464:("Help for the East") granted Junkers 500,000,000 marks in subsidies to help pay for certain debts and to improve equipment. Junkers continued to demand and receive more and more subsidies, which gave them more money in their pockets, thus resulting in political power. Junkers exploited a monopoly on grain by storing it to drive up the price. As more money was profited, they were able to control political offices. Junkers were able to force people to continue paying more money for their product, while keeping who they wanted in office. Through the controlling of politics behind a veil, Junkers were able to influence politicians to create a law that prohibited collecting of debts from agrarians, thus pocketing even more money and strengthening their power.
36:
490:
2310:
2031:
146:. Junkers fled or were expelled alongside other German-speaking populations by the incoming Polish and Soviet administrations, and their lands were confiscated. In western and southern Germany, the land was often owned by small independent farmers or a mixture of small farmers and estate owners, and this system was often contrasted with the dominance of the large estate owners of the east. Before World War II, the dividing line was often drawn at the river
2043:
413:
lying east of the River Elbe. Since the Junker estates were necessarily inherited by the eldest son alone, younger sons, all well-educated and with a sense of noble ancestry, turned to the civil and military services, and dominated all higher civil offices, as well as the officer corps. Around 1900
3337:
Last year the east German state of
Brandenburg... I came across half a dozen members of the Prussian diaspora—their parents had fled the communists in 1945 and settled in West Germany—who had become wealthy (an eye surgeon, a gallery owner, a banker) and returned to buy back and restore their
383:
2340:, all private property exceeding an area of 100 hectares (250 acres) was expropriated, and then predominantly allocated to 'New Farmers' on condition that they continued farming them. As most of these large estates, especially in
111:. They owned great estates that were maintained and worked by peasants with few rights. These estates often lay in the countryside outside of major cities or towns. They were an important factor in Prussian and, after 1871,
2411:, some Junkers tried to regain their former estates through civil lawsuits, but the German courts have upheld the land reforms and rebuffed claims to full compensation, confirming the legal validity of the terms within the
244:
before their family names without further ranks. The abbreviation of the title is Jkr., most often placed before the given name and titles, for example: Jkr. Heinrich von
Hohenberg. The female equivalent
2280:
426:, increased grain production, and improved productivity per worker. Their political influence achieved the imposition of high tariffs that reduced competition from U.S. grain and meat.
2148:"Junker" acquired its current and often pejorative sense during the 19th-century disputes over the domestic policies of the German Empire. The term was used by sociologists such as
2439:. Other families, however, have quietly purchased or leased back their ancestral homes from the current owners (often the German federal government in its role as trustee). A
2792:
2412:
374:
Junkers formed a tightly knit elite. Their challenge was how to retain their dominance in an emerging modern state with a growing middle and working class.
3413:
Torp, Cornelius. "The "Coalition of 'Rye and Iron'" under the
Pressure of Globalization: A Reinterpretation of Germany's Political Economy before 1914,"
2226:
2787:
2073:
323:, and owning immense estates worked by tenants. These were located especially in the north-eastern half of Germany (i.e. the Prussian provinces of
414:
they modernised their farming operations to increase productivity. They sold off less productive land, invested more heavily in new breeds of
2416:
2390:
458:
of 1919–1933. It was said that "if
Prussia ruled Germany, the Junkers ruled Prussia, and through it the Empire itself". A policy known as
2369:
2176:
390:
2797:
2542:
2419:), by which expropriations of land under Soviet occupation were irreversible. The last decisive case was the unsuccessful lawsuit of
2365:
1484:
3115:
Henry VIII: September 1540, 26–30', Letters and Papers, Foreign and
Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 16: 1540–1541 (1898), p. 51. URL:
2947:
2141:
in the 1890s reduced the protective duties on imports of grain, these landed magnates demanded and obtained his dismissal; and in
216:. It evolved to a general denotation of a young or lesser noble, often poor and politically insignificant, understood as "country
531:
2145:, they brought about a restoration of such duties on foodstuffs as would keep the prices of their own products at a high level.
2942:
2424:
3353:
Anderson, Margaret
Lavinia. "Voter, Junker, Landrat, Priest: The Old Authorities and the New Franchise in Imperial Germany,"
3086:
2420:
2381:
2284:
2066:
1614:
1172:
328:
131:
447:
landlord class to the
Prussian Junkers, saying, "England goes to fight for liberty in Europe and for junkerdom in Ireland."
2917:
2872:
2822:
2577:
2268:
2230:
2922:
2767:
2114:
1162:
2103:
3386:
3048:
2333:
2168:
1955:
1694:
1622:
1292:
1272:
1202:
589:
86:
3326:
2847:
3467:
2877:
2349:
2133:). This political class held tremendous power over industrial classes and government alike, especially through the
2059:
875:
504:
471:
2462:
1542:
300:. Over the centuries, they had become influential commanders and landowners, especially in the lands east of the
281:
17:
2802:
2717:
2552:
2487:
2134:
1868:
1152:
2782:
2762:
2737:
2677:
2657:
2477:
2196:
1733:
948:
923:
658:
307:
As landed aristocrats, the
Junkers owned most of the arable land in Prussia. Being the bulwark of the ruling
1776:
3477:
3472:
2867:
2687:
2547:
2507:
1673:
1572:
1252:
1008:
2882:
2587:
2537:
2288:
2246:
1961:
1742:
1637:
135:
2210:
3462:
2667:
1987:
1802:
1783:
1665:
1557:
555:
1886:
1754:
2962:
2897:
2432:
2122:
2118:
1858:
1769:
1749:
1686:
1650:
1222:
560:
978:
2772:
2572:
2238:
1977:
1929:
1710:
1423:
1417:
1312:
606:
99:
35:
2642:
232:
as "Juncker Heintz"). As part of the nobility, many Junker families only had prepositions such as
2967:
2742:
2682:
2562:
2532:
2107:
1940:
1764:
1678:
1645:
1598:
1212:
1192:
1123:
963:
958:
719:
584:
479:
324:
2592:
541:
3444:
2957:
2932:
2927:
2892:
2722:
2662:
2652:
2617:
2582:
2522:
2482:
2467:
2256:
2091:
1632:
1567:
730:
686:
406:
368:
359:, where land was owned by small farms, or the mixed agriculture of the western states like the
3425:
1606:
3038:
2937:
2862:
2827:
2732:
2557:
2497:
2188:
2165:
2142:
2099:
2006:
1972:
1759:
1412:
1182:
754:
749:
308:
120:
3238:
3214:
3190:
3116:
2702:
2384:. From 1952 these individual farms were pressured by a variety of means to join together as
1379:
489:
2842:
2812:
2747:
2647:
2627:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2527:
2512:
2492:
2408:
2292:
2272:
2263:
of 20 July 1944. Fifty-eight of them either were executed when the plot failed, among them
2192:
1302:
1282:
1262:
856:
836:
514:
437:
360:
356:
170:
or East Elbia. They played a prominent role in repressing the liberal movement in
Germany.
2807:
1354:
1118:
885:
8:
2907:
2837:
2832:
2777:
2752:
2712:
2707:
2692:
2517:
2472:
2264:
2249:
to Nazi rule. As World War II turned against Nazi
Germany, several senior Junkers in the
2172:
2035:
1811:
1795:
1702:
1499:
1474:
1464:
1232:
1088:
943:
809:
572:
509:
398:
332:
44:
2164:
region west of the Elbe. After World War I many Prussian agriculturists gathered in the
1058:
3438:
2952:
2902:
2857:
2817:
2637:
2597:
2502:
2385:
2222:
2214:
1999:
1950:
1935:
1863:
1831:
1494:
1469:
1402:
1078:
988:
968:
933:
918:
702:
596:
577:
536:
444:
352:
240:
209:
188:
108:
3040:
The Course of German History: a survey of the development of German history since 1815
2912:
2427:
decided that the prince had no right to compensation for the disseized estates of the
1374:
1344:
3382:
3082:
3044:
2852:
2757:
2727:
2457:
2361:
2345:
2296:
2157:
2153:
1967:
1853:
1479:
1407:
1063:
1038:
903:
434:
344:
116:
115:
military, political and diplomatic leadership. The most famous Junker was Chancellor
2672:
819:
2972:
2632:
2567:
2428:
2400:
1945:
1514:
1428:
1242:
1093:
1033:
953:
880:
863:
814:
735:
631:
348:
291:
155:
60:
1053:
998:
938:
2995:
2887:
2697:
2395:
2309:
2138:
1992:
1910:
1577:
1547:
1504:
1454:
1444:
1397:
1103:
1098:
1073:
646:
601:
455:
104:
2443:
for official rehabilitation of the ousted landowners was rejected by the German
2013:
1552:
973:
2985:
2622:
2368:
and the SED, with many of them being arrested, brutally beaten and interned in
2242:
2218:
2047:
1898:
1873:
1846:
1489:
1449:
1359:
1322:
1113:
1048:
1043:
714:
519:
364:
3313:
The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949
3300:
The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949
3278:
The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949
1013:
993:
908:
3456:
3105:
2436:
2353:
2095:
1982:
1524:
1369:
1349:
1128:
983:
928:
849:
693:
672:
524:
451:
320:
312:
221:
112:
1891:
3011:
2337:
2260:
2234:
2207:
2184:
2152:
and was even adopted by members of the landed class themselves. Chancellor
1878:
1562:
1509:
1459:
1364:
1133:
1083:
1028:
841:
804:
768:
742:
410:
340:
336:
143:
139:
2377:
2341:
2126:
2087:
1439:
1108:
1068:
1018:
1003:
913:
709:
651:
567:
550:
460:
430:
296:
160:
784:
150:
which was also roughly the western boundary of Slavic settlement by the
3358:
3000:
2360:("Junker land into farmer's hand!"). The former owners were accused of
2279:
in the closing months of the war and subsequently, most Junkers had to
2110:
1519:
1433:
725:
666:
440:
423:
229:
166:
124:
2444:
2322:
2318:
2251:
2180:
2149:
829:
761:
626:
250:
2086:
Supporting monarchism and military traditions, Junkers were seen as
194:, meaning "young nobleman" or otherwise "young lord" (derivation of
3437:
3264:
The European Nobilities in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
3005:
2440:
2276:
1905:
316:
255:
225:
213:
204:
3372:
Ordinary Prussians – Brandenburg Junkers and Villagers, 1500–1840
3143:
Ordinary Prussians – Brandenburg Junkers and Villagers, 1500–1840
3130:
Ordinary Prussians – Brandenburg Junkers and Villagers, 1500–1840
2161:
1023:
641:
2990:
1789:
679:
415:
394:
286:
217:
179:
78:
3101:
268:
A good number of poorer Junkers took up careers as soldiers (
151:
1839:
775:
636:
301:
261:
147:
72:
382:
69:
3117:
http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=76214
419:
284:. These families were mostly part of the German medieval
234:
202:), and originally was the title of members of the higher
66:
249:(Jkfr.) was used only sporadically. In some cases, the
3420:
Weber, Max. "National Character and the Junkers," in
2793:
Hyazinth Graf Strachwitz von Groß-Zauche und Camminetz
2413:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
119:. Bismarck held power in Germany from 1871 to 1890 as
2415:(Two Plus Four Agreement) (and incorporated into the
2171:(DNVP). The term was also applied to Reich President
87:
75:
294:
of the northeastern European territories during the
63:
164:. The term for the junker dominated East was thus
3266:. Vol. 2. UK: Basingstoke. pp. 118–119.
3036:
2788:Ludwig Freiherr von und zu der Tann-Rathsamhausen
2394:("agricultural production comradeships", LPG) or
3454:
2380:demolished. Some were executed. Many women were
2352:promoted their plans with East German President
2391:Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossenschaften
2213:were also members of the Junkers, most notably
2117:. Their political interests were served by the
2376:), while their property was plundered and the
2067:
347:). This was in contrast to the predominantly
3403:, Chap. IX (bibliography, pp. 210–211).
2287:that were turned over to the re-established
2011:
1997:
1896:
1844:
1809:
1800:
1774:
1740:
1731:
861:
827:
782:
773:
759:
740:
700:
691:
677:
450:Their political influence extended from the
3324:
2191:, personified by men like Hindenburg's son
405:The Junkers held a virtual monopoly on all
2364:and involvement in the Nazi regime by the
2074:
2060:
3014:, 19th-century Swedish political movement
2543:Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein
2328:After World War II, during the communist
3424:(Routledge classics in sociology) (1991)
3076:
3008:, the Dutch cognate and rough equivalent
2308:
381:
290:and had carried on the colonisation and
2798:Gottfried Graf von Bismarck-Schönhausen
2332:(land reform) of September 1945 in the
2183:" around him urging the appointment of
14:
3455:
2943:Friedrich Wilhelm von Lindeiner-Wildau
47:was born into a wealthy Junker family.
3401:Economic Development of Modern Europe
3261:
2948:Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst
1615:Christian Democratic Union of Germany
1173:Lectures on the Philosophy of History
98:
2918:Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg
2873:Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach
2823:Heinrich Graf von Lehndorff-Steinort
2578:Kurt Freiherr von Hammerstein-Equord
2269:Heinrich Graf von Lehndorff-Steinort
377:
224:'s disguise as "Junker Jörg" at the
3422:From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology
3302:. Cambridge: Belknap Press. p. 143.
3280:. Cambridge: Belknap Press. p. 145.
3095:
2923:Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach
2768:Eugen Anton Theophil von Podbielski
1163:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
24:
3374:(Cambridge University Press, 2007)
3315:. Cambridge: Belknap Press. p. 86.
3132:(Cambridge University Press, 2007)
2450:
2195:and his West Prussian "neighbour"
25:
3489:
3430:
3365:A history of the Prussian Junkers
3065:A History of the Prussian Junkers
2417:Basic Law of the Federal Republic
2404:("publicly owned estates", VEG).
2199:, who played a vital role in the
1623:Christian Social Union in Bavaria
1203:Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man
397:), presented to German President
304:River in the Kingdom of Prussia.
212:) nobility without or before the
3325:Roger Boyes (January 26, 2011).
3104:; Meaning of Junker, in German.
2878:Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg
2350:Socialist Unity Party of Germany
2041:
2029:
876:Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918
488:
59:
34:
3410:, Oxford University Press, 2011
3357:(1993) 98#5 pp. 1448–1474
3318:
3305:
3292:
3283:
3270:
3255:
3231:
3207:
3183:
3170:
2348:, had belonged to Junkers, the
2291:with the implementation of the
2156:was a noted Junker, though his
272:), mercenaries, and officials (
123:. He was removed from power by
121:Chancellor of the German Empire
3165:The Lost Voices of World War I
3157:
3148:
3135:
3122:
3109:
3070:
3057:
3030:
2848:Heinrich Freiherr von Lüttwitz
2803:Wessel Freytag von Loringhoven
2718:Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk
2553:Helmuth von Moltke the Younger
2488:Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz
2421:Prince Ernst August of Hanover
2366:Soviet Military Administration
2302:
2169:German National People's Party
2135:Prussian three-class franchise
1962:Die Freischwebende Intelligenz
1869:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
1695:German National People's Party
1153:Addresses to the German Nation
280:) at the court of territorial
13:
1:
3018:
2783:Job von Witzleben (historian)
2763:Karl vom Stein zum Altenstein
2738:Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach
2678:Elard von Oldenburg-Januschau
2658:Helmuth James Graf von Moltke
2478:Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben
2463:Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher
2239:Helmuth James Graf von Moltke
2197:Elard von Oldenburg-Januschau
2179:in West Prussia, and to the "
2106:, as they had sided with the
1956:Criticism of multiculturalism
1734:Bibliothek des Konservatismus
389:Neudeck, East Prussia (today
311:, the Junkers controlled the
27:Member of the landed nobility
3077:Jonathan, Steinberg (2011).
2868:Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist
2688:Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck
2548:Helmuth von Moltke the Elder
2508:Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal
2425:Federal Administrative Court
2423:in September 2006, when the
2275:. During the advance of the
2271:, or committed suicide like
1253:The Concept of the Political
134:that were annexed by either
7:
3311:Naimark, Norman M. (1995).
3298:Naimark, Norman M. (1995).
3276:Naimark, Norman M. (1995).
3119:Date accessed: 10 June 2012
3081:. Oxford University Press.
2979:
2883:Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski
2588:Heinrich Graf von Einsiedel
2538:Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg
2125:and the extraparliamentary
1951:Conservatism in Switzerland
1743:Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung
1638:Ecological Democratic Party
228:; he would later mock King
10:
3494:
3396:, MacMillan Company, 1920.
3363:Carsten, Francis Ludwig.
3355:American Historical Review
3338:crumbling ancestral homes.
3327:"The Prussians are coming"
3037:Alan J. P. Taylor (2001).
2668:Peter Yorck von Wartenburg
1988:Philosophical anthropology
1803:Studienzentrum Weikersheim
1784:Konrad Adenauer Foundation
1777:Institut für Staatspolitik
177:
173:
3394:The Governments of Europe
3262:Scott, H.M., ed. (2007).
3178:The Governments of Europe
3043:. Routledge. p. 20.
2963:Hans-Georg von Friedeburg
2898:Franz Pfeffer von Salomon
2358:Junkerland in Bauernhand!
2137:. When German chancellor
2119:German Conservative Party
1770:Hans Filbinger Foundation
1750:Forum of German Catholics
1687:German Conservative Party
1223:Prussianism and Socialism
454:of 1871–1918 through the
3415:Central European History
3063:Francis Ludwig Carsten,
2773:Adolf Wild von Hohenborn
2573:Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer
2255:participated in Colonel
1978:Pan-European nationalism
1313:Germany Abolishes Itself
470:This article is part of
349:Catholic southern states
3468:Conservatism in Germany
3392:Ogg, Frederick Austin,
2968:Robert Ritter von Greim
2743:Gerhard von Scharnhorst
2683:Veruschka von Lehndorff
2563:Alexander von Linsingen
2533:Hans Joachim von Zieten
2036:Conservatism portal
1946:Conservatism in Austria
1887:Süddeutsche Monatshefte
1765:Hanns Seidel Foundation
1755:Gerhard Löwenthal Prize
1679:Free Conservative Party
1666:Bavarian People's Party
1646:Family Party of Germany
1599:Alternative for Germany
1213:The Decline of the West
481:Conservatism in Germany
253:Jkr. was also used for
3445:Encyclopedia Americana
3417:(2010) 43#3 pp 401–427
3399:Ogg, Frederic Austin.
3381:, Basic Books, (2007)
2958:Ferdinand von Zeppelin
2933:Richard von Weizsacker
2928:Konstantin von Neurath
2893:Joachim von Ribbentrop
2723:Eberhard von Mackensen
2663:Wolfram von Richthofen
2653:Otto Liman von Sanders
2618:Walter von Brauchitsch
2583:Claus von Stauffenberg
2523:Joseph von Eichendorff
2483:Christoph II von Dohna
2468:Manfred von Richthofen
2388:and incorporated into
2334:Soviet Occupation Zone
2325:
2257:Claus von Stauffenberg
2127:Agriculturists' League
2012:
1998:
1897:
1845:
1810:
1801:
1775:
1741:
1732:
862:
828:
783:
774:
760:
741:
701:
692:
678:
402:
130:Many Junkers lived in
103:) were members of the
3406:Stienberg, Jonathan.
3176:Frederic Austin Ogg,
2938:Maximilian von Weichs
2863:Lothar von Richthofen
2828:Georg von Derfflinger
2733:Walther von Reichenau
2643:Hans-Jürgen von Arnim
2558:Gustav von Wangenheim
2498:Alfred von Schlieffen
2312:
2261:assassination attempt
2189:Chancellor of Germany
2166:national conservative
2007:Theory of generations
1973:Liberalism in Germany
1760:German Burschenschaft
1711:German People's Party
1009:Moeller van den Bruck
755:Social market economy
385:
363:or even the Prussian
309:House of Hohenzollern
230:Henry VIII of England
178:Further information:
132:the eastern provinces
2843:Rudolf von Bennigsen
2813:Ernst von Weizsacker
2748:August von Gneisenau
2648:Hermann von Eichhorn
2628:Oskar von Hindenburg
2613:Henning von Tresckow
2608:August von Mackensen
2603:Erich von Falkenhayn
2593:Günther von Reibnitz
2528:Ferdinand von Schill
2513:Josias von Heeringen
2493:Alfred von Waldersee
2409:German reunification
2273:Henning von Tresckow
2225:. Many Junkers used
2203:scandal of 1932/33.
1303:Moral und Hypermoral
1283:Fascism in Its Epoch
1263:On the Marble Cliffs
857:German reunification
837:German Confederation
361:Grand Duchy of Hesse
357:Grand Duchy of Baden
3478:Politics of Prussia
3473:German noble titles
3243:history.hanover.edu
3219:history.hanover.edu
3195:history.hanover.edu
2908:Baldur von Schirach
2838:Ludwig von Wolzogen
2833:Erich von Drygalski
2778:Erwin von Witzleben
2753:Carl von Clausewitz
2713:Werner von Blomberg
2708:Alexander von Kluck
2693:Kurt von Schleicher
2518:Heinrich von Kleist
2473:Paul von Hindenburg
2285:eastern territories
2265:Erwin von Witzleben
2173:Paul von Hindenburg
1930:Böckenförde dilemma
1812:Tradition und Leben
1796:Queen Louise League
1607:Bündnis Deutschland
1233:Ideology and Utopia
810:Anti-Socialist Laws
510:Christian democracy
409:in the part of the
399:Paul von Hindenburg
317:political influence
45:Paul von Hindenburg
3377:MacDonogh, Giles,
3370:Hagen, William W.
3163:Tim Cross (1988),
3128:William W. Hagen,
2953:Georg von Hertling
2903:Werner von Fritsch
2858:Gerd von Rundstedt
2818:Ulrich von Hassell
2703:Bernhard von Bülow
2673:Marion von Dönhoff
2638:Erich von Manstein
2598:Alfred von Tirpitz
2503:Werner von Siemens
2433:Blankenburg Castle
2370:NKVD special camps
2326:
2289:Republic of Poland
2223:Erich von Manstein
2215:Gerd von Rundstedt
2131:Bund der Landwirte
2115:Revolution of 1848
2113:forces during the
2048:Germany portal
2000:Stahlhelm-Fraktion
1936:European New Right
1864:Deutsche Rundschau
1674:Conservative Party
979:Jünger (Friedrich)
731:Political theology
403:
353:Kingdom of Bavaria
189:Middle High German
3463:Prussian nobility
3289:MacDonogh, p. 204
3088:978-0-19-978252-9
2853:Remus von Woyrsch
2808:Günther von Kluge
2758:Albrecht von Roon
2728:Wernher von Braun
2458:Otto von Bismarck
2401:Volkseigene Güter
2346:Western Pomerania
2297:Potsdam Agreement
2295:according to the
2154:Otto von Bismarck
2084:
2083:
1968:German militarism
1273:The Questionnaire
886:Völkisch movement
607:Historical School
602:Right-Hegelianism
435:Irish nationalist
378:Modern influences
154:in the so-called
125:Kaiser Wilhelm II
117:Otto von Bismarck
16:(Redirected from
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3113:
3107:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3074:
3068:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3034:
2973:Adolf von Baeyer
2633:Wilhelm von Leeb
2568:Franz von Hipper
2429:House of Hanover
2293:Oder–Neisse line
2227:forced labourers
2160:hailed from the
2076:
2069:
2062:
2046:
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2034:
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2032:
2017:
2003:
1941:Collective guilt
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1243:Man and Technics
1238:
1228:
1218:
1208:
1198:
1193:Das Ressentiment
1188:
1178:
1168:
1158:
1049:Ritter (Joachim)
1044:Ritter (Gerhard)
881:Oster conspiracy
867:
864:Historikerstreit
833:
815:Carlsbad Decrees
788:
779:
765:
750:Social hierarchy
746:
736:Prussian virtues
706:
697:
683:
632:Christian values
492:
482:
467:
466:
292:Christianisation
187:is derived from
156:Germania Slavica
102:
100:[ˈjʊŋkɐ]
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3379:After the Reich
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3075:
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3035:
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3021:
2996:German nobility
2982:
2977:
2913:Claus von Bülow
2888:Franz von Papen
2698:Hans von Seeckt
2453:
2451:Notable Junkers
2307:
2245:as part of the
2139:Leo von Caprivi
2092:anti-democratic
2080:
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561:State Socialism
500:
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456:Weimar Republic
380:
182:
176:
105:landed nobility
95:
88:
62:
58:
51:
50:
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28:
23:
22:
18:Prussian Junker
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2096:protectionist
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2016:
2015:
2010:
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1983:Pan-Germanism
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1107:
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448:
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443:compared the
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314:
313:Prussian Army
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259:(Barons) and
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222:Martin Luther
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37:
19:
3443:
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3371:
3364:
3354:
3348:Bibliography
3347:
3346:
3336:
3330:. Retrieved
3320:
3312:
3307:
3299:
3294:
3285:
3277:
3272:
3263:
3257:
3246:. Retrieved
3242:
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3222:. Retrieved
3218:
3209:
3198:. Retrieved
3194:
3185:
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3172:
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3124:
3111:
3097:
3078:
3072:
3064:
3059:
3039:
3032:
3023:
3022:
3012:Junker Party
2406:
2399:
2396:nationalised
2389:
2378:manor houses
2374:Speziallager
2373:
2357:
2338:East Germany
2329:
2327:
2317:memorial in
2314:
2303:
2250:
2235:Soviet Union
2208:World War II
2205:
2200:
2185:Adolf Hitler
2147:
2130:
2108:conservative
2085:
2014:Überfremdung
1960:
1928:
1879:Kreuzzeitung
1788:
1703:German Party
1659:
1658:
1633:Centre Party
1593:
1465:von Radowitz
1408:von Bismarck
1339:Commentators
1321:
1311:
1301:
1291:
1281:
1271:
1261:
1251:
1241:
1231:
1221:
1217:(1918, 1922)
1211:
1201:
1191:
1183:Degeneration
1181:
1171:
1161:
1151:
904:Benedict XVI
870:
843:
820:
805:20 July plot
769:Subsidiarity
743:Sittlichkeit
665:
660:Gemeinschaft
659:
573:Cameralistic
542:
459:
449:
428:
411:German Reich
404:
391:Ogrodzieniec
386:
373:
351:such as the
341:East Prussia
337:West Prussia
306:
295:
285:
278:Kammerjunker
277:
273:
270:Fahnenjunker
269:
267:
260:
254:
246:
239:
233:
203:
199:
195:
191:
184:
183:
165:
159:
144:World War II
140:Soviet Union
129:
54:
52:
3154:Torp, 2010)
2386:collectives
2342:Brandenburg
2330:Bodenreform
2315:Bodenreform
2304:Bodenreform
2241:formed the
2237:. Although
2088:reactionary
1993:Remigration
1573:Wackenroder
1558:von Savigny
1543:Böckenförde
1515:von Westarp
1418:von Gerlach
1392:Politicians
1064:von Salomon
871:The Junkers
710:Medievalism
687:Imperialism
652:Meritocracy
647:Aristocracy
597:Romanticism
568:Prussianism
551:Neue Rechte
537:Nationalist
445:Anglo-Irish
431:World War I
424:fertilisers
422:, used new
407:agriculture
371:provinces.
369:Westphalian
325:Brandenburg
297:Ostsiedlung
161:Ostsiedlung
3457:Categories
3332:2013-09-29
3248:2018-10-29
3224:2018-10-29
3200:2018-10-29
3019:References
3001:East Elbia
2362:war crimes
2356:'s slogan
2319:Wolfshagen
2247:resistance
2175:, lord of
2111:monarchist
2104:Socialists
1892:Der Türmer
1548:von Gierke
1520:Wilhelm II
1495:von Storch
1480:Stresemann
1470:Rauschning
1413:Fehrenbach
1345:Kubitschek
1146:Literature
1094:Sloterdijk
785:Volksgeist
726:Patriotism
720:Organicism
715:Monarchism
667:Geopolitik
621:Principles
532:Monarchism
499:Ideologies
441:Tom Kettle
265:(Counts).
256:Freiherren
2447:in 2008.
2445:Bundestag
2323:Uckermark
2283:from the
2252:Wehrmacht
2181:camarilla
2150:Max Weber
2123:Reichstag
1882:(Defunct)
1835:(Defunct)
1485:vom Stein
1455:von Papen
1429:Hugenberg
1424:Goerdeler
1355:Safranski
1114:Steinbuch
1039:von Ranke
989:Koselleck
954:Heidegger
924:von Galen
830:Freikorps
821:Erklärung
762:Sonderweg
627:Authority
578:Socialist
387:Rittergut
329:Pomerania
274:Hofjunker
251:honorific
210:immediate
192:Juncherre
167:Ostelbien
158:prior to
3359:in JSTOR
3239:"Heilig"
3215:"Heilig"
3191:"Heilig"
3167:, p. 42.
3006:Jonkheer
2980:See also
2441:petition
2336:, later
2277:Red Army
2233:and the
2201:Osthilfe
2100:liberals
1906:Die Welt
1490:Stoecker
1403:Ancillon
1398:Adenauer
1380:Weißmann
1360:Sarrazin
1129:Voegelin
1104:Spengler
1099:Spaemann
1089:Sieferle
1079:Schlegel
1074:Schelsky
1034:Plessner
934:Gogarten
543:Völkisch
505:Agrarian
472:a series
461:Osthilfe
247:Junkfrau
226:Wartburg
214:accolade
205:edelfrei
3448:. 1920.
3367:(1989).
3141:Hagen,
3067:(1989).
2431:around
2177:Neudeck
2162:Altmark
2121:in the
1859:COMPACT
1832:Antaios
1660:Defunct
1590:Parties
1578:Wagener
1563:Schmitt
1537:Jurists
1505:Wagener
1500:Strauss
1375:Stürmer
1119:Tönnies
1084:Schmitt
1069:Scheler
1024:Novalis
919:Gadamer
842:German
799:History
642:Elitism
515:Liberal
429:During
401:in 1928
355:or the
333:Silesia
282:princes
220:" (cf.
174:Origins
138:or the
109:Prussia
96:German:
55:Junkers
3385:
3145:(2007)
3085:
3047:
2991:Gentry
2407:After
2231:Poland
2221:, and
2158:family
2094:, and
1854:Cicero
1790:PEGIDA
1698:(DNVP)
1594:Active
1525:Winnig
1510:Weidel
1438:
1422:
1327:(2017)
1317:(2010)
1307:(1969)
1297:(1966)
1287:(1963)
1277:(1951)
1267:(1939)
1257:(1932)
1247:(1931)
1237:(1929)
1227:(1919)
1207:(1918)
1197:(1913)
1187:(1892)
1177:(1837)
1167:(1820)
1157:(1806)
1059:Rüstow
1029:Pieper
1014:Müller
994:Löwith
984:Klages
959:Herder
944:Hamann
939:Görres
929:Gehlen
914:Freyer
909:Blüher
724:
703:Kultur
680:Heimat
416:cattle
395:Poland
343:, and
287:Uradel
262:Grafen
218:squire
185:Junker
180:Junker
142:after
136:Poland
113:German
3102:Duden
3024:Notes
2382:raped
2313:1985
2229:from
2206:Many
2193:Oskar
1826:Media
1714:(DVP)
1690:(DkP)
1682:(FKP)
1669:(BVP)
1654:(REP)
1641:(ÖDP)
1626:(CSU)
1618:(CDU)
1602:(AFD)
1568:Stahl
1553:Möser
1460:Petry
1365:Stein
1134:Weber
1054:Röpke
1019:Nolte
999:Lübbe
969:Hoppe
949:Hegel
844:Reich
590:Young
365:Rhine
345:Posen
152:Wends
89:YUUNG
3383:ISBN
3083:ISBN
3045:ISBN
2344:and
2281:flee
2267:and
2143:1902
2102:and
1847:Cato
1840:Bild
1706:(DP)
1610:(BD)
1450:Merz
1445:Krah
1440:Kohl
1434:Jung
1350:Kuby
1293:Envy
1004:Mann
823:2018
776:Volk
637:Duty
520:Ordo
420:pigs
418:and
367:and
319:and
302:Elbe
200:Herr
198:and
196:jung
148:Elbe
91:-kər
53:The
2435:in
2398:as
2259:'s
2187:as
2098:by
238:or
235:von
107:in
3459::
3442:.
3335:.
3241:.
3217:.
3193:.
2321:,
2299:.
2217:,
2090:,
474:on
438:MP
433:,
393:,
339:,
335:,
331:,
327:,
276:,
241:zu
127:.
94:;
79:ər
3389:.
3251:.
3227:.
3203:.
3091:.
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2372:(
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2061:v
208:(
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76:k
73:ŋ
70:ʊ
67:j
64:ˈ
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