measured in conjunction with odor concentration. This can be modeled by the Weber-Fechner law: I = a Ă— log(c) + b, where
1391:
de march, Claire A.; Ryu, sangEun; Sicard, Gilles; Moon, Cheil; Golebiowski, Jérôme (September 2015). "Structure–odour relationships reviewed in the postgenomic era".
1198:
to members of the opposite, or same, sex. When people find that a particular perfume or aftershave is perceived positively, they may be hard-pressed to change it.
98:
1207:
2740:
2600:
1478:
Doty, Richard L.; Applebaum, Steven; Zusho, Hiroyuki; Settle, R.Gregg (1985). "Sex differences in odor identification ability: A cross-cultural analysis".
514:
Odor intensity can be expressed using an odor intensity scale, which is a verbal description of an odor sensation to which a numerical value is assigned.
661:
Direct refers to the placement of an enclosure on or over an emitting surface from which samples are collected, and an odor emission rate is determined.
571:
which can then be compared to other odors. It is common for olfactometry laboratories to report character as an additional factor post sample-analysis.
1646:
Sorokowski, Piotr; Karwowski, Maciej; Misiak, Michał; Marczak, Michalina
Konstancja; Dziekan, Martyna; Hummel, Thomas; Sorokowska, Agnieszka (2019).
4410:
194:
bind to receptor proteins extending from cilia and act as a chemical stimulus, initiating electric signals that travel along the olfactory nerve's
395:
To establish odor concentration, an olfactometer is used which employs a group of human panelists. A diluted odorous mixture and an odor-free gas—
4454:
Glidersleeve, K.; Haselton, M. G.; Fales, M. R. (2014). "Do women's mate preferences change across the ovulatory cycle? A meta-analytic review".
3532:"Psychology of Fragrance Use: Perception of Individual Odor and Perfume Blends Reveals a Mechanism for Idiosyncratic Effects on Fragrance Choice"
4627:
Garver- Aprgar, C. E.; Gangestad, S. W.; Thornhill, R. (2008). "Hormonal correlates of women's mid-cycle preference for the scent of symmetry".
2575:
1249:, a preference for mates with a dissimilar MHC composition has been argued to act as a mechanism to avoid infectious diseases. According to the
672:(UNSW). There are many other available techniques, and consideration should be given to a number of factors before selecting a suitable method.
3106:
Zarra, T.; Naddeo, V.; Belgiorno, V.; Higuchi, T.; Dutta, N.; Bhuyan, M. (2012), "Instruments and
Methods for Odour Sampling and Measurement",
1273:
Body odor can provide MHC information. Although less is known about how odor is influenced by MHC genes, possible explanations have been that
286:
of an odor. Their smell perception primarily offers information that elicits an emotional response. Experienced individuals, however, such as
233:, are also odorants. The perception of an odor effect is a two-step process. First, there is the physiological part. This is the detection of
3919:
Jacob, Suma; McClintock, Martha K. (February 1, 2000). "Psychological State and Mood
Effects of Steroidal Chemosignals in Women and Men".
3416:
2345:
563:
The overall set of qualities are sometimes identified as the "FIDOL (Frequency, Intensity, Duration, Offensiveness, Location) factors".
687:
Indirect sampling is often referred to as back calculation. It involves the use of a mathematical formula to predict an emission rate.
3393:
325:
The primary gene sequences for thousands of olfactory receptors are known for the genomes of more than a dozen organisms. They are
237:
by receptors in the nose. The stimuli are recognized by the region of the human brain which handles olfaction. Because of this, an
2868:
3530:
Lenochová, PavlĂna; Vohnoutová, Pavla; Roberts, S. Craig; Oberzaucher, Elisabeth; Grammer, Karl; HavlĂÄŤek, Jan (March 28, 2012).
3011:
2767:
2053:
Salthammer, Tunga; Bahadir, MĂĽfit (2009). "Occurrence, Dynamics and
Reactions of Organic Pollutants in the Indoor Environment".
2976:
375:
94:
4112:"The role of infectious disease, inbreeding and mating preferences in maintaining MHC genetic diversity: an experimental test"
3755:
2959:
1805:"The olfactory receptor gene repertoire in primates and mouse: Evidence for reduction of the functional fraction in primates"
998:
is often viewed as having an unpleasant odor, but it is odorless. It is bacteria in the perspiration that causes the odor.
3380:
Epple, Gisela; Herz, Rachel S. (1999). "Ambient odors associated to failure influence cognitive performance in children".
579:
Different categorizations of primary odors have been proposed, including the following, which identifies 7 primary odors:
333:
has proposed that the ORs are in fact metalloproteins (most likely with zinc, copper, and manganese ions) that serve as a
4277:
269:
Pregnant women have increased smell sensitivity, sometimes resulting in abnormal taste and smell perceptions, leading to
213:
Odor sensation usually depends on the concentration (number of molecules) available to the olfactory receptors. A single
3090:
2986:
1253:-advantage hypothesis, diversity within the MHC genotype is beneficial for the immune system due to a greater range of
1203:
hypotheses concerning why humans wear perfume or aftershave, and whether it amplifies or reduces their natural scents.
133:
are usually reserved for pleasant-smelling odors and are frequently used in the food and cosmetic industry to describe
3866:
Foster, Joshua (2008). "Beauty Is Mostly in the Eye of the
Beholder: Olfactory Versus Visual Cues of Attractiveness".
1875:
201:
When an electrical signal reaches a threshold, the neuron fires, which sends a signal traveling along the axon to the
4260:
3123:
915:
788:
4024:
Penn, D. J.; Potts, W. K. (1999). "The evolution of mating preferences and major histocompatibility complex genes".
444:
Issues such as temperature and humidity are best overcome using either pre-dilution or dynamic dilution techniques.
1222:
1136:
896:
769:
4920:"Attractiveness of women's body odours over the menstrual cycle: the role of oral contraceptives and receiver sex"
543:
Odor intensity is determined in a laboratory by specialists who have been trained to accurately define intensity.
2744:
868:
741:
2634:"Measurement of Odour Concentration of Immissions using a New Field Olfactometer and Markers' Chemical Analysis"
2607:
1974:
2843:
2449:
Cain, W. S.; Gent, J. F. (1991). "Olfactory sensitivity: Reliability, generality, and association with aging".
1030:
853:
726:
4654:
Thornhill, R.; Gangestad, S. W. (1999). "The scent of symmetry: A human sex pheromone that signals fitness?".
4334:
Ober, Carole; Weitkamp, Lowell R.; Cox, Nancy; Dytch, Harvey; Kostyu, Donna; Elias, Sherman (September 1997).
2367:"A review of 20 years of standardization of odor concentration measurement by dynamic olfactometry in Europe"
1233:, females opt for mates with an MHC which differs from their own, optimising genes for their offspring. The "
669:
374:
The measurement of odor concentration is the most widespread method to quantify odors. It is standardized in
875:
748:
567:
sewage or apple which can then be followed by a reference to a specific chemical such as acids or gasoline.
274:
decade of life, and then deteriorating appreciably as age increases, especially once over 70 years of age.
210:
the central nervous system (CNS), which controls emotions and behavior as well as basic thought processes.
266:
claimed that the differences in olfaction are extremely small, but confirmed a small advantage for women.
3341:"A Naturalistic Analysis of Autobiographical Memories Triggered by Olfactory Visual and Auditory Stimuli"
2545:"Difference in the odor concentrations measured by the triangle odor bag method and dynamic olfactometry"
1864:"Loss of olfactory receptor genes coincides with the acquisition of full trichromatic vision in primates"
1257:
available to the host. Therefore, the hypothesis proposes that MHC heterozygotes will be superior to MHC
367:
Odor concentration refers to an odor's pervasiveness. To measure odor sensation, an odor is diluted to a
1266:
in the host. Another hypothesis suggests that preferences for MHC-dissimilar mates could serve to avoid
282:
For most untrained individuals, the act of smelling acquires little information concerning the specific
4956:
3300:"Odor and Affect: Individual Differences in the Impact of Odor on Liking for Places, Things and People"
3238:"Emotion, olfaction, and the human amygdala: Amygdala activation during aversive olfactory stimulation"
811:
3989:
Grammer, Karl; Fink, Bernhard; Neave, Nick (February 2005). "Human pheromones and sexual attraction".
882:
755:
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183:
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3716:
4918:
Kuukasjarvi, S.; Eriksson, P. C. J.; Koskela, E.; Mappes, T.; Nissinen, K.; Rantala, M. J. (2004).
2095:
994:
What causes a substance to smell unpleasant may be different from what one perceives. For example,
423:
developed the ability to detect it after repeated exposure. People who cannot smell are said to be
4540:"Major histocompatibility complex genes, symmetry, and body scent attractiveness in men and women"
1241:" explanations for these findings fall under the "pathogen hypothesis". Due to differences in MHC
1077:
are odors that are used for communication, and are sometimes called "airborne hormones". A female
4538:
Thornhill, R.; Gangastad, S. W.; Miller, R.; Scheyd, G.; McCollongh, J. K.; Franklin, M. (2003).
1172:
864:
842:
737:
715:
1163:
back in time, and have been thought of less often as compared to memories evoked by other cues.
4583:
3875:
3711:
3046:
2090:
1234:
1199:
154:
71:
34:
4732:"Women's preference for dominant male odour: effects of mistral cycle and relationship status"
4491:"Women's preference for dominant male odour: effects of mistral cycle and relationship status"
3675:
645:
of how many hours per year the concentration C may be exceeded based on the averaging period.
4404:
3455:
2346:
CEN EN 13725:2003, Air quality – Determination of odour concentration by dynamic olfactometry
1181:
If ingredients are listed on a product, the term "fragrance" can be used in a general sense.
849:
722:
334:
238:
234:
62:
26:
1748:"Perspectives on population-based epidemiological studies of olfactory and taste impairment"
1250:
1225:(MHC) is a genotype found in vertebrates, including humans. MHC is thought to contribute to
4292:
4205:
3823:
Weeden, Jason (2005). "Physical Attractiveness and Health in Western Societies: A Review".
3703:
3629:
3543:
3249:
2497:
2415:
2234:
2147:
1929:
1816:
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1427:
1238:
653:
There are two main odor sampling techniques: direct and indirect odor sampling techniques.
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175:
149:
2797:
113:
generally found in low concentrations that humans and many animals can perceive via their
8:
2004:
Chaudhury, D; Manella, L; Arellanos, A; Escanilla, O; Cleland, T. A.; Linster, C (2010).
1287:
1081:
may release a pheromone that can entice a male moth that is several kilometers downwind.
979:
614:
4597:
4296:
4209:
3707:
3633:
3547:
3253:
2844:"Flux Chamber Measurements: Defensible Analytical Data for Evaluating Human Health Risk"
2501:
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2151:
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1820:
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2925:
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2222:
2116:
2030:
2005:
1950:
1917:
1780:
1747:
1707:"A Longitudinal Descriptive Study of Self-reported Abnormal Smell and Taste Perception"
1682:
1647:
1624:
1585:
1550:
1503:
1439:
1311:
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1115:
955:
944:
453:
350:
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330:
294:, can identify discrete chemicals in complex mixtures using only their sense of smell.
4667:
3602:
3189:"A Simple and Highly Sensitive Colorimetric Detection Method for Gaseous Formaldehyde"
2771:
2520:
2485:
2308:
2281:
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4193:
4166:
4131:
4092:
4049:
4006:
3971:
3962:
Kohl, James (2001). "Human Pheromones: Integrating Neuroendocrinology and Ethology".
3936:
3893:
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3725:
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1955:
1898:
1844:
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1628:
1589:
1542:
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1340:
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803:
430:
There are a number of issues which have to be overcome with sampling, these include:
110:
4320:
4178:
4111:
3905:
3852:
3741:
3516:
2813:
2120:
1507:
1024:
The study of odors is a growing field but is a complex and difficult one. The human
963:
517:
Odor intensity can be divided into the following categories according to intensity:
499:
is the perceived psychological intensity at the dilution step on the butanol scale,
4931:
4890:
4882:
4871:"Menstrual cycle variation in women's preferences for the scent of symmetrical men"
4841:
4833:
4792:
4751:
4743:
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1002:
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114:
86:
3759:
3140:"Discrimination of Complex Mixtures by a Colorimetric Sensor Array: Coffee Aromas"
2631:
889:
762:
4002:
3801:
3556:
2606:. Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India. May 2008. Archived from
2352:
2298:
1883:
1299:
1151:
1098:
975:
167:
75:
4116:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
4075:
Wedekind, C.; Penn, D. (2000). "MHC genes, body odours, and odour preferences".
3836:
4822:"MHC-correlated odour preferences in humans and the use of oral contraceptives"
4797:
4780:
3889:
2486:"Ability to perceive androstenone can be acquired by ostensibly anosmic people"
2462:
1705:
Nordin, Steven; Broman, Daniel A.; Olofsson, Jonas K.; Wulff, Marianne (2004).
1335:
1325:
1278:
1043:
368:
214:
202:
191:
22:
4194:"Volatile signals of the major histocompatibility complex in male mouse urine"
4045:
3500:
3435:
3316:
3299:
3115:
2913:
675:
A source which has implications for this method are sources, such as bark bed
464:
4986:
4980:
2406:
Cain, WS. (1977). "Differential sensitivity for smell: "noise" at the nose".
1673:
1664:
1632:
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3642:
3357:
3340:
2510:
2247:
1941:
1916:
Bushdid, C.; Magnasco, M. O.; Vosshall, L. B.; Keller, A. (March 21, 2014).
1723:
1706:
1118:, which visualizes odor through color change and creates a "picture" of it.
460:
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4765:
4747:
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4605:
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3733:
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3575:
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3443:
3401:
3366:
3325:
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3222:
3173:
3032:
3024:
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2716:
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2427:
2392:
2317:
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2179:
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2112:
2066:
2039:
1959:
1902:
1874:(1). Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
1848:
1829:
1789:
1732:
1691:
1350:
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966:
in its native state is colorless and almost odorless. To help users detect
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623:
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468:
420:
270:
179:
134:
4904:
4369:
4312:
4237:
4135:
3482:"Family Scents: Developmental Changes in the Perception of Kin Body Odor?"
3281:
3082:
2529:
2470:
2364:
1570:"Sensory Analysis of Odor Qualities in Terms of the Stereochemical Theory"
1499:
1447:
249:, individual reactions are usually related. They relate to things such as
2563:
2435:
1226:
1107:
665:
467:
measurements. Emission measurement can be taken by olfactometry using an
246:
48:
3991:
European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
3394:
10.1002/(sici)1098-2302(199909)35:2<103::aid-dev3>3.0.co;2-4
2847:
2633:
157:: Under these covers, grit and gravel are settled out of the wastewater.
4276:
Wedekind, C.; Seebeck, T.; Bettens, F.; Paepke, A. J. (June 22, 1995).
4162:
1554:
1365:
1283:
1274:
1267:
1085:
queens constantly release pheromones that regulate the activity of the
856: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
729: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
629:
283:
3790:
European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
3204:
3155:
2665:"Improvement of odor intensity measurement using dynamic olfactometry"
2193:
Crabtree, R.H. (1978). "Copper(I) – Possible Olfactory Binding-Site".
1046:
is negligible. According to a 2006 study, this smell is the result of
4467:
3529:
2021:
1522:
1404:
1345:
1263:
1246:
1131:
1074:
1012:
987:
929:
676:
396:
310:
287:
41:
4573:
4110:
Potts, W. K; Manning, C. J.; Wakeland, E. K.; Hughes, A. L. (1994).
3073:
Belgiorno, Vincenzo; Naddeo, Vincenzo; Zarra, Tiziano, eds. (2012).
2900:
Dalton, P (2002). "Odor, irritation and perception of health risk".
2451:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance
2223:"Crucial role of copper in detection of metal-coordinating odorants"
1538:
1527:
Transactions of the Annual Meetings of the Kansas Academy of Science
1523:"Some Special Tests in Regard to the Delicacy of the Sense of Smell"
1293:
831:
704:
4351:
4037:
3694:
Larsson, M.; Willander, J. (2009). "Autobiographical odor memory".
1254:
1111:
1101:
instruments work by combining output from an array of non-specific
1082:
1047:
1006:
971:
664:
The most commonly used direct methods include the flux chamber and
605:
291:
2003:
1360:
1290:
has been found to reverse the MHC-dissimilarity odor preference.
1242:
1086:
1063:
1051:
948:
636:
Though the concept of primary odors is not universally accepted.
595:
551:
424:
383:. Therefore, the odor concentration at the odor threshold is 1 OU
230:
138:
4917:
4626:
1918:"Humans Can Discriminate More than 1 Trillion Olfactory Stimuli"
1645:
1286:
differed between spouses more than chance would dictate. Taking
1218:
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and body odor preferences
452:
Other analytic methods can be subdivided into the physical, the
245:
measure of odor is impossible. While odor feelings are personal
225:, although some simple compounds not containing carbon, such as
4820:
Roberts, C. S.; Gosling, L. M.; Carter, V.; Petrie, M. (2008).
2902:
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health
2632:
Benzo, Maurizio; Mantovani, Alice; Pittarello, Alberto (2012).
1055:
619:
589:
400:
250:
171:
166:
The perception of odors, or sense of smell, is mediated by the
4537:
3480:
Ferdenzi, Camille; Schaal, Benoist; Roberts, S. Craig (2010).
3008:
1915:
1189:
978:(t-butyl mercaptan), is added. Sometimes a related compound,
298:
187:
55:
4275:
4255:(1 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 317.
2669:
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)
3105:
2765:
1078:
967:
583:
195:
16:
Volatile chemical compounds perceived by the sense of smell
4957:"What Can Covid-19 Teach Us About the Mysteries of Smell?"
4819:
4781:"Does the contraceptive pill alter mate choice in humans?"
4109:
2133:
2079:
419:
a study that humans who were unable to detect the odor of
4453:
4426:
3676:"Gay Men are found to have Different Scent of Attraction"
3294:
1704:
1609:"Olfactory Threshold, in Relation to Age, Sex or Smoking"
1035:
337:
site for the binding of many odorant molecules. In 1978,
277:
3618:"Brain response to putative pheromones in lesbian women"
2542:
2282:"The Human Sense of Smell: Are We Better Than We Think?"
1745:
1477:
4285:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4191:
4148:
2975:
Madaras, Lynda; Madaras, Area; Sullivan, Simon (2007).
2483:
2365:
Van Harreveld, A. P.; Heeres, P.; Harssema, H. (1999).
4192:
Singer, A. G.; Beauchamp, G. K.; Yamazaki, K. (1997).
3615:
3054:(Web). Universitat Rovira i Virgili. November 21, 2016
2974:
2798:"Understanding smell – the olfactory stimulus problem"
2484:
Wysocki, C.J.; Dorries, K.M.; Beauchamp, G.K. (1989).
2134:
Wang, J.; Luthey-Schulten, Z.; Suslick, K. S. (2003).
1802:
1746:
Hoffman, H. J.; Cruickshanks, K. J.; Davis, B (2009).
1418:
Axel, Richard (1995). "The molecular logic of smell".
218:
concentration or intensity of any single constituent.
178:, which is a small patch of tissue at the back of the
121:
can refer to pleasant and unpleasant odors, the terms
4422:
4420:
4251:
Dunbar, Robin Ian MacDonald; Barrett, Louise (2007).
3479:
3048:
Science in 1 minute: How does an electronic nose work
2880:
2371:
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association
1861:
1648:"Sex Differences in Human Olfaction: A Meta-Analysis"
1390:
186:
that act as sensory signaling cells. Each neuron has
4729:
4488:
4333:
3072:
1298:
Women's preferences for body odor change with their
2543:Ueno, H; Amano, S; Merecka, B; Kośmider, J (2009).
2219:
639:
459:When measuring odor, there is a difference between
4868:
4653:
4417:
3414:
3137:
1568:AMOORE, JOHN E.; VENSTROM, DELPHA (January 1966).
309:Odors that a person is used to, such as their own
3138:Suslick, B. A.; Feng, L.; Suslick, K. S. (2010).
3075:Odour Impact Assessment Handbook: Belgiorno/Odour
2662:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2601:"Guidelines on Odour Pollution & Its Control"
2052:
1294:Women's scent preferences and the menstrual cycle
4978:
3988:
3693:
3186:
2791:
2789:
951:studies to substantiate its claims are lacking.
54:"Odour" redirects here. Not to be confused with
4730:Havlicek, J.; Roberts, C. S; Flegr, J. (2005).
4683:"Human body odour, symmetry and attractiveness"
4489:Havlicek, J.; Roberts, C. S; Flegr, J. (2005).
4382:
4198:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3918:
3622:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3616:Berglund, H.; Lindstrom, P.; Savic, I. (2006).
2766:Oracle Education Foundation (August 25, 2010).
1809:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1114:. An example of this type of technology is the
1062:) released from the human skin on contact with
511:is the intercept constant (0.5 by definition).
4778:
3689:
3687:
3187:Feng, L.; Musto, C.J.; Suslick, K. S. (2010).
3110:, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 31–83,
2881:Young, Christopher A. (2010). "What Smells?".
2651:
1607:VENSTROM, DELPHA; AMOORE, JOHN E. (May 1968).
1606:
1567:
1194:Both men and women use perfume to boost their
256:
253:, age, state of health, and personal history.
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4567:
4250:
2786:
2136:"Is the Olfactory Receptor A Metalloprotein?"
1966:
648:
4687:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
4409:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4074:
3588:
2795:
2358:
2006:"Olfactory bulb habituation to odor stimuli"
1803:Rouquier, S; Blancher, A; Giorgi, D (2000).
1520:
304:
33:"Aroma" redirects here. For other uses, see
3684:
3077:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1862:Gilad, Y; Przeworski, M; Lancet, D (2004).
447:
4564:
4278:"MHC-Dependent Mate Preferences in Humans"
4253:Oxford handbook of evolutionary psychology
3417:"Human olfactory communication of emotion"
2978:What's Happening to My Body? Book for Boys
1752:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1190:Effect of perfume on sexual attractiveness
546:
297:Odor perception is a primary evolutionary
47:"Stench" redirects here. For the gas, see
40:"Scent" redirects here. For the film, see
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1034:that move downwind and are detectable by
916:Learn how and when to remove this message
789:Learn how and when to remove this message
4869:Gangestad, S. W.; Thornhill, R. (1998).
4680:
3783:"Human pheromones and sexual attraction"
2945:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2802:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
2448:
2329:
2327:
2279:
2192:
1521:Bailey, E. H. S.; Powell, L. M. (1883).
935:Odor molecules transmit messages to the
170:. The olfactory receptor (OR) cells are
148:
61:
3780:
3298:; McCauley, Clark; Rozin, Paul (1999).
3012:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
2663:Jiang, J; Coffey, P; Toohey, B (2006).
1461:
1459:
1457:
357:
4979:
4954:
4340:The American Journal of Human Genetics
3865:
3822:
2899:
1208:major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
1092:
437:if the source is at a high temperature
345:
278:Smell acuity compared to other animals
3236:Zald, David H.; Pardo, J. V. (1997).
2949:
2936:
2324:
3961:
3415:Chen, D; Haviland-Jones, J. (2000).
3338:
2770:. ThinkQuest Library. Archived from
2405:
1972:
1909:
1454:
1417:
1184:
854:adding citations to reliable sources
825:
727:adding citations to reliable sources
698:
682:
507:is the chemical concentrations, and
320:
4955:Jarvis, Brooke (January 28, 2021).
4598:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.01503010.x
4077:Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation
3758:. Tabithamiller.com. Archived from
2981:(Revised ed.). HarperCollins.
13:
4948:
4641:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.12.007
4441:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2013.01.003
2768:"Your Sense of Smell – The Senses"
1625:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1968.tb01364.x
1586:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1966.tb15424.x
1440:10.1038/scientificamerican1095-154
1121:
656:
503:is the Weber-Fechner coefficient,
369:detection or recognition threshold
144:
109:caused by one or more volatilized
14:
5003:
4779:Alvergne, A.; Lummaa, V. (2010).
2641:Chemical Engineering Transactions
1173:Visual merchandising § Scent
574:
161:
3868:The Journal of Social Psychology
3726:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.03934.x
3108:Odour Impact Assessment Handbook
2105:10.1097/00006842-200011000-00003
1772:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04597.x
1223:Major histocompatibility complex
1206:In 2001, a study found that the
1166:
830:
703:
640:Interpretive dispersion modeling
558:
479:Field measurement with portable
362:
190:in direct contact with the air.
4911:
4862:
4813:
4785:Trends in Ecology and Evolution
4772:
4723:
4674:
4647:
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4531:
4482:
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4376:
4336:"HLA and Mate Choice in Humans"
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3002:
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2862:
2846:. Ceschmidt.com. Archived from
2836:
2814:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.06.009
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2213:
2186:
2127:
2073:
2046:
1997:
1855:
1796:
1739:
974:with the scent of rotten eggs,
841:needs additional citations for
714:needs additional citations for
694:
456:, and the chemosensory method.
440:If the source has high humidity
390:
2682:10.1080/10473289.2006.10464474
2552:Water Science & Technology
2384:10.1080/10473289.1999.11499900
1698:
1639:
1600:
1561:
1514:
1471:
1411:
1384:
982:, may be used in the mixture.
524:1 – very weak (odor threshold)
1:
4681:Rikowski, K. Grammer (1999).
4668:10.1016/s1090-5138(99)00005-7
3674:Wade, Nicholas (May 9, 2005)
3603:10.1016/s1090-5138(02)00095-8
2743:. MFE.govt.nz. Archived from
2703:
2333:
1465:
1393:Flavour and Fragrance Journal
1377:
1069:
958:, which can result in death.
670:University of New South Wales
434:If the source is under vacuum
4656:Evolution and Human Behavior
4629:Evolution and Human Behavior
4429:Evolution and Human Behavior
4003:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.08.010
3802:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.08.010
3756:"Miller, Tabitha M.A. Smell"
3591:Evolution and Human Behavior
3557:10.1371/journal.pone.0033810
2299:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020146
2280:Shepherd, Gordon M. (2004).
2227:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
2207:10.1016/0022-1902(78)80071-2
2140:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
1884:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020005
1492:10.1016/0028-3932(85)90067-3
1038:more than a kilometer away.
487:
7:
4151:Journal of Chemical Ecology
3837:10.1037/0033-2909.131.5.635
3489:Journal of Chemical Ecology
3424:Perceptual and Motor Skills
3382:Developmental Psychobiology
2869:UNSW wind tunnel dimensions
1711:Pregnant Women Chem. Senses
1318:
1137:can also affect mate choice
257:Smell acuity by age and sex
10:
5008:
4798:10.1016/j.tree.2009.08.003
4385:Neuroendocrinology Letters
3964:Neuroendocrinology Letters
3890:10.3200/socp.148.6.765-774
2998:– via Google Boeken.
2490:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
2463:10.1037/0096-1523.17.2.382
1229:in animals and humans. In
1170:
812:Volatile organic compounds
649:Sampling from area sources
184:olfactory receptor neurons
31:
20:
3501:10.1007/s10886-010-9827-x
3436:10.2466/pms.2000.91.3.771
3116:10.1002/9781118481264.ch3
2952:Odor sensation and memory
2914:10.1007/s00420-002-0312-x
1975:"The Scent of a Molecule"
1116:colorimetric sensor array
305:Habituation or adaptation
153:Odor control covers at a
3339:Herz, Rachel S. (2004).
2055:CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water
1665:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00242
1019:
821:
448:Other analytical methods
415:/m≡40 ppb/v n-butanol).
182:. There are millions of
99:see spelling differences
4026:The American Naturalist
3643:10.1073/pnas.0600331103
3317:10.1093/chemse/24.6.713
2511:10.1073/pnas.86.20.7976
2248:10.1073/pnas.1111297109
2010:Behavioral Neuroscience
1942:10.1126/science.1249168
1652:Frontiers in Psychology
1613:Journal of Food Science
1574:Journal of Food Science
1200:Olfactory communication
668:such as the one at the
547:Hedonic tone assessment
4887:10.1098/rspb.1998.0380
4838:10.1098/rspb.2008.0825
4748:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0332
4699:10.1098/rspb.1999.0717
4507:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0332
4456:Psychological Bulletin
4305:10.1098/rspb.1995.0087
4219:10.1073/pnas.94.6.2210
4128:10.1098/rstb.1994.0154
3933:10.1006/hbeh.1999.1559
3825:Psychological Bulletin
3781:Grammer, Karl (2005).
3263:10.1073/pnas.94.8.4119
3025:10.1002/anie.200602100
2428:10.1126/science.836592
2161:10.1073/pnas.262792899
2067:10.1002/clen.200900015
1830:10.1073/pnas.040580197
1815:(6). PNAS: 2870–2874.
1235:heterozygote advantage
221:Most odors consist of
158:
155:sewage treatment plant
78:
72:Jan Brueghel the Elder
68:Allegory of the Senses
35:Aroma (disambiguation)
4937:10.1093/beheco/arh050
4576:Psychological Science
4557:10.1093/beheco/arg043
4089:10.1093/ndt/15.9.1269
3921:Hormones and Behavior
3358:10.1093/chemse/bjh025
3083:10.1002/9781118481264
2954:. New York: Praeger.
2950:Engen, Trygg (1991).
2883:Pollution Engineering
2796:Auffarth, B. (2013).
1724:10.1093/chemse/bjh040
1196:sexual attractiveness
1171:Further information:
454:gas chromatographical
152:
65:
27:Odor (disambiguation)
3762:on December 31, 2012
2747:on November 22, 2012
2564:10.2166/wst.2009.112
2195:J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem
850:improve this article
723:improve this article
358:Measuring techniques
176:olfactory epithelium
95:Commonwealth English
21:For other uses, see
4875:Biological Sciences
4826:Biological Sciences
4297:1995RSPSB.260..245W
4210:1997PNAS...94.2210S
3708:2009NYASA1170..318L
3696:Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci
3634:2006PNAS..103.8269B
3548:2012PLoSO...733810L
3254:1997PNAS...94.4119Z
2871:. Odour.unsw.edu.au
2850:on February 8, 2013
2581:on November 5, 2016
2502:1989PNAS...86.7976W
2420:1977Sci...195..796C
2239:2012PNAS..109.3492D
2152:2003PNAS..100.3035W
1934:2014Sci...343.1370B
1821:2000PNAS...97.2870R
1764:2009NYASA1170..514H
1432:1995SciAm.273d.154A
1420:Scientific American
1312:disassortative mate
1288:oral contraceptives
1097:Most artificial or
1093:Advanced technology
481:field olfactometers
346:Evolutionary impact
4962:The New York Times
4924:Behavioral Ecology
4544:Behavioral Ecology
4163:10.1007/bf01014099
3430:(3 Pt 1): 771–81.
2741:"Odour Assessment"
2351:2015-05-05 at the
1973:Kean, Sam (2017).
1157:sexual orientation
956:anaphylactic shock
622:– roses (see also
615:dry cleaning fluid
159:
111:chemical compounds
79:
4832:(1652): 2715–22.
3296:Wrzesniewski, Amy
3205:10.1021/ja910366p
3156:10.1021/ac902823w
2961:978-0-275-94111-6
2774:on August 8, 2011
1928:(6177): 1370–72.
1356:Olfactory fatigue
1341:Machine olfaction
1185:Scent preferences
926:
925:
918:
900:
804:throat irritation
799:
798:
791:
773:
683:Indirect sampling
321:Genetic component
223:organic compounds
192:Odorous molecules
4999:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4915:
4909:
4908:
4898:
4881:(1399): 927–33.
4866:
4860:
4859:
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4776:
4770:
4769:
4759:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4710:
4693:(1422): 869–74.
4678:
4672:
4671:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4591:
4571:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4518:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4468:10.1037/a0035438
4451:
4445:
4444:
4424:
4415:
4414:
4408:
4400:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4363:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4291:(1359): 245–49.
4282:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4231:
4221:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4122:(1317): 369–78.
4107:
4101:
4100:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4021:
4015:
4014:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3883:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3787:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3719:
3691:
3682:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3655:
3645:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3569:
3559:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3486:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3461:on March 4, 2016
3460:
3454:. Archived from
3421:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3360:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3319:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3275:
3265:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3216:
3193:J. Am. Chem. Soc
3184:
3178:
3177:
3167:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3053:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2947:
2934:
2933:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2793:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2684:
2660:
2649:
2648:
2638:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2613:on April 9, 2009
2612:
2605:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2580:
2574:. Archived from
2549:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2523:
2513:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2414:(4280): 796–98.
2403:
2397:
2396:
2386:
2362:
2356:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2322:
2321:
2311:
2301:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2260:
2250:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2173:
2163:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2098:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2033:
2022:10.1037/a0020293
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1953:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1896:
1886:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1842:
1832:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1783:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1726:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1685:
1667:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1480:Neuropsychologia
1475:
1469:
1463:
1452:
1451:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1405:10.1002/ffj.3249
1388:
1300:menstrual cycles
1245:' resistance to
1231:sexual selection
1103:chemical sensors
1026:olfactory system
1003:sewage treatment
921:
914:
910:
907:
901:
899:
858:
834:
826:
794:
787:
783:
780:
774:
772:
731:
707:
699:
327:seven-helix-turn
227:hydrogen sulfide
205:, a part of the
115:olfactory system
87:American English
59:
52:
45:
38:
5007:
5006:
5002:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4977:
4976:
4967:
4965:
4951:
4949:Further reading
4946:
4945:
4916:
4912:
4867:
4863:
4818:
4814:
4777:
4773:
4736:Biology Letters
4728:
4724:
4679:
4675:
4652:
4648:
4625:
4621:
4589:10.1.1.371.3266
4572:
4565:
4536:
4532:
4495:Biology Letters
4487:
4483:
4452:
4448:
4425:
4418:
4402:
4401:
4381:
4377:
4332:
4328:
4280:
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4270:
4263:
4249:
4245:
4190:
4186:
4147:
4143:
4108:
4104:
4073:
4069:
4022:
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3987:
3983:
3960:
3956:
3917:
3913:
3881:10.1.1.616.6443
3864:
3860:
3821:
3817:
3785:
3779:
3775:
3765:
3763:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3717:10.1.1.656.6053
3692:
3685:
3673:
3669:
3628:(21): 8269–74.
3614:
3610:
3587:
3583:
3528:
3524:
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3462:
3458:
3419:
3413:
3409:
3378:
3374:
3337:
3333:
3293:
3289:
3234:
3230:
3199:(12): 4046–47.
3185:
3181:
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3132:
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3100:
3093:
3071:
3067:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3019:(42): 7006–09.
3007:
3003:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2948:
2937:
2898:
2894:
2879:
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2867:
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2837:
2794:
2787:
2777:
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2764:
2760:
2750:
2748:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2724:
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2652:
2636:
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2603:
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2598:
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2582:
2578:
2547:
2541:
2537:
2496:(20): 7976–78.
2482:
2478:
2447:
2443:
2404:
2400:
2363:
2359:
2355:. sipe-rtd.info
2353:Wayback Machine
2344:
2340:
2332:
2325:
2278:
2274:
2218:
2214:
2191:
2187:
2132:
2128:
2078:
2074:
2051:
2047:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1971:
1967:
1914:
1910:
1860:
1856:
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1797:
1744:
1740:
1703:
1699:
1644:
1640:
1605:
1601:
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1562:
1539:10.2307/3623630
1519:
1515:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1455:
1416:
1412:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1321:
1296:
1275:microbial flora
1220:
1192:
1187:
1175:
1169:
1124:
1122:Behavioral cues
1099:electronic nose
1095:
1072:
1022:
976:tert-Butylthiol
947:and controlled
922:
911:
905:
902:
859:
857:
847:
835:
824:
795:
784:
778:
775:
732:
730:
720:
708:
697:
685:
659:
657:Direct sampling
651:
642:
577:
561:
549:
539:6 – intolerable
536:5 – very strong
490:
450:
414:
410:
393:
387:by definition.
386:
382:
365:
360:
351:Gordon Shepherd
348:
323:
307:
280:
259:
174:present in the
168:olfactory nerve
164:
147:
145:Odor physiology
137:or to refer to
76:Museo del Prado
60:
53:
46:
39:
32:
30:
17:
12:
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4771:
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4662:(3): 175–201.
4646:
4619:
4563:
4530:
4481:
4462:(5): 1205–59.
4446:
4416:
4375:
4352:10.1086/515511
4346:(3): 497–504.
4326:
4268:
4261:
4243:
4204:(6): 2210–14.
4184:
4157:(5): 1667–82.
4141:
4102:
4083:(9): 1269–71.
4067:
4046:10.1086/303166
4038:10.1086/303166
4016:
3981:
3954:
3911:
3858:
3815:
3773:
3747:
3683:
3667:
3608:
3581:
3522:
3472:
3407:
3372:
3331:
3287:
3248:(8): 4119–24.
3228:
3179:
3150:(5): 2067–73.
3130:
3124:
3098:
3092:978-1118481264
3091:
3065:
3038:
3001:
2988:978-1557047694
2987:
2967:
2960:
2935:
2892:
2873:
2861:
2835:
2808:(8): 1667–79.
2785:
2758:
2732:
2708:
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2650:
2624:
2592:
2558:(7): 1339–42.
2535:
2476:
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2272:
2233:(9): 3492–97.
2212:
2185:
2146:(6): 3035–39.
2126:
2096:10.1.1.320.169
2083:Psychosom. Med
2072:
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1996:
1965:
1908:
1854:
1795:
1738:
1717:(5): 391–402.
1697:
1638:
1619:(3): 264–265.
1599:
1580:(1): 118–128.
1560:
1513:
1470:
1453:
1410:
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1376:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1326:Aroma compound
1322:
1320:
1317:
1295:
1292:
1279:volatile acids
1219:
1216:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1168:
1165:
1123:
1120:
1094:
1091:
1071:
1068:
1050:(for example,
1044:vapor pressure
1021:
1018:
924:
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838:
836:
829:
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820:
797:
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711:
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655:
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575:Categorization
573:
560:
557:
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541:
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537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
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380:
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361:
359:
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344:
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319:
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303:
279:
276:
258:
255:
203:olfactory bulb
198:to the brain.
163:
162:Sense of smell
160:
146:
143:
66:"Smell", from
23:Odor (surname)
15:
9:
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4790:
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4745:
4742:(3): 256–59.
4741:
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4726:
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4688:
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4669:
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4650:
4642:
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4635:(4): 223–32.
4634:
4630:
4623:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4582:(3): 203–07.
4581:
4577:
4570:
4568:
4558:
4553:
4550:(5): 668–78.
4549:
4545:
4541:
4534:
4526:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4501:(3): 256–59.
4500:
4496:
4492:
4485:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4450:
4442:
4438:
4435:(3): 216–21.
4434:
4430:
4423:
4421:
4412:
4406:
4398:
4394:
4391:(4): 291–97.
4390:
4386:
4379:
4371:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4330:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4264:
4262:9780198568308
4258:
4254:
4247:
4239:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4188:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4145:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4106:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4071:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4032:(2): 145–64.
4031:
4027:
4020:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3997:(2): 135–42.
3996:
3992:
3985:
3977:
3973:
3970:(5): 309–21.
3969:
3965:
3958:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3874:(6): 765–74.
3873:
3869:
3862:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3831:(5): 635–53.
3830:
3826:
3819:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3796:(2): 135–42.
3795:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3761:
3757:
3751:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3702:(1): 318–23.
3701:
3697:
3690:
3688:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3663:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3612:
3604:
3600:
3597:(5): 359–64.
3596:
3592:
3585:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3542:(3): e33810.
3541:
3537:
3533:
3526:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3495:(8): 847–54.
3494:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3388:(2): 103–07.
3387:
3383:
3376:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3351:(3): 217–24.
3350:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3310:(6): 713–21.
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3125:9781118481264
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3094:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3069:
3050:
3049:
3042:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3005:
2990:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2971:
2963:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2908:(5): 283–90.
2907:
2903:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2865:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2790:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2721:
2718:
2712:
2705:
2700:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2675:(5): 675–83.
2674:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2609:
2602:
2596:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2457:(2): 382–91.
2456:
2452:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2377:(6): 705–15.
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2342:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2089:(6): 751–59.
2088:
2084:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2061:(6): 417–35.
2060:
2056:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2016:(4): 490–99.
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1984:
1980:
1979:Distillations
1976:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1758:(1): 514–30.
1757:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1486:(5): 667–72.
1485:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1426:(4): 154–59.
1425:
1421:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1399:(5): 342–61.
1398:
1394:
1387:
1383:
1372:
1371:Scented water
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1331:Chemoreceptor
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1313:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1251:heterozygotes
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1167:Use in design
1164:
1160:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1060:1-octen-3-one
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1004:
999:
997:
992:
989:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
959:
957:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
937:limbic system
933:
931:
920:
917:
909:
906:December 2019
898:
895:
891:
888:
884:
881:
877:
874:
870:
867: –
866:
862:
861:Find sources:
855:
851:
845:
844:
839:This section
837:
833:
828:
827:
819:
815:
813:
807:
805:
793:
790:
782:
779:December 2019
771:
768:
764:
761:
757:
754:
750:
747:
743:
740: –
739:
735:
734:Find sources:
728:
724:
718:
717:
712:This section
710:
706:
701:
700:
692:
688:
680:
678:
673:
671:
667:
662:
654:
646:
637:
631:
628:
625:
621:
618:
616:
612:
609:
607:
603:
602:Camphoraceous
600:
597:
594:
592:– rotten eggs
591:
588:
585:
582:
581:
580:
572:
568:
564:
559:FIDOL factors
556:
553:
544:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
519:
518:
515:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
493:
485:
482:
477:
473:
470:
466:
462:
457:
455:
445:
439:
436:
433:
432:
431:
428:
426:
422:
416:
404:
402:
398:
388:
377:
372:
370:
363:Concentration
355:
352:
343:
340:
336:
332:
328:
318:
314:
312:
302:
300:
295:
293:
289:
285:
275:
272:
271:food cravings
267:
265:
264:meta-analysis
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
219:
216:
211:
208:
207:limbic system
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
156:
151:
142:
140:
136:
135:floral scents
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
77:
73:
69:
64:
57:
50:
43:
36:
28:
24:
19:
4966:. Retrieved
4960:
4927:
4923:
4913:
4878:
4874:
4864:
4829:
4825:
4815:
4788:
4784:
4774:
4739:
4735:
4725:
4690:
4686:
4676:
4659:
4655:
4649:
4632:
4628:
4622:
4579:
4575:
4547:
4543:
4533:
4498:
4494:
4484:
4459:
4455:
4449:
4432:
4428:
4405:cite journal
4388:
4384:
4378:
4343:
4339:
4329:
4288:
4284:
4271:
4252:
4246:
4201:
4197:
4187:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4119:
4115:
4105:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4029:
4025:
4019:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3927:(1): 57–78.
3924:
3920:
3914:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3793:
3789:
3776:
3766:December 30,
3764:. Retrieved
3760:the original
3750:
3699:
3695:
3679:
3670:
3625:
3621:
3611:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3539:
3535:
3525:
3492:
3488:
3475:
3463:. Retrieved
3456:the original
3427:
3423:
3410:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3348:
3345:Chem. Senses
3344:
3334:
3307:
3304:Chem. Senses
3303:
3290:
3245:
3241:
3231:
3196:
3192:
3182:
3147:
3143:
3133:
3107:
3101:
3074:
3068:
3056:. Retrieved
3047:
3041:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2994:December 30,
2992:. Retrieved
2977:
2970:
2951:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2864:
2854:December 30,
2852:. Retrieved
2848:the original
2838:
2805:
2801:
2778:November 30,
2776:. Retrieved
2772:the original
2761:
2751:December 30,
2749:. Retrieved
2745:the original
2735:
2723:. Retrieved
2719:
2717:"F.i.d.o.l."
2711:
2699:
2672:
2668:
2644:
2640:
2627:
2615:. Retrieved
2608:the original
2595:
2583:. Retrieved
2576:the original
2555:
2551:
2538:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2341:
2289:
2286:PLOS Biology
2285:
2275:
2230:
2226:
2215:
2201:(40): 1453.
2198:
2194:
2188:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1982:
1978:
1968:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1871:
1868:PLOS Biology
1867:
1857:
1812:
1808:
1798:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1714:
1710:
1700:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1351:Olfactometer
1308:
1304:
1297:
1272:
1221:
1212:
1205:
1193:
1180:
1176:
1161:
1145:
1141:
1129:
1125:
1096:
1073:
1040:
1029:
1023:
1011:
1000:
996:perspiration
993:
984:
960:
953:
941:aromatherapy
934:
927:
912:
903:
893:
886:
879:
872:
860:
848:Please help
843:verification
840:
816:
808:
800:
785:
776:
766:
759:
752:
745:
733:
721:Please help
716:verification
713:
695:Health risks
689:
686:
674:
666:wind tunnels
663:
660:
652:
643:
635:
624:floral scent
578:
569:
565:
562:
550:
542:
530:3 – distinct
516:
513:
508:
504:
500:
496:
494:
491:
478:
474:
469:olfactometer
458:
451:
443:
429:
421:androstenone
417:
405:
394:
391:Olfactometer
373:
366:
349:
324:
315:
308:
296:
281:
268:
260:
220:
212:
200:
180:nasal cavity
165:
130:
126:
122:
118:
106:
102:
90:
82:
80:
67:
18:
4968:January 31,
3465:January 10,
2725:February 1,
2292:(5): e146.
1533:: 100–101.
1259:homozygotes
1227:mate choice
1108:temperature
1031:odor plumes
964:Natural gas
630:Pepperminty
521:0 – no odor
284:ingredients
247:perceptions
49:Ethanethiol
4981:Categories
3144:Anal. Chem
2720:OdorImpact
1378:References
1366:Phantosmia
1284:haplotypes
1268:inbreeding
1132:body odors
1075:Pheromones
1070:Pheromones
1007:refineries
949:scientific
876:newspapers
749:newspapers
677:biofilters
632:– mint gum
586:– perfumes
533:4 – strong
335:Lewis Acid
288:flavorists
243:analytical
4992:Olfaction
4584:CiteSeerX
3876:CiteSeerX
3712:CiteSeerX
2830:207090474
2091:CiteSeerX
1674:1664-1078
1633:0022-1147
1594:0022-1147
1547:1933-0545
1346:Olfaction
1264:genotypes
1247:pathogens
1239:Red Queen
1048:aldehydes
1013:Body odor
988:body odor
980:thiophane
945:anecdotal
930:deodorant
606:mothballs
598:– vinegar
488:Intensity
465:immission
397:n-Butanol
311:body odor
292:perfumers
239:objective
131:fragrance
42:The Scent
4856:18700206
4807:19818527
4766:17148181
4717:10380676
4606:15016293
4525:17148181
4476:24564172
4397:12195229
4321:34971350
4179:23968912
4171:24263836
4097:10978373
4054:29578757
4011:15653193
3976:11600881
3941:10712859
3906:12985026
3898:19058662
3853:24782931
3845:16187849
3810:15653193
3742:40423777
3734:19686154
3680:NY Times
3662:16705035
3576:22470479
3536:PLOS ONE
3517:20084675
3509:20640943
3444:11153847
3402:10461124
3367:15047596
3326:10587506
3223:20218682
3174:20143838
3058:July 26,
3033:17009284
2922:11981666
2822:23806440
2706:, p. 486
2704:Spengler
2691:16739805
2572:19380999
2393:29073832
2349:Archived
2336:, p. 483
2334:Spengler
2318:15138509
2267:22328155
2180:12610211
2121:12093019
2113:11138993
2040:20695648
1960:24653035
1903:14737185
1849:10706615
1790:19686188
1733:15201206
1692:30814965
1508:43729693
1468:, p. 492
1466:Spengler
1319:See also
1255:antigens
1152:straight
1112:humidity
1083:Honeybee
1005:plants,
972:odorizer
611:Ethereal
527:2 – weak
461:emission
339:Crabtree
139:perfumes
117:. While
4905:9633114
4896:1689051
4847:2605820
4757:1617143
4708:1689917
4614:9820539
4516:1617143
4370:9326314
4361:1715964
4313:7630893
4293:Bibcode
4238:9122173
4206:Bibcode
4136:7708831
4062:4398891
3949:8218903
3704:Bibcode
3653:1570103
3630:Bibcode
3567:3314678
3544:Bibcode
3452:1086223
3282:9108115
3250:Bibcode
3214:2854577
3165:2947826
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