Mustard gas - Knowledge

2412:. Although not yet declassified, toxicology specialists who dealt with the accidental puncturing of World War I gas stockpiles add that Air Force bases in Colorado have been made available to assist veterans of the 2003 American war with Iraq in which many Marines were exposed to gas as caches of up to 25,000 lb (11,000 kg). The United Nations definition of a weapon of mass destruction for mustard gas is 30,000 lb (14,000 kg), typically the Marines and other coalition allies discovered caches of 25,000 pounds (11,000 kg) located across a road from 5,000 pounds (2,300 kg) caches as multiple memoirs attest. These were discovered by the assistance of host country allies, or through leaks affecting personnel in an area with a weapon and gas cache called an 2542:. Approximately 1,621 tons of mustard agents were stored in one-ton containers on the base under heavy guard. A chemical neutralization plant was built on the proving ground and neutralized the last of this stockpile in February 2005. This stockpile had priority because of the potential for quick reduction of risk to the community. The nearest schools were fitted with overpressurization machinery to protect the students and faculty in the event of a catastrophic explosion and fire at the site. These projects, as well as planning, equipment, and training assistance, were provided to the surrounding community as a part of the Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (CSEPP), a joint program of the Army and the 2667: 2546:(FEMA). Unexploded shells containing mustard gases and other chemical agents are still present in several test ranges in proximity to schools in the Edgewood area, but the smaller amounts of poison gas (4 to 14 pounds (1.8 to 6.4 kg)) present considerably lower risks. These remnants are being detected and excavated systematically for disposal. The U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency oversaw disposal of several other chemical weapons stockpiles located across the United States in compliance with international chemical weapons treaties. These include the complete incineration of the chemical weapons stockpiled in 1789: 1747: 1768: 1810: 361: 236: 2373: 1412: 2724: 1726: 1704: 605: 27: 1651: 600: 36: 2045: 792: 1932: 45: 1196: 1588: 1620: 1086: 1683: 2476:, leaving behind amber-colored residues that still contain most of the active mustard gas. On mechanically breaking these lumps (e.g., with the drag board of a fishing net or by the human hand) the enclosed mustard gas is still as active as it had been at the time the weapon was dumped. These lumps, when washed ashore, can be mistaken for amber, which can lead to severe health problems. 891: 2520:

expected to achieve 100 percent destruction within that time frame. India informed the United Nations in May 2009 that it had destroyed its stockpile of chemical weapons in compliance with the international Chemical Weapons Convention. With this India has become the third country after South Korea and Albania to do so. This was cross-checked by inspectors of the United Nations.

1319: 1876:. The purity of this compound was much higher and consequently the adverse health effects upon exposure were much more severe. These symptoms presented themselves in his assistant, and in order to rule out the possibility that his assistant was suffering from a mental illness (psychosomatic symptoms), Meyer had this compound tested on laboratory 2037:

airborne toxic agent. An example of this was depicted in a British and Canadian documentary about life in the trenches, particularly once the "sousterrain" (subways and berthing areas underground) were completed in Belgium and France. Towards the end of World War I, mustard agent was used in high concentrations as an

797: 796: 1354:). After initial decontamination of the victim's wounds is complete, medical treatment is similar to that required by any conventional burn. The degree of pain and discomfort suffered by the victim is also comparable. Mustard agent burns do not heal quickly, and (as with other types of burns) present a risk of 2719:

stated that it would contact 4,000 surviving test subjects but failed to do so, eventually only contacting 600. Skin cancer, severe eczema, leukemia, and chronic breathing problems plagued the test subjects, some of whom were as young as 19 at the time of the tests, until their deaths, but even those

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The US military conducted experiments with chemical weapons like lewisite and mustard gas on Japanese American, Puerto Rican and African Americans in the US military in World War II to see how non-white races would react to being mustard gassed, with Rollin Edwards describing it as "It felt like you

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Concentrations of thiodiglycol in urine have been used to confirm a diagnosis of chemical poisoning in hospitalized victims. The presence in urine of 1,1'-sulfonylbismethylthioethane (SBMTE), a conjugation product with glutathione, is considered a more specific marker, since this metabolite is not

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In June 1997, India declared its stock of chemical weapons of 1,044 tonnes (1,151 short tons) of mustard gas. By the end of 2006, India had destroyed more than 75 percent of its chemical weapons/material stockpile and was granted extension for destroying the remaining stocks by April 2009 and was

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Mustard gas can remain in the ground for weeks, and it continues to cause ill effects. If mustard agent contaminates one's clothing and equipment while cold, then other people with whom they share an enclosed space could become poisoned as contaminated items warm up enough material to become an

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in December 1943, the doctors of the U.S. Army noted that white blood cell counts were reduced in their patients. Some years after World War II was over, the incident in Bari and the work of the Yale University group with nitrogen mustard converged, and this prompted a search for other similar

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later in life. In a study of patients 25 years after wartime exposure to chemical weaponry, c-DNA microarray profiling indicated that 122 genes were significantly mutated in the lungs and airways of mustard gas victims. Those genes all correspond to functions commonly affected by mustard gas

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New detection techniques are being developed in order to detect the presence of mustard gas and its metabolites. The technology is portable and detects small quantities of the hazardous waste and its oxidized products, which are notorious for harming unsuspecting civilians. The

1234:, which accelerates their absorption into the body. Because people exposed to mustard agents rarely suffer immediate symptoms, and contaminated areas may appear completely normal, victims can unknowingly receive high doses. Within 24 hours of exposure, they experience intense 2165:

were on fire, Guys started screaming and hollering and trying to break out. And then some of the guys fainted. And finally they opened the door and let us out, and the guys were just, they were in bad shape." and "It took all the skin off your hands. Your hands just rotted".

1291:. Burns that are severe (i.e. covering more than 50% of the victim's skin) are often fatal, with death occurring after only days or weeks. Mild or moderate exposure to mustard gases is unlikely to kill, though victims still require lengthy periods of medical treatment and 5127: 795: 2480:

containing mustard gas and other toxic ammunition from World War I (as well as conventional explosives) can still be found in France and Belgium. These were formerly disposed of by explosion undersea, but since the current environmental regulations prohibit this, the

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They cannot be bandaged or touched. We cover them with a tent of propped-up sheets. Gas burns must be agonizing because usually the other cases do not complain, even with the worst wounds, but gas cases are invariably beyond endurance and they cannot help crying

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but never made mention of any irritating properties of the reaction product. In 1854, another French chemist, Alfred Riche (1829–1908), repeated this procedure, also without describing any adverse physiological properties. In 1860, the British scientist

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Ghasemi, Hassan; Javadi, Mohammad Ali; Ardestani, Sussan K.; Mahmoudi, Mahmoud; Pourfarzam, Shahryar; Mahdavi, Mohammad Reza Vaez; Yarmohammadi, Mohammad Ebrahim; Baradaran-Rafii, Alireza; Jadidi, Khosro; Shariatpanahi, Shamsa; Rastin, Maryam (2020).

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2586:. The incineration of this stockpile began in 2006. In May 2011, the last of the mustard agents in the stockpile were incinerated at the Deseret Chemical Depot, and the last artillery shells containing mustard gas were incinerated in January 2012. 2027:

was not protected against absorbing it through his skin and being blistered. A common countermeasure was using a urine-soaked mask or facecloth to prevent or reduce injury, a readily available remedy attested by soldiers in documentaries (e.g.

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In the United States, storage and incineration of mustard gas and other chemical weapons were carried out by the U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency. Disposal projects at the two remaining American chemical weapons sites were carried out near

2468:, most of which contain mustard gas. One of the more frequently dumped weapons was "Sprühbüchse 37" (SprüBü37, Spray Can 37, 1937 being the year of its fielding with the German Army). These weapons contain mustard gas mixed with a 1267:, when the pupil constricts more than usual, may also occur, which is probably the result of the cholinomimetic activity of mustard. At very high concentrations, if inhaled, mustard agents cause bleeding and blistering within the 3265:

Heidary, Fatemeh; Ardestani, Sussan K.; Ghasemi, Hassan; Javadi, Mohammad Ali; Mahmoudi, Mahmoud; Yaraee, Roya; Shams, Jalaledin; Falahi, Faramarz; Sedighi Moghadam, Mohamad Reza; Shariatpanahi, Shamsa; Shakeri, Raheleh (2019).

2351:(also known as mechlorethamine, mustine) to be used. Chlormethine and other mustard gas molecules are still used to this day as an chemotherapy agent albeit they have largely been replaced with more safe chemotherapy drugs like 4327: 3154:

Ghazanfari, Tooba; Ghasemi, Hassan; Yaraee, Roya; Mahmoudi, Mahmoud; Javadi, Mohammad Ali; Soroush, Mohammad Reza; Faghihzadeh, Soghrat; Majd, Ali Mohammad Mohseni; Shakeri, Raheleh; Babaei, Mahmoud; Heidary, Fatemeh (2019).

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Salouti, Ramin; Ghazavi, Roghayeh; Rajabi, Sattar; Zare, Mohammad; Talebnejad, Mohammadreza; Abtahi, Mohammad Bagher; Parvizi, Maryam; Madani, Sedigheh; Asadi-Amoli, Fahimeh; Mirsharif, Ensieh-Sadat; Gharebaghi, Reza (2020).

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in 2018) and others (such as forward aid nurses) interviewed between 1947 and 1981 by the British Broadcasting Corporation for various World War One history programs; however, the effectiveness of this measure is unclear.

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and are very debilitating. Mustard gases easily penetrate clothing fabrics such as wool or cotton, so it is not only exposed skin that gets burned. If the victim's eyes were exposed, then they become sore, starting with

4705:. Report of the OPCW on the Implementation of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction in 2015 (Report). p. 42 613: 5007:

And it wasn't just African-Americans. Japanese-Americans were used so scientists could explore how mustard gas and other chemicals might affect Japanese troops. Puerto Rican soldiers were also singled

1973:, France, after the armies had captured a stockpile of German mustard shells. It took the British more than a year to develop their own mustard agent weapon, with production of the chemicals centred on 7645: 5083: 2492:

banned the practice of disposing of chemical weapons into the ocean by the United States. 29,000 tons of nerve and mustard agents had already been dumped into the ocean off the United States by the

4572: 2334:, and this compound was tried out on its first human patient in December 1942. The results of this study were not published until 1946, when they were declassified. In a parallel track, after the 2287:

was manufacturing and using mustard gas in Syria and Iraq, which was allegedly confirmed by the group's head of chemical weapons development, Sleiman Daoud al-Afari, who has since been captured.

580: 4600: 2527:. When the convention entered force in 1997, the parties declared worldwide stockpiles of 17,440 tonnes of mustard gas. As of December 2015, 86% of these stockpiles had been destroyed. 4769: 4318: 7821: 7810: 1374:. The mechanisms behind mustard gas's effect on endothelial cells are still being studied, but recent studies have shown that high levels of exposure can induce high rates of both 3536:

Dabrowska, Milena I.; Becks, Lauren L.; Lelli, Joseph L. Jr.; Levee, Minette G.; Hinshaw, Daniel B. (1996). "Sulfur Mustard Induces Apoptosis and Necrosis in Endothelial Cells".

4977:... the Department of Veterans Affairs made two promises: to locate about 4,000 men who were used in the most extreme tests, and to compensate those who had permanent injuries. 2430:, Canada, were loaded onto 187 boxcars for the 900 miles (1,400 km) journey to be buried at sea on board a 400 foot (120 m) long barge 40 miles (64 km) south of 8217: 5441: 2070: 2472:, which gives it a tar-like viscosity. When the content of the SprüBü37 comes in contact with water, only the mustard gas in the outer layers of the lumps of viscous mustard 6098: 4172: 1511:(L), originally intended for use in winter conditions due to its lower freezing point compared to the pure substances. The lewisite component of HL was used as a form of 6179: 2889: 715: 5296: 4839: 1453:

under controlled conditions. Undistilled mustard gas contains 20–30% impurities, which means it does not store as well as HD. Also, as it decomposes, it increases in

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found in specimens from unexposed persons. In one case, intact mustard gas was detected in postmortem fluids and tissues of a man who died one week post-exposure.

5149:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II. London: HMSO. 7737: 4190: 5936: 2423:

assay would eliminate the need for expensive, time-consuming lab tests and enable easy-to-read tests to protect civilians from sulfur-mustard dumping sites.

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Heidary, Fatemeh; Gharebaghi, Reza; Ghasemi, Hassan; Mahdavi, Mohammad Reza Vaez; Ghaffarpour, Sara; Naghizadeh, Mohammad Mehdi; Ghazanfari, Tooba (2019).

4576: 4876: 1251:(also known as pink eye), after which the eyelids swell, resulting in temporary blindness. Extreme ocular exposure to mustard gas vapors may result in 904: 3361: 1977:(the only option available to the British was the Despretz–Niemann–Guthrie process). This was used first in September 1918 during the breaking of the 1382:. In vitro tests have shown that at low concentrations of mustard gas, where apoptosis is the predominant result of exposure, pretreatment with 50 mM 1911:

Mustard gas can have the effect of turning a patient's skin different colors, including shades of red, orange, pink, and in unusual cases, blue. The

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were tested alongside white men in separate trials to determine whether their skin color would afford them a degree of immunity to the agents, and

5238: 5115: 7770: 4990: 3989: 7816: 2092: 1900:. Clarke was hospitalized for two months for burns after one of his flasks broke. According to Meyer, Fischer's report on this accident to the 4960: 4604: 1009:, are often not gases but a fine mist of liquid droplets. Sulfur mustards are viscous liquids at room temperature and have an odor resembling 7872: 4773: 5456: 2620:. The majority of the bombs were filled with mustard agents. The bombs were left over from the German army and were meant to be used in the 1390:

filaments from reorganization by mustard gas, demonstrating that actin filaments play a large role in the severe burns observed in victims.

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synthesized and characterized the mustard agent compound and noted its irritating properties, especially in tasting. Also in 1860, chemist

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In 2002, an archaeologist at the Presidio Trust archaeology lab in San Francisco was exposed to mustard gas, which had been dug up at the

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The United States Government tested effectiveness on US Naval recruits in a laboratory setting at The Great Lakes Naval Base, June 3, 1945

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Benschop, Hendrik P.; van der Schans, Govert P.; Noort, Daan; Fidder, Alex; Mars-Groenendijk, Roos H.; de Jong, Leo P.A. (1 July 1997).

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is "a name used by the French, because the compound was first used at Ypres." The Allies did not use mustard gas until November 1917 at

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Since World War I, mustard gas has been used in several wars and other conflicts, usually against people who cannot retaliate in kind:

5451: 4028: 3268:"Alteration in serum levels of ICAM-1 and P-, E- and L-selectins in seriously eye-injured long-term following sulfur-mustard exposure" 1298:

Mustard gases' carcinogenic and mutagenic effects mean that victims, even if they fully recover, have an increased risk of developing

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Medical Services: Diseases of the War: Including the Medical Aspects of Aviation and Gas Warfare and Gas Poisoning in Tanks and Mines

820: 7665: 7660: 7655: 989:, which can interfere with several biological processes. Also known as mustard agents, this family of compounds comprises infamous 711: 7892: 4861: 4209: 3803: 2311:. This led the American Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) to finance the biology and chemistry departments at 4242: 3212:"Angiogenesis modulatory factors in subjects with chronic ocular complications of Sulfur Mustard exposure: A case-control study" 2860:

Mustard agents: description, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of action, symptoms, antidotes and methods of treatment

7795: 7779: 3607: 2715:, claims for medical care and compensation were routinely denied, even after the WWII-era tests were declassified in 1993. The 4724: 4486:"Competitive immunochromatographic assay for the detection of thiodiglycol sulfoxide, a degradation product of sulfur mustard" 3891: 3866: 2438:, at a depth of 600 fathoms (1,100 m). The dump location is 42 degrees, 50 minutes north by 60 degrees, 12 minutes west. 1999:

in a mixture with other chemicals, giving it a yellow-brown color. Mustard agent has also been dispersed in such munitions as

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217 °C (423 °F; 490 K) begins to decompose at 217 °C (423 °F) and boils at 218 °C (424 °F)

8284: 5304: 5270: 5099: 4907: 4351:"Rôle of the blood and the bone marrow in certain forms of gas poisoning: I. peripheral blood changes and their significance" 4060: 3930: 3590: 1529: – any of several blends containing sulfur mustard and sometimes arsine agents, along with solvents and other additives. 4831: 2284: 2239: 5373: 5036:

Cook, Tim. "‘Against God-Inspired Conscience’: The Perception of Gas Warfare as a Weapon of Mass Destruction, 1915–1939."

4627: 2937:"Sulfur Mustard and Immunology; Trends of 20 Years Research in the Web of Science Core Collection: A Scientometric Review" 7805: 7763: 6695: 3665: 2543: 2497: 1457:, making the munition it is contained in likely to split, especially along a seam, releasing the agent to the atmosphere. 1050: 5367: 4679: 2500:, the army created at least 26 chemical weapons dumping sites in the ocean offshore from at least 11 states on both the 7922: 6311: 5334:"A Recent Exposure to Mustard Gas in the United States: Clinical Findings of a Cohort (n = 247) 6 Years After Exposure" 2231:, abandoned stockpiles of mustard gas shells were destroyed in the open air, and were used against Coalition forces in 899: 8289: 8197: 6326: 6316: 5382: 5073: 4090: 3965: 3919:(1986). "Civilisation and "Frightfulness": Air Control in the Middle East Between the Wars". In Chris Wrigley (ed.). 3617: 3436:"Alteration in inflammatory mediators in seriously eye-injured war veterans, long-term after sulfur mustard exposure" 3101:"Alteration in inflammatory mediators in seriously eye-injured war veterans, long-term after sulfur mustard exposure" 2859: 2155: 2118: 1021:, hence the name. When pure, they are colorless, but when used in impure forms, such as in warfare, they are usually 375: 2516:, etc.). In addition, due to poor recordkeeping, about one-half of the sites have only their rough locations known. 6154: 5597: 2747: 2658:. Multiple fishermen suffered from blistering and respiratory irritation severe enough to require hospitalization. 1952: 5233:

Wattana, Monica, and Tareg Bey. "Mustard gas or sulfur mustard: an old chemical agent as a new terrorist threat."

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In 1946, 10,000 drums of mustard gas (2,800 tonnes) stored at the production facility of Stormont Chemicals in

2083: 561: 4884: 4817: 7593: 7038: 6286: 5476: 3916: 1842: 806: 5461: 5061: 1307:, inflammation, and stress responses. The long-term ocular complications include burning, tearing, itching, 7882: 6638: 6184: 1829: 661: 480:

Colorless if pure. Normally ranges from pale yellow to dark brown. Slight garlic or horseradish type odor.

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Najafi, Ali; Masoudi-Nejad, Ali; Imani Fooladi, Abbas Ali; Ghanei, Mostafa; Nourani, Mohamad Reza (2014).

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From 1943 to 1944, mustard agent experiments were performed on Australian service volunteers in tropical

2524: 2277: 2145: 2122: 2075: 2023:. The early countermeasures against mustard agent were relatively ineffective, since a soldier wearing a 1989: 1632: 1054: 873: 339: 193: 7028: 5132:

Jones, Edgar. "Terror weapons: The British experience of gas and its treatment in the First World War."

4008:"NEWSLETTER - JUNE 1992 NEWSLETTER - Johannesburg - South African Military History Society - Title page" 3971: 1120:. Alternatively, if cell death is not immediate, the damaged DNA can lead to the development of cancer. 1037:

Sulfur mustard is a type of chemical warfare agent. As a chemical weapon, mustard gas was first used in

691: 604: 7862: 7847: 7549: 7259: 6727: 6306: 6053: 4743:"Milestones in U.S. Chemical Weapons Storage and Destruction, fact sheet, US Chemical Materials Agency" 3650: 2679: 2304: 1885: 1563: 937: 5431: 699: 8016: 7826: 7517: 6925: 6722: 3373: 3157:"Tear and serum interleukin-8 and serum CX3CL1, CCL2 and CCL5 in sulfur mustard eye-exposed patients" 2798: 2711:

on up to 60,000 servicemen during and after WWII. The experiments were classified secret and as with

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A large British stockpile of old mustard agent that had been made and stored since World War I at

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mustard of 95% or higher purity. The term "mustard gas" usually refers to this variety of mustard.

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Mustard gas alkylating an amino group via conversion to a sulfonium ion (2-chloroethylthiiranium)

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Before My Helpless Sight: Suffering, Dying and Military Medicine on the Western Front, 1914–1918

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shells, some containing "Mustard H", that had been buried by the U.S. Army during World War II.

2343:. Due to its use in previous studies, the nitrogen mustard called "HN2" became the first cancer 1187:−). These compounds have a similar ability to alkylate DNA, but their physical properties vary. 8207: 8161: 8131: 8091: 8086: 8081: 7877: 7857: 6807: 6561: 6389: 5740: 5730: 5577: 4557: 4484:

Sathe, Manisha; Srivastava, Shruti; Merwyn, S.; Agarwal, G. S.; Kaushik, M. P. (24 July 2014).

3637: 3388:"Microarray gene expression analysis of the human airway in patients exposed to sulfur mustard" 2803: 2787: 2751: 2696: 2691: 2598: 2579: 2496:. According to a report created in 1998 by William Brankowitz, a deputy project manager in the 2489: 1873: 1498: 1370: 1160: 1006: 869: 5288: 5250: 5045:

Holding Their Breath: How the Allies Confronted the Threat of Chemical Warfare in World War II

3580: 213: 8238: 8156: 8146: 7887: 7852: 7179: 6706: 6507: 6415: 5326: 5297:"NATO Presses New Libyan Leaders to Eliminate Mustard Agent - Global Security Newswire - NTI" 5225:

Toxic Exposures: Mustard Gas and the Health Consequences of World War II in the United States

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The use of toxic gases or other chemicals, including mustard gas, during warfare is known as

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In its history, various types and mixtures of mustard gas have been employed. These include:

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Ghabili, Kamyar, et al. "Mustard gas toxicity: the acute and chronic pathological effects."

3776:(...) 'Ypres,' a name used by the French, because the compound was first used at Ypres (...) 3774:. University of California Libraries. New York McGraw-Hill Book Company, inc. p. 150. 3754:. University of California Libraries. New York McGraw-Hill Book Company, inc. p. 176. 747: 141: 8304: 8071: 7958: 7867: 7675: 7506: 7334: 7254: 6915: 6842: 6797: 6762: 6742: 6291: 5790: 5660: 5654: 5592: 5501: 5259:"History and Analysis of Mustard Agent and Lewisite Research Programs in the United States" 4497: 3722: 3713:

Duchovic, Ronald J.; Vilensky, Joel A. (2007). "Mustard Gas: Its Pre-World War I History".

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Mustard gas was originally assigned the name LOST, after the scientists Wilhelm Lommel and

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A large amount of chemical weapons, including mustard gas, was found in a neighborhood of

2464:. Between 1966 and 2002, fishermen have found about 700 chemical weapons in the region of 723: 8: 8269: 8141: 7989: 7842: 7748: 7539: 7199: 6967: 6895: 6890: 6822: 6747: 6430: 6379: 6250: 6240: 6010: 5821: 5648: 5622: 5612: 5582: 4922: 4862:"Vial found in Presidio may be mustard gas / Army experts expected to identify substance" 4702: 2624:

in World War I. It was the largest collection of chemical weapons ever found in Belgium.

2193: 2130: 2038: 2019:. Exposure to mustard agent was lethal in about 1% of cases. Its effectiveness was as an 1881: 1450: 1339: 1323: 1204: 848: 532: 117: 107: 5137: 4935: 4501: 4133:"Verification of Exposure to Sulfur Mustard in Two Casualties of the Iran-Iraq Conflict" 3726: 3549: 2386:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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on exposed skin and in the lungs, often resulting in prolonged illness ending in death.

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Schummer, Joachim. "Ethics of chemical weapons research: Poison gas in World War One."

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Duchovic, Ronald J., and Joel A. Vilensky. "Mustard gas: its pre-World War I history."

4447: 4319:"Isis 'manufacturing and using chemical weapons' in Iraq and Syria, US official claims" 3518: 3463: 3415: 3303: 3247: 3192: 3136: 3075: 3050: 3026: 2993: 2969: 2936: 2513: 2493: 2477: 2405: 2299:. In addition, autopsies performed on 75 soldiers who had died of mustard agent during 1960: 1944: 1521: – A blend of distilled mustard (HD) and sesquimustard (Q) (Gates and Moore 1946). 1347: 1284: 1268: 1256: 360: 235: 153: 5070:

Medical defense against mustard gas: toxic mechanisms and pharmacological implications

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Effects of mustard gas, WW1|Gas Warfare Medical Aspects|World War II Resource Centre

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is building an automated factory to dispose of the accumulation of chemical shells.

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chemistry, repeated the reaction, and recorded blister-forming properties. In 1886,

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Fitzgerald, Gerard J. "Chemical warfare and medical response during World War I."

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and American experimenters, resulting in some severe injuries. One test site, the

1672: 1640: 1609: 1577: 307: 7974: 7405: 7184: 6900: 6653: 6576: 6556: 6478: 5572: 5552: 5442:

UK Ministry of Defence Report on disposal of weapons at sea and incidents arising

4471: 3920: 3870: 3769: 3749: 3669: 3653:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Accessed March 19, 2009. 3451: 3403: 3283: 3227: 3172: 3116: 2509: 2413: 2312: 2273: 2151: 2012: 2008: 1978: 1974: 1936: 1920: 1858: 1276: 1272: 1066: 683: 548: 262: 5258: 5251:

Mustard gas (Sulphur Mustard) (IARC Summary & Evaluation, Supplement7, 1987)

4007: 3895: 3835:(in German) (Online ed.). Institut für Sächsische Geschichte und Volkskunde 3651:

The Emergency Response Safety and Health Database: Mustard-Lewisite Mixture (HL)

1857:

published a paper describing a synthesis that produced good yields. He combined

1703: 1279:. Depending on the level of contamination, mustard agent burns can vary between 952:, as well as other species. In the wider sense, compounds with the substituents 8212: 7800: 7609: 7324: 7264: 7189: 7128: 6862: 6802: 6551: 5992: 5763: 5688: 5602: 5185: 4631: 2793: 2651: 2563: 2183: 2169: 2079: 1494: 1454: 1383: 1342:), or by nucleophilic attack using decontamination solutions such as "DS2" (2% 1248: 882: 703: 671: 4435: 4029:"The Tox Lab: When U Chicago Was in the Chemical Weapons "Business" | Newcity" 3662: 3339: 3322: 2862:. Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. Accessed June 8, 2010. 1725: 667: 8263: 8038: 7942: 7650: 7528: 7475: 7470: 7400: 7344: 7209: 7194: 7148: 6973: 6936: 6905: 6752: 6601: 6484: 6410: 6336: 5707: 5632: 5557: 5491: 5154: 5023:, 10th edition, Biomedical Publications, Seal Beach, CA, 2014, pp. 1892–1894. 4900:

Keen as mustard: Britain's horrific chemical warfare experiments in Australia

4443: 3506: 3291: 3235: 3180: 3124: 3017: 2960: 2952: 2755: 2703:

The United States tested sulfur mustards and other chemical agents including

2571: 2296: 2232: 2168:

After WWII, stockpiled mustard gas was dumped by the British in the sea near

2103: 1912: 1905: 1601: 1419: 1292: 1287:, though they can also be every bit as severe, disfiguring, and dangerous as 1252: 1243: 1238:

and skin irritation. If this irritation goes untreated, blisters filled with

1168: 1136: 1022: 1010: 994: 687: 505: 495: 224: 26: 4419: 1650: 8151: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 7937: 7480: 7430: 7214: 7204: 7159: 7153: 7123: 7118: 6876: 6787: 6689: 6633: 6596: 6545: 6524: 6473: 6440: 6369: 6331: 6270: 6235: 6133: 5755: 5735: 5607: 5506: 5446: 5424: 5406: 5359: 4727:. US Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). 2 May 2006. Archived from 4653: 4517: 4404: 4149: 4132: 3557: 3514: 3482: 3459: 3411: 3348: 3299: 3267: 3243: 3211: 3188: 3156: 3132: 3100: 3084: 2978: 2781: 2683: 2457: 2431: 2348: 2344: 2110: 2024: 1869: 1854: 1472: 1335: 1062: 990: 5143:

MacPherson, W. G.; Herringham, W. P.; Elliott, T. R.; Balfour, A. (1923).

4158: 3565: 3035: 819: 675: 35: 8181: 7932: 7490: 7465: 7420: 7283: 7249: 7113: 7108: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7033: 6952: 6941: 6931: 6643: 6374: 6265: 6260: 6194: 5893: 5878: 5850: 5832: 5804: 5517: 4701:

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (30 November 2016).

4173:"More Than 600 Reported Chemical Exposure in Iraq, Pentagon Acknowledges" 3699: 2670:

Mustard gas test subjects enter gas chamber, Edgewood Arsenal, March 1945

2590: 2356: 2300: 2261: 2257: 2044: 2000: 1916: 1394: 1308: 1200: 1070: 1041:, and has been used in several armed conflicts since then, including the 1038: 1018: 832: 731: 540: 3066: 3009: 2315:

to conduct research on the use of chemical warfare during World War II.

1931: 805: 735: 707: 44: 7440: 7435: 7415: 7410: 7395: 7390: 7303: 7298: 7274: 7098: 7083: 7078: 7023: 7018: 6700: 6581: 6540: 6534: 6518: 6501: 6495: 6462: 6454: 6395: 6189: 5961: 5867: 5856: 5678: 5672: 4832:"Cleanup Complete At WWI Chemical Weapons Dump In D.C.'s Spring Valley" 4509: 4383:

Gilman A (May 1963). "The initial clinical trial of nitrogen mustard".

4295:"US official: 'IS making and using chemical weapons in Iraq and Syria'" 3768:

Fries, Amos A. (Amos Alfred); West, Clarence J. (Clarence Jay) (1921).

3748:

Fries, Amos A. (Amos Alfred); West, Clarence J. (Clarence Jay) (1921).

2720:

who had previously filed claims with the VA went without compensation.

2613: 2473: 2461: 2450: 1512: 1312: 1231: 1223: 1140: 1109: 1106: 812: 527: 464: 244: 204: 5364:

Shows photographs taken in 1996 showing people with mustard gas burns.

5110:

Geraci, Matthew J. "Mustard gas: imminent danger or eminent threat?."

4538:. Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Historical Society. 18 September 2016 3734: 3498: 3385: 2283:

In September 2012, a US official stated that the rebel militant group

1215:, which interferes with cellular division and can lead to mutations. 1061:(though since then, mustard gas has been found to be useful in cancer 759: 8202: 8171: 8116: 7640: 7535: 7485: 7460: 7450: 7375: 7103: 7093: 7088: 7008: 6988: 6962: 6947: 6885: 6832: 6591: 6529: 6512: 6490: 6467: 6204: 6045: 5838: 5702: 5641: 5567: 5389:

Clayton, William; Howard, Alfred John; Thomson, David (25 May 1946).

4961:"The VA's Broken Promise To Thousands Of Vets Exposed To Mustard Gas" 2647: 2617: 2575: 2469: 2446: 2352: 2295:

As early as 1919 it was known that mustard agent was a suppressor of

2243: 2004: 1664: 1490: 1379: 1331: 1304: 1222:

effects on victims. Their alkylating capabilities make them strongly

1148: 1117: 1102: 1045:, resulting in more than 100,000 casualties. Today, sulfur-based and 5170:

Padley, Anthony Paul. "Gas: the greatest terror of the Great War."

4464: 4350: 3712: 3683: 2172:, South Africa, resulting in many cases of burns among trawler crews 1195: 881:

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their

8176: 8033: 8022: 7617: 7544: 7445: 7354: 7319: 7224: 7138: 7048: 6998: 6881: 6870: 6847: 6837: 6817: 6712: 6679: 6673: 6663: 6063: 6035: 6030: 6025: 5666: 5525: 4676:"India destroys its chemical weapons stockpile - Yahoo! India News" 4271: 4210:"Samples confirm Islamic State used mustard gas in Iraq - diplomat" 2732: 2708: 2609: 2602: 2551: 2539: 2465: 2331: 2327: 2250: 2228: 2141: 2114: 2064: 1837: 1508: 1446: 1415: 1375: 1359: 1219: 1152: 1094: 778: 282: 7578: 5142: 3922:

Warfare, diplomacy and politics: essays in honour of A.J.P. Taylor

1393:

A British nurse treating soldiers with mustard agent burns during

771: 140: 8248: 7822:

Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives

7293: 7288: 7003: 6993: 6983: 6978: 6668: 6296: 6214: 6199: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6058: 5966: 5956: 5916: 5911: 5888: 5883: 5617: 5379:

UMDNJ-Rutgers University CounterACT Research Center of Excellence

5327:

Detailed information on physical effects and suggested treatments

5321:

Textbook of Military Medicine – Intensive overview of mustard gas

4214: 4130: 3626: 2555: 2547: 2204: 2087: 1996: 1970: 1923:

was readily available from the German dye industry of that time.

1862: 1850: 1676: 1644: 1613: 1587: 1581: 1227: 1026: 679: 485: 294: 5263:

Veterans at Risk: The Health Effects of Mustard Gas and Lewisite

5182:

Veterans at risk: The health effects of mustard gas and lewisite

5092:

Gas! GAS! Quick, boys! How Chemistry Changed the First World War

4991:"Secret World War II Chemical Experiments Tested Troops By Race" 3990:"Secret World War II Chemical Experiments Tested Troops By Race" 1619: 7511: 7174: 7169: 6957: 6103: 6093: 6088: 6083: 5745: 5547: 5457:

Measures to protect against mustard gas, 1917-1918, Simon Jones

3209: 3153: 2567: 2559: 2016: 1897: 1877: 1386:(NAC) was able to decrease the rate of apoptosis. NAC protects 1355: 1299: 1264: 1074: 1014: 184: 3432: 3097: 2597:

just west of Sydney, Australia. In 2009, a mining survey near

2593:

that contained mustard gas were found in an excavation at the

2574:. The largest mustard agent stockpile, at approximately 6,200 1955:

by the German army against British and Canadian soldiers near

1318: 1085: 985:, respectively, where X = Cl or Br. Such compounds are potent 653: 8043: 7455: 7370: 7329: 6616: 6020: 6015: 6005: 5844: 5827: 5780: 4789: 3264: 2746:

servicemen, some of whom had joined after their release from

2743: 2694:. These experiments were the subject of the documentary film 2290: 2200: 1956: 1533: 1387: 1124:

would be another pathology involved in mustard gas toxicity.

755: 544: 536: 164: 130: 6099:

Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)

4936:"Keen as mustard | Bridget Goodwin | 1989 | ACMI collection" 4483: 3672:. Itech.dickinson.edu (2008-04-25). Retrieved on 2011-05-29. 1682: 1441:. This is named after the inventor of the "quick but dirty" 1127:

In the wider sense, compounds with the structural element BC

1105:

ions. These very reactive intermediates tend to permanently

344: 6626: 6621: 6180:

2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate

5215:

Ethics of Chemistry: From Poison Gas to Climate Engineering

3599: 3320: 2583: 1988:, who developed a method of large-scale production for the 1235: 1199:

Soldier with moderate mustard agent burns sustained during

645: 273: 7778: 4654:"Zee News – India destroys its chemical weapons stockpile" 4124: 3956:. In Mary Kaldor; Helmut Anheier; Marlies Glasius (eds.). 3609:

Weapons of mass casualties and terrorism response handbook

2530:

A significant portion of the United States' mustard agent

2523:

Producing or stockpiling mustard gas is prohibited by the

2041:

that forced troops to abandon heavily contaminated areas.

1828:

Mustard gases were possibly developed as early as 1822 by

1242:

can form wherever the agent contacted the skin. These are

695: 7013: 6566: 4625: 3829:

Fischer, Karin (June 2004). Schattkowsky, Martina (ed.).

3321:

Safarinejad, M. R.; Moosavi, S. A.; Montazeri, B (2001).

1239: 1212: 1116:

strands, which can prevent cellular division, leading to

1113: 7811:

U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense

4874: 3535: 2933: 1330:

Mustard gases' blistering effects can be neutralized by

637: 4191:"Veterans Hurt by Chemical Weapons in Iraq Get Apology" 2608:

In 2014, a collection of 200 bombs was found near the

5368:

An overview of the sulfur and nitrogen mustard agents

5256: 4601:"India to destroy chemical weapons stockpile by 2009" 4595: 4593: 2690:, was chosen to simulate Pacific islands held by the 2256:

According to Syrian state media, by ISIS against the

1939:

containing "HD" (distilled mustard gas agent) at the

8244:

Unethical human experimentation in the United States

5388: 4309: 4243:"Chemical weapons used by fighters in Syria—sources" 3951:"Global society and biological and chemical weapons" 2182:

destroyed an Allied stockpile of mustard gas on the

1959:, Belgium, on July 12, 1917. Later also against the 1218:

Mustard gases are extremely toxic and have powerful

641: 575:

Flammable, toxic, vesicant, carcinogenic, mutagenic

5253:. Inchem.org (1998-02-09). Retrieved on 2011-05-29. 4877:"Fishing crewman exposed to mustard gas from shell" 4532:"Hill 70 & Cornwall's Deadly Mustard Gas Plant" 3894:. Federation of American Scientitst. Archived from 3636:. Federation of American Scientists. Archived from 3605: 2249:By ISIS against another rebel group in the town of 1880:, most of which died. In 1913, the English chemist 1171:, which has two α-chloroethyl thioether groups (ClC 1159:. Other such compounds are bis(2-haloethyl)ethers ( 4859: 4590: 4317: 4267:"Syria war: IS 'used mustard gas' on Assad troops" 3832:Steinkopf, Georg Wilhelm, in: Sächsische Biografie 5381:A research center studying mustard gas, includes 5323:Includes many references to scientific literature 4668: 3483:"Mustard gas: imminent danger or eminent threat?" 2841:FM 3–8 Chemical Reference handbook, US Army, 1967 2761: 2318:As a part of this effort, the group investigated 2272:, and this kind of warfare was prohibited by the 1418:(top row) and mustard gas (bottom row) test with 1080: 8261: 4108:"Iran's Chemical Ali survivors still bear scars" 3804:"Photographic Archive of Avonmouth Bristol BS11" 3376:. Vlib.us (2004-08-23). Retrieved on 2011-05-29. 3051:"War! What is it good for? Mustard gas medicine" 2048:US Army World War II gas identification poster, 1832:(1798–1863). Despretz described the reaction of 633: 306: 5180:Rall, David P., and Constance M. Pechura, eds. 5021:Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man 4801: 4474:. cma.army.mil. Retrieved on November 11, 2011. 4465:The U.S. Army's Chemical Materials Agency (CMA) 3578: 2634: 2456:Most of the mustard gas found in Germany after 1489:by the US. A mixture of 60% HD mustard and 40% 1005:is technically incorrect; the substances, when 794: 116: 5452:The advent of mustard gas in 1917, Simon Jones 4628:"India declares its stock of chemical weapons" 4315: 2093:Spanish use of chemical weapons in the Rif War 1507: – A blend of distilled mustard (HD) and 1065:). Mustard agents can be deployed by means of 1032: 767: 649: 7873:Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System 7806:U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center 7764: 7594: 5477: 4923:Brook Island Trials of Mustard Gas during WW2 4902:. St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press. 3948: 3684:"XIII.—On some derivatives from the olefines" 2991: 2727:Arms of four test subjects after exposure to 500:14.45 °C (58.01 °F; 287.60 K) 4348: 4286: 3960:. Oxford University Press. pp. 87–117. 3392:Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction 2646:In 2010, a clamming boat pulled up some old 2220:Possibly in Sudan against insurgents in the 1057:, as substances with few uses other than in 4792:. Mustardgas.org. Retrieved on 29 May 2011. 4042: 2754:to these agents. These tests also included 2750:were tested to determine susceptibility of 2127:36th Division (National Revolutionary Army) 1888:) replaced the phosphorus trichloride with 7771: 7757: 7601: 7587: 5484: 5470: 5385:with many early references on mustard gas. 5089: 4925:. Home.st.net.au. Retrieved on 2011-05-29. 4767: 4292: 4048: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3681: 3656: 3612:. Boston: Jones and Bartlett. p. 47. 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2291:Development of the first chemotherapy drug 2071:Alleged British use in Mesopotamia in 1920 1919:relied on the Meyer-Clarke method because 1892:in Meyer's formulation while working with 1658:Bis(2-(2-chloroethylsulfanyl)ethyl) ether 1534:Commonly-stockpiled mustard agents (class) 739: 359: 234: 212: 7646:p-(2-Chloroethylthio)phenyldichloroarsine 5414: 5349: 5331: 4988: 4958: 4875:Wickett, Shana; Beth Daley (2010-06-08). 4378: 4376: 4148: 4076: 4074: 4072: 3987: 3915: 3767: 3756:(...) on the night of July 12, 1917 (...) 3747: 3663:By Any Other Name: Origins of Mustard Gas 3634:"Chemical Weapons Production and Storage" 3338: 3074: 3025: 2968: 1796:Bis((2-chloroethylsulfanyl)methyl) ether 326: 4785: 4783: 4770:"Base's phantom war reveals its secrets" 4382: 3585:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 184. 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2722: 2665: 2661: 2043: 1930: 1410: 1317: 1259:. In these severe and infrequent cases, 1194: 1190: 1084: 7893:Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility 5437:surgical treatment of mustard gas burns 5192: 4897: 4240: 4207: 4099: 4055:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 74–. 3944: 3942: 3846: 3828: 3787: 3675: 2844: 1775:1,5-Bis(2-chloroethylsulfanyl) pentane 1733:1,3-Bis(2-chloroethylsulfanyl) propane 1179:S−) connected by an ethylene bridge (−C 940:, which has the chemical structure S(CH 384:InChI=1S/C4H8Cl2S/c5-1-3-7-4-2-6/h1-4H2 355: 8262: 7780:United States chemical weapons program 6365:Methylphosphonyl dichloride (dichloro) 6359:Methylphosphonyl difluoride (difluoro) 4575:. Daily Press Virginia. Archived from 4373: 4080: 4069: 3892:"Uses of CW since the First World War" 3885: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3864:Blister Agent: Mustard gas (H, HD, HS) 3480: 2992:Watson, A. P.; Griffin, G. D. (1992). 1754:1,4-Bis(2-chloroethylsulfanyl) butane 1595:1,2-Bis(2-chloroethylsulfanyl) ethane 837:105 °C (221 °F; 378 K) 394:InChI=1/C4H8Cl2S/c5-1-3-7-4-2-6/h1-4H2 225: 7817:U.S. Army Chemical Materials Activity 7752: 7582: 6607:Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS) 5465: 5374:Questions and Answers for Mustard Gas 4982: 4952: 4780: 4417: 4208:Deutsch, Anthony (15 February 2016). 3048: 2884: 2882: 2826: 1501:and similar vesicant characteristics. 1315:, pain, and foreign-body sensations. 1263:has been used as a treatment option. 387:Key: QKSKPIVNLNLAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 192: 172: 4818:"Farmer discovers 200 bombs (Dutch)" 4802:Cumming, Stuart (11 November 2009). 4570: 4316:Lizzie Dearden (11 September 2015). 4105: 3939: 3049:Smith, Susan L. (27 February 2017). 2366: 7608: 6696:Dimethyl(trifluoromethylthio)arsine 3988:Dickerson, Caitlin (22 June 2015). 3889: 3876: 3806:. BristolPast.co.uk. Archived from 3538:Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2631:The cleanup was completed in 2021. 2544:Federal Emergency Management Agency 2534:was stored at the Edgewood Area of 2498:U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency 2278:Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993 2189:, killing 83 and hospitalizing 628. 1711:Bis(2-chloroethylsulfanyl) methane 1690:2-Chloroethyl chloromethyl sulfide 1049:mustard agents are regulated under 397:Key: QKSKPIVNLNLAAV-UHFFFAOYAK 297: 281: 13: 7923:Edgewood Arsenal human experiments 6312:Dimethylamidophosphoric dichloride 5370:(Caution: contains graphic images) 5281:"CDC - Facts About Sulfur Mustard" 5030: 3958:Global Civil Society Yearbook 2003 2879: 2748:Japanese American Internment Camps 2303:were done by researchers from the 1326:on an arm caused by vesicant burns 1093:Sulfur mustards readily eliminate 790: 14: 8316: 6327:Ethylphosphonoselenoic dichloride 6317:Dimethylamidophosphoric dicyanide 5244: 5235:Prehospital and disaster medicine 5227:(Rutgers University Press, 2017) 5080:American journal of public health 4989:Dickerson, Caitlin (2015-06-22). 4959:Dickerson, Caitlin (2015-06-23). 4860:Sullivan, Kathleen (2002-10-22). 4772:. Fairfax Digital. Archived from 4603:. Dominican Today. Archived from 4367:10.1001/jama.1919.26110010018009f 2998:Environmental Health Perspectives 2307:who reported decreased counts of 1908:on the road to chemical weapons. 1868:, and then treated the resulting 1255:, anterior chamber scarring, and 1147:. Such compounds can form cyclic 16:Compound used in chemical warfare 6155:Dicyclohexyl phosphorofluoridate 5598:2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin 5447:Rhydymwyn Valley History Society 5391:"Treatment of Mustard Gas Burns" 4656:. Zeenews.india.com. 14 May 2009 4626:Amy Smithson; Frank Gaffney Jr. 4424:Drugs & Therapy Perspectives 4293:Paul Blake (11 September 2015). 4137:Journal of Analytical Toxicology 3440:International Immunopharmacology 3272:International Immunopharmacology 3216:International Immunopharmacology 3161:International Immunopharmacology 3105:International Immunopharmacology 2941:Iranian Journal of Public Health 2453:, Wales, was destroyed in 1958. 2371: 1995:Mustard gas was dispersed as an 1808: 1787: 1766: 1745: 1724: 1702: 1681: 1649: 1618: 1586: 1493:, a related vesicant with lower 1230:. Furthermore, they are highly 1077:, or by spraying from aircraft. 930:are names commonly used for the 889: 603: 598: 451: 445: 43: 34: 25: 7563:List of chemical warfare agents 5786:Dibutylchloromethyltin chloride 5013: 4928: 4916: 4891: 4868: 4853: 4842:from the original on 2022-02-07 4824: 4810: 4795: 4761: 4735: 4717: 4694: 4646: 4619: 4564: 4550: 4524: 4477: 4458: 4418:Scott, Lesley J. (2017-06-01). 4411: 4342: 4330:from the original on 2022-06-18 4259: 4241:Deutsch, Anthony (2015-11-06). 4234: 4201: 4183: 4165: 4021: 4000: 3981: 3909: 3822: 3796: 3781: 3761: 3741: 3706: 3644: 3572: 3529: 3474: 3426: 3379: 3367: 3355: 3314: 3258: 3203: 3147: 2650:shells of World War I from the 2601:, uncovered 144 105-millimeter 1947:scheme on each shell is visible 1406: 885:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa). 5301:NTI: Nuclear Threat Initiative 5257:Institute of Medicine (1993). 5172:Anaesthesia and intensive care 4725:"CSEPP Background Information" 4571:Bull, John (30 October 2005). 3790:The Port of Bristol, 1848-1884 3091: 3042: 2985: 2927: 2903: 2865: 2762:Detection in biological fluids 2717:Department of Veterans Affairs 2246:forces in Iraq in August 2015. 1823: 1445:for manufacture, reacting dry 1207:on the neck, armpit, and hands 1081:Mechanism of cellular toxicity 997:with a long history of use as 562:Occupational safety and health 457: 439: 1: 5124:Journal of applied toxicology 5058:Journal of chemical education 4804:"Weapons await UN inspection" 4790:Chemical Warfare in Australia 4106:Lyon, Alistair (2008-07-09). 4052:A History of Chemical Warfare 3487:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2814: 2049: 1295:before recovery is complete. 8285:World War I chemical weapons 7980:Operation Davy Jones' Locker 7883:Pine Bluff Chemical Activity 6639:Trimethylolpropane phosphite 6185:Neopentylene fluorophosphate 5383:searchable reference library 5265:. National Academies Press. 4768:Ashworth L (7 August 2008). 4397:10.1016/0002-9610(63)90232-0 3606:Stewart, Charles D. (2006). 3452:10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105897 3404:10.3109/10799893.2014.896379 3284:10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105820 3228:10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105843 3173:10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105844 3117:10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105897 2911:"What is a Chemical Weapon?" 2899:. American Chemical Society. 2635:Post-war accidental exposure 1627:2-Chloroethyl ethyl sulfide 1163:), the (2-haloethyl)amines ( 7: 8028:Methylphosphonyl difluoride 7733:2-Chloroethyl ethyl sulfide 6421:3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol 6281:N,N-Diisopropylaminoethanol 6150:Diisopropyl fluorophosphate 4558:"Valley Factory, Rhydymwyn" 3481:Geraci, Matthew J. (2008). 2770: 2752:Japanese military personnel 2740:African American servicemen 2688:Brook Islands National Park 2525:Chemical Weapons Convention 2362: 2123:Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang 2063:United Kingdom against the 1055:Chemical Weapons Convention 1033:History as chemical weapons 874:Chloromethyl methyl sulfide 10: 8321: 7863:Edgewood Chemical Activity 7848:Anniston Chemical Activity 7260:Hexamethylene diisocyanate 6728:Phenylcarbylamine chloride 6054:Dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride 5174:44.1_suppl (2016): 24-30. 4049:K. Coleman (23 May 2005). 2680:Royal Australian Engineers 2643:, a former military base. 2305:University of Pennsylvania 1886:Eschweiler-Clarke reaction 1818: 1564:Bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide 1338:, using household bleach ( 938:bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide 71:Bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide 8226: 8190: 8064: 8017:3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate 8007: 7967: 7951: 7915: 7906: 7835: 7827:Chemical mortar battalion 7786: 7725: 7674: 7616: 7558: 7518:Fluoroethyl fluoroacetate 7499: 7363: 7312: 7273: 7137: 6914: 6861: 6723:Perchloromethyl mercaptan 6652: 6453: 6228: 6142: 6134:4-686-293-01 (Agent 1-10) 6044: 5991: 5975: 5902: 5812: 5803: 5773: 5754: 5721: 5687: 5640: 5631: 5516: 5112:Annals of Pharmacotherapy 4898:Goodwin, Bridget (1998). 4536:Cornwall Community Museum 4470:October 15, 2004, at the 4436:10.1007/s40267-017-0409-7 3925:. Hamilton. p. 148. 2799:Poison gas in World War I 2641:Presidio of San Francisco 2380:This section needs to be 2214:Iraq against Iranians in 2129:in 1934, and also in the 1211:Mustard gases react with 1099:nucleophilic substitution 879: 854: 579: 559: 554: 426: 406: 371: 100: 68: 56: 51: 42: 33: 24: 8290:IARC Group 1 carcinogens 7801:U.S. Army Chemical Corps 7235:Chloroacetophenone oxime 7220:Bromomethyl ethyl ketone 6828:Trifluoroacetyl chloride 6738:Tetrachlorodinitroethane 6385:Phosphorus pentachloride 6210:Methanesulfonyl fluoride 5193:Richter, Donald (1994). 4085:. Springer. p. 71. 3579:Van Bergen, Leo (2009). 2953:10.18502/ijph.v49i7.3573 2276:, and also by the later 1849:, known as a pioneer in 662:Precautionary statements 8167:XM736 8-inch projectile 7898:Umatilla Chemical Depot 7514:(variants and mixtures) 6783:Trichloronitrosomethane 6778:Trifluoronitrosomethane 6353:Methyldichlorophosphine 5395:British Medical Journal 5090:Freemantle, M. (2012). 4081:Faguet, Guy B. (2005). 4010:. Samilitaryhistory.org 3340:10.1093/milmed/166.1.67 2777:Bis(chloromethyl) ether 2622:Battle of Passchendaele 2536:Aberdeen Proving Ground 2274:Geneva Protocol of 1925 2209:Halabja chemical attack 2030:They Shall Not Grow Old 1902:German Chemical Society 1830:César-Mansuète Despretz 1261:corneal transplantation 1203:showing characteristic 1097:ions by intramolecular 95:Dichlorodiethyl sulfide 8162:M687 155 mm projectile 8132:M360 105 mm projectile 8092:M121 155 mm projectile 8087:M110 155 mm projectile 8082:M104 155 mm projectile 7878:Newport Chemical Depot 7858:Deseret Chemical Depot 7796:2nd Chemical Battalion 7789:centers and institutes 7313:Cornea-clouding agents 6808:Phosphorus trichloride 6390:Phosphorus trichloride 6124:Miotine (AR-28/T-1843) 5578:Phosphorus trifluoride 5407:10.1136/bmj.1.4455.797 5136:21.3 (2014): 355-375. 5126:30.7 (2010): 627-643. 5114:42.2 (2008): 237-246. 5082:98.4 (2008): 611-625. 4806:. Toowoomba Chronicle. 4573:"The Deadliness Below" 3949:Daniel Feakes (2003). 3869:July 24, 2007, at the 3558:10.1006/taap.1996.0324 2804:Rawalpindi experiments 2736: 2692:Imperial Japanese Army 2671: 2599:Chinchilla, Queensland 2580:Deseret Chemical Depot 2090:of 1921–27 (see also: 2056: 1951:Mustard gas was first 1948: 1926: 1874:phosphorus trichloride 1433: – Also known as 1423: 1404: 1371:Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1327: 1322:Typical appearance of 1208: 1155:, etc.) that are good 1090: 870:Bis(chloroethyl) ether 801: 8295:Chloroethyl compounds 8239:Dugway sheep incident 8157:M60 105 mm projectile 8147:M44 generator cluster 7888:Pueblo Chemical Depot 7853:Blue Grass Army Depot 7836:Industrial facilities 7676:Antineoplastic agents 6707:Disulfur decafluoride 6508:Chlorophenylsilatrane 6416:2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 5094:. The History Press. 4349:Krumbhaar EB (1919). 2726: 2676:Queensland, Australia 2669: 2662:WWII-era tests on men 2656:Long Island, New York 2595:Marrangaroo Army Base 2443:M. S. Factory, Valley 2421:immunochromatographic 2260:during the battle in 2047: 1941:Pueblo Chemical Depot 1934: 1414: 1399: 1365:Staphylococcus aureus 1321: 1198: 1191:Physiological effects 1118:programmed cell death 1088: 1025:. Mustard gases form 800: 8191:Protective equipment 8072:BLU-80/B Bigeye bomb 7959:Operation Ranch Hand 7868:Hawthorne Army Depot 7738:Mustard chlorohydrin 7507:Methyl fluoroacetate 7335:Methyl cyanoacrylate 7255:Allyl isothiocyanate 6843:Uranium hexafluoride 6798:Dinitrogen tetroxide 6743:Chlorine trifluoride 5791:Selenium oxychloride 5661:Phenyldichloroarsine 5655:Methyldichloroarsine 5593:Nickel tetracarbonyl 5237:24.1 (2009): 19-29. 4749:on 15 September 2012 4222:on February 22, 2016 4150:10.1093/jat/21.4.249 3700:10.1039/QJ8601200109 3364:. brooksidepress.org 2589:In 2008, many empty 2578:, was stored at the 2460:was dumped into the 2178:The 2 December 1943 2021:incapacitating agent 1990:Imperial German Army 1485:by the British, and 1467:by the British, and 1303:exposure, including 783:(fire diamond) 58:Preferred IUPAC name 8142:M43 BZ cluster bomb 7990:Operation Steel Box 7843:Anniston Army Depot 7200:Bromobenzyl cyanide 6968:Dimethylheptylpyran 6896:Diphenylcyanoarsine 6891:Diphenylchlorarsine 6823:Methyl vinyl ketone 6748:Perchloryl fluoride 6612:Bicyclic phosphates 6431:Trimethyl phosphite 6380:Phosphoryl chloride 5649:Ethyldichloroarsine 5623:Chloral cyanohydrin 5613:Acetone cyanohydrin 5583:Methyl cyanoformate 5047:(Cornell UP, 2023) 5043:Dorsey, M. Girard. 5040:18.1 (2000): 47-69. 4776:on 5 December 2008. 4607:on 7 September 2013 4502:2014Ana...139.5118S 3890:Pearson, Graham S. 3788:David Large (ed.). 3727:2007JChEd..84..944D 3682:F. Guthrie (1860). 3640:on August 11, 2014. 3550:1996ToxAP.141..568D 3067:10.1503/cmaj.161032 3010:10.1289/ehp.9298259 2326:and other types of 2224:, in 1995 and 1997. 2131:Xinjiang War (1937) 1953:used in World War I 1882:Hans Thacher Clarke 1539: 1451:disulfur dichloride 1422:from 0.01% to 0.06% 1384:N-acetyl-L-cysteine 1340:sodium hypochlorite 1285:second degree burns 517:Solubility in water 472: g·mol 154:Beilstein Reference 85:Yellow cross liquid 21: 8234:CB military symbol 7985:Operation Geranium 7787:Units, formations, 7568:CB military symbol 7426:Enterotoxin type B 7381:Cyclopiazonic acid 7340:N-Methylmorpholine 7240:Ethyl bromoacetate 6718:Ethyl bromoacetate 6685:Perfluoroisobutene 6426:Triethyl phosphite 5697:Levinstein mustard 5588:Iron pentacarbonyl 5332:Iyriboz Y (2004). 5229:online book review 5217:(2021) pp. 55-83. 5060:84.6 (2007): 944. 4634:on 6 November 2012 4510:10.1039/C4AN00720D 4195:The New York Times 4177:The New York Times 3917:Townshend, Charles 3898:on August 22, 2010 3668:2014-02-01 at the 2737: 2672: 2514:Operation Geranium 2406:Richmond, Kentucky 2341:chemical compounds 2324:Hodgkin's lymphoma 2057: 2039:area-denial weapon 1961:French Second Army 1949: 1943:. The distinctive 1935:Pallets of 155 mm 1538: 1487:Mustard T- mixture 1481: – Codenamed 1463: – Codenamed 1443:Levinstein Process 1439:Levinstein mustard 1424: 1348:diethylenetriamine 1328: 1289:third degree burns 1269:respiratory system 1257:neovascularization 1253:corneal ulceration 1209: 1135:X, where X is any 1091: 912:Infobox references 855:Related compounds 802: 490:1.27 g/mL, liquid 91:Mustard T- mixture 19: 8257: 8256: 8137:M426 8-inch shell 8122:M23 chemical mine 8003: 8002: 7995:Operation Red Hat 7928:Operation Top Hat 7746: 7745: 7576: 7575: 7386:Histrionicotoxins 7364:Biological toxins 7245:Ethyl iodoacetate 6813:Methyl isocyanate 6773:Selenoyl fluoride 6763:Mercuric chloride 6733:Tetranitromethane 6587:Sulfuryl fluoride 6572:HN3 hydrochloride 6567:HN2 hydrochloride 6562:HN1 hydrochloride 6449: 6448: 6406:Phenacyl chloride 6401:Pinacolyl alcohol 6347:Isopropyl alcohol 6342:4-Hydroxycoumarin 6276:1,8-Dibromooctane 5799: 5798: 5723:Nitrogen mustards 5536:Cyanogen chloride 5432:Nightmare in Bari 5401:(4455): 797–799. 5272:978-0-309-04832-3 5195:Chemical Soldiers 5101:978-0-7524-6601-9 5068:Feister, Alan J. 5038:War & Society 4909:978-0-7022-2941-1 4083:The War on Cancer 4062:978-0-230-50183-6 3932:978-0-241-11789-7 3735:10.1021/ed084p944 3592:978-0-7546-5853-5 3499:10.1345/aph.1K445 3327:Military Medicine 2705:nitrogen mustards 2566:located south of 2483:French government 2428:Cornwall, Ontario 2401: 2400: 2322:as a therapy for 2309:white blood cells 2119:Republic of China 1986:Wilhelm Steinkopf 1890:hydrochloric acid 1866:potassium sulfide 1843:Frederick Guthrie 1834:sulfur dichloride 1816: 1815: 1469:Distilled Mustard 1437:("Hun Stuff") or 1165:nitrogen mustards 1157:alkylating agents 987:alkylating agents 982:nitrogen mustards 935:chemical compound 920:Chemical compound 918: 917: 861:Related compounds 843:Safety data sheet 628:Hazard statements 522:7.6 mg/L at 20°C 340:CompTox Dashboard 142:Interactive image 89:Distilled mustard 62:1-Chloro-2-ethane 8312: 8127:M34 cluster bomb 8077:M1 chemical mine 7913: 7912: 7773: 7766: 7759: 7750: 7749: 7603: 7596: 7589: 7580: 7579: 7550:White phosphorus 7527:post-combustion 7523:Depleted uranium 7350:Osmium tetroxide 7230:Phenacyl bromide 6793:Nitrogen dioxide 6768:Selenium dioxide 6758:Cadmium chloride 6215:Dimefox (TL-792) 5810: 5809: 5638: 5637: 5563:Hydrogen sulfide 5542:Hydrogen cyanide 5531:Cyanogen bromide 5497:chemical warfare 5486: 5479: 5472: 5463: 5462: 5428: 5418: 5363: 5353: 5315: 5313: 5312: 5303:. Archived from 5292: 5287:. Archived from 5276: 5223:Smith, Susan I. 5208: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5105: 5024: 5017: 5011: 5010: 5004: 5003: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4974: 4973: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4887:on June 9, 2010. 4883:. Archived from 4881:The Boston Globe 4872: 4866: 4865: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4847: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4814: 4808: 4807: 4799: 4793: 4787: 4778: 4777: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4745:. Archived from 4739: 4733: 4732: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4678:. Archived from 4672: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4630:. Archived from 4623: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4597: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4584: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4481: 4475: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4380: 4371: 4370: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4321: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4280: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4253: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4218:. Archived from 4205: 4199: 4198: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4152: 4128: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4118: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4078: 4067: 4066: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4036: 4025: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4015: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3985: 3979: 3978: 3976: 3970:. Archived from 3955: 3946: 3937: 3936: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3903: 3887: 3874: 3861: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3840: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3771:Chemical warfare 3765: 3759: 3758: 3751:Chemical warfare 3745: 3739: 3738: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3679: 3673: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3342: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3078: 3061:(8): E321–E322. 3046: 3040: 3039: 3029: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2972: 2947:(7): 1202–1210. 2931: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2921: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2894: 2886: 2877: 2876: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2842: 2839: 2809:Selenium mustard 2729:nitrogen mustard 2629:Washington, D.C. 2478:Artillery shells 2410:Pueblo, Colorado 2396: 2393: 2387: 2375: 2374: 2367: 2336:air raid on Bari 2320:nitrogen mustard 2270:chemical warfare 2180:air raid on Bari 2054: 2051: 2013:artillery shells 1937:artillery shells 1812: 1791: 1770: 1749: 1728: 1706: 1685: 1653: 1622: 1590: 1540: 1537: 1352:2-methoxyethanol 1273:mucous membranes 1122:Oxidative stress 1067:artillery shells 1059:chemical warfare 999:chemical weapons 974: 902: 896: 893: 892: 866:Nitrogen mustard 822: 815: 808: 793: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 607: 602: 471: 459: 453: 447: 441: 434:Chemical formula 364: 363: 348: 346: 330: 310: 299: 285: 263:Gmelin Reference 246: 238: 227: 216: 196: 176: 144: 120: 47: 38: 29: 22: 18: 8320: 8319: 8315: 8314: 8313: 8311: 8310: 8309: 8300:Sulfur mustards 8275:Organochlorides 8260: 8259: 8258: 8253: 8222: 8186: 8060: 7999: 7975:Operation CHASE 7963: 7947: 7908: 7902: 7831: 7788: 7782: 7777: 7747: 7742: 7721: 7670: 7612: 7610:Sulfur mustards 7607: 7577: 7572: 7554: 7495: 7406:Botulinum toxin 7359: 7308: 7269: 7185:Benzyl chloride 7140: 7133: 6917: 6910: 6901:Cacodyl cyanide 6863:Vomiting agents 6857: 6655: 6648: 6557:Dimethylmercury 6479:Botulinum toxin 6445: 6224: 6138: 6040: 5993:Novichok agents 5987: 5971: 5898: 5795: 5769: 5750: 5717: 5689:Sulfur mustards 5683: 5627: 5573:Carbon monoxide 5553:Cacodyl cyanide 5512: 5511: 5495:Agents used in 5490: 5310: 5308: 5295: 5279: 5273: 5247: 5205: 5159: 5157: 5102: 5033: 5031:Further reading 5028: 5027: 5018: 5014: 5001: 4999: 4987: 4983: 4971: 4969: 4957: 4953: 4944: 4942: 4940:www.acmi.net.au 4934: 4933: 4929: 4921: 4917: 4910: 4896: 4892: 4873: 4869: 4858: 4854: 4845: 4843: 4830: 4829: 4825: 4820:. 5 March 2014. 4816: 4815: 4811: 4800: 4796: 4788: 4781: 4766: 4762: 4752: 4750: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4731:on 27 May 2006. 4723: 4722: 4718: 4708: 4706: 4699: 4695: 4685: 4683: 4674: 4673: 4669: 4659: 4657: 4652: 4651: 4647: 4637: 4635: 4624: 4620: 4610: 4608: 4599: 4598: 4591: 4582: 4580: 4569: 4565: 4560:. 24 July 2010. 4556: 4555: 4551: 4541: 4539: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4496:(20): 5118–26. 4482: 4478: 4472:Wayback Machine 4463: 4459: 4416: 4412: 4381: 4374: 4347: 4343: 4333: 4331: 4324:The Independent 4314: 4310: 4300: 4298: 4291: 4287: 4278: 4276: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4251: 4249: 4239: 4235: 4225: 4223: 4206: 4202: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4129: 4125: 4116: 4114: 4104: 4100: 4093: 4079: 4070: 4063: 4047: 4043: 4034: 4032: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4013: 4011: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3986: 3982: 3974: 3968: 3953: 3947: 3940: 3933: 3914: 3910: 3901: 3899: 3888: 3877: 3871:Wayback Machine 3862: 3847: 3838: 3836: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3811: 3810:on July 3, 2011 3802: 3801: 3797: 3786: 3782: 3766: 3762: 3746: 3742: 3711: 3707: 3688:Q. J. Chem. Soc 3680: 3676: 3670:Wayback Machine 3661: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3632: 3631: 3627: 3620: 3604: 3600: 3593: 3577: 3573: 3534: 3530: 3479: 3475: 3431: 3427: 3384: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3319: 3315: 3263: 3259: 3208: 3204: 3152: 3148: 3096: 3092: 3047: 3043: 2990: 2986: 2932: 2928: 2919: 2917: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2892: 2888: 2887: 2880: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2858: 2845: 2840: 2827: 2817: 2788:Keen as Mustard 2773: 2764: 2697:Keen as Mustard 2664: 2637: 2510:Operation CHASE 2434:, southeast of 2397: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2376: 2372: 2365: 2313:Yale University 2293: 2242:forces against 2203:in the town of 2152:Japanese Empire 2052: 1979:Hindenburg Line 1975:Avonmouth Docks 1929: 1921:2-chloroethanol 1884:(known for the 1859:2-chloroethanol 1826: 1821: 1536: 1409: 1277:pulmonary edema 1193: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1161:oxygen mustards 1143:, are known as 1134: 1130: 1101:to form cyclic 1083: 1035: 977:sulfur mustards 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 951: 947: 943: 921: 914: 909: 908: 907: ?) 898: 894: 890: 886: 862: 827: 826: 825: 824: 817: 810: 803: 799: 791: 664: 630: 616: 595: 572: 519: 469: 456: 450: 444: 436: 422: 419: 414: 413: 402: 399: 398: 395: 389: 388: 385: 379: 378: 367: 349: 342: 333: 313: 300: 288: 265: 256: 219: 199: 179: 156: 147: 134: 123: 110: 96: 94: 92: 90: 88: 86: 84: 82: 80: 78: 76: 74: 72: 64: 63: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8318: 8308: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8280:Blister agents 8277: 8272: 8255: 8254: 8252: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8230: 8228: 8227:Related topics 8224: 8223: 8221: 8220: 8215: 8213:People sniffer 8210: 8205: 8200: 8194: 8192: 8188: 8187: 8185: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8068: 8066: 8062: 8061: 8059: 8058: 8053: 8047: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8025: 8020: 8013: 8011: 8005: 8004: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7971: 7969: 7965: 7964: 7962: 7961: 7955: 7953: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7919: 7917: 7910: 7904: 7903: 7901: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7839: 7837: 7833: 7832: 7830: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7792: 7790: 7784: 7783: 7776: 7775: 7768: 7761: 7753: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7740: 7735: 7729: 7727: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7719: 7714: 7711: 7708: 7705: 7702: 7699: 7696: 7693: 7690: 7687: 7684: 7680: 7678: 7672: 7671: 7669: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7622: 7620: 7614: 7613: 7606: 7605: 7598: 7591: 7583: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7570: 7565: 7559: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7533: 7532: 7531: 7529:uranium oxides 7520: 7515: 7509: 7503: 7501: 7497: 7496: 7494: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7367: 7365: 7361: 7360: 7358: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7316: 7314: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7280: 7278: 7271: 7270: 7268: 7267: 7265:Crotonaldehyde 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7190:Benzyl bromide 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7151: 7145: 7143: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7131: 7129:Chlorpromazine 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6922: 6920: 6916:Incapacitating 6912: 6911: 6909: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6879: 6874: 6867: 6865: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6803:Sulfur dioxide 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6704: 6698: 6693: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6671: 6666: 6660: 6658: 6656:choking agents 6650: 6649: 6647: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6552:Tetraethyllead 6549: 6543: 6538: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6516: 6510: 6505: 6499: 6493: 6488: 6482: 6476: 6471: 6465: 6459: 6457: 6451: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6356: 6350: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6256:A.P.C. complex 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6232: 6230: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6146: 6144: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6050: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5997: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5979: 5977: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5969: 5967:V-sub x (GD-7) 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5908: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5865: 5860: 5854: 5848: 5842: 5836: 5830: 5825: 5818: 5816: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5777: 5775: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5767: 5764:Phosgene oxime 5760: 5758: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5727: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5693: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5658: 5652: 5646: 5644: 5635: 5633:Blister agents 5629: 5628: 5626: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5603:Glycolonitrile 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5539: 5533: 5528: 5522: 5520: 5514: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5504: 5502:incapacitation 5499: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5481: 5474: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5386: 5376: 5371: 5365: 5329: 5324: 5317: 5316: 5293: 5291:on 2006-08-09. 5277: 5271: 5254: 5246: 5245:External links 5243: 5242: 5241: 5231: 5221: 5210: 5209: 5203: 5197:. Leo Cooper. 5189: 5188: 5178: 5167: 5166: 5140: 5134:War in History 5130: 5119: 5118: 5107: 5106: 5100: 5086: 5076: 5065: 5064: 5053: 5052: 5041: 5032: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5012: 4981: 4951: 4927: 4915: 4908: 4890: 4867: 4852: 4823: 4809: 4794: 4779: 4760: 4734: 4716: 4693: 4682:on 21 May 2009 4667: 4645: 4618: 4589: 4563: 4549: 4523: 4476: 4457: 4430:(6): 249–253. 4410: 4372: 4341: 4308: 4285: 4258: 4233: 4200: 4197:. 25 Mar 2015. 4182: 4164: 4143:(4): 249–251. 4123: 4098: 4091: 4068: 4061: 4041: 4020: 3999: 3980: 3977:on 2007-07-11. 3966: 3938: 3931: 3908: 3875: 3845: 3821: 3795: 3780: 3760: 3740: 3705: 3694:(1): 109–126. 3674: 3655: 3643: 3625: 3618: 3598: 3591: 3571: 3528: 3493:(2): 237–246. 3473: 3425: 3378: 3366: 3354: 3313: 3257: 3202: 3146: 3090: 3041: 2984: 2926: 2902: 2878: 2864: 2843: 2824: 2823: 2816: 2813: 2812: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2794:Phosgene oxime 2791: 2784: 2779: 2772: 2769: 2763: 2760: 2663: 2660: 2652:Atlantic Ocean 2636: 2633: 2564:Johnston Atoll 2399: 2398: 2379: 2377: 2370: 2364: 2361: 2292: 2289: 2266: 2265: 2254: 2247: 2236: 2233:roadside bombs 2225: 2218: 2212: 2197: 2192:Egypt against 2190: 2176: 2173: 2170:Port Elizabeth 2166: 2162: 2148: 2136:Italy against 2134: 2107: 2097: 2082:resistance in 2073: 2068: 1928: 1925: 1847:Albert Niemann 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1792: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1771: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1750: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1729: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1686: 1679: 1670: 1667: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1654: 1647: 1638: 1635: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1616: 1607: 1604: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1584: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1560: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1522: 1516: 1502: 1495:freezing point 1476: 1458: 1455:vapor pressure 1420:concentrations 1408: 1405: 1249:conjunctivitis 1244:chemical burns 1192: 1189: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1132: 1128: 1082: 1079: 1047:nitrogen-based 1034: 1031: 1011:mustard plants 995:blister agents 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 949: 945: 941: 928:sulfur mustard 919: 916: 915: 910: 888: 887: 883:standard state 880: 877: 876: 863: 860: 857: 856: 852: 851: 846: 839: 838: 835: 829: 828: 818: 811: 804: 789: 788: 787: 786: 784: 775: 774: 716:P305+P351+P338 665: 660: 657: 656: 631: 626: 623: 622: 617: 612: 609: 608: 596: 591: 588: 587: 577: 576: 573: 570: 567: 566: 557: 556: 552: 551: 530: 524: 523: 520: 515: 512: 511: 508: 502: 501: 498: 492: 491: 488: 482: 481: 478: 474: 473: 467: 461: 460: 454: 448: 442: 437: 432: 429: 428: 424: 423: 421: 420: 417: 409: 408: 407: 404: 403: 401: 400: 396: 393: 392: 390: 386: 383: 382: 374: 373: 372: 369: 368: 366: 365: 352: 350: 338: 335: 334: 332: 331: 323: 321: 315: 314: 312: 311: 303: 301: 293: 290: 289: 287: 286: 278: 276: 270: 269: 266: 261: 258: 257: 255: 254: 250: 248: 240: 239: 229: 221: 220: 218: 217: 209: 207: 201: 200: 198: 197: 189: 187: 181: 180: 178: 177: 169: 167: 161: 160: 157: 152: 149: 148: 146: 145: 137: 135: 128: 125: 124: 122: 121: 113: 111: 106: 103: 102: 98: 97: 81:Sulfur mustard 70: 66: 65: 61: 60: 54: 53: 49: 48: 40: 39: 31: 30: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8317: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8267: 8265: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8225: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8195: 8193: 8189: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8069: 8067: 8063: 8057: 8054: 8051: 8048: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8018: 8015: 8014: 8012: 8010: 8006: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7966: 7960: 7957: 7956: 7954: 7950: 7944: 7943:Operation LAC 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7920: 7918: 7914: 7911: 7905: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7840: 7838: 7834: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7785: 7781: 7774: 7769: 7767: 7762: 7760: 7755: 7754: 7751: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7724: 7718: 7715: 7712: 7709: 7706: 7703: 7700: 7697: 7694: 7691: 7688: 7685: 7682: 7681: 7679: 7677: 7673: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7651:Sesquimustard 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7623: 7621: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7604: 7599: 7597: 7592: 7590: 7585: 7584: 7581: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7560: 7557: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7540:its compounds 7537: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7525: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7498: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7476:Tetanospasmin 7474: 7472: 7471:T-2 mycotoxin 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7401:Batrachotoxin 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7368: 7366: 7362: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7345:Allyl alcohol 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7311: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7272: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7210:Chloroacetone 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7195:Benzyl iodide 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7149:Xylyl bromide 7147: 7146: 7144: 7142: 7136: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6937:Butyrophenone 6935: 6933: 6930: 6927: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6913: 6907: 6906:o-Dianisidine 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6872: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6860: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6753:Cadmium oxide 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6708: 6705: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6651: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6602:Batrachotoxin 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6520: 6517: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6503: 6500: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6486: 6485:Tetanospasmin 6483: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6452: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6360: 6357: 6354: 6351: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6227: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6141: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6043: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5901: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5858: 5855: 5852: 5849: 5846: 5843: 5840: 5837: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5802: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5772: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5756:Nettle agents 5753: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5720: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5686: 5680: 5677: 5674: 5671: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5653: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5630: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5558:Cacodyl oxide 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5493: 5487: 5482: 5480: 5475: 5473: 5468: 5467: 5464: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5387: 5384: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5361: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5307:on 2016-01-02 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5248: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5206: 5200: 5196: 5191: 5190: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5168: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5147: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5120: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5108: 5103: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5039: 5035: 5034: 5022: 5016: 5009: 4998: 4997: 4992: 4985: 4978: 4968: 4967: 4962: 4955: 4941: 4937: 4931: 4924: 4919: 4911: 4905: 4901: 4894: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4871: 4864:. sfgate.com. 4863: 4856: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4827: 4819: 4813: 4805: 4798: 4791: 4786: 4784: 4775: 4771: 4764: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4730: 4726: 4720: 4704: 4697: 4681: 4677: 4671: 4655: 4649: 4633: 4629: 4622: 4606: 4602: 4596: 4594: 4579:on 2012-07-23 4578: 4574: 4567: 4559: 4553: 4537: 4533: 4527: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4469: 4466: 4461: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4414: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4379: 4377: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4329: 4325: 4320: 4312: 4296: 4289: 4274: 4273: 4268: 4262: 4248: 4244: 4237: 4221: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4204: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4179:. 6 Nov 2014. 4178: 4174: 4168: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4127: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4094: 4092:1-4020-3618-3 4088: 4084: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4064: 4058: 4054: 4053: 4045: 4030: 4024: 4009: 4003: 3995: 3991: 3984: 3973: 3969: 3967:0-19-926655-7 3963: 3959: 3952: 3945: 3943: 3934: 3928: 3924: 3923: 3918: 3912: 3897: 3893: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3873:, CBWinfo.com 3872: 3868: 3865: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3834: 3833: 3825: 3809: 3805: 3799: 3791: 3784: 3777: 3773: 3772: 3764: 3757: 3753: 3752: 3744: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3715:J. Chem. Educ 3709: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3678: 3671: 3667: 3664: 3659: 3652: 3647: 3639: 3635: 3629: 3621: 3619:0-7637-2425-4 3615: 3611: 3610: 3602: 3594: 3588: 3584: 3583: 3575: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3544:(2): 568–83. 3543: 3539: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3429: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3382: 3375: 3370: 3363: 3358: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3150: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3045: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2988: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2930: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2898: 2891: 2890:"Mustard Gas" 2885: 2883: 2874: 2868: 2861: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2774: 2768: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2699: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2668: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2642: 2632: 2630: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2572:Pacific Ocean 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2526: 2521: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2490:U.S. Congress 2488:In 1972, the 2486: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2395: 2392:February 2022 2383: 2378: 2369: 2368: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2297:hematopoiesis 2288: 2286: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2252: 2248: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2199:Iraq against 2198: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2181: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2121:, during the 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2105: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2062: 2061: 2060: 2046: 2042: 2040: 2034: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2009:mortar rounds 2006: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1913:German Empire 1909: 1907: 1906:German Empire 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1811: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1602:Sesquimustard 1600: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1549:Trivial name 1548: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1403: 1398: 1396: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1372: 1367: 1366: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1293:convalescence 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1214: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1188: 1170: 1169:sesquimustard 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1137:leaving group 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1087: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1043:Iran–Iraq War 1040: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 983: 978: 975:are known as 939: 936: 933: 929: 925: 913: 906: 901: 884: 878: 875: 871: 867: 864: 859: 858: 853: 850: 849:External MSDS 847: 844: 841: 840: 836: 834: 831: 830: 823: 816: 809: 785: 782: 781: 777: 776: 666: 663: 659: 658: 632: 629: 625: 624: 621: 618: 615: 611: 610: 606: 601: 597: 594: 590: 589: 585: 583: 578: 574: 569: 568: 564: 563: 558: 553: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 531: 529: 526: 525: 521: 518: 514: 513: 509: 507: 506:Boiling point 504: 503: 499: 497: 496:Melting point 494: 493: 489: 487: 484: 483: 479: 476: 475: 468: 466: 463: 462: 438: 435: 431: 430: 425: 416: 415: 412: 405: 391: 381: 380: 377: 370: 362: 358: 357:DTXSID0037100 354: 353: 351: 341: 337: 336: 329: 325: 324: 322: 320: 317: 316: 309: 305: 304: 302: 296: 292: 291: 284: 280: 279: 277: 275: 272: 271: 267: 264: 260: 259: 252: 251: 249: 247: 242: 241: 237: 233: 230: 228: 226:ECHA InfoCard 223: 222: 215: 211: 210: 208: 206: 203: 202: 195: 191: 190: 188: 186: 183: 182: 175: 171: 170: 168: 166: 163: 162: 158: 155: 151: 150: 143: 139: 138: 136: 132: 127: 126: 119: 115: 114: 112: 109: 105: 104: 99: 77:Schwefel-LOST 67: 59: 55: 50: 46: 41: 37: 32: 28: 23: 8112:M139 bomblet 8107:M138 bomblet 8102:M134 bomblet 8097:M125 bomblet 8049: 7938:Project SHAD 7909:and projects 7635: 7481:Tetrodotoxin 7431:Grayanotoxin 7215:Bromoacetone 7205:Thiophosgene 7160:Mace (spray) 7154:Pepper spray 7139:Lachrymatory 7124:Fluphenazine 7119:Procarbazine 7029:Sleeping gas 6877:Chloropicrin 6788:Nitric oxide 6690:Chloropicrin 6634:Cloflubicyne 6597:Oxotremorine 6546:Antillatoxin 6525:Tetrodotoxin 6474:Bungarotoxin 6370:Nitromethane 6332:Formaldoxime 6271:Cyclohexanol 6236:Acetonitrile 5983:GV (EA-5365) 5805:Nerve agents 5696: 5608:Lactonitrile 5518:Blood agents 5507:riot control 5398: 5394: 5341: 5337: 5309:. Retrieved 5305:the original 5300: 5289:the original 5284: 5262: 5234: 5224: 5214: 5194: 5181: 5171: 5158:. Retrieved 5145: 5133: 5123: 5111: 5091: 5079: 5069: 5057: 5044: 5037: 5020: 5015: 5006: 5000:. Retrieved 4994: 4984: 4976: 4970:. Retrieved 4964: 4954: 4943:. Retrieved 4939: 4930: 4918: 4899: 4893: 4885:the original 4880: 4870: 4855: 4844:. Retrieved 4835: 4826: 4812: 4797: 4774:the original 4763: 4751:. Retrieved 4747:the original 4737: 4729:the original 4719: 4707:. Retrieved 4696: 4684:. Retrieved 4680:the original 4670: 4658:. Retrieved 4648: 4636:. Retrieved 4632:the original 4621: 4609:. Retrieved 4605:the original 4581:. Retrieved 4577:the original 4566: 4552: 4540:. Retrieved 4535: 4526: 4493: 4489: 4479: 4460: 4427: 4423: 4413: 4391:(5): 574–8. 4388: 4384: 4358: 4354: 4344: 4334:16 September 4332:. Retrieved 4323: 4311: 4301:16 September 4299:. Retrieved 4288: 4277:. Retrieved 4275:. 2016-04-05 4270: 4261: 4250:. Retrieved 4246: 4236: 4224:. Retrieved 4220:the original 4213: 4203: 4194: 4185: 4176: 4167: 4140: 4136: 4126: 4115:. Retrieved 4111: 4101: 4082: 4051: 4044: 4033:. Retrieved 4031:. 2013-09-23 4023: 4012:. Retrieved 4002: 3993: 3983: 3972:the original 3957: 3921: 3911: 3900:. Retrieved 3896:the original 3837:. Retrieved 3831: 3824: 3812:. Retrieved 3808:the original 3798: 3789: 3783: 3775: 3770: 3763: 3755: 3750: 3743: 3718: 3714: 3708: 3691: 3687: 3677: 3658: 3646: 3638:the original 3628: 3608: 3601: 3581: 3574: 3541: 3537: 3531: 3490: 3486: 3476: 3443: 3439: 3428: 3398:(4): 283–9. 3395: 3391: 3381: 3369: 3357: 3333:(1): 67–70. 3330: 3326: 3316: 3275: 3271: 3260: 3219: 3215: 3205: 3164: 3160: 3149: 3108: 3104: 3093: 3058: 3054: 3044: 3001: 2997: 2987: 2944: 2940: 2929: 2918:. Retrieved 2914: 2905: 2896: 2867: 2819: 2818: 2786: 2782:Chlorine gas 2765: 2756:Puerto Rican 2738: 2713:Agent Orange 2702: 2695: 2684:British Army 2673: 2645: 2638: 2626: 2612:villages of 2607: 2591:aerial bombs 2588: 2582:in northern 2529: 2522: 2518: 2487: 2458:World War II 2455: 2440: 2432:Sable Island 2425: 2417: 2402: 2389: 2381: 2349:chlormethine 2345:chemotherapy 2317: 2294: 2282: 2267: 2196:in 1963–1967 2185: 2125:against the 2111:Soviet Union 2091: 2078:against the 2058: 2035: 2029: 2001:aerial bombs 1994: 1983: 1965: 1964: 1950: 1945:color-coding 1910: 1894:Emil Fischer 1870:thiodiglycol 1855:Viktor Meyer 1827: 1782:142868-94-8 1761:142868-93-7 1633:Half mustard 1526:Yellow Cross 1524: 1518: 1504: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1407:Formulations 1400: 1392: 1369: 1363: 1336:chlorination 1329: 1297: 1275:and causing 1224:carcinogenic 1217: 1210: 1151:(sulfonium, 1149:"onium" ions 1144: 1126: 1092: 1071:aerial bombs 1063:chemotherapy 1053:of the 1993 1036: 1023:yellow-brown 1002: 980: 976: 932:organosulfur 927: 923: 922: 779: 619: 581: 571:Main hazards 560: 541:hydrocarbons 194:ChEMBL455341 101:Identifiers 93:1,1'-thiobis 69:Other names 20:Mustard gas 8305:Dermatoxins 8218:M1135 NBCRV 8182:Weteye bomb 8050:Mustard gas 7952:Operational 7933:Project 112 7636:Mustard gas 7491:Veratridine 7466:Shiga toxin 7421:Domoic acid 7284:Thioacetone 7250:Iodoacetone 7114:Pentazocine 7109:Sevoflurane 7074:CAR-302,668 7069:CAR-302,282 7064:CAR-302,196 7059:CAR-301,060 7054:CAR-226,086 7034:Carfentanil 6932:Apomorphine 6853:Green Cross 6644:Domoic acid 6455:Neurotoxins 6375:OPA mixture 6266:Chlorosoman 6261:Chlorosarin 6195:Phospholine 5894:Crotylsarin 5879:Fluorotabun 5851:Chlorosoman 5833:Chlorosarin 5019:R. Baselt, 4542:23 December 4490:The Analyst 4385:Am. J. Surg 4226:15 February 3004:: 259–280. 2897:ChemMatters 2357:carboplatin 2301:World War I 2262:Deir ez-Zor 2258:Syrian Army 2207:during the 2194:North Yemen 2186:John Harvey 2086:during the 2053: 1941 1917:World War I 1824:Development 1803:63918-90-1 1740:63905-10-2 1719:63869-13-6 1669:63918-89-8 1552:CAS number 1471:by the US. 1397:commented: 1395:World War I 1309:photophobia 1271:, damaging 1201:World War I 1139:and B is a 1110:nucleotides 1039:World War I 1019:horseradish 1003:mustard gas 1001:. The name 924:Mustard gas 833:Flash point 614:Signal word 565:(OHS/OSH): 477:Appearance 427:Properties 232:100.209.973 174:CHEBI:25434 8270:Thioethers 8264:Categories 8152:M55 rocket 7907:Operations 7813:(USAMRICD) 7441:Maitotoxin 7436:Guanitoxin 7416:Ciguatoxin 7411:Brevetoxin 7396:Anatoxin-a 7391:Aflatoxins 7304:Putrescine 7299:Cadaverine 7275:Malodorant 7099:Isoflurane 7084:Desflurane 7079:Benperidol 7024:Psilocybin 7019:PAVA spray 6701:Diphosgene 6654:Pulmonary/ 6582:Picrotoxin 6541:Strychnine 6535:Brevetoxin 6519:Maitotoxin 6502:Guanitoxin 6496:Ciguatoxin 6463:Anatoxin-a 6396:Pinacolone 6229:Precursors 6190:Selenophos 6046:Carbamates 5962:Chinese VX 5868:Cyclosarin 5857:Ethylsarin 5828:Sarin (GB) 5679:Lewisite 3 5673:Lewisite 2 5642:Arsenicals 5311:2015-11-06 5204:0850523885 5160:19 October 5002:2019-05-03 4972:2019-05-03 4945:2024-07-23 4846:2022-02-07 4753:15 January 4583:2013-01-28 4279:2017-06-30 4252:2017-06-30 4117:2008-11-17 4035:2021-07-02 4014:2013-08-23 3902:2010-06-28 3839:2010-12-28 3721:(6): 944. 3446:: 105897. 3278:: 105820. 3222:: 105843. 3167:: 105844. 3111:: 105897. 2920:2023-09-15 2815:References 2758:subjects. 2614:Passendale 2576:short tons 2506:West Coast 2502:East Coast 2474:hydrolyzes 2462:Baltic Sea 2451:Flintshire 2133:in 1936–37 2005:land mines 1697:2625-76-5 1606:3563-36-8 1558:Structure 1513:antifreeze 1499:volatility 1358:caused by 1313:presbyopia 1232:lipophilic 1220:blistering 1141:Lewis base 1051:Schedule 1 991:cytotoxins 962:X or −N(CH 593:Pictograms 528:Solubility 465:Molar mass 328:T8KEC9FH9P 205:ChemSpider 129:3D model ( 108:CAS Number 8172:MC-1 bomb 8117:M2 mortar 8065:Munitions 7641:O-Mustard 7618:Vesicants 7536:Plutonium 7486:Volkensin 7461:Saxitoxin 7451:Palytoxin 7376:Aconitine 7104:Halothane 7094:Bufotenin 7089:Enflurane 7009:Kolokol-1 6989:Pethidine 6963:Etoxadrol 6948:Etorphine 6944:(CS-4640) 6928:(CS-4030) 6886:glycerine 6833:Salcomine 6592:Tremorine 6530:Aconitine 6513:Palytoxin 6491:Ryanodine 6468:Saxitoxin 6205:Ro 3-0422 5976:GV agents 5839:Thiosarin 5568:Phosphine 5338:MedGenMed 5155:769752656 4703:"Annex 3" 4452:256367068 4444:1179-1977 4361:: 39–41. 3523:207263000 3507:1542-6270 3468:207899509 3362:Vesicants 3308:201831881 3292:1878-1705 3252:204799405 3236:1878-1705 3197:204967476 3181:1878-1705 3141:207899509 3125:1878-1705 3018:0091-6765 2961:2251-6085 2873:"Pubchem" 2654:south of 2648:artillery 2618:Moorslede 2532:stockpile 2494:U.S. Army 2470:thickener 2447:Rhydymwyn 2353:cisplatin 2222:civil war 2216:1983–1988 2160:1937–1945 2146:1935-1936 2138:Abyssinia 1992:in 1916. 1904:sent the 1673:CID 45452 1665:O-mustard 1641:CID 12733 1637:693-07-2 1610:CID 19092 1578:CID 10461 1574:505-60-2 1543:Chemical 1491:O-mustard 1473:Distilled 1380:apoptosis 1360:pathogens 1332:oxidation 1305:apoptosis 1228:mutagenic 1103:sulfonium 1007:dispersed 764:P403+P233 748:P337+P313 744:P332+P313 712:P304+P340 708:P302+P352 704:P302+P350 700:P301+P310 584:labelling 418:ClCCSCCCl 253:684-527-7 245:EC Number 8177:M47 bomb 8034:Phosgene 8023:Chlorine 7968:Disposal 7916:Research 7626:Bromlost 7545:Polonium 7446:Modeccin 7355:Acrolein 7320:Lewisite 7225:Acrolein 7049:CS-27349 6999:Ibogaine 6882:Litharge 6871:Adamsite 6848:Diborane 6838:Fluomine 6818:Ethenone 6713:Acrolein 6680:Fluorine 6674:Phosgene 6664:Chlorine 6064:EA-3887A 6036:C01-A042 6031:C01-A039 6026:C01-A035 5904:V-agents 5814:G-agents 5699:(EA-229) 5667:Lewisite 5526:Cyanogen 5425:20786722 5360:15775831 5344:(4): 4. 5184:(1993). 5072:(1991). 4840:Archived 4660:30 April 4638:30 April 4611:30 April 4518:25121638 4468:Archived 4405:13947966 4328:Archived 4272:BBC News 3867:Archived 3666:Archived 3515:18212254 3460:31685435 3420:41665583 3412:24823320 3349:11197102 3300:31480003 3244:31629219 3189:31669888 3133:31685435 3085:28246228 2979:33083286 2771:See also 2733:lewisite 2709:lewisite 2603:howitzer 2552:Arkansas 2540:Maryland 2504:and the 2466:Bornholm 2363:Disposal 2332:leukemia 2328:lymphoma 2264:in 2016. 2253:in 2015. 2229:Iraq War 2154:against 2142:Ethiopia 2115:Xinjiang 2065:Red Army 2025:gas mask 1838:ethylene 1571:Mustard 1555:PubChem 1509:lewisite 1497:, lower 1447:ethylene 1416:Lewisite 1376:necrosis 1362:such as 1153:ammonium 1145:mustards 1107:alkylate 1095:chloride 1027:blisters 780:NFPA 704 555:Hazards 533:Alcohols 214:21106142 159:1733595 118:505-60-2 8249:MKULTRA 8203:M93 Fox 7717:TL-1002 7631:EA-5983 7294:Skatole 7289:Allicin 7004:EA-3834 6994:EA-3580 6984:EA-3443 6979:EA-3167 6974:EA-2148 6958:CS-4297 6953:EA-2092 6942:EA-4941 6669:Bromine 6307:EA-1224 6287:EA-1250 6200:R-16661 6175:EA-2613 6170:EA-2098 6165:EA-2054 6160:EA-2012 6129:3152 CT 6119:TL-1317 6114:TL-1299 6109:TL-1238 6079:EA-4056 6074:EA-3990 6069:EA-3966 6059:EA-3887 5957:EA-1763 5917:EA-3148 5912:EA-2192 5889:EA-4352 5884:EA-1356 5618:Stibine 5416:2058956 5351:1480580 5285:cdc.gov 4709:8 March 4498:Bibcode 4247:Reuters 4215:Reuters 4159:9248939 4112:Reuters 3723:Bibcode 3566:8975783 3546:Bibcode 3076:5325736 3036:1486858 3027:1519623 2970:7548481 2610:Flemish 2570:in the 2556:Indiana 2548:Alabama 2436:Halifax 2382:updated 2244:Kurdish 2227:In the 2211:in 1988 2205:Halabja 2106:in 1930 2088:Rif War 2084:Morocco 2067:in 1919 2017:rockets 1997:aerosol 1971:Cambrai 1966:Yperite 1915:during 1878:rabbits 1863:aqueous 1851:cocaine 1819:History 1677:PubChem 1645:PubChem 1614:PubChem 1582:PubChem 1236:itching 1167:), and 1075:rockets 905:what is 903: ( 486:Density 295:PubChem 268:324535 87:Yperite 83:Senfgas 8009:Agents 7666:TL-767 7661:TL-293 7656:TL-258 7512:Napalm 7277:agents 7141:agents 7044:JB-336 7039:JB-318 7014:LSD-25 6970:(DMHP) 6918:agents 6577:A-8564 6537:(PbTX) 6487:(TeNT) 6104:TL-599 6094:T-1194 6089:T-1152 6084:T-1123 5853:(ClGD) 5835:(ClGB) 5746:TL-301 5548:Arsine 5423: 5413: 5358: 5348: 5269: 5239:online 5219:online 5201: 5186:online 5176:online 5153: 5138:online 5128:online 5116:online 5098: 5084:online 5074:online 5062:online 5049:online 4906: 4686:20 May 4516: 4450: 4442: 4403: 4157: 4089: 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