2975:. Settlers were invited by local secular rulers, such as dukes, counts, margraves, princes and (only in a few cases due to the weakening central power) the king. The sovereigns in East Central Europe owned large territories, of which only small portions were arable, which generated very little income. The lords offered considerable privileges to new settlers from the Empire. Starting in the border marks, the princes invited people from the Empire by granting them land ownership and improved legal status, binding duties and the inheritance of the farm. The landowners eventually benefited from these rather generous conditions for the farmers, and generated income from the land that had previously been fallow.
2685:
2937:
6009:, Charles W. Ingrao, Franz A. J. Szabo, Jan Piskorski Medieval Colonization in Europe, pages 31-32, Purdue University Press, 2007 "The sources leave no doubt that rather numerous German settlers arrived into many areas of East Central Europe and that particularly in the earliest period of eastern colonization the so-called German law was introduced above all by immigrants from the German lands. This particularly affected the territory between the Elbe and the Oder, Western Pomerania, Prussia, western Poland, the Czech lands (and especially Moravia), Carinthia and Transylvania."
2534:
2514:
574:
2525:
brought with them the half-timbering style, which was already known to the
Germanic peoples, as a wood-saving, solid and stable construction method, that allowed multi-storey buildings. A combination of the two construction methods was difficult because the horizontally stacked wood of the log room expands differently in height than the vertical posts of the framework. The result was the new type of half-timbered house with a timber frame around the ground floor block, capable to support a second floor, which was made of half-timber.
3125:
1594:
2914:
54:
2648:
3030:
2460:
2166:
827:
1830:
2501:, became widespread east of the Elbe by the end of the 12th century. It was manufactured extensively in Pomerania by the 13th century, when more advanced manufacturing methods, such as the tunnel kiln, enabled the mass production of ceramic household goods. The demand for household goods such as pots, jugs, jugs and bowls, which had previously been made of wood, increased steadily and promoted the development of new sales markets.
2897:
Poles who had been
Christianized before the turn of the millennium, the conversion attempts of the Elbe Slavs were initially accompanied by violence. The arrival of new settlers from around 1150 on led to a civil Christianization of the areas between the Elbe and Oder. The new settlers first built wooden and later field stone parish churches in their villages. Some places of worship, such as the St. Mary in Brandenburg, and the
515:
2882:
4205:
851:
2353:(inland settlement) took place, when arable land was largely expanded at the expense of forested areas. Although new land was won and numerous settlements created, demands could not be absorbed. Another factor was a surplus of offspring of the nobility who were not entitled to inheritance, but after the success of the first crusade, took their chances of acquiring new lands in the peripheral regions of the Empire.
529:
4822:(East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450â1450), by Paul Milliman. Brill: Leiden, 2013, page 2 â "There is a huge literature on this topic in Polish and German, which was until recently lumped together with a whole host of other topics (including the peaceful settlement in East Central Europe of Germans and other western Europeans, who had been invited by Slavic lords) as the
2592:"insofar as it is possible to draw conclusions from the less than rich medieval source material, it appears that at least in some East Central European territories the population increased significantly. It is however possible to contest to what extent this was a direct result of migration and how far it was due to increased agricultural productivity and the gathering pace of urbanization."
2997:. The agricultural, legal, administrative, and technical methods of the immigrants, as well as their successful Christianization of the native inhabitants, led to a gradual transformation of the settlement areas, as Slavic communities adopted German culture. German cultural and linguistic influence lasted in some of these areas right up to the present day.
4604:"The Slavonic peoples of Central and Eastern Europe were not ignorant of agriculture, as is sometimes maintained. The Germans, however, plainly understood the principles of cereal exploitation and they probably also introduced to the regions of settlement the 'heavy' plough or Pflug and the system of annual three-field rotation."
4595:"The Slavonic peoples of Central and Eastern Europe were not ignorant of agriculture, as is sometimes maintained. The Germans, however, plainly understood the principles of cereal exploitation and they probably also introduced to the regions of settlement the 'heavy' plough or Pflug and the system of annual three-field rotation."
3121:, a prominent figure during the early German migration period only acquired local power through the marriage to a Slavic noblewoman and the support of the Bohemian king. German-Slavic relations were generally good, while relations between Slavic-governed Bohemia and Slavic-governed Poland were marred by constant struggle.
2450:"Finally, when the Slavs were gradually dispersing, he (Albrecht) sent to Utrecht and the Rhine region, and also to those who live by the ocean, who under the power of the sea had suffered, the Dutch, Zealanders and Flemings, where he attracted a lot of people and let them live in the castles and villages of the Slavs."
2784:, resulting in far-reaching administrative and judicial rights for the towns. The townspeople were personally free, enjoyed far-reaching property rights and were subject to the town's own jurisdiction only. The privileges granted to the towns were copied, sometimes with minor changes, from the legal charters of the (
3213:
The
Ostsiedlung caused the adoption of loan words, foreign words and loan translations among the German and the Slavic languages. Direct contact between Germans and Slavs caused direct language exchange of language elements due to the bilingualism of people or the spatial proximity of the speakers of
2896:
The pagan Wends had been the target of
Christianization attempts before the beginning of the Ostsiedlung, since the government of emperor Otto I and the establishment of dioceses east of the Elbe. The Slav uprising of 983 put an end to these efforts for almost 200 years. In contrast to the Czechs and
2722:
was also associated with the establishment of towns. There already existed Slavic castle towns, in which merchant quarters formed suburbs at fortified strongholds (grads). Wendish-Scandinavian merchants founded manufacturing and trading settlements (emporia) at the Baltic coast. Large cities included
1995:
All of this laid the perfect conditions for German settlement and dominance of
Bohemia . German settlers, mainly traders, miners, farmers and monks. The trade fairs of Prague attracted many merchants from all over Europe, with many including the Germans settling in Prague, and even making up almost a
4435:
were inhabited by an estimated 30 million
Germans at beginning of 20th century. The westward withdrawal of political boundaries of Germany, first in 1919, but substantially in 1945, was followed by the removal of some 15 million people to resettle within borders of present-day Germany. Only the
2487:
The different modes of operation of the two devices also had an impact on the shape and size of the cultivation areas. The fields worked with the ard had about the same field length and width and a square base. Long fields with a rectangular base were much more suitable for the mouldboard plough, as
2348:
Political and military events were greatly influenced by a massive population increase throughout Europe in the High Middle Ages. From the 11th to the 13th centuries, the population in the kingdom of
Germany increased from about four to twelve million inhabitants. During this time, the High Medieval
4282:
concept. In order to press the territorial claims of
Germany and to demonstrate supposed German superiority over non-Germanic peoples, the latter's cultural, urban and scientific achievements in that era were undermined, rejected, or presented as German. While further realization of this mega plan,
2403:
The amount of cultivated land increased as large forested areas were cleared. The extent of land increase differed by region. In
Silesia it had doubled (16% of the total area) by the beginning of the 11th century, 30% in the 16th century and the highest increase rates in the 14th century, the total
2082:
ruling during a period of unrest. This allowed for greater settlement during the 13th century, where even many Czech towns received so many German settlers they were practically
Germanized and became majority Germany. Due to the German influence on the nobility, many castles and villages names were
4131:
There is no clear cause nor a definite end point in time of the Ostsiedlung. However, a slowdown in the settlement movement can be observed after the year 1300 and in the 14th century only a few new settlements with the participation of German-speaking settlers were founded. An explanation for the
2471:
The Slavs used ploughs and agricultural implements before the arrival of German settlers. The oldest meaningful reference to this can be found in a Slavic chronicle, in which the use of a plough as an areal measurement is mentioned. Although heavier and useful ploughs were brought by the settlers.
2335:
signed a charter laying out the duties and rights of the Germans in the kingdom. The king defined their duties such as the payment of tax, military service, and housing of the king and his officials. In exchange, they were able to elect their priests and officials independently and their merchants
2504:
During the 13th century, glazed ceramics were introduced and the import of stoneware increased. The transfer of technology and knowledge affected the way of life of old and new settlers in a variety of ways and, in addition to innovations in agriculture and handicrafts, also included other areas,
2496:
Potters were among the first group of artisans who also settled in the rural areas. Typical Slavic ceramics were the Flat-bottom vessels. With the influx of western settlers, new vessel shapes such as the rounded jar were introduced, inclusive hard-fired processes, that improved ceramics quality.
2435:
Flemish and Dutch settlers were among the first to immigrate to Mecklenburg at the beginning of the 12th century. In the following years, they moved further east to Pomerania and Silesia and in the south to Hungary, motivated by the lack of settlement areas in their already largely developed home
778:
because some of the Germans in the East became foreign citizens when their homes were no longer part of Germany and Austria. The Germans in the East outside Germany and Austria were not expelled and the regions that Germany and Austria lost in the East were dominated by non-German peoples, so the
4182:
The German settlement processes in Pomerania did not follow any kind of ideology, nor did the other migratory movements. Rather, the German settlement in Pomerania was shaped exclusively by practical requirements...The national historiography that established itself around the middle of the 19th
3102:, the Wends were occasionally driven out and the villages rebuilt by settlers. The new villages would nevertheless keep their former Slavic names. In the case of the village Böbelin in Mecklenburg, the evicted Wendish inhabitants repeatedly invaded their former village, hindering a resettlement.
2860:
played the greatest role in the new settlements as they served, often in more or less modified form, as models for most cities. Other city rights that were of regional importance include the Nuremberg law, the Mecklenburg law and the Iglau law. The LĂŒbeck law of 1188 served in the 13th and 14th
2524:
The Slavic population (Sorbs), who lived east of the Elbe, primarily built log houses, which had proven suitable for the regional climates and wood was plentiful in the continental regions. The German settlers, mainly from Franconia and Thuringia, who advanced into the area in the 13th century,
2439:
Experienced and skilled hydraulic engineers, they were in high demand at the settlements of the as yet undeveloped areas east of the Elbe. The land was drained by creating a network-like structure of smaller drainage ditches that drained the water in main ditches. Roads connecting the settlers'
2356:
There is no doubt that there were "rather numerous German settlers" in Eastern Central who were responsible for bringing German law in the earliest stages of the colonization. Other settlers included Walloons, Jews, Dutch, Flemish, and later Poles, especially in the territory of modern Ukraine.
2843:
The granting of city rights played an important role in attracting German settlers. The town charter privileged the new residents and existing suburban settlements with a market were given formal town charter and then rebuilt or expanded. Even small settlements inhabited by native people would
2248:
to consolidate the conquered lands. While East Prussia was heavily settled and Germanized, Livonia still had a very small German population, because there were no attempts to settle inland. The Germans in Livonia were mainly employees of the Teutonic Order there for administrative purposes, or
713:
Smaller groups of migrants first moved to the east during the early Middle Ages. Larger treks of settlers, which included scholars, monks, missionaries, craftsmen and artisans, often invited, in numbers unverifiable, first moved eastwards during the mid-12th century. The military territorial
1260:
system only took place after the settlement of German colonists, beginning in the 2nd half of the 12th century. Control over areas that had already been conquered was repeatedly lost. The Slavic revolt of 983 and an uprising of the Obotrites in 1066 had particularly serious consequences.
2396:, which began in the 11th century resulted in higher average temperatures in Central Europe. Additional technical progress in agriculture, for example through the construction of mills, Three-field farming and increased cultivation of grain (graining) led to general population increase.
1243:
were established in these areas. Fortifications were occupied and new castles built, reinforced by military units to exert military control and collect tributes. No civilian settlers occupied these lands. Christianization was limited to the establishment of mission dioceses such as
2616:
was a fixed tax depending on village size, the German tithe depended on the actual crop yield. Thus higher taxes were collected from the settlers than from the Wends, although settlers were partly exempted from tax payments during the first years after settlement establishment.
709:
settlers moved individually, in independent efforts, in multiple stages and on different routes. Many settlers were encouraged and invited by the local princes and regional lords, who sometimes even expelled part of the indigenous populations to make room for German settlers.
1970:, and in the end, Bretislav had to renounce his conquests in Poland and recognize Henry as his sovereign. After this, Bohemia remained loyal to Germany because of fears of another invasion, and Polish and Hungarian expansionism to the North and South . On the epoch of the
4586:"The German settlement was preceded in some areas by military conquest and the ejection of the indigenous population. Elsewhere, however, it was the native princes who invited in settlers and even expelled part of the indigenous population to make way for the newcomers."
2285:
invited German settlers to Southern Transylvania. Written records call them "Flamands", "Teutons", and "Latins". The term "Saxons" appeared in 1206, and became the official term for local Germans in 1231. The term represented legal status rather than nationality. The
734:
is considered to have been a purely Medieval event as it ended in the beginning of the 14th century. The legal, cultural, linguistic, religious and economic changes caused by the movement had a profound influence on the history of Eastern Central Europe between the
2443:
Dutch settlers were recruited by the local rulers in large numbers, especially during the second half of the 12th century. In 1159/60, for example, Albert the Bear granted Dutch settlers the right to take possession of former Slavic settlements. The preacher
2844:
eventually be granted these new rights. Regardless of existing suburban settlements, locators were commissioned to establish completely new cities, as the goal was to attract as many people as possible in order to create new, flourishing population centers.
4826:. Because of this term's associations with nineteenth-century nationalism and twentieth-century Nazism, it has for the most part been scrapped, only to be replaced by the deceptively benign 'Ostsiedlung' or the even more problematical 'Ostkolonisation' ."
3162:
in the North), Wends and other tribes also participated in the settlement. New settlers were not chosen just because of their ethnicity, a concept unknown in the Middle Ages, but because of their manpower and agricultural and technical know-how.
2557:
increased considerably. The increase was due to the influx of settlers on the one hand and an increase in slavic populations after the settlement on the other hand. Settlement was the primary reason for the increase e.g. in the areas east of the
2488:
the heavy implements had to be turned less often. Planting and cultivation of oats and rye was promoted, and soon these cereals became the most important type of grain. Farmers who used mouldboard ploughs were required to pay double tax fees.
1570:
were populated by German settlers, beginning in the 12th century. From the end of the 12th century onwards, monasteries and cities were established in Pomerania, Brandenburg, Silesia, Bohemia, Moravia and eastern Austria. In the Baltics, the
4136:", the agricultural crisis that began in the mid 14th century. In the wake of the demographic slump caused by the 1347 Plague, profound devastation processes have taken place. If a clear connection could be established here, the end of the
6559:"V. Internationale Germanistische Konferenz: "Deutsch im Kontakt der Kulturen. Schlesien und andere Vergleichsregionen" â Tomasz Czarnecki: Die deutschen Lehnwörter im Polnischen und die mittelalterlichen Dialekte des schlesischen Deutsch"
2905:, who had been assigned a prominent role by church authorities, combined the spread of faith and settlement development. Their monasteries with extensive international connections played a vital role in the development of the communities.
760:) to press the territorial claims of Germany and to demonstrate supposed German superiority over non-Germanic peoples, whose cultural, urban and scientific achievements in that era were undermined, rejected, or presented as German. After
2861:
centuries as the model for around 100 cities in the entire Baltic Sea trading area. Around 350,000 people lived under LĂŒbeck law in the early 15th century. The Magdeburg law, which has its origins in the privileges granted by Archbishop
2986:(allocator of land). These men, who usually came from the lower nobility or the urban bourgeoisie, organized the settlement trains, that included advertising, equipment and transport, land clearing and preparation of the settlements.
3020:
Settlement was the pretext for assimilation processes that lasted centuries. Assimilation occurred in both directions â depending on the region and the majority population, Slavic and German settlers mutually assimilated each other.
3759:
As Slavic and Wendish locality names were widely adopted, they represent, in adapted and further developed form, a very high proportion of East German toponyms and place names. These are recognizable at word endings, such as
3086:
and had, as a result of the extensive warfare during the 10th to 12th centuries, even further declined, some settlement centers maintained their Wendish populations to varying degrees, resisting assimilation for a long time.
1055:
This was the earliest recorded and planned "eastern policy" under Charlemagne, who wanted to protect the eastern border of the Frankish Empire, and also wanted to solidify his position in the east by declaring war on the
2749:. Characteristic of the founding cities are geometrical or rasterized floor plans with main streets, intersecting axes and a central market place. Different settlement phases are reflected in twin cities names such as
1996:
quarter of all people in Prague . Bretislav II granted them important privileges, notably the right of self-government under magistrates of their own election, and the right of living under German law. During the late
3806:
in the South. The name of the settler's place of origin (example: Lichtervelde in Flanders) could also become part of the place name. If a German settlement was founded alongside a Wendish settlement, the name of the
6061:
The Man of Many Devices, who Wandered Full Many Ways--: Festschrift in Honour of J nos M. Bak â Piskorski, Jan Maria â "The Historiography of the So-called "East Colonisation" and the Current State of Research" pp.
2399:
The new settlers not only brought their customs and language with them, but also new technical skills and equipment that were adapted within a few decades, especially in agriculture and crafts. These included:
2479:
without a mouldboard is mentioned. It tear opens the soil and spreads the soil to both sides without turning it. It is therefore particularly suitable for light and sandy subsoil. In the mid 13th century, the
3004:. The population probably decreased by that time and economically marginal settlements were left, in particular at the coast of Pomerania and Western Prussia. Only a century later, local Slavic leaders of
1978:
decisively fixed German-Bohemian relationship by playing off the Polish-Bohemian enmity. In 1080 Vratislav I, fighting under the banner of the Emperor, captured the golden lance of the papal counter-king,
3887:) toponyms was discontinued by the Eastern European republics after World War II. Villages and towns were renamed in Slavic only. Memory of the history of German settlement was no longer appreciated.
7038:
Die Geburt Europas aus dem Geist der Gewalt. Eroberung, Kolonisation und kultureller Wandel von 950 bis 1350 ( = The Making of Europe : conquest, colonization, and cultural change 950 â 1350)
5663:
4311:
1087:
The tribes that populated these marches were generally unreliable allies of the Empire, and successor kings led numerous, yet not always successful, military campaigns to maintain their authority.
4132:
end of the Ostsiedlung must include various factors without being able to clearly weigh or differentiate between them. The deterioration of the climate from around 1300 as the beginning of the "
3098:, German migrants did not settle in the old Slavic/Polish villages and set up new ones on grounds allotted to them by the Slavic/Polish dukes and the monastic clergy. In the marches west of the
4871:â page 38; Carroll P. Kakel III â 2013: "Within National Socialist discourse, the Nazis purposefully and skillfully presented their eastern colonization project as a 'continuation of medieval
2212:
The Teutonic State established a comprehensive administrative structure, and modernized the old traditional tribal structure of the region. An integral part of the Order other than converting
1319:
from the north and the Empire from the west, eager to reestablish her marches. The area remained under rule of the Polabian tribes and uncolonized and unchristianized into the 12th century.
2776:) or called "New Towns" by its contemporaries. The rapid increase in the number of towns led to an "urbanization of East Central Europe". The new towns differed from their predecessors in:
4464:
3166:
Most of the Wends were gradually assimilated. However, in isolated rural areas where Wends constituted a substantial part of the population, they continued their culture. These were the
6448:
2827:
The introduction of permanent markets. As previously, markets were held only periodically, townspeople were now free to trade and marketplaces became a central feature of the new towns.
6558:
1665:
Weakened by ongoing internal conflicts and constant warfare, the independent Wendish territories finally lost the capacity to provide effective military resistance. From 1119 to 1123,
1631:, which included the prospect of profitable land gains for new settlers, had no noticeable effect and resulted in neither a military campaign nor a movement of settlers into the area.
3232:
can be found in almost all Slavic languages. German was mainly used to convey words in Slavic languages that related to handicraft, politics, agriculture and nutrition. This includes
2484:
was introduced east of the Elbe. This new cultivation method required the use of the heavy mouldboard plough that digs up the earth deeply and turns it around in a single operation.
2066:, the German settlement was not as heavy, nor were many Czechs assimilated like in Eastern Germany. As German influence grew, with greater numbers of Settlers arriving each year,
787:
2290:
have diverse origins, their pottery, art, and liturgy were not uniform. In the 12th and 13th centuries, more Germans arrived in Hungary, living in dispersed villages known as
8371:
3066:
also assimilated German settlers, yet at the same time, small Sorbic communities were themselves assimilated by the surrounding German-speaking population. Many Central and
4164:. This led to a largely unhistoric ethnically inspired nationalist reinterpretation of the medieval process. In Germany and some Slavic countries, most notably Poland, the
2257:
While Hungary was never conquered by the Holy Roman Empire and was never in focus of German settlement, it still had a sizeable German population. During the 11th century,
7911:
2735:, major cities and centers of power of medieval Poland. However, they experienced substantial growth since the end of the 12th century through new settlers and expansion (
2411:
Parallel to agricultural innovations new forms of farm layout and settlement structuring (division and classification of land) were introduced. Farmland was divided into
660:
and beyond; and the consequences for settlement development and social structures in the areas of settlement. Other regions were also settled, though not as heavily. The
7725:
7708:
2336:
were exempt from customs duties. Their markets were also not taxed. No outsider was allowed to receive villages or estates in German land where only the monarch and the
7932:
20:
903:
people), under whom most of Western and Central continental Europe had been united during the 8th and 9th centuries, created numerous border territories, so called
7151:"Die Slawen in Deutschland. Geschichte und Kultur der slawischen StĂ€mme westlich von Oder und NeiĂe : Joachim Herrmann, Autorenkollektiv: Amazon.de: BĂŒcher"
3117:, ruled by a Slavic dynasty, a loyal and powerful duchy of the Empire. In this environment, German feudal lords often cooperated with the Slavic inhabitants.
2269:, and churchmen to found monasteries and promote the conversion of Hungary. Eventually these Germans' descendants started to fill other occupations, becoming
8148:
6799:
8204:
3146:. Rather, the Wends were subject to a low taxation mode and thus not as profitable as new settlers. Even though the majority of the settlers were Germans (
1133:
or "Elbe Slavs", seldom formed larger political entities. They rather constituted various small tribes, settling as far west as to a line from the Eastern
577:
Stages of German eastern settlement in pink and three shades of green; the black line represents the border of the Holy Roman Empire according to the 1348
560:
8228:
8192:
7790:
3205:. Lusatia was inhabited by a large population of Sorbs until the end of the 19th century as linguistic assimilation occurred in a relatively short time.
1287:, stretching from the Elbe river to the Baltic Sea succeeded in a rebellion against the political rule and Christian mission of the recently established
8165:
7011:
8250:
8182:
8170:
4541:
2978:
Most sovereigns transferred the specific recruitment of settlers, the distribution of the land and the establishment of the settlements to so-called
4195:" ('people of whatever origin and whatever craft') which was recorded in numerous documents issued by Pomeranian dukes and RĂŒgish princes. -Buchholz
8525:
8388:
6158:
Die bÀuerliche Ostsiedlung des Mittelalters in Nordostdeutschland: Untersuchungen zum Landesausbau des 12. bis 14. Jahrhunderts im lÀndlichen Raum
4436:
areas that were settled as far back as the 12th (and partially 13th) century remained German in language and culture and stayed part of post-1945
4170:
was perceived in nationalist circles as a prelude to contemporary expansionism and Germanization efforts, the slogan used for this perception was
2292:
1094:
was partitioned into three independent kingdoms as a result of dissent among Charlemagne's three grandsons over the continuation of the custom of
8424:
2960:
and (French-speaking) Walloons participated as well. Among the settlers were landless children of noble families who could not inherit property.
2074:
to renounce his claims to certain Bohemian lands, this was refused, and in the war that followed he was defeated. This made SobÄslavs successors
439:
8460:
6952:
6297:
Anna Paner, Jan Iluk: Historia Polski Virtual Library of Polish Literature, Katedra Kulturoznawstwa, WydziaĆ Filologiczny, Uniwersytet GdaĆski.
2331:, many German knights came to Hungary, joining its military. They were often rewarded with large estates and entry into the nobility. In 1224,
2099:, were even allowed to bring German settlers into Bohemian land and settle them . During this time, German settlers were exempt from the local
2590:, while in the larger part of Central and Eastern Europe indigenous populations were responsible for the growth. Author Piskorski wrote that
3062:
lasted about two centuries. The community could only continue its isolated position with a continuation of newcomers from German lands. The
6927:
4379:
1811:
in 1181, although the latter briefly as it passed under Danish suzerainty in 1185, and then under Imperial again only in the 13th century.
1117:, that included all lands east of the Rhine river and to the north of Italy, which roughly corresponded with the territories of the German
2119:
in Bohemia. During the 13th-14th century, as much as 1 out of every 6th German settlers was going to Bohemia, while this is lower than in
1149:
rivers. As the East Frankish kingdom expanded, various Wendish tribes, that were conquered or allied with the Eastern Franks, such as the
7984:
6372:
6273:
6241:
6021:"Migration in the Swiss Alps and Swiss Jura from the Middle Ages to the mid-20th century â Migratory movements and their chronologies, 2"
4283:
aiming at a total reconstitution of Central and Eastern Europe as a German colony, was prevented by the war's turn, the beginning of the
4223:
The 20th century wars and nationalist policies severely altered the ethnic and cultural composition of Central and Eastern Europe. After
1161:
at the periphery of the empire would be continued by the East Frankish and Holy Roman Empire's kings during the 11th and 12th centuries.
1068:(east of Thuringia) and Czech tribal princes. However, since the goal wasn't to establish an ethnic and linguistic boundary between the
8495:
2427:
occurred. The cultural landscape of East Central Europe formed by the medieval settlement processes essentially prevails until today.
5341:
Pomerania, oder, Ursprunck, Altheit und Geschicht der Völcker und Lande Pomern, Cassuben, Wenden, Stettin, RhĂŒgen in vierzehn BĂŒchern
8480:
4536:
4307:
553:
5823:
Selch Jensen, Carsten (2 January 2021). "Making Livonia: actors and networks in the medieval and early modern Baltic Sea region".
2220:
was also to encourage Germans to settle the sparsely populated area. Most German settlers primarily went to urban cities, such as
8505:
4556:
4335:
4189:
process of the High Middle Ages. However, that was the ideology of the 19th century, not the Middle Ages...Settlement was to be "
112:
7412:
5514:
Krofta, Kamil (1957). "Bohemia to the Extinction of the Premyslids". In Tanner, J.R.; Previte-Orton, C.W.; Brooke, Z.N. (eds.).
4798:"Iure Theutonico ? German settlers and legal frameworks for immigration to Hungary in an East-Central European perspective"
4382:. The former German settlement areas were resettled by ethnic citizens of the respective succeeding state (Czechs in the former
2670:
town attached to a preexisting castrum (castle with a suburbium). The castrum was located on the island with the cathedral, the
8485:
8450:
6700:'Names and Their Environment' Proceedings of the 25th International Congress of Onomastic Sciences, Volume 3: Anthroponomastics
2824:), the Iglau Law (Jihlava) in Bohemian and Moravian mining areas. Besides these basic town laws, several adapted town charters.
1697:, despite these areas having already been successfully Christianized. The Crusade caused widespread devastation and slaughter.
7223:
Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft: Gesammelte BeitrÀge 1977 bis 1999 zur Geschichte der Zisterzienser und der "Germania Slavica"
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2694:
1966:
to Prague, hoping to have Prague elevated to archbishopric status. This resulted in a military conflict with the German King
791:
493:
424:
357:
7076:
KolonialstÀdte, europÀische Enklaven oder Schmelztiegel der Kulturen?: EuropÀische Enklaven oder Schmelztiegel der Kulturen?
794:) in which German people had settled during the Ostsiedlung; except part of Eastern Austria and especially Eastern Germany.
8500:
8340:
7896:
6369:
ArchĂ€ologie der westlichen Slawen. Siedlung, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im frĂŒh- und hochmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa
6270:
ArchĂ€ologie der westlichen Slawen. Siedlung, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im frĂŒh- und hochmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa
6238:
ArchĂ€ologie der westlichen Slawen. Siedlung, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im frĂŒh- und hochmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa
5608:
1792:
6859:
1894:
8345:
7946:
7905:
546:
320:
88:
7150:
1987:. Bohemia's reward for this loyalty came six years later, in 1086, when Henry IV elevated the Duke to the rank of king.
1866:
8465:
7095:
Politische Geographien Europas â AnnĂ€herungen an ein umstrittenes Konstrukt: AnnĂ€herungen an ein umstrittenes Konstrukt
4284:
2139:
Eventually, during the late 14th and early 15th centuries' settlement slowed down, due to numerous factors such as the
459:
253:
108:
8470:
8315:
8067:
7615:
7473:
7277:
7249:
7204:
7179:
7121:
7102:
7083:
7045:
6683:
6483:
6380:
6348:
6281:
6249:
5895:
2932:
receives the foundation charter from the landlord and acts as village judge. Settlers clear forests and build houses.
1939:
1913:
1307:
tribes were soon faced with internal struggles and warfare as well as raids from the newly constituted and expanding
4252:
2423:) and larger villages replaced the previously dominant type of small villages consisting of four to eight farms as
2030:
owned extensive land in the Eger Valley. The first German villages were Penerit and Neudorf, both founded in 1196.
2019:
1873:
728:, as these actions didn't result in any noteworthy settlement establishment east of the Elbe and Saale rivers. The
103:
6806:
4850:
Jan M. Piskorski: "The historiography of the so-called 'east colonisation' and the current state of research" in:
4838:
The Slippery Memory of Men (East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450â1450) by Paul Milliman page 2.
3895:
It's estimated that approximately 25% of all German family names are of Slavic origin, most of these are Polish.
1705:
This created ideal conditions for German settlement, some of the most prominent supporters of settlement included
154:
2873:) were introduced in Poland, including Silesia, the State of the Teutonic Order, Bohemia and Moravia and beyond.
1804:
1249:
265:
130:
1927:
8530:
8490:
8310:
4474:
4386:
and Poles in Silesia and Pomerania). However, some areas that were settled and Germanized in the course of the
4367:
1851:
1674:
134:
93:
7133:
GrenzrĂ€ume und GrenzĂŒberschreitungen im Vergleich: Der Osten und der Westen des mittelalterlichen Lateineuropa
6929:
The Forgotten Holocaust: The systematic genocide on the Slavic people by the Nazis during the Second World War
3311:. Due to the intensive language contact, idioms were also transmitted. Two examples from Czech and Polish are
1749:, which allowed further German settlement in coastal towns due to it being the dominant trade republic in the
8135:
8015:
7916:
7555:
1967:
1880:
6757:
6469:
Enno BĂŒnz: Die Rolle der NiederlĂ€nder in der Ostsiedlung, in: Ostsiedlung und Landesausbau in Sachsen, 2008.
4338:
not only from all Soviet conquered German settlement areas across Central and Eastern Europe, but also from
3813:
could also be adopted for the German village, the distinction was then made through additions (for example:
1245:
5715:
3857:
3283:
1975:
1847:
1706:
126:
7340:? German settlers and legal frameworks for immigration to Hungary in an East-Central European perspective"
2244:
region. The Teutonic Order established numerous Castles, and other holdings near populated places such as
4427:
The areas that were settled in the Middle Ages and later came to constitute the Eastern provinces of the
2684:
2160:
1576:
146:
98:
83:
78:
33:
6092:
Ostsiedlung und Landesausbau in Sachsen: die KĂŒhrener Urkunde von 1154 und ihr historisches Umfeld p. 95
2865:, first spread into Brandenburg, Saxony and Lusatia. Laws based on the Magdeburg model (for example the
1862:
1511:
designated a larger area â the Saxon Eastern March â in 937, that encompassed the territory between the
8092:
7773:
6985:
6725:"Die wichtigsten Suffixe in slawischen Familiennamen und ihre Eindeutschungsergebnisse â ein Ăberblick"
4566:
4274:
was launched with the aim of extermitating or enslaving Poles and other Slavs, according to the Nazis'
4259:, the Germans in Bessarabia and others, to resettle them in the future territories in occupied Poland.
2793:
2550:
2079:
2075:
1765:
1627:
1369:
1240:
1158:
904:
697:
325:
295:
68:
7225:. Bibliothek der brandenburgischen und preussischen Geschichte (in German). Vol. 12. BWV Verlag.
4630:
The North-Eastern Frontiers of Medieval Europe: The Expansion of Latin Christendom in the Baltic Lands
2820:, the Nuremberg Law in southwestern Bohemia, the BrĂŒnn Law (Brno) in Moravia, based on the charter of
2201:. It was established on February 2, 1207 as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire and proclaimed by
8520:
8510:
8445:
7964:
7572:
7270:
Geschichte der Germanisierung des Herzogtums Pommern oder Slavien bis zum Ablauf des 13. Jahrhunderts
2745:, would lead to the development of a town, although cities were also founded out of nowhere, such as
2071:
142:
138:
73:
6959:
790:
to rump Germany from the East and their language and culture were lost in most areas (including the
8515:
2092:
1963:
1588:
596:
150:
2518:
8216:
7778:
4315:
3218:
1840:
1780:, that had been occupied by revolting Lutici tribes was reestablished to Christianize the Wends.
578:
417:
118:
7012:"The Expulsion of the German Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War"
5752:. Utrecht Studies in Medieval Literacy. Vol. 28. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers. p. 38.
3214:
the respective language. Remote contact took place during trade travels or political embassies.
2963:
Besides the marches, adjacent to the Empire, Germans settled in areas farther east, such as the
7836:
7671:
7658:
4983:
Conflicting Loyalties in Early Medieval Bavaria: A View of Socio-political Interaction, 680-900
4551:
4401:
4228:
3129:
1955:
1777:
1540:
1403:
1253:
1012:
942:
283:
177:
7190:
5912:
5878:
Berend, Nora (15 May 2017). "Immigrants and Locals in Medieval Hungary: 11thâ13th centuries".
5285:
5258:
5231:
5121:
5094:
4900:
4655:
4302:â the meeting between the leaders of the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union â
2936:
8366:
7846:
7841:
7821:
7466:
5939:
5204:
4954:
4927:
4853:
The Man of Many Devices, Who Wandered Full Many Ways ...: Festschrift in Honor of Janos M.Bak
4628:
4454:
3118:
2707:
organized the settlement and set up rectangular blocks in an oval area with a central market.
2337:
1980:
1563:
1377:
637:
480:
122:
6185:
The Germans and the East â Piskorski, Jan Maria. "Medieval Colonization in Europe" pp. 27-37
5339:
5312:
2282:
7959:
7653:
6581:
4546:
2964:
2944:
The majority of the settlers were Germans of the Holy Roman Empire. Significant numbers of
2862:
2817:
2393:
2332:
2287:
2258:
2023:
2011:
1984:
1710:
1681:
to Christianize the Pomeranians and Liutizians of his duchy. In 1147, as a campaign of the
1655:
1270:
1095:
981:
810:
in the South and established new kingdoms within it. Meanwhile, formerly Germanic areas in
807:
740:
475:
303:
290:
182:
19:
This article is about the medieval eastward migrations of Germans. For a general view, see
6834:
Der "deutsche Drang nach Osten": Ideologie und Wirklichkeit eines politischen Schlagwortes
1745:
also settled Mecklenburg with a large number of Flemish people. With the formation of the
8:
8335:
8050:
7861:
7826:
6914:
Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History
6607:
6212:
Die Geschichte des Dorfes: von den AnfÀngen im Frankenreich zur bundesdeutschen Gegenwart
4521:
4501:
4331:
3033:
2380:
and founded villages in the uplands of the Alp valleys (in the north of Italy and in the
2103:
Laws, which included various duties such as the upkeep of local infrastructure. In 1219,
2096:
1951:
1935:
1887:
1361:
1296:
1169:
952:
753:
8209:
8175:
2533:
2404:
area of arable land increased seven â to twentyfold in many Silesian regions during the
8361:
8330:
8320:
8114:
8077:
8035:
7851:
7795:
7730:
7681:
7648:
7636:
7631:
7603:
7567:
7430:
6649:
6614:
5848:
5644:
5636:
5481:
4421:
4375:
4299:
3242:
2563:
2554:
2513:
2481:
1971:
1800:
1389:
1236:
1091:
888:
855:
270:
230:
202:
42:
7996:
7284:(unabridged facsimile of the edition published by Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1896)
7057:
Germania und die Insel Thule. Die EntschlĂŒsselung von Ptolemaios' "Atlas der Oikumene"
5937:
4819:"The Slippery Memory of Men": The Place of Pomerania in the Medieval Kingdom of Poland
3000:
In the mid 14th century, the migration process slowed considerably as a result of the
8109:
8045:
8025:
8020:
7969:
7954:
7901:
7873:
7856:
7800:
7740:
7735:
7641:
7423:
7375:
7320:
7293:
7273:
7245:
7226:
7200:
7175:
7136:
7117:
7098:
7079:
7060:
7041:
6892:
6863:
6838:
6771:
6703:
6679:
6376:
6344:
6319:
6277:
6245:
6216:
6189:
6162:
6096:
6066:
5972:
5945:
5918:
5891:
5852:
5840:
5796:
5771:
5761:
5677:
5648:
5628:
5587:
5562:
5537:
5448:
5397:
5363:
5318:
5291:
5264:
5237:
5210:
5127:
5100:
5073:
5033:
5012:
4987:
4960:
4933:
4906:
4797:
4714:
4688:
4661:
4634:
4516:
4395:
4303:
4160:
In the 19th century, recognition of this complex phenomenon coupled with the rise of
3946:
3170:
3083:
2831:
2546:
2381:
2328:
2202:
2186:
1808:
1788:
1682:
1288:
1022:
867:
657:
617:
573:
235:
158:
6343:. UTB Uni-TaschenbĂŒcher (in German). Vol. 2105 (2 ed.). UTB. p. 242.
5150:
Der slawische Aufstand von 983: eine Schicksalswende in der Geschichte Mitteleuropas
4469:
3174:
2866:
2299:
8325:
8305:
8283:
8187:
8097:
8082:
8072:
8055:
8010:
8002:
7974:
7878:
7831:
7816:
7750:
7718:
7691:
7686:
7596:
7459:
7393:
7365:
7355:
7312:
6763:
6736:
6028:
5883:
5832:
5753:
5732:
5669:
5620:
4482:
4355:
4343:
4173:
4155:
3124:
2717:
2583:
2464:
2377:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2116:
2027:
1962:
led a campaign against Poland, reconquering Silesia and transferring the relics of
1746:
1455:
1440:
1373:
1165:
1122:
1110:
1073:
900:
875:
871:
859:
803:
715:
643:
621:
197:
192:
187:
7360:
7335:
5968:
Agrarwirtschaft, Agrarverfassung und lĂ€ndliche Gesellschaft im Mittelalter â p. 17
5836:
2084:
8143:
8040:
8030:
7991:
7663:
7577:
7560:
7533:
7408:
7194:
6886:
6832:
6724:
6313:
6210:
6183:
6156:
6090:
6059:
5966:
5790:
5698:
5442:
5425:
5391:
5357:
5187:
5148:
5067:
4981:
4868:
4851:
4817:
4682:
4511:
4459:
4437:
4432:
4269:
4232:
4084:
4061:
4038:
4019:
4001:
3962:
3950:
3932:
3920:
3754:
3610:
3233:
2994:
2953:
2781:
2657:
2626:
2213:
2108:
2104:
1761:
1686:
1678:
1619:
1593:
1434:
1415:
1173:
1016:
990:
908:
769:
367:
1207:
In a series of punitive actions, large territories in the northeast between the
7783:
7768:
7745:
7701:
7667:
7608:
7505:
6676:
Lehrbuch der allgemeinen Geographie. Volume 6. Allgemeine Siedlungsgeographie I
5757:
4526:
4493:
4411:
4327:
4256:
4133:
3977:
3782:. Newly created villages were given German names that ended, for example, with
3082:
Although Slavic population density was generally not very high compared to the
3067:
2917:
2746:
2595:
2567:
2170:
2156:
1784:
1769:
1742:
1714:
1635:
1572:
1552:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1480:
1385:
1365:
1284:
1276:
833:
811:
719:
693:
533:
519:
260:
7370:
7316:
6888:
Deutsche Geschichte im Osten Europas: Pommern / hrsg. von Werner Buchholz. ...
5164:
3140:
Discrimination against the Wends was not a part of the general concept of the
2067:
8439:
8238:
8121:
7713:
7696:
7675:
7521:
7379:
7196:
One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups
6800:"Siedlungsforschung ArchĂ€ologie-Geschichte-Geographie, Band 13 â pp. 67 â 77"
5938:
Mary Fulbrook; Professor of German History Mary Fulbrook (19 February 2004).
5887:
5844:
5775:
5632:
4869:
The Holocaust as Colonial Genocide: Hitler's 'Indian Wars' in the 'Wild East'
4531:
4428:
4290:
4236:
3106:
2913:
2853:
2789:
2309:
2128:
2047:
1643:
1598:
1528:
1500:
1423:
1351:
1332:
1308:
1280:
1257:
1099:
967:
934:
765:
677:
347:
6296:
6020:
5673:
3282:. City names are also affected by language exchange, sound shifting and the
3040:
2857:
2785:
1689:
to retake the marches lost in 983. The crusaders also headed for Pomeranian
8087:
7589:
5344:. Auf Kosten des Herausgebers, in Commission bey E. Mauritins. pp. 1â.
4877:, celebrated in the language of continuity, legacy, and colonial grandeur".
4561:
4371:
4363:
4351:
4323:
4263:
4244:
4212:
4208:
3308:
3222:
3051:
2972:
2968:
2949:
2945:
2898:
2587:
2476:
2369:
2350:
2217:
2144:
2120:
2001:
1997:
1931:
1718:
1639:
1567:
1476:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1008:
1004:
926:
780:
653:
456:
452:
387:
377:
338:
225:
7242:
Agrarwirtschaft, Agrarverfassung und lÀndliche Gesellschaft im Mittelalter
6767:
3347:('armed to the chin'), with different wording, but with the same meaning.
3260:. An example of borrowing from Slavic into Germanic usage is the word for
2870:
1709:
who had purchased small amounts of land on the frontier of Pomerania, and
53:
7865:
6986:"DIE GESCHICHTLICHE STELLUNG DER MITTELALTERLICHEN DEUTSCHEN OSTBEWEGUNG"
6582:"Geschichte des deutsch-slawischen Sprachkontaktes im Teschener Schlesie"
4383:
4224:
4161:
3565:
3186:
3182:
3071:
3029:
3001:
2952:
in the area surrounding the Middle Elbe River. To a lesser extent Danes,
2902:
2647:
2599:
2420:
2365:
2313:
2245:
2140:
2059:
2051:
2039:
2006:
1959:
1796:
1634:
Although the first settlers had already arrived in 1124, being mostly of
1081:
884:
815:
772:
lost part of their territories in the East appeared as a counterpoint to
761:
6653:
6637:
3265:
3251:
3245:
2881:
1738:
1322:
8221:
5640:
5485:
5469:
4929:
Castles and Fortified Cities of Medieval Europe: An Illustrated History
4708:
4277:
3289:
2690:
1947:
1854: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1750:
1734:
1722:
1624:
A call for a crusade against the Wends in 1108, probably coming from a
1548:
1531:. After Gero's death in 965, the march was divided in smaller sectors:
1430:
1336:
1189:
1041:
1000:
736:
310:
8158:
7582:
7399:
6114:
6112:
4979:
4183:
century retrospectively constructed a Slavic-Germanic contrast in the
3109:
the situation was again different as the area and in particular Upper
2732:
2165:
1795:
became Saxon fiefs, as well as the Obodrite territories, which became
7979:
7512:
7351:
6033:
4359:
3194:
3151:
3091:
3005:
2990:
settled rights and obligations of the locators and the new settlers.
2742:
2459:
2317:
2241:
2232:. The settlers also established numerous rural settlements, known as
2194:
2055:
2035:
2031:
1930:
freed himself from Moravian vassalage and instead paid homage to the
1754:
1726:
1666:
1344:
1292:
1150:
1077:
1057:
930:
843:
826:
6857:
5624:
5123:
Early Ukraine: A Military and Social History to the Mid-19th Century
5011:. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press. pp. 18â19.
4240:
3236:
3059:
3055:
2728:
2676:
town with its rectangular street grid was built on the river's bank.
2653:
2304:. By the mid-13th century, their importance in trade (especially in
1829:
1651:
722:
emperors during the 11th and 12th centuries do not form part of the
8243:
8233:
7261:
The Rise of the Medieval World, 500â1300: A Biographical Dictionary
6741:
6109:
4417:
4319:
3985:
3847:
3430:
3159:
2724:
2609:
2602:
2598:, this increased population was largely spared by the 14th-century
2270:
2221:
2206:
2015:
2010:) began . It was caused by the successful settlement of modern day
1694:
1659:
1488:
1472:
1201:
1197:
1185:
960:
6208:
6181:
5792:
The Archaeology of the Prussian Crusade: Holy War and Colonisation
4746:
2100:
2018:, partially due to its southern edges coming under the control of
1787:
finally defeated rebellious Obotrites and Pomeranian dukes in the
1080:
and Northern Bavaria, with individual Slavs even making it to the
8298:
8293:
8288:
8255:
7482:
6244:(in German). Vol. 30. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 156, 159.
4441:
4347:
4204:
3520:
3202:
3190:
3167:
3114:
3110:
3095:
3077:
3009:
2981:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2445:
2305:
2237:
2198:
2124:
2070:
felt it was necessary to protect the Czechs from Germany, asking
2063:
1773:
1444:
1397:
1393:
1340:
1316:
1304:
1193:
1181:
1138:
892:
850:
685:
665:
649:
625:
405:
207:
8265:
7451:
6154:
5748:
Selart, Anti (2014). "Non-German Literacy in Medieval Livonia".
5427:
Poland and the Baltic: The Problem of Poland's Access to the Sea
4392:
still form the northeastern part of modern Germany, such as the
2004:, German settlement of the mountainous borderland (Known as the
8381:
8376:
8153:
8060:
7054:
4405:
4216:
4140:
would be understood as part of the crisis of the 14th century.
3155:
3147:
3133:
2821:
2797:
2373:
2361:
2278:
2262:
2225:
2115:), was the first German town to be given the privileges of the
2043:
1803:. After Henry the Lion lost his internal struggle with Emperor
1690:
1670:
1524:
1508:
1381:
1312:
1300:
1232:
1177:
1154:
1061:
1048:
1026:
994:
938:
921:
would later take place. The territories (from north to south):
896:
839:
757:
689:
681:
16:
Early and High Middle Age German migration movement to the East
7055:
Kleineberg, A; Marx, Chr; Knobloch, E.; Lelgemann, D. (2010).
4370:
annexed the majority of the lands, while the northern half of
2425:
a complete transformation of the previous settlement structure
2281:, etc. and were granted the status of free peasants. In 1149,
664:
encompassed multiple modern and historical regions, primarily
8197:
7172:
Zisterzienser: Norm, Kultur, Reform â 900 Jahre Zisterzienser
6579:
4846:
4844:
4506:
4248:
3705:
3475:
3379:
3198:
3063:
2957:
2613:
2321:
2274:
2266:
2249:
merchants of the Hanseatic League who settled coastal towns.
1730:
1647:
1606:
1556:
1520:
1504:
1459:
1228:
1224:
1212:
1142:
1130:
1069:
1065:
975:
971:
946:
879:
669:
633:
629:
7114:
Die Ritter des Herrn: Geschichte der Geistlichen Ritterorden
6025:
Journal of Alpine Research | Revue de GĂ©ographie Alpine
5609:"At the Margin of Community: Germans in Pre-Hussite Bohemia"
2095:, various military orders, the most prominent of which, the
1129:(since 962 C.E. the Holy Roman Empire), collectively called
8393:
8260:
7093:
Reuber, Paul; StrĂŒver, Anke; Wolkersdorfer, GĂŒnter (2005).
6375:(in German). Vol. 30. Walter de Gruyter. p. 155.
6276:(in German). Vol. 30. Walter de Gruyter. p. 156.
4856:
BalĂĄzs Nagy (Editor), Marcell Sebok (Editor) page 654, 655.
3099:
2559:
2430:
2229:
1597:
West-Slavic peoples in Europe until 1125 (yellow borders).
1516:
1512:
1448:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1146:
1134:
956:
673:
7092:
6538:
6449:"Er schuf die Grundlage fĂŒr die Stadt- und Landeshistorie"
5990:
5988:
5586:. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing. pp. 636â639.
5561:. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing. pp. 633â636.
5536:. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing. pp. 623â631.
5065:
5047:
4880:
4841:
2788:
in 33 towns at the southern coast of the Baltic Sea), the
1721:
people were introduced to the unoccupied and uncultivated
802:
During the 4th and 5th centuries, in what is known as the
21:
History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe
7401:
Les allemands en Europe centrale et oriental au moyen age
4680:
3256:(brick), that resulted from the sound shift of the Latin
2620:
2387:
1958:, which increased German influence. In the 11th century,
6953:"Generalplan Ost" zur VersklavungosteuropÀischer Völker"
6394:
6392:
6057:
5518:. Vol. VI. Cambridge University Press. p. 426.
792:
German-dominated lands which Germany lost after this war
7009:
6497:
6416:
6404:
6202:
6148:
6136:
6124:
5985:
5202:
5185:
5165:"The Medieval Elbe â Slavs and Germans on the Frontier"
4684:
The German Myth of the East: 1800 to the Present â p. 1
6528:
6526:
6524:
5196:
4925:
3748:
2177:
The Teutonic State was formed in the aftermath of the
7306:
7288:
Szabo, Franz A. J. (2008). Ingrao, Charles W. (ed.).
6428:
6389:
6118:
5859:
5233:
Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500-1300) (2 vols)
4758:
4752:
4326:'s defeat in 1945, the ethnic make-up of Central and
1768:
in 1157 on approximately the territory of the former
1323:
Eastern marches of East Francia and Holy Roman Empire
1105:
7448:, Hg. Joachim Herrmann, Akademie-Verlag Berlin, 1985
6702:. Glasgow: University of Glasgow. 2016. p. 11.
6018:
5931:
5910:
5119:
4295:
in the annexed territories yet was implied by 1944.
2847:
2343:
1582:
6830:
6756:NĂŒbling, Damaris; Kunze, Konrad (30 January 2023).
6521:
6509:
5396:. Norton Paperback. W.W. Norton. pp. 263â266.
5362:. Norton Paperback. W.W. Norton. pp. 261â263.
2448:of Bosau reported on this in his Slavic chronicle:
1646:river, followed by the conquest of the land of the
1414:, the "Eastern March" or "Bavarian Eastern March" (
1125:(919 to 936). The Slavs living within the reach of
7307:Bartlett, Roger; SchönwÀlder, Karen, eds. (1999).
5880:The Expansion of Central Europe in the Middle Ages
5665:The Expansion of Central Europe in the Middle Ages
5256:
5146:
4834:
4832:
4770:
4657:The Expansion of Central Europe in the Middle Ages
3301:
3226:
3217:The oldest adoption of naming units dates back to
1677:, at that time a vassal of Poland, invited bishop
1669:invaded and subdued the northeastern parts of the
1153:, aided the Franks in defeating the West Germanic
806:, Germanic peoples seized control of the decaying
648:. Germanization efforts included eastern parts of
5310:
4980:Kathy Lynne Roper Pearson; Nicholas Cook (1999).
4734:
4542:History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union
2948:settlers participated, particularly in the early
2741:). The foundation of a bishopric, for example in
2505:such as weapons technology, documents and coins.
1799:, named after the Obotrites residential capital,
814:and present-day Eastern Germany, were settled by
8437:
6805:. Verlag Siedlungsforschung Bonn. Archived from
6446:
6311:
6053:
6051:
5516:Cambridge Medieval History:Victory of the Papacy
5072:. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers.
2440:individual farms ran along these main trenches.
1807:, Mecklenburg and Pomerania became fiefs of the
1121:, that formed a federation under the first king
797:
7131:Herbers, Klaus; Jaspert, Nikolas, eds. (2007).
6884:
6307:
6305:
5423:
5314:The Life of Otto Apostle of Pomerania 1060â1139
4973:
4829:
4192:cuiuscunque gentis et cuiuscunque artis homines
3738:
3693:
3649:
3643:
3598:
3553:
3508:
3463:
3418:
3342:
3336:
2852:Among the many different German city laws, the
2436:areas and several flood disasters and famines.
1507:river was established in the 9th century. King
7427:
7130:
7111:
7073:
6983:
6950:
6824:
6678:(4 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 189.
6635:
6544:
5964:
5904:
5501:The History of the Czech Republic and Slovakia
5440:
5337:
5113:
5092:
5059:
4952:
4898:
4674:
4626:
3078:Treatment, involvement and traces of the Wends
2940:Ethnic Germans in Central/Eastern Europe, 1925
1291:. In spite of their new-won independence, the
8119:
7467:
6362:
6360:
6263:
6261:
6209:Werner Trossbach; Clemens Zimmermann (2006).
6182:Charles W. Ingrao; Franz A. J. Szabo (2008).
6058:Bal zs Nagy; Marcell Seb?k (1 January 1999).
6048:
5304:
5250:
4864:
4862:
4710:Ostsiedlung â ein gesamteuropĂ€isches PhĂ€nomen
4681:Vejas Gabriel Liulevicius (9 December 2010).
4255:, wiping out the old settlement areas of the
3270:, which is a borrowing of the old Czech word
2368:to areas that had formerly been inhabited by
2014:. The mountainous area settled first was the
1772:, which since 983 had been controlled by the
1235:rivers in the east were conquered (see also:
554:
8415:
7587:
7519:
7503:
7496:
7442:
7414:
7397:
6878:
6755:
6556:
6302:
5944:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 13â.
5822:
5613:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
5444:Germany in the High Middle Ages: C.1050-1200
5434:
5417:
5229:
5206:The Popes and the Baltic Crusades: 1147â1254
5179:
5096:Germany in the Early Middle Ages c. 800-1056
4872:
4622:
4620:
4480:
4393:
4387:
4288:
4275:
4267:
4184:
4171:
4165:
4145:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3851:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3765:
3731:
3717:
3710:
3686:
3672:
3665:
3636:
3622:
3615:
3591:
3577:
3570:
3546:
3532:
3525:
3501:
3487:
3480:
3456:
3442:
3435:
3411:
3405:
3391:
3384:
3330:
3318:
3287:
3277:
3141:
3038:
2979:
2927:
2921:
2761:
2698:
2671:
2665:
2635:
2528:
2475:In the 12th and 13th century documents, the
2413:
2316:) and gold and silver mining (especially in
1926:German influence in Bohemia began when Duke
1466:
955:or Nordalbingen March between the Eider and
916:
779:German loss here was not as severe as after
773:
747:
729:
723:
704:
640:peoples; the most settled area was known as
628:and Germanization of the areas populated by
585:
422:
308:
8425:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944â1950)
6605:
6484:"Transylvania and the Transylvanian Saxons"
6481:
6373:Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde
6274:Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde
6242:Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde
6155:Felix Biermann; GĂŒnter Mangelsdorf (2005).
6084:
6082:
5958:
5389:
5355:
5331:
5283:
5277:
4905:. Harvard University Press. pp. 193â.
4653:
4491:
4409:
4190:
3860:are in fact Germanized Wendish placenames.
3724:
3679:
3629:
3584:
3539:
3494:
3449:
3398:
3324:
3312:
3295:
3271:
2771:
2736:
2715:
2703:town built in a previously unsettled area.
1408:
1349:
979:
831:
641:
601:
7474:
7460:
7267:
7169:
7112:Demurger, Alain; Kaiser, Wolfgang (2003).
6858:Janusz Gumkowkski, Kazimierz Leszczynski.
6722:
6667:
6357:
6338:
6258:
5788:
5750:Uses of the Written Word in Medieval Towns
5713:
5287:The Czech Lands in Medieval Transformation
5140:
5086:
4956:A History of the Church in the Middle Ages
4919:
4859:
4795:
2553:. During the 12th and 13th centuries, the
2454:
2150:
1364:, later divided into smaller marches (the
1157:. The Carolingian tradition of setting up
714:conquests and punitive expeditions of the
561:
547:
7369:
7359:
7149:
7014:. EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE, FLORENCE
6932:(Thesis). Leiden University. 25 June 2021
6740:
6088:
6032:
5795:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 89â140.
5430:. Polish Institute for Overseas Problems.
5223:
4946:
4892:
4647:
4617:
1914:Learn how and when to remove this message
1685:, the Wendish Crusade was mounted in the
821:
7272:(in German). Adamant Media Corporation.
7258:
7035:
6503:
6422:
6410:
6341:Das Mittelalter. Geschichte im Ăberblick
6142:
6130:
6079:
5994:
5730:
5696:
5661:
5581:
5556:
5531:
5467:
5053:
5031:
4764:
4537:Germanization of Poles during Partitions
4308:expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia
4203:
3846:In German-speaking areas most inherited
3123:
3028:
2935:
2912:
2880:
2834:as their layout was usually rectangular.
2608:With the German settlers new systems of
2532:
2512:
2458:
2431:Dutch settlers and hydraulic engineering
2164:
1954:was created, it was made subject to the
1793:Pomeranian duchies of Demmin and Stettin
1592:
1494:
849:
825:
572:
8526:Social history of the Holy Roman Empire
8005:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
7999:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
7444:Die Slawen in Deutschland. Ein Handbuch
7416:Die deutsche Ostsiedlung im Mittelalter
7239:
7188:
7074:GrĂŒnder, Horst; Johanek, Peter (2001).
7005:
7003:
6673:
6638:"Die Ostbewegung der deutschen Sprache"
6366:
6315:Die deutsche Ostsiedlung im Mittelalter
6267:
6235:
6175:
5651:– via Cambridge University Press.
5498:
5468:Thompson, James Westfall (March 1926).
5099:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 266â.
4886:
4660:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 194â.
4557:Population transfer in the Soviet Union
4374:was taken by the Soviets, becoming the
2838:
1327:The territories (from north to south):
1264:
1076:tribes, Slavic settlement continued in
786:In and after World War II (1944â1950),
8438:
7333:
7220:
6837:. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
6797:
6762:(in German). De Gruyter. p. 138.
6477:
6475:
6434:
6398:
6019:Anne-Lise Head-König (28 April 2011).
5914:Idealization XIII: Modeling in History
5877:
5865:
5747:
5606:
5513:
5470:"Medieval German Expansion in Bohemia"
5120:Alexander Basilevsky (28 March 2016).
4926:Jean-Denis G.G. Lepage (20 May 2015).
4791:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4633:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 23â.
2892:sanctuary, by Zacharias Garcaeus, 1588
2621:Urban development and city foundations
2388:Technical and agricultural development
2022:who was an ally of Holy Roman Emperor
1579:in the beginning of the 13th century.
915:), where a substantial portion of the
8461:Former eastern territories of Germany
7455:
7287:
6911:
6532:
6515:
6065:. Central European University Press.
5527:
5525:
5066:Thomas H. Greer; Gavin Lewis (1992).
5006:
4776:
4740:
4334:was radically changed, as nearly all
4231:were set under pressure to leave the
3863:The former ethnic variety of German (
3335:('armed to the teeth'), in Hungarian
2240:. Most of the settlers came from the
1764:was able to establish and expand the
1547:. The march was populated by various
746:In the 20th century, accounts of the
595:
7000:
6759:Kleiner deutscher Familiennamenatlas
6447:Martin Stolzenau (3 February 2019).
5700:Latvian-Russian relations: documents
5069:A Brief History of the Western World
3208:
2876:
2612:arrived. While the existing Wendish
1852:adding citations to reliable sources
1823:
1626:Flemish clerk in the circles of the
989:the Franconian march in what is now
788:Germans were driven out and deported
7309:The German Lands and Eastern Europe
6860:"Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe"
6580:Tilman Berger, Ingrid Hudabiunigg.
6472:
5714:Herbermann, Charles George (1907).
5263:. Psychology Press. pp. 379â.
4782:
4143:
4126:
4113:Polish, settlement or the nickname
3749:Names of localities and settlements
2901:, were built on pagan shrines. The
2131:, It's still a substantial number.
1368:, which later was reestablished as
1113:inherited the eastern territories,
13:
7387:
5831:(1). Informa UK Limited: 220â225.
5575:
5550:
5522:
4899:Johannes Fried (10 October 2016).
4465:Czech lands under Habsburg dynasty
3070:towns developed into multi-ethnic
2537:German eastward expansion 895â1400
1662:, and Pomerania in the same year.
1642:origin, they settled south of the
1106:East Francia and Holy Roman Empire
14:
8542:
8496:History of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
7481:
7311:. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
7268:Sommerfeld, Wilhelm von (2005) .
7078:(in German). LIT Verlag MĂŒnster.
6608:"Germanismy v BÄĆŸnĂ© MluvÄ DneĆĄka"
5441:Horst Fuhrmann (9 October 1986).
5311:Ebo and Herbordus (1 June 2007).
4953:F Donald Logan (2 October 2012).
2848:Expansion of the German city laws
2760:The towns established during the
2727:which reached 9,000 inhabitants,
2344:Social and demographic background
1583:Northeastern Germany and Holstein
7170:Knefelkamp, Ulrich, ed. (2001).
6977:
6944:
6920:
6905:
6642:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Mundartforschung
6318:. Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag.
6095:. Leipziger UniversitÀtsverlag.
5284:Jan Klapste (11 November 2011).
5203:Iben Fonnesberg-Schmidt (2007).
5186:James Westfall Thompson (1962).
4253:Nazi-Soviet population transfers
2683:
2646:
2497:This type of ceramics, known as
2364:in the territory of present-day
1828:
1339:, stretching approximately from
1064:in the North, as well as on the
527:
513:
52:
7029:
6851:
6791:
6749:
6716:
6692:
6629:
6599:
6573:
6550:
6463:
6440:
6332:
6290:
6229:
6012:
6000:
5882:. Routledge. pp. 310â313.
5871:
5816:
5782:
5741:
5724:
5707:
5690:
5668:. Routledge. pp. 237â271.
5655:
5600:
5507:
5492:
5461:
5383:
5348:
5157:
5025:
5000:
4811:
4598:
4589:
4340:former territories of the Reich
3890:
3264:. In Middle High German called
3015:
3012:invited German settlers again.
2993:Towns were founded and granted
2508:
2046:the northern edge, notably the
1990:
1839:needs additional citations for
1819:
1713:. In 1152 the large numbers of
1172:, the first groups of civilian
321:German revolutions of 1848â1849
8506:History of the Catholic Church
7334:Szende, Katalin (9 May 2019).
7199:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
5447:. Cambridge University Press.
5390:Barraclough, Geoffrey (1984).
5356:Barraclough, Geoffrey (1984).
5192:. F. Ungar Publishing Company.
5093:Timothy Reuter (6 June 2014).
4701:
4627:Alan V. Murray (15 May 2017).
4580:
4475:Transylvanian Saxon University
4346:, especially the provinces of
3054:process of German settlers in
1675:Wartislaw I, Duke of Pomerania
1:
7361:10.1080/03044181.2019.1612195
7010:STEFFEN PRAUSER, ARFON REES.
6916:. Berghahn Books. p. 20.
5911:Krzysztof Brzechczyn (2009).
5837:10.1080/01629778.2021.1872182
5393:The Origins of Modern Germany
5359:The Origins of Modern Germany
4611:
4178:(Drive or Push to the East).
3046:) Germans in the 15th century
2376:settlers left their homes in
1972:war of investiture in Germany
1733:. They founded the cities of
1700:
1656:Count Adolf II of Schauenburg
1613:
1605:) has not been a Slavic, but
1523:rivers. Governed by Margrave
798:Early medieval Central Europe
696:, but also in other parts of
7040:(in German). Knaur MĂŒnchen.
6912:Moses, A. Dirk, ed. (2008).
6831:Wolfgang Wippermann (1981).
6729:Namenkundliche Informationen
5941:A Concise History of Germany
5317:. Cosimo, Inc. pp. 4â.
5230:Florin Curta (8 July 2019).
5126:. McFarland. pp. 146â.
4713:. GRIN Verlag. 25 May 2002.
4285:expulsion of 2 million Poles
3284:Slavic second palatalization
3173:of the Wendland east of the
2888:, built on top of the pagan
2545:followed an immediate rapid
2205:in 1215 as a subject to the
1527:, it is also referred to as
933:fortifications, between the
7:
8501:Medieval history of Germany
8481:GermanyâLithuania relations
7906:Alsatians and Lotharingians
7344:Journal of Medieval History
7292:. Purdue University Press.
6723:Bichlmeier, Harald (2019).
6367:Brather, Sebastian (2001).
6339:Knefelkamp, Ulrich (2002).
6268:Brather, Sebastian (2001).
6236:Brather, Sebastian (2001).
6188:. Purdue University Press.
5607:Scales, Leonard E. (2009).
5582:Thompson, James W. (1962).
5557:Thompson, James W. (1962).
5532:Thompson, James W. (1962).
5257:Philippe Dollinger (1999).
5147:Wolfgang H. Fritze (1984).
4959:. Routledge. pp. 71â.
4932:. McFarland. pp. 16â.
4654:Nora Berend (15 May 2017).
4447:
4368:People's Republic of Poland
4079:Polish, settlement name or
3850:were formed only after the
3225:. The original Slavic word
2908:
2830:Layout: The new towns were
2161:State of the Teutonic Order
2038:settled the southern edge,
1760:After the Wendish crusade,
1219:rivers in the west and the
764:(1914â1918), the fact that
10:
8547:
7259:Schulman, Jana K. (2002).
6674:Schwarz, Gabriele (1989).
6545:Herbers & Jaspert 2007
6119:Palgrave Macmillan UK 1999
5758:10.1484/m.usml-eb.1.101944
5731:Bilmanis, Alfreds (1945).
5720:. Robert Appleton Company.
5697:Bilmanis, Alfreds (1944).
4753:Palgrave Macmillan UK 1999
4567:Pre-modern human migration
4153:
4102:Polish, settlement name +
3752:
3024:
2624:
2551:Central and Eastern Europe
2491:
2252:
2154:
1814:
1783:In 1164, after Saxon duke
1766:Margraviate of Brandenburg
1617:
1586:
1551:tribes, the largest being
1370:Margraviate of Brandenburg
1268:
865:
752:were heavily exploited by
698:Central and Eastern Europe
326:North German Confederation
296:Confederation of the Rhine
18:
8486:GermanyâRomania relations
8466:German diaspora in Europe
8451:EstoniaâGermany relations
8408:
8354:
8276:
8134:
7945:
7925:
7889:
7809:
7761:
7624:
7548:
7541:
7532:
7489:
7428:
7398:
7317:10.1007/978-1-349-27094-1
7244:(in German). Oldenbourg.
7221:Schich, Winfried (2007).
7157:(in German). 23 June 2023
7135:(in German). De Gruyter.
7036:Bartlett, Robert (1998).
6958:. Archive. Archived from
6862:. archive. Archived from
6312:Charles Higounet (1990).
5917:. Rodopi. pp. 235â.
5825:Journal of Baltic Studies
5717:The Catholic Encyclopedia
5499:Mahoney, William (2011).
5007:LĂŒbke, Christian (2008).
4211:, former governor of the
4199:
4033:Polish, settlement name-
3899:For most to least common
3701:
3658:
3606:
3561:
3516:
3471:
3426:
3375:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3288:
2529:Population and settlement
2072:Henry II, Duke of Austria
1950:in 895. In 973, when the
1673:lands. In 1124 and 1128,
1650:in 1139, the founding of
8476:GermanyâLatvia relations
8471:German words and phrases
8456:EstoniaâRussia relations
7290:The Germans and the East
7240:Rösener, Werner (1988).
6885:Werner Buchholz (2002).
6007:The Germans and the East
5888:10.4324/9781315239781-12
5662:ĆœemliÄka, Josef (2012).
5424:Henryk BagiĆski (1946).
5290:. BRILL. pp. 215â.
5236:. BRILL. pp. 556â.
5034:"Treaty of Verdun (843)"
5009:The Germans and the East
4573:
3341:('one's own beard') and
2463:Three-field system with
1654:in 1143 and the call by
1589:Ostsiedlung in Pomerania
1555:tribes in the north and
743:until the 20th century.
7926:Multinational dimension
7189:Minahan, James (2000).
7174:(in German). Springer.
7116:(in German). C.H.Beck.
6636:Walther Mitzka (1943).
5965:Werner Rösener (1992).
5789:Pluskowski, A. (2013).
5703:. The Latvian legation.
5674:10.4324/9781315239781-9
5503:. ABC-CLIO. p. 42.
5338:Thomas Kantzow (1816).
5209:. BRILL. pp. 29â.
3303:
3266:
3252:
3246:
3237:
3228:
2886:St. Mary of Brandenburg
2517:Timber-framed house in
2455:Agricultural implements
2327:When Stephen I married
2151:Prussia and the Baltics
2141:Black Plague in Germany
2028:Monastery of Waldsassen
1776:and Lutici tribes. The
1628:archbishop of Magdeburg
1315:) state from the east,
1256:. The development of a
1164:Under the rule of King
1098:or the introduction of
895:, which was founded by
846:, established about 810
8416:
8120:
7847:Bosnia and Herzegovina
7588:
7520:
7504:
7497:
7443:
7415:
6371:. ErgÀnzungsbÀnde zum
6272:. ErgÀnzungsbÀnde zum
6240:. ErgÀnzungsbÀnde zum
6027:(99â1). Open Edition.
5167:. University of Oregon
4873:
4552:Josephine colonization
4492:
4481:
4410:
4402:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
4394:
4388:
4289:
4276:
4268:
4235:, the eastern part of
4220:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4172:
4166:
4146:
4088:
4065:
4042:
4005:
3996:Slavic, nickname with
3966:
3961:means "New settlers" (
3954:
3936:
3931:means "New settlers" (
3924:
3883:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3852:
3839:
3833:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3802:
3796:
3790:
3784:
3766:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3650:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3419:
3412:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3296:
3278:
3272:
3142:
3137:
3090:In the territories of
3047:
3039:
3008:, Western Prussia and
2980:
2941:
2933:
2928:
2922:
2893:
2772:
2762:
2737:
2716:
2699:
2672:
2666:
2661:
2636:
2538:
2521:
2468:
2414:
2189:in the territories of
2174:
2134:
2112:
1956:Archbishopric of Mainz
1778:Bishopric of Havelberg
1610:
1541:Margraviate of Meissen
1467:
1419:
1409:
1360:), a precursor of the
1350:
980:
917:
912:
863:
847:
832:
822:Under Carolingian rule
774:
748:
730:
724:
705:
676:rivers, the states of
642:
616:) is the term for the
597:[ËÉstËziËdlÊĆ]
586:
581:
423:
309:
178:Linear Pottery culture
8531:Baltic-German history
8491:Historical migrations
6768:10.1515/9783110607284
4455:Cultural assimilation
4336:Germans were expelled
4219:, is an ethnic German
4207:
4180:
3127:
3119:Wiprecht of Groitzsch
3113:is situated close to
3032:
2939:
2916:
2884:
2863:Wichmann of Magdeburg
2536:
2516:
2462:
2360:The migration of the
2338:Count of Hermannstadt
2168:
2091:. Under the reign of
2042:the middle edge, and
1658:to settle in Eastern
1596:
1564:Margravate of Meissen
1559:tribes in the south.
1495:Eastern Saxon Marches
1378:Margravate of Meissen
1176:settlers were led by
963:against the Obotrites
853:
829:
593:German pronunciation:
576:
104:Territorial evolution
8346:United Arab Emirates
7654:Transylvanian Saxons
6984:WALTER SCHLESINGER.
6951:DIETRICH EICHHOLTZ.
5734:The Church in Latvia
4547:Historical migration
4378:, an exclave of the
4229:reconstituted Poland
3344:ĂĄllig felfegyverzett
2839:City laws and grants
2818:Teutonic Order state
2780:The introduction of
2697:is an example of an
2664:), an example of an
2394:Medieval Warm Period
2324:) grew significant.
2288:Transylvanian Saxons
2259:Stephen I of Hungary
2083:Germanized, such as
2024:Frederick Barbarossa
2012:Northeastern Germany
1985:battle of Flarchheim
1848:improve this article
1711:Wichmann von Seeburg
1271:Slavic revolt of 983
1265:Slavic revolt of 983
1096:partible inheritance
978:dwelling behind the
854:The division of the
808:Western Roman Empire
624:migration of ethnic
440:Expulsion of Germans
406:Contemporary Germany
304:German Confederation
7933:Central and Eastern
7837:Italy (South Tyrol)
7435:, by Naoki Miyajima
5474:The Slavonic Review
4889:, pp. 288â289.
4522:Medieval demography
4502:Barbarian invasions
4332:East Central Europe
3907:Origin and meaning
3900:
3323:('on your own') or
3276:or the Polish word
2714:The development of
2185:and in general the
2097:Knights Hospitaller
2026:. Furthermore, the
1952:Bishopric of Prague
1936:Arnulf of Carinthia
1362:Saxon Eastern March
1170:Arnulf of Carinthia
953:Saxon Eastern March
838:border between the
754:German nationalists
254:Early Modern period
241:Eastward settlement
8078:Pennsylvania Dutch
7440:Bielfeldt et al.,
7371:20.500.14018/13997
7263:. Greenwood Press.
7059:(in German). WBG.
6663:– via Jstor.
6617:Philosophy Faculty
6615:Masaryk University
6557:Tomasz Czarnecki.
6089:Enno BĂŒnz (2008).
5488:– via JSTOR.
5056:, pp. 325â27.
4422:Schleswig-Holstein
4376:Kaliningrad Oblast
4300:Potsdam Conference
4287:and settlement of
4221:
3898:
3794:in the North, and
3770:, as in Spandau),
3243:Middle High German
3179:Jabelheide Drevani
3154:in the South, and
3138:
3048:
2942:
2934:
2894:
2871:Neumarkt/Ćroda law
2796:, areas of modern
2695:medieval Pomerania
2564:Duchy of Pomerania
2555:population density
2539:
2522:
2482:Three-field system
2469:
2340:had jurisdiction.
2175:
1801:Mecklenburg Castle
1611:
1487:), in what is now
1390:March of Merseburg
1237:Battle on the Raxa
1092:Carolingian Empire
966:the Thuringian or
889:Carolingian Empire
864:
856:Carolingian Empire
848:
582:
579:Treaty of NamysĆĂłw
534:History portal
520:Germany portal
271:Kingdom of Prussia
231:Kingdom of Germany
203:Barbarian kingdoms
8433:
8432:
8404:
8403:
7941:
7940:
7741:Russian Mennonite
7326:978-1-349-27096-5
7299:978-1-55753-443-9
7232:978-3-8305-0378-1
7142:978-3-05-004155-1
7066:978-3-534-23757-9
6898:978-3-88680-771-0
6844:978-3-534-07556-0
6777:978-3-11-018626-0
6709:978-0-85261-947-6
6606:Pavla Kloboukov.
6482:Konrad GĂŒndisch.
6325:978-3-423-04540-7
6222:978-3-8252-8324-7
6195:978-1-55753-443-9
6168:978-3-631-54117-3
6102:978-3-86583-165-1
6072:978-963-9116-67-2
5978:978-3-486-55024-5
5951:978-0-521-54071-1
5924:978-90-420-2831-9
5802:978-1-136-16281-7
5767:978-2-503-54960-6
5683:978-1-315-23978-1
5593:978-1-4094-2245-7
5568:978-1-4094-2245-7
5543:978-1-4094-2245-7
5454:978-0-521-31980-5
5403:978-0-393-30153-3
5369:978-0-393-30153-3
5324:978-1-60206-535-2
5297:978-90-04-22646-3
5270:978-0-415-19073-2
5243:978-90-04-39519-0
5216:978-90-04-15502-2
5133:978-0-7864-9714-0
5106:978-1-317-87238-2
5079:978-0-15-505552-0
5018:978-1-55753-443-9
4993:978-0-7546-0011-4
4966:978-1-134-78669-5
4939:978-0-7864-6027-4
4912:978-0-674-73739-6
4720:978-3-640-04806-9
4694:978-0-19-960516-3
4667:978-1-351-89008-3
4640:978-1-351-88483-9
4517:Northern Crusades
4124:
4123:
3856:period, and many
3746:
3745:
3332:uzbrojony po zÄby
3326:ozbrojenĂœ po zuby
3209:Language exchange
3128:Bilingual German-
2988:Locator contracts
2877:Religious changes
2773:civitates liberae
2738:locatio civitatis
2547:population growth
2467:fields (furlongs)
2329:Gisela of Bavaria
2203:Pope Innocent III
2187:Northern Crusades
1924:
1923:
1916:
1898:
1809:Holy Roman Empire
1789:Battle of Verchen
1683:Northern Crusades
1422:) in what is now
1410:marcha Orientalis
1289:Holy Roman Empire
1023:March of Pannonia
868:History of Europe
658:Holy Roman Empire
571:
570:
502:
501:
396:
395:
236:Holy Roman Empire
113:Holy Roman Empire
8538:
8521:Prussian Crusade
8511:Migration Period
8446:Habsburg Bohemia
8421:
8372:Papua New Guinea
8210:KapitaĂŻ and Koba
8176:KapitaĂŻ and Koba
8125:
8003:Los Lagos Region
7985:British Columbia
7593:
7546:
7545:
7539:
7538:
7525:
7509:
7500:
7476:
7469:
7462:
7453:
7452:
7446:
7434:
7433:
7418:
7405:
7404:
7394:Charles Higounet
7383:
7373:
7363:
7330:
7303:
7283:
7264:
7255:
7236:
7217:
7215:
7213:
7185:
7166:
7164:
7162:
7146:
7127:
7108:
7089:
7070:
7051:
7024:
7023:
7021:
7019:
7007:
6998:
6997:
6995:
6993:
6981:
6975:
6974:
6972:
6970:
6965:on 14 March 2016
6964:
6957:
6948:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6937:
6924:
6918:
6917:
6909:
6903:
6902:
6882:
6876:
6875:
6873:
6871:
6855:
6849:
6848:
6828:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6817:
6812:on 19 March 2022
6811:
6804:
6795:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6784:
6753:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6720:
6714:
6713:
6696:
6690:
6689:
6671:
6665:
6664:
6662:
6660:
6633:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6622:
6612:
6603:
6597:
6596:
6594:
6592:
6587:. Uni Regensburg
6586:
6577:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6566:
6554:
6548:
6542:
6536:
6530:
6519:
6513:
6507:
6501:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6490:
6479:
6470:
6467:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6456:
6444:
6438:
6432:
6426:
6420:
6414:
6408:
6402:
6396:
6387:
6386:
6364:
6355:
6354:
6336:
6330:
6329:
6309:
6300:
6294:
6288:
6287:
6265:
6256:
6255:
6233:
6227:
6226:
6206:
6200:
6199:
6179:
6173:
6172:
6152:
6146:
6140:
6134:
6128:
6122:
6116:
6107:
6106:
6086:
6077:
6076:
6055:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6036:
6034:10.4000/rga.1359
6016:
6010:
6004:
5998:
5992:
5983:
5982:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5935:
5929:
5928:
5908:
5902:
5901:
5875:
5869:
5863:
5857:
5856:
5820:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5809:
5786:
5780:
5779:
5745:
5739:
5738:
5728:
5722:
5721:
5711:
5705:
5704:
5694:
5688:
5687:
5659:
5653:
5652:
5604:
5598:
5597:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5529:
5520:
5519:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5465:
5459:
5458:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5410:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5352:
5346:
5345:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5308:
5302:
5301:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5260:The German Hansa
5254:
5248:
5247:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5200:
5194:
5193:
5183:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5161:
5155:
5154:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5117:
5111:
5110:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5063:
5057:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5004:
4998:
4997:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4896:
4890:
4884:
4878:
4876:
4866:
4857:
4848:
4839:
4836:
4827:
4824:Drang nach Osten
4815:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4796:Katalin Szende.
4793:
4780:
4774:
4768:
4762:
4756:
4750:
4744:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4624:
4605:
4602:
4596:
4593:
4587:
4584:
4497:
4486:
4483:Drang nach Osten
4415:
4408:and east of the
4399:
4391:
4356:East Brandenburg
4344:Oder-Neisse line
4294:
4281:
4273:
4194:
4188:
4177:
4174:Drang nach Osten
4169:
4156:Drang nach Osten
4149:
4147:Drang nach Osten
4127:End of migration
3901:
3897:
3886:
3880:
3874:
3868:
3855:
3842:
3836:
3831:for Wendendorf,
3830:
3824:
3818:
3812:
3805:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3769:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3653:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3422:
3415:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3340:
3338:sajĂĄt szakĂĄllĂĄra
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3306:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3255:
3249:
3240:
3231:
3145:
3068:Eastern European
3044:
2985:
2971:, and along the
2931:
2925:
2867:Kulm/CheĆmno law
2775:
2765:
2740:
2721:
2718:Germania Slavica
2702:
2687:
2675:
2669:
2650:
2639:
2465:ridge and furrow
2417:
2303:
2183:Prussian Crusade
2179:Livonian Crusade
2089:Burg Klingenberg
1981:Rudolf of Swabia
1919:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1856:
1832:
1824:
1747:Hanseatic League
1470:
1412:
1374:March of Lusatia
1355:
1285:Northern Marches
1184:to the lands of
1166:Louis the German
1123:Henry the Fowler
1111:Louis the German
986:
920:
876:Germania Slavica
872:Germanic peoples
860:Treaty of Verdun
837:
804:Migration Period
777:
751:
733:
727:
708:
703:The majority of
647:
644:Germania Slavica
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
599:
594:
589:
563:
556:
549:
536:
532:
531:
530:
522:
518:
517:
516:
428:
411:
410:
344:
343:
314:
198:Migration Period
193:Germanic peoples
188:Urnfield culture
56:
46:
28:
27:
8546:
8545:
8541:
8540:
8539:
8537:
8536:
8535:
8516:Wendish Crusade
8436:
8435:
8434:
8429:
8400:
8350:
8272:
8130:
7997:Los RĂos Region
7937:
7921:
7885:
7810:Southern Europe
7805:
7779:North Schleswig
7762:Northern Europe
7757:
7620:
7561:Sudeten Germans
7528:
7485:
7480:
7429:ăă€ăæ€æ°ăšæ±æŹ§äžçăźćœąæ,
7390:
7388:Further reading
7338:Iure Theutonico
7327:
7300:
7280:
7252:
7233:
7211:
7209:
7207:
7182:
7160:
7158:
7143:
7124:
7105:
7086:
7067:
7048:
7032:
7027:
7017:
7015:
7008:
7001:
6991:
6989:
6982:
6978:
6968:
6966:
6962:
6955:
6949:
6945:
6935:
6933:
6926:
6925:
6921:
6910:
6906:
6899:
6883:
6879:
6869:
6867:
6856:
6852:
6845:
6829:
6825:
6815:
6813:
6809:
6802:
6796:
6792:
6782:
6780:
6778:
6754:
6750:
6721:
6717:
6710:
6698:
6697:
6693:
6686:
6672:
6668:
6658:
6656:
6648:(1/4): 81â140.
6634:
6630:
6620:
6618:
6610:
6604:
6600:
6590:
6588:
6584:
6578:
6574:
6564:
6562:
6555:
6551:
6543:
6539:
6531:
6522:
6514:
6510:
6502:
6498:
6488:
6486:
6480:
6473:
6468:
6464:
6454:
6452:
6445:
6441:
6433:
6429:
6421:
6417:
6409:
6405:
6397:
6390:
6383:
6365:
6358:
6351:
6337:
6333:
6326:
6310:
6303:
6295:
6291:
6284:
6266:
6259:
6252:
6234:
6230:
6223:
6207:
6203:
6196:
6180:
6176:
6169:
6153:
6149:
6141:
6137:
6129:
6125:
6117:
6110:
6103:
6087:
6080:
6073:
6056:
6049:
6039:
6037:
6017:
6013:
6005:
6001:
5993:
5986:
5979:
5963:
5959:
5952:
5936:
5932:
5925:
5909:
5905:
5898:
5876:
5872:
5864:
5860:
5821:
5817:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5787:
5783:
5768:
5746:
5742:
5737:. Drauga vÄsts.
5729:
5725:
5712:
5708:
5695:
5691:
5684:
5660:
5656:
5625:10.2307/3679408
5605:
5601:
5594:
5580:
5576:
5569:
5555:
5551:
5544:
5530:
5523:
5512:
5508:
5497:
5493:
5466:
5462:
5455:
5439:
5435:
5422:
5418:
5408:
5406:
5404:
5388:
5384:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5353:
5349:
5336:
5332:
5325:
5309:
5305:
5298:
5282:
5278:
5271:
5255:
5251:
5244:
5228:
5224:
5217:
5201:
5197:
5184:
5180:
5170:
5168:
5163:
5162:
5158:
5145:
5141:
5134:
5118:
5114:
5107:
5091:
5087:
5080:
5064:
5060:
5052:
5048:
5038:
5036:
5030:
5026:
5019:
5005:
5001:
4994:
4978:
4974:
4967:
4951:
4947:
4940:
4924:
4920:
4913:
4897:
4893:
4885:
4881:
4874:Ostkolonisation
4867:
4860:
4849:
4842:
4837:
4830:
4816:
4812:
4802:
4800:
4794:
4783:
4775:
4771:
4763:
4759:
4751:
4747:
4739:
4735:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4695:
4679:
4675:
4668:
4652:
4648:
4641:
4625:
4618:
4614:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4599:
4594:
4590:
4585:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4512:Wendish Crusade
4460:German diaspora
4450:
4438:Eastern Germany
4404:, Brandenburg,
4322:'s advance and
4270:Generalplan Ost
4233:Polish Corridor
4202:
4158:
4152:
4129:
3893:
3858:German surnames
3757:
3755:German toponymy
3751:
3427:Administration
3376:Administration
3314:na vlastnĂ pÄst
3234:Old High German
3211:
3080:
3027:
3018:
2995:German town law
2911:
2879:
2850:
2841:
2782:German town law
2712:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2688:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2651:
2642:
2641:
2629:
2627:German town law
2623:
2594:In contrast to
2531:
2511:
2494:
2457:
2433:
2390:
2346:
2297:
2261:invited German
2255:
2163:
2153:
2137:
1993:
1920:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1857:
1855:
1845:
1833:
1822:
1817:
1762:Albert the Bear
1703:
1687:Duchy of Saxony
1679:Otto of Bamberg
1622:
1620:Wendish Crusade
1616:
1601:(identified as
1591:
1585:
1497:
1435:March of Styria
1380:in what is now
1325:
1273:
1267:
1108:
1015:), against the
991:Upper Franconia
959:in what is now
941:), against the
887:, ruler of the
882:
866:Main articles:
842:and the Slavic
824:
800:
756:(including the
613:
611:East settlement
610:
607:
604:
592:
567:
528:
526:
525:
514:
512:
511:
504:
503:
485:
464:
431:
408:
398:
397:
368:Weimar Republic
341:
331:
330:
317:
286:
276:
275:
256:
246:
245:
221:
213:
212:
208:Frankish Empire
183:ĂnÄtice culture
173:
165:
164:
109:Historic states
64:
44:
37:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8544:
8534:
8533:
8528:
8523:
8518:
8513:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8431:
8430:
8428:
8427:
8422:
8412:
8410:
8406:
8405:
8402:
8401:
8399:
8398:
8397:
8396:
8389:German Samoans
8386:
8385:
8384:
8379:
8369:
8364:
8358:
8356:
8352:
8351:
8349:
8348:
8343:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8302:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8280:
8278:
8274:
8273:
8271:
8270:
8269:
8268:
8263:
8258:
8248:
8247:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8226:
8225:
8224:
8214:
8213:
8212:
8202:
8201:
8200:
8190:
8185:
8180:
8179:
8178:
8168:
8163:
8162:
8161:
8156:
8146:
8140:
8138:
8132:
8131:
8129:
8128:
8127:
8126:
8112:
8107:
8106:
8105:
8100:
8095:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8070:
8065:
8064:
8063:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8007:
8006:
8000:
7989:
7988:
7987:
7982:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7951:
7949:
7943:
7942:
7939:
7938:
7936:
7935:
7929:
7927:
7923:
7922:
7920:
7919:
7917:United Kingdom
7914:
7909:
7899:
7893:
7891:
7890:Western Europe
7887:
7886:
7884:
7883:
7882:
7881:
7871:
7870:
7869:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7813:
7811:
7807:
7806:
7804:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7787:
7786:
7784:Potato Germans
7781:
7771:
7765:
7763:
7759:
7758:
7756:
7755:
7754:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7723:
7722:
7721:
7719:North Caucasus
7716:
7706:
7705:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7661:
7656:
7646:
7645:
7644:
7634:
7628:
7626:
7625:Eastern Europe
7622:
7621:
7619:
7618:
7613:
7612:
7611:
7601:
7600:
7599:
7594:
7585:
7580:
7570:
7565:
7564:
7563:
7556:Czech Republic
7552:
7550:
7549:Central Europe
7543:
7536:
7530:
7529:
7527:
7526:
7517:
7516:
7515:
7506:Reichsdeutsche
7501:
7498:Bundesdeutsche
7493:
7491:
7487:
7486:
7479:
7478:
7471:
7464:
7456:
7450:
7449:
7438:
7437:
7436:
7421:
7389:
7386:
7385:
7384:
7331:
7325:
7304:
7298:
7285:
7278:
7265:
7256:
7250:
7237:
7231:
7218:
7205:
7186:
7180:
7167:
7147:
7141:
7128:
7122:
7109:
7103:
7090:
7084:
7071:
7065:
7052:
7046:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7025:
6999:
6976:
6943:
6919:
6904:
6897:
6877:
6866:on 27 May 2012
6850:
6843:
6823:
6790:
6776:
6748:
6742:10.58938/ni605
6715:
6708:
6691:
6684:
6666:
6628:
6598:
6572:
6549:
6537:
6520:
6508:
6506:, p. 148.
6496:
6471:
6462:
6439:
6437:, p. 218.
6427:
6425:, p. 320.
6415:
6413:, p. 326.
6403:
6401:, p. 217.
6388:
6381:
6356:
6349:
6331:
6324:
6301:
6289:
6282:
6257:
6250:
6228:
6221:
6201:
6194:
6174:
6167:
6147:
6145:, p. 187.
6135:
6133:, p. 184.
6123:
6108:
6101:
6078:
6071:
6047:
6011:
5999:
5997:, p. 147.
5984:
5977:
5971:. Oldenbourg.
5957:
5950:
5930:
5923:
5903:
5896:
5870:
5868:, p. 362.
5858:
5815:
5801:
5781:
5766:
5740:
5723:
5706:
5689:
5682:
5654:
5599:
5592:
5584:Feudal Germany
5574:
5567:
5559:Feudal Germany
5549:
5542:
5534:Feudal Germany
5521:
5506:
5491:
5460:
5453:
5433:
5416:
5402:
5382:
5368:
5347:
5330:
5323:
5303:
5296:
5276:
5269:
5249:
5242:
5222:
5215:
5195:
5189:Feudal Germany
5178:
5156:
5139:
5132:
5112:
5105:
5085:
5078:
5058:
5046:
5032:Jenny Benham.
5024:
5017:
4999:
4992:
4972:
4965:
4945:
4938:
4918:
4911:
4891:
4879:
4858:
4840:
4828:
4810:
4781:
4769:
4757:
4745:
4733:
4719:
4700:
4693:
4687:. OUP Oxford.
4673:
4666:
4646:
4639:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4597:
4588:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4527:German exonyms
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:Limes Saxoniae
4488:
4477:
4472:
4470:Zipser WillkĂŒr
4467:
4462:
4457:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4412:limes Saxoniae
4257:Baltic Germans
4251:initiated the
4201:
4198:
4154:Main article:
4151:
4142:
4134:Little Ice Age
4128:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4083:"Blacksmith" (
4077:
4073:
4072:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4000:"love, dear" (
3994:
3990:
3989:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3949:, nowy ânewâ (
3944:
3940:
3939:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3892:
3889:
3869:) and Slavic (
3778:and sometimes
3750:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3416:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3320:na wĆasnÄ
rÄkÄ
3286:. The city of
3219:Proto-Germanic
3210:
3207:
3175:LĂŒneburg Heath
3132:road signs in
3079:
3076:
3026:
3023:
3017:
3014:
2920:depicting the
2918:Sachsenspiegel
2910:
2907:
2878:
2875:
2849:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2828:
2825:
2747:Neubrandenburg
2689:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2652:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2625:Main article:
2622:
2619:
2596:Western Europe
2568:Greater Poland
2530:
2527:
2510:
2507:
2493:
2490:
2456:
2453:
2432:
2429:
2389:
2386:
2345:
2342:
2254:
2251:
2228:(ElblÄ
g), and
2171:Teutonic Order
2157:Baltic Germans
2152:
2149:
2136:
2133:
2117:Magdeburg Laws
1992:
1989:
1964:Saint Adalbert
1922:
1921:
1836:
1834:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1785:Henry the Lion
1770:Northern March
1743:Henry the Lion
1702:
1699:
1615:
1612:
1584:
1581:
1577:crusader state
1573:Teutonic Order
1553:Polabian Slavs
1545:March of Zeitz
1537:Lusatian March
1533:Northern March
1496:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1481:White Carniola
1463:
1452:
1437:
1427:
1404:Austrian March
1401:
1394:Milzener March
1386:March of Zeitz
1366:Northern March
1347:
1324:
1321:
1277:Polabian Slavs
1269:Main article:
1266:
1263:
1239:), and border
1107:
1104:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1029:(divided into
1019:
1013:Austrian March
997:
993:, against the
987:
974:, against the
964:
949:
929:(south of the
834:Limes Saxoniae
823:
820:
812:Eastern Europe
799:
796:
694:Czech Republic
618:Early Medieval
569:
568:
566:
565:
558:
551:
543:
540:
539:
538:
537:
523:
506:
505:
500:
499:
496:
494:Modern history
490:
489:
486:
484:
483:
478:
472:
469:
468:
465:
463:
462:
449:
446:
445:
442:
436:
435:
434:1945â1949/1952
432:
430:
429:
420:
414:
409:
404:
403:
400:
399:
394:
393:
390:
384:
383:
380:
374:
373:
370:
364:
363:
360:
354:
353:
350:
342:
337:
336:
333:
332:
329:
328:
323:
318:
316:
315:
306:
300:
298:
293:
287:
282:
281:
278:
277:
274:
273:
268:
263:
257:
252:
251:
248:
247:
244:
243:
238:
233:
228:
222:
219:
218:
215:
214:
211:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
174:
171:
170:
167:
166:
163:
162:
116:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
74:Historiography
71:
65:
62:
61:
58:
57:
49:
48:
39:
38:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8543:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8514:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8443:
8441:
8426:
8423:
8420:
8419:
8414:
8413:
8411:
8407:
8395:
8392:
8391:
8390:
8387:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8374:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8359:
8357:
8353:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8286:
8285:
8282:
8281:
8279:
8275:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8253:
8252:
8249:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8239:Dar es Salaam
8237:
8235:
8232:
8231:
8230:
8227:
8223:
8220:
8219:
8218:
8215:
8211:
8208:
8207:
8206:
8203:
8199:
8196:
8195:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8177:
8174:
8173:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8151:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8141:
8139:
8137:
8133:
8124:
8123:
8122:Colonia Tovar
8118:
8117:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8075:
8074:
8073:United States
8071:
8069:
8066:
8062:
8059:
8058:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8004:
8001:
7998:
7995:
7994:
7993:
7990:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7977:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7952:
7950:
7948:
7944:
7934:
7931:
7930:
7928:
7924:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7907:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7894:
7892:
7888:
7880:
7877:
7876:
7875:
7872:
7867:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7844:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7814:
7812:
7808:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7776:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7769:Baltic states
7767:
7766:
7764:
7760:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7728:
7727:
7724:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7711:
7710:
7707:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7677:
7673:
7669:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7651:
7650:
7647:
7643:
7640:
7639:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7629:
7627:
7623:
7617:
7614:
7610:
7607:
7606:
7605:
7602:
7598:
7595:
7592:
7591:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7575:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7562:
7559:
7558:
7557:
7554:
7553:
7551:
7547:
7544:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7531:
7524:
7523:
7522:Volksdeutsche
7518:
7514:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7507:
7502:
7499:
7495:
7494:
7492:
7488:
7484:
7483:German people
7477:
7472:
7470:
7465:
7463:
7458:
7457:
7454:
7447:
7445:
7439:
7432:
7426:translation:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7419:
7417:
7411:translation:
7410:
7407:
7406:
7403:
7402:
7395:
7392:
7391:
7381:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7353:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7339:
7332:
7328:
7322:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7305:
7301:
7295:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7279:1-4212-3832-2
7275:
7271:
7266:
7262:
7257:
7253:
7251:3-486-55024-1
7247:
7243:
7238:
7234:
7228:
7224:
7219:
7208:
7206:0-313-30984-1
7202:
7198:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7183:
7181:3-540-64816-X
7177:
7173:
7168:
7156:
7152:
7148:
7144:
7138:
7134:
7129:
7125:
7123:3-406-50282-2
7119:
7115:
7110:
7106:
7104:3-8258-6523-1
7100:
7097:(in German).
7096:
7091:
7087:
7085:3-8258-3601-0
7081:
7077:
7072:
7068:
7062:
7058:
7053:
7049:
7047:3-426-60639-9
7043:
7039:
7034:
7033:
7013:
7006:
7004:
6987:
6980:
6961:
6954:
6947:
6931:
6930:
6923:
6915:
6908:
6900:
6894:
6890:
6889:
6881:
6865:
6861:
6854:
6846:
6840:
6836:
6835:
6827:
6808:
6801:
6794:
6779:
6773:
6769:
6765:
6761:
6760:
6752:
6743:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6726:
6719:
6711:
6705:
6701:
6695:
6687:
6685:3-11-007895-3
6681:
6677:
6670:
6655:
6651:
6647:
6643:
6639:
6632:
6616:
6609:
6602:
6583:
6576:
6560:
6553:
6546:
6541:
6535:, p. 12.
6534:
6529:
6527:
6525:
6518:, p. 11.
6517:
6512:
6505:
6504:Bartlett 1998
6500:
6485:
6478:
6476:
6466:
6450:
6443:
6436:
6431:
6424:
6423:Bartlett 1998
6419:
6412:
6411:Bartlett 1998
6407:
6400:
6395:
6393:
6384:
6382:3-11-017061-2
6378:
6374:
6370:
6363:
6361:
6352:
6350:3-8252-2105-9
6346:
6342:
6335:
6327:
6321:
6317:
6316:
6308:
6306:
6298:
6293:
6285:
6283:3-11-017061-2
6279:
6275:
6271:
6264:
6262:
6253:
6251:3-11-017061-2
6247:
6243:
6239:
6232:
6224:
6218:
6214:
6213:
6205:
6197:
6191:
6187:
6186:
6178:
6170:
6164:
6160:
6159:
6151:
6144:
6143:Bartlett 1998
6139:
6132:
6131:Bartlett 1998
6127:
6121:, p. 12.
6120:
6115:
6113:
6104:
6098:
6094:
6093:
6085:
6083:
6074:
6068:
6064:
6063:
6054:
6052:
6035:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6015:
6008:
6003:
5996:
5995:Bartlett 1998
5991:
5989:
5980:
5974:
5970:
5969:
5961:
5953:
5947:
5943:
5942:
5934:
5926:
5920:
5916:
5915:
5907:
5899:
5897:9781315239781
5893:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5874:
5867:
5862:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5819:
5804:
5798:
5794:
5793:
5785:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5744:
5736:
5735:
5727:
5719:
5718:
5710:
5702:
5701:
5693:
5685:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5666:
5658:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5603:
5595:
5589:
5585:
5578:
5570:
5564:
5560:
5553:
5545:
5539:
5535:
5528:
5526:
5517:
5510:
5502:
5495:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5464:
5456:
5450:
5446:
5445:
5437:
5429:
5428:
5420:
5405:
5399:
5395:
5394:
5386:
5371:
5365:
5361:
5360:
5351:
5343:
5342:
5334:
5326:
5320:
5316:
5315:
5307:
5299:
5293:
5289:
5288:
5280:
5272:
5266:
5262:
5261:
5253:
5245:
5239:
5235:
5234:
5226:
5218:
5212:
5208:
5207:
5199:
5191:
5190:
5182:
5166:
5160:
5152:
5151:
5143:
5135:
5129:
5125:
5124:
5116:
5108:
5102:
5098:
5097:
5089:
5081:
5075:
5071:
5070:
5062:
5055:
5054:Schulman 2002
5050:
5035:
5028:
5020:
5014:
5010:
5003:
4995:
4989:
4985:
4984:
4976:
4968:
4962:
4958:
4957:
4949:
4941:
4935:
4931:
4930:
4922:
4914:
4908:
4904:
4903:
4895:
4888:
4883:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4863:
4855:
4854:
4847:
4845:
4835:
4833:
4825:
4821:
4820:
4814:
4799:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4779:, p. 10.
4778:
4773:
4767:, p. 14.
4766:
4765:Bartlett 1998
4761:
4755:, p. 11.
4754:
4749:
4742:
4737:
4722:
4716:
4712:
4711:
4704:
4696:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4677:
4669:
4663:
4659:
4658:
4650:
4642:
4636:
4632:
4631:
4623:
4621:
4616:
4601:
4592:
4583:
4579:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4532:Germanization
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4434:
4430:
4429:German Empire
4425:
4423:
4419:
4414:
4413:
4407:
4403:
4398:
4397:
4390:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4366:-established
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4291:Volksdeutsche
4286:
4280:
4279:
4272:
4271:
4265:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4237:Upper Silesia
4234:
4230:
4227:, Germans in
4226:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4196:
4193:
4187:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4168:
4163:
4157:
4150:
4148:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3896:
3888:
3885:
3879:
3873:
3867:
3861:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3843:for German).
3841:
3835:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3811:
3804:
3798:
3792:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3756:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3652:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3386:BĂŒrgermeister
3383:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:in Czech and
3298:
3291:
3285:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3107:Sorbian March
3103:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3085:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3035:
3034:Subcarpathian
3031:
3022:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2996:
2991:
2989:
2984:
2983:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2938:
2930:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2854:Magdeburg law
2845:
2833:
2832:planned towns
2829:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2790:Magdeburg Law
2787:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2674:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2638:
2628:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2535:
2526:
2520:
2515:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2499:Hard Grayware
2489:
2485:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2466:
2461:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2437:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2416:
2409:
2407:
2401:
2397:
2395:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2352:
2341:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2224:(GrudziÄ
dz),
2223:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2169:Lands of the
2167:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2130:
2129:Lower Silesia
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2093:Vladislaus II
2090:
2086:
2085:ZvĂkov Castle
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1940:Imperial Diet
1937:
1933:
1932:East Frankish
1929:
1918:
1915:
1907:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1865: â
1864:
1863:"Ostsiedlung"
1860:
1859:Find sources:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1837:This section
1835:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1725:just east of
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1621:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1529:Marca Geronis
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1501:Sorbian March
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1424:lower Austria
1421:
1417:
1413:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1358:march of Gero
1354:
1353:
1352:Marca Geronis
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1333:Billung March
1330:
1329:
1328:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1309:Piast dynasty
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1262:
1259:
1258:parish church
1255:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1188:(present-day
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1103:
1101:
1100:primogeniture
1097:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
996:
992:
988:
985:
983:
977:
973:
969:
968:Sorbian March
965:
962:
958:
954:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
923:
922:
919:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
881:
877:
873:
869:
861:
857:
852:
845:
841:
836:
835:
828:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
795:
793:
789:
784:
782:
776:
771:
767:
763:
759:
758:Nazi movement
755:
750:
744:
742:
738:
732:
726:
721:
717:
711:
707:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
678:Lower Austria
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
646:
645:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
622:High Medieval
619:
598:
590:
588:
580:
575:
564:
559:
557:
552:
550:
545:
544:
542:
541:
535:
524:
521:
510:
509:
508:
507:
497:
495:
492:
491:
487:
482:
479:
477:
476:Reunification
474:
473:
471:
470:
466:
461:
458:
454:
451:
450:
448:
447:
443:
441:
438:
437:
433:
427:
426:
421:
419:
416:
415:
413:
412:
407:
402:
401:
391:
389:
386:
385:
381:
379:
376:
375:
371:
369:
366:
365:
361:
359:
356:
355:
351:
349:
348:German Empire
346:
345:
340:
335:
334:
327:
324:
322:
319:
313:
312:
307:
305:
302:
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299:
297:
294:
292:
291:Mediatisation
289:
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175:
172:Early history
169:
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41:
40:
35:
30:
29:
26:
22:
8417:
8217:South Africa
7590:Walddeutsche
7441:
7413:
7400:
7396:(1911â1988)
7347:
7343:
7337:
7308:
7289:
7269:
7260:
7241:
7222:
7210:. Retrieved
7195:
7171:
7159:. Retrieved
7154:
7132:
7113:
7094:
7075:
7056:
7037:
7030:Bibliography
7018:29 September
7016:. Retrieved
6992:29 September
6990:. Retrieved
6988:. De Gruyter
6979:
6969:29 September
6967:. Retrieved
6960:the original
6946:
6934:. Retrieved
6928:
6922:
6913:
6907:
6887:
6880:
6870:29 September
6868:. Retrieved
6864:the original
6853:
6833:
6826:
6816:30 September
6814:. Retrieved
6807:the original
6798:Klaus Fehn.
6793:
6781:. Retrieved
6758:
6751:
6732:
6728:
6718:
6699:
6694:
6675:
6669:
6659:30 September
6657:. Retrieved
6645:
6641:
6631:
6621:28 September
6619:. Retrieved
6601:
6591:28 September
6589:. Retrieved
6575:
6565:28 September
6563:. Retrieved
6561:. Doc Player
6552:
6540:
6511:
6499:
6489:28 September
6487:. Retrieved
6465:
6455:29 September
6453:. Retrieved
6442:
6430:
6418:
6406:
6368:
6340:
6334:
6314:
6292:
6269:
6237:
6231:
6211:
6204:
6184:
6177:
6157:
6150:
6138:
6126:
6091:
6060:
6040:28 September
6038:. Retrieved
6024:
6014:
6006:
6002:
5967:
5960:
5940:
5933:
5913:
5906:
5879:
5873:
5861:
5828:
5824:
5818:
5806:. Retrieved
5791:
5784:
5749:
5743:
5733:
5726:
5716:
5709:
5699:
5692:
5664:
5657:
5616:
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5577:
5558:
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5533:
5515:
5509:
5500:
5494:
5477:
5473:
5463:
5443:
5436:
5426:
5419:
5407:. Retrieved
5392:
5385:
5373:. Retrieved
5358:
5350:
5340:
5333:
5313:
5306:
5286:
5279:
5259:
5252:
5232:
5225:
5205:
5198:
5188:
5181:
5169:. Retrieved
5159:
5149:
5142:
5122:
5115:
5095:
5088:
5068:
5061:
5049:
5037:. Retrieved
5027:
5008:
5002:
4982:
4975:
4955:
4948:
4928:
4921:
4901:
4894:
4887:Minahan 2000
4882:
4852:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4803:28 September
4801:. Retrieved
4772:
4760:
4748:
4743:, p. 9.
4736:
4724:. Retrieved
4709:
4703:
4683:
4676:
4656:
4649:
4629:
4600:
4591:
4582:
4562:Polonization
4490:
4479:
4426:
4396:BundeslÀnder
4380:Russian SFSR
4372:East Prussia
4352:East Prussia
4342:east of the
4324:Nazi Germany
4297:
4264:World War II
4261:
4245:World War II
4222:
4213:Tomsk Oblast
4209:Viktor Kress
4181:
4159:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4118:
4114:
4103:
4092:
4080:
4069:
4057:
4046:
4034:
4023:
4009:
3997:
3981:
3967:Neuansiedler
3958:
3937:Neuansiedler
3928:
3916:
3894:
3891:Family Names
3862:
3845:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3764:(Germanized
3761:
3758:
3662:(cart-)load
3607:Agriculture
3420:polgĂĄrmester
3309:Proto-Slavic
3261:
3257:
3223:Proto-Slavic
3216:
3212:
3181:of southern
3178:
3165:
3139:
3104:
3089:
3081:
3072:melting pots
3052:Polonization
3049:
3037:
3019:
3016:Assimilation
2999:
2992:
2987:
2977:
2973:Gulf of Riga
2969:Transylvania
2962:
2950:12th century
2943:
2899:Lehnin Abbey
2895:
2889:
2885:
2851:
2842:
2767:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2713:
2704:
2634:Examples of
2607:
2591:
2588:Transylvania
2542:
2540:
2523:
2509:Architecture
2503:
2498:
2495:
2486:
2474:
2470:
2449:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2412:
2410:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2359:
2355:
2351:Landesausbau
2347:
2326:
2291:
2256:
2233:
2218:Christianity
2211:
2176:
2145:Hussite Wars
2138:
2121:Upper Saxony
2088:
2050:. Unlike in
2044:Saxon miners
2005:
2002:13th century
1994:
1943:
1925:
1910:
1901:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1858:
1846:Please help
1841:verification
1838:
1782:
1759:
1704:
1664:
1633:
1625:
1623:
1602:
1568:Transylvania
1561:
1503:east of the
1498:
1484:
1477:Windic March
1475:march, also
1407:
1357:
1326:
1275:In 983, the
1274:
1206:
1163:
1127:East Francia
1119:stem duchies
1115:East Francia
1109:
1090:In 843, the
1089:
1086:
1054:
1034:
1030:
1009:Vienna Woods
1003:between the
927:Danish March
883:
801:
785:
781:World War II
745:
712:
702:
668:east of the
661:
654:East Francia
584:
583:
388:World War II
378:Nazi Germany
339:German Reich
266:18th century
261:Sectionalism
240:
226:East Francia
25:
8418:Ostsiedlung
8367:New Zealand
8341:Philippines
8183:Ivory Coast
8068:Puerto Rico
8021:El Salvador
7912:Netherlands
7866:Gottscheers
7666:(including
7616:Switzerland
7354:: 360â379.
6435:Schich 2007
6399:Schich 2007
5866:Szende 2019
5480:(12): 613.
4986:. Ashgate.
4902:Charlemagne
4389:Ostsiedlung
4384:Sudetenland
4318:. With the
4225:World War I
4186:Ostsiedlung
4167:Ostsiedlung
4162:nationalism
4138:Ostsiedlung
4060:"evening" (
4006:Lieb, Teuer
3853:Ostsiedlung
3413:burgmajster
3193:of Eastern
3187:Slovincians
3183:Mecklenburg
3143:Ostsiedlung
3002:Black Death
2965:Carpathians
2923:Ostsiedlung
2903:Cistercians
2812:, northern
2808:, northern
2794:Brandenburg
2763:Ostsiedlung
2700:Ostsiedlung
2673:Ostsiedlung
2667:Ostsiedlung
2637:Ostsiedlung
2600:Black Death
2549:throughout
2543:Ostsiedlung
2419:, (English
2406:Ostsiedlung
2366:Switzerland
2314:Nagyszombat
2298: [
2293:Königsboden
2246:Kaliningrad
2068:SobÄslav II
2060:Brandenburg
2052:Mecklenburg
2040:East Franks
2020:Diepold III
2016:Eger Valley
2007:Sudetenland
1960:Bretislav I
1928:SpytihnÄv I
1805:Frederick I
1797:Mecklenburg
1549:West Slavic
1485:White March
1311:(the early
1250:Brandenburg
1082:Rhine Basin
1042:Carantanian
1011:(the later
918:Ostsiedlung
885:Charlemagne
775:Ostsiedlung
762:World War I
749:Ostsiedlung
741:Carpathians
731:Ostsiedlung
725:Ostsiedlung
706:Ostsiedlung
662:Ostsiedlung
587:Ostsiedlung
358:World War I
284:Unification
220:Middle Ages
155:WĂŒrttemberg
135:Family tree
43:History of
8440:Categories
8331:Kyrgyzstan
8321:Kazakhstan
8222:Afrikaners
8016:Costa Rica
7980:Hutterites
7842:Yugoslavia
7822:Azerbaijan
7731:Bessarabia
7490:Historical
6533:Szabo 2008
6516:Szabo 2008
4777:Szabo 2008
4741:Szabo 2008
4612:References
4304:sanctioned
4278:Lebensraum
3974:Kretschmer
3810:Wendendorf
3753:See also:
3371:Hungarian
3368:Slovakian
3294:is called
3290:Regensburg
3197:, and the
3041:MaĆopolska
2858:LĂŒbeck law
2786:LĂŒbeck Law
2768:Free Towns
2691:Greifswald
2566:, western
2155:See also:
2143:, and the
2113:Leitmeritz
2105:LitomÄĆice
2048:Erzgebirge
2000:and early
1991:Settlement
1948:Regensburg
1904:April 2024
1874:newspapers
1820:Background
1723:marshlands
1707:William IV
1701:Settlement
1618:See also:
1614:Background
1587:See also:
1575:founded a
1456:Sann March
1441:Drau March
1431:Carantania
1337:Baltic Sea
1190:Burgenland
1001:Avar March
737:Baltic Sea
656:, and the
498:since 1990
481:New states
425:Ostgebiete
418:Occupation
311:Zollverein
159:Mediatised
69:Chronology
8362:Australia
8115:Venezuela
8098:Palatines
8046:Nicaragua
8026:Guatemala
7955:Argentina
7736:Black Sea
7682:Satu Mare
7642:Black Sea
7513:Palatines
7380:0304-4181
7352:Routledge
7191:"Germans"
7155:amazon.de
6891:Siedler.
6215:. Ulmer.
5853:232081010
5845:0162-9778
5776:2034-9416
5649:146531995
5633:0080-4401
4420:(part of
4360:Pomerania
4243:. During
4110:Jankowski
4099:Grabowski
4053:Wieczorek
4037:"Stone" (
4024:StanisĆaw
4022:nickname
3917:now-/nov-
3884:Polnisch-
3878:Böhmisch-
3872:Wendisch-
3828:Windisch-
3822:Wendisch-
3444:margrabia
3400:purkmistr
3393:burmistrz
3353:Category
3195:Pomerania
3171:Polabians
3152:Bavarians
3136:, Germany
3092:Pomerania
3006:Pomerania
2956:or local
2743:Havelberg
2333:Andrew II
2318:Beszterce
2271:merchants
2242:Rhineland
2195:Pomerelia
2080:Conrad II
2076:Frederick
2056:Pomerania
2036:Austrians
2032:Bavarians
1983:, at the
1968:Henry III
1944:Reichstag
1729:near the
1727:Magdeburg
1667:Pomerania
1345:Schleswig
1301:Liutizian
1293:Obotrites
1254:Havelberg
1151:Obotrites
1078:Thuringia
1058:Obotrites
984:sorabicus
931:Danevirke
844:Obotrites
467:1949â1990
444:1944â1950
392:1939â1945
382:1933â1945
372:1918â1933
362:1914â1918
352:1871â1918
127:Empresses
8409:See also
8336:Pakistan
8244:Zanzibar
8234:Bagamoyo
8229:Tanzania
8149:Cameroon
8083:Nebraska
8051:Paraguay
8011:Colombia
7947:Americas
7879:Bosporus
7862:Slovenia
7827:Bulgaria
7687:Bukovina
7672:Highland
7659:Landlers
7604:Slovakia
7534:Diaspora
7424:Japanese
7212:11 March
6783:9 August
6654:40499525
6161:. Lang.
4448:See also
4418:Holstein
4320:Red Army
4076:Kowalski
4056:Polish,
4030:Kaminski
3986:Publican
3915:Slavic,
3866:Deutsch-
3848:surnames
3840:Deutsch-
3458:markgrĂłf
3451:markrabÄ
3437:Markgraf
3431:margrave
3356:English
3160:Flemings
2982:Lokators
2909:Settlers
2856:and the
2816:and the
2755:Old town
2751:New town
2725:Szczecin
2705:Locators
2610:taxation
2603:pandemic
2234:Vorwerke
2222:Graudenz
2207:Holy See
1976:Henry IV
1739:JĂŒterbog
1695:Szczecin
1660:Holstein
1519:and the
1489:Slovenia
1473:Carniola
1376:and the
1202:Slovenia
1198:Slovakia
1186:Pannonia
1174:Catholic
1074:Germanic
1049:Friulian
1025:east of
1007:and the
961:Holstein
901:Germanic
739:and the
716:Ottonian
692:and the
460:division
119:Monarchs
79:Military
34:a series
32:Part of
8355:Oceania
8299:Tianjin
8294:Qingdao
8289:Beijing
8256:Baguida
8205:Senegal
8193:Nigeria
8188:Namibia
8159:Yaoundé
8110:Uruguay
8103:by city
8036:Jamaica
7965:Bolivia
7897:Belgium
7852:Croatia
7832:Georgia
7817:Armenia
7796:Finland
7774:Denmark
7751:Galicia
7726:Ukraine
7692:Dobruja
7649:Romania
7637:Moldova
7632:Belarus
7597:Galicia
7583:OlÄders
7578:Vistula
7568:Hungary
7161:12 July
6936:16 July
6735:: 123.
6062:654â667
5808:14 July
5641:3679408
5619:: 330.
5486:4201997
5409:12 July
5375:12 July
5171:25 July
5039:26 July
4726:25 July
4442:Austria
4433:Austria
4348:Silesia
4328:Eastern
4316:Hungary
4262:During
4089:Schmied
4058:wieczor
4016:Stenzel
3984:means "
3947:Sorbian
3919:ânewâ (
3702:Others
3548:praclĂk
3541:preclĂk
3521:pretzel
3407:richtĂĄr
3362:Polish
3359:German
3279:granica
3273:granicÄ
3267:Grenize
3247:ziegala
3229:kŃnÄdzŃ
3203:Lusatia
3191:Kashubs
3168:Drevani
3130:Sorbian
3115:Bohemia
3111:Lusatia
3105:In the
3096:Silesia
3025:Germans
3010:Silesia
2929:Lokator
2890:Triglav
2814:Moravia
2810:Bohemia
2806:Silesia
2802:Lusatia
2733:WrocĆaw
2584:Prussia
2580:Moravia
2576:Austria
2572:Silesia
2492:Pottery
2446:Helmold
2382:Grisons
2306:Pozsony
2295:
2283:GĂ©za II
2279:farmers
2263:priests
2253:Hungary
2199:Livonia
2191:Prussia
2173:in 1410
2125:Lusatia
2064:Silesia
1938:at the
1888:scholar
1815:Bohemia
1791:. The
1774:Hevelli
1735:FlÀming
1715:Flemish
1636:Flemish
1603:Pruzzia
1599:Prussia
1557:Sorbian
1445:Maribor
1420:Ostmark
1398:Bautzen
1396:around
1341:Groswin
1335:on the
1317:Denmark
1305:Hevelli
1281:Billung
1279:in the
1241:marches
1194:Hungary
1182:Bavarii
1159:marches
1141:to the
1139:Bohemia
970:on the
905:marches
893:Francia
770:Austria
766:Germany
686:Austria
666:Germany
650:Francia
626:Germans
605:
147:Prussia
143:Bavaria
139:Austria
94:Judaism
84:Economy
45:Germany
8382:Rabaul
8377:Kokopo
8311:Israel
8171:Guinea
8154:Douala
8144:Angola
8136:Africa
8061:Pozuzo
8041:Mexico
7975:Canada
7970:Brazil
7960:Belize
7902:France
7874:Turkey
7857:Serbia
7801:Sweden
7791:Norway
7746:Crimea
7709:Russia
7702:Zipser
7676:Walser
7674:, and
7664:Danube
7609:Zipser
7573:Poland
7542:Europe
7409:German
7378:
7323:
7296:
7276:
7248:
7229:
7203:
7178:
7139:
7120:
7101:
7082:
7063:
7044:
6895:
6841:
6774:
6706:
6682:
6652:
6379:
6347:
6322:
6280:
6248:
6219:
6192:
6165:
6099:
6069:
5975:
5948:
5921:
5894:
5851:
5843:
5799:
5774:
5764:
5680:
5647:
5639:
5631:
5590:
5565:
5540:
5484:
5451:
5400:
5366:
5321:
5294:
5267:
5240:
5213:
5130:
5103:
5076:
5015:
4990:
4963:
4936:
4909:
4717:
4691:
4664:
4637:
4406:Saxony
4364:Soviet
4362:. The
4358:, and
4312:Poland
4266:, the
4247:, the
4241:PoznaĆ
4217:Russia
4200:Legacy
4119:-owski
4085:German
4062:German
4039:German
4035:kamieĆ
4020:Polish
4002:German
3993:Mielke
3982:krÄmĂĄĆ
3963:German
3951:German
3933:German
3921:German
3816:Klein-
3791:-hagen
3733:flauta
3726:flétna
3659:Trade
3651:mahlen
3534:precel
3527:Brezel
3482:Ziegel
3472:Craft
3465:ĆrgrĂłf
3365:Czech
3304:RezŃno
3262:border
3258:tegula
3253:ziegel
3185:, the
3177:, the
3156:Saxons
3148:Franks
3134:Saxony
3084:Empire
3060:PoznaĆ
3056:KrakĂłw
2822:Vienna
2798:Saxony
2729:KrakĂłw
2658:German
2654:PoznaĆ
2562:, the
2519:Schöna
2378:Valais
2374:Walser
2372:. The
2370:Romans
2362:Walser
2277:, and
2275:clerks
2267:abbots
2238:German
2226:Elbing
2214:Pagans
2127:, and
2109:German
2062:, and
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1861:
1757:seas.
1751:Baltic
1691:Demmin
1671:Lutici
1652:LĂŒbeck
1607:Baltic
1543:, and
1515:, the
1509:Otto I
1416:German
1392:; the
1388:; the
1384:; the
1382:Saxony
1372:; the
1313:Polish
1246:LĂŒbeck
1233:Vltava
1178:Franks
1155:Saxons
1062:Wilzes
1027:Vienna
995:Czechs
939:Schlei
913:Marken
909:German
897:Franks
878:, and
840:Saxons
720:Salian
690:Poland
682:Styria
638:Finnic
634:Baltic
630:Slavic
151:Saxony
123:Queens
63:Topics
36:on the
8326:Korea
8316:Japan
8306:India
8284:China
8198:Lagos
8166:Ghana
8093:Omaha
8088:Texas
8031:Haiti
7992:Chile
7714:Volga
7697:Regat
7668:Banat
7350:(3).
6963:(PDF)
6956:(PDF)
6810:(PDF)
6803:(PDF)
6650:JSTOR
6611:(PDF)
6585:(PDF)
6451:. MAZ
5849:S2CID
5645:S2CID
5637:JSTOR
5482:JSTOR
4574:Notes
4507:Wends
4249:Nazis
4115:Janek
4081:kowal
4066:Abend
4043:Stein
4008:) + -
3978:Czech
3943:Noack
3912:Nowak
3834:GroĂ-
3803:-hain
3797:-rode
3785:-dorf
3776:-witz
3772:-vitz
3740:flĂłta
3712:Flöte
3706:flute
3695:furik
3667:Fuhre
3645:malom
3617:MĂŒhle
3562:Food
3555:perec
3517:Food
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