1170:
non-Muslims in the modern world, with the contemporary international system has evolved so much from the period when the classical Muslim scholars wrote on the classification that new thinking and perspectives are required. Further, according to Hassan, in today’s context, any Muslim-ruled state, which is a member of the United
Nations, is by default in a peace agreement with all other members of the UN by way of the UN Charter. When a Muslim state enters the agreement to be a member of the UN, it actually enters a contract. Islam requires Muslims to fulfill all contracts that have been agreed upon, regardless of whether the contract was signed with Muslims or non-Muslims, as defined in The Quran, 5:1, 2:177.
850:
1182:
652:
51:
952:. While Muslims enjoyed full civil rights, non-Muslims were given partial civil rights. However, both Muslims and non-Muslims were equal in their claim to security and being protected from attack. For example, if an enemy seized dar al-Islam's citizens, the state was obliged to free them, whether they were Muslim or non-Muslim.
1165:
There is a controversy among the
Islamic view points regarding the application of the early territorial Islamic concepts to the modern world. While many Islamic scholars adhere the view point that the early Islamic divisions are no longer relevant to the modern world, other argue that it could still
1082:
argues that the concept of dar al-harb is mostly historical: "The existence of Dār al-Islām and Dār al-Ḥarb in contemporary times is rare or extremely limited. This is because
Islamic countries have joined the United Nations covenant that stipulates that the relationship between nations is peace and
1020:
Excepting those who join a people between whom and you there is a treaty, or such as come to you with hearts reluctant to fight you, or to fight their own people. Had Allah wished, He would have imposed them upon you, and then they would have surely fought you. So if they keep out of your way and do
1169:
According to
Muhammad Haniff Hassan, it can be argued that most of the secular Muslim countries today are not Dar al-Islam and most of the non-Muslim countries (which are not at war with the Muslim world) are not Dar al-Harb. Such nuances weigh against the idea of Muslims at perpetual war with the
1119:
Under the classical doctrine, it was the duty of Muslim rulers to bring dar al-harb under
Islamic sovereignty. A state of war was presumed between dar al-harb and dar al-Islam, but this did not necessarily imply that hostilities must occur. It was up to the ruler to decide when, where and against
955:
Likewise, in foreign affairs, the Muslim government represented both its Muslim and non-Muslim citizens. Relations between
Muslims and non-Muslims were regulated by "constitutional charters" (special agreements issued by the authorities), and these agreements recognized the personal law of each
719:
and have not concluded an armistice. Muslims regard Islam as a universal religion and believe it to be the rightful law for all humankind. Despite this, other religious groups are permitted to have their own courts of law under
Islamic rule. Muslims are imposed to spread
1100:
The purpose behind differentiating between dar al-Islam and dar al-harb was to identify the land as either one of safety for the
Muslims or of fear. So, if Muslims are generally safe in a land and not in fear, then it cannot be classified as dar al-harb.
1012:
jurists argued that if a territory concluded a peace treaty with dar al-Islam, dar al-Islam was obligated to protect this territory and its people, hence the territory effectively became dar al-Islam. Thus, Hanafis did not recognize this division.
1047:"house of war") was a term classically referring to those countries which do not have a treaty of non-aggression or peace with Muslims (those that do are called dar al-'Ahd or dar al-Sulh). The notions of divisions of the world, or
1580:
1120:
whom to wage war. So in practice there was often peace between dar al-Islam and dar al-harb; formal armistices could last up to 10 years, while informal peace could last much longer than 10 years.
876:
was assigned for territories ruled by non-Muslims that have a treaty of non-aggression or peace with
Muslims, effectively an intermediate status between the two major divisions.
1738:
1145:
that trade and cultural exchange was conducted between dar al-harb and dar al-Islam. Any adult Muslim resident of dar al-Islam (male or female, free or slave) could grant such
1747:
Indeed, the 'Abode of Islam/Abode of War' dichotomy, cited ad nauseam by certain
Western scholars as proof of Islam's inherent hostility towards the West, was far more a
1004:"house of conciliation/treaty") were terms used for territories that have a treaty of non-aggression or peace with Muslims. Such a division was recognized by
1590:
1676:
1335:
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s the Quran speaks of are "the abode of the Hereafter and the abode of the earthly life, with the former described as clearly superior to the latter".
1639:
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in 732 which prevented the expansion of Islam to the north, while at the same time the expansion of the caliphate to the east had been halted.
1123:
During periods of a formal peace treaty with a territory in dar al-harb, it was immune from attack by Muslims, and its inhabitants (called
2052:
MUHAMMAD MUSHTAQ AHMAD: The Notions of Dār al-Ḥarb and Dār al-Islām in Islamic Jurisprudence with Special Reference to the Ḥanafī School
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ruled that even non-Muslim residents (dhimmis) could grant aman, while others sources say non-Muslim residents could not grant aman.
829:
has been affected by historical changes such as the political fragmentation of the Muslim world. The theoretical distinction between
425:
956:
non-Muslim community (the Jewish community, Christian community etc). Non-Muslims could access Islamic courts if they wished.
711:(lit. territory of treaty) denoting non-Islamic lands which are at peace or have an armistice with a Muslim government, and
312:
1055:. According to some scholars, the term "abode of war" was simply a description of the harsh reality of the premodern world.
1166:
be applied for some specific situations and territories and radical viewpoints do stick to the fundamental interpretation.
1854:
1086:
According to Abu Hanifa there are three conditions that need to be fulfilled for a land to be classified as dar al-harb:
860:
Early Islamic legal theory divided the world into two divisions: "abode of Islam" and "abode of war". The first, called
2075:
1422:
1394:
2057:
2042:
2029:
König, Daniel G., Arabic-Islamic Views of the Latin West. Tracing the Emergence of Medieval Europe, Oxford, OUP, 2015.
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1116:. However, there was no suggestion that Muslims were therefore required to wage jihad against the colonizers.
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948:(protected persons). The non-Muslims had the right to their own law and religion in exchange for paying the
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as part of the former, since Muslims can freely practise and proselytize their faith in Western countries.
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17:
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267:
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Implementation of the laws of the non-Muslims openly and that no rule of Islam is implemented any longer
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1016:
This designation can be found in the Quran, where Muslims are directed on how they should act in war:
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287:
1613:
755:), translated literally, may mean "house", "abode", "structure", "place", "land", or "country". In
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921:
to refer to those countries under Muslim sovereignty, sometimes considered "the home of Islam" or
2015:
2010:
1943:
1649:
1511:
102:
849:
963:, considered to be the originator of the concept, the requirements for a country to be part of
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it often refers to a part of the world. The notions of "houses" or "divisions" of the world in
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not fight you, and offer you peace, then Allah does not allow you any course against them.
853:
The lands and cities of the Dar al-Islam in the 10th century, according to the geographer
8:
1410:
780:
675:
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195:
95:
868:, consisted of Muslims and non-Muslims living under Islamic sovereignty. The second was
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2004:
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371:
83:
1940:
International Development Law: The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law
1983:
1967:
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1079:
1071:
636:
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is widely considered inapplicable, and many contemporary Islamic jurists regard the
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165:
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872:, ruled by non-Muslims and specifically infidels. Another secondary division of
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1919:
1908:
CO07001 | Revisiting Dar Al-Islam (land of Islam) and Dar Al-Harb (land of War)
1059:
668:
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34:
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Muslims must be able to enjoy peace and security with and within this country.
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or "house/abode of peace". In the Quran (10.25 and 6.127) this term refers to
790:
Early Islamic jurists devised these terms to denote legal rulings for ongoing
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1998:
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1109:
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Dar al-Islam consisted of Muslims and non-Muslims, with the latter living as
838:
819:
595:
500:
460:
2039:
1585:
1507:
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1136:
1127:) could enter Muslim lands unmolested. In the absence of a peace treaty, a
923:
885:
854:
815:
656:
602:
339:
71:
60:
1336:"The culture of peace and religious tolerance from an Islamic perspective"
1154:
807:
696:
398:
356:
280:
2051:
732:. According to Islam, this should first be attempted peacefully through
707:(lit. territory of Islam), denoting regions where Islamic law prevails,
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960:
799:
403:
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of the Muslim peoples of the world in which they lived than it was a
1195:
803:
302:
1096:
No Muslim remains safe as he was before the non-Muslims took power.
795:
612:
580:
294:
228:
1083:
not war. Therefore non-Muslim countries are Dār al-‘Ahd ..."
715:(lit. territory of war), denoting lands that share a border with
445:
122:
1614:"Dar Al-Islam And Dar Al-Harb: Its Definition and Significance"
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176:
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50:
42:
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740:, or eliminate fighters until they surrender or seek peace.
1938:(2009). "International Law, Regional Developments: Islam".
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meaning "house/abode of Islam" is also referred to as
1454:
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The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists
1177:
844:
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It has common frontiers with some Muslim countries.
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The country should be ruled by a Muslim government.
1714:
1637:
1369:
1367:
27:Islamic demarcation of Muslim and non-Muslim lands
1446:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from
2067:
1848:
1851:Holy War Idea in Western and Islamic Traditions
1741:. Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Archived from
1364:
1141:(assurance of protection). It was through such
1910:. RSIS Nanyang Technological University. 2007.
1882:
1811:"Fatwas by Mufti Ebrahim Desai » Askimam"
1766:
1160:
1131:could also enter Muslim lands safely if that '
1108:, the status of colonized territories such as
1800:Al-Zuhaylī, Al-Mu‘āmalāt al-Māliyyah, p. 255.
736:. In the case of war, Muslims are imposed to
676:
1924:The Islamic Law of Nations: Shaybani's Siyar
1444:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
1409:
1373:
798:. The first use of the terms was in Iraq by
748:
1902:
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1733:
1437:
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1842:
1381:Understanding the Qur'ān: Themes and Style
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1288:
1112:was debated, with some saying that it was
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669:
1581:"Concept of Dar al-Harb and Dar al-Islam"
1347:
818:was leading in this discipline and later
1957:
1918:
1895:
1870:
1833:
1702:
1566:
1551:
1469:
1311:"Religious Minorities Under Muslim Rule"
1258:
848:
2086:Islamic concepts of religious geography
1995:Western Muslims and the Future of Islam
1839:
1403:
1333:
1285:
1273:
1070:was introduced after the defeat of the
14:
2068:
1773:Muslims and Modernity: Current Debates
1717:Jihad, Radicalism, and the New Atheism
1611:
1506:
1062:, the fundamental distinction between
1051:, does not appear in the Quran or the
1934:
1922:(1966). "Translator's Introduction".
1539:
1385:. I. B. Tauris & Co Ltd. p.
1315:Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research
1578:
1855:Pennsylvania State University Press
1044:
1001:
990:
900:
24:
1951:
1645:Modern Perspectives on Islamic Law
1638:Black, E. Ann; Esmaeili, Hossein;
25:
2102:
2033:
845:Early Islamic religious divisions
1966:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
1334:Yazdani, Abbas (December 2020).
1180:
650:
49:
1980:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_25867
1876:
1803:
1794:
1760:
1755:of the Islamic religion per se.
1727:
1708:
1631:
1605:
1579:Saqr, Atiya (11 October 2012).
1572:
1500:
1487:Encyclopedia of the Middle East
1475:
1349:10.4067/S0718-92732020000300151
1211:Index of Islam-related articles
879:
724:and sovereignty through lesser
1974:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
1960:"Dār al-Islām and dār al-ḥarb"
1928:Johns Hopkins University Press
1431:
1327:
1303:
1299:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
1282:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
1270:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
1033:
981:
13:
1:
1612:Khalil, Ahmed (27 May 2002).
1442:. In John L. Esposito (ed.).
1440:"Law. Minority Jurisprudence"
1438:Hendrickson, Jocelyn (2009).
1251:
1093:Bordering another dar al-harb
1885:Ottoman Law of War and Peace
1739:"Jihad and the Modern World"
917:) was a term used by Muslim
7:
1173:
1161:Modern division application
224:("Stories of the Prophets")
10:
2107:
1721:Cambridge University Press
1517:The Encyclopaedia of Islam
1417:. HarperOne. p. 227.
883:
2076:Islam and other religions
2018:Trattato sulla guerra. Il
915:house/abode of monotheism
749:
743:The Arabic singular form
1958:Albrecht, Sarah (2016).
1906:Muhammad Haniff Hassan.
1715:Mohammad Hassan Khalil.
1681:oxfordislamicstudies.com
699:, there are three major
313:Medieval Islamic science
2024:. Cagliari: Aipsa, 2002
2011:Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri
1944:Oxford University Press
1883:Viorel Panaite (2019).
1650:Edward Elgar Publishing
1520:. Vol. 2. Leiden:
794:almost a century after
771:does not appear in the
2081:Religion and geography
1972:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1849:James Turner Johnson.
1375:Abdel-Haleem, Muhammad
1031:
857:
701:divisions of the world
323:Succession to Muhammad
1778:Bloomsbury Publishing
1745:on January 19, 2019.
1236:Theology of religions
1106:European colonization
1018:
993:"house of truce") or
852:
810:. Among those in the
757:Islamic jurisprudence
2007:and Suicide Bombings
1618:English.islamway.com
1413:(January 23, 2007).
1411:Abou El Fadl, Khaled
905:house/abode of Islam
362:Association football
1946:. pp. 532–544.
1512:"Gagauzes – Gakhar"
123:Profession of Faith
96:Day of Resurrection
2060:2010-07-01 at the
2045:2010-07-01 at the
2005:Fatwa on Terrorism
1962:. In Fleet, Kate;
1642:(1 January 2013).
1593:on 21 October 2006
1450:on March 26, 2016.
1135:first obtained an
858:
802:and his disciples
1206:Glossary of Islam
1080:Wahbah al-Zuhayli
1072:Umayyad Caliphate
693:
692:
623:Deobandi jihadism
16:(Redirected from
2098:
2091:Cultural regions
1991:
1947:
1931:
1911:
1904:
1893:
1892:
1889:Brill publishers
1880:
1874:
1873:, p. 17-18.
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1724:
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1705:, p. 12–13.
1700:
1689:
1688:
1687:on May 28, 2012.
1683:. Archived from
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1663:
1640:Hosen, Nadirsyah
1635:
1629:
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1626:
1624:
1609:
1603:
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1600:
1598:
1589:. Archived from
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1555:
1554:, p. 11–12.
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1221:Outline of Islam
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992:
902:
792:Muslim conquests
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657:Islam portal
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29:
21:
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2062:Wayback Machine
2047:Wayback Machine
2036:
2022:di Molla Husrev
2020:Kitab al-gihad
1968:Rowson, Everett
1954:
1952:Further reading
1936:Fadel, Mohammad
1920:Khadduri, Majid
1915:
1914:
1905:
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1809:
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1780:. p. 158.
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1735:Sherman Jackson
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1342:(47): 151–168.
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1179:
1176:
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1076:Battle of Tours
1036:
1030:
1025:
984:
888:
882:
847:
825:The concept of
779:. According to
689:
651:
649:
642:
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618:Salafi jihadism
576:Other religions
571:Arabic language
533:
523:
522:
451:Moral teachings
342:
328:
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318:Spread of Islam
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240:(jurisprudence)
222:Qisas al-Anbiya
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2040:Sects in Islam
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2034:External links
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2016:Nicola Melis,
2013:
2001:
1992:
1964:Krämer, Gudrun
1953:
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1891:. p. 166.
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1768:Clinton Bennet
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1652:. p. 42.
1630:
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1542:, p. 534.
1527:
1524:. p. 128.
1499:
1483:"Dar al Islam"
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1430:
1424:978-0061189036
1423:
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1396:978-1845117894
1395:
1377:(8 Sep 2010).
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2012:
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1999:Tariq Ramadan
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1989:
1985:
1981:
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1969:
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1871:Khadduri 1966
1867:
1865:
1857:. p. 63.
1856:
1852:
1845:
1843:
1836:, p. 14.
1835:
1834:Khadduri 1966
1830:
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1703:Khadduri 1966
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1697:
1695:
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1677:"Dar al-Harb"
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1575:
1569:, p. 12.
1568:
1567:Khadduri 1966
1563:
1561:
1553:
1552:Khadduri 1966
1548:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1523:
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1518:
1513:
1509:
1508:Arnold, T. W.
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1488:
1484:
1478:
1472:, p. 11.
1471:
1470:Khadduri 1966
1466:
1464:
1462:
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1458:
1449:
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1441:
1434:
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394:Denominations
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1994:
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1814:
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1762:
1753:prescription
1752:
1748:
1746:
1743:the original
1729:
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1710:
1685:the original
1680:
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1633:
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1617:
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1591:the original
1586:Islam Online
1584:
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1486:
1477:
1448:the original
1443:
1433:
1414:
1405:
1380:
1339:
1329:
1318:. Retrieved
1314:
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1298:
1275:
1268:Dar al-Islam
1246:Sons of Noah
1226:Pan-Islamism
1188:Islam portal
1168:
1164:
1150:
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1142:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1122:
1118:
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1064:dar al-Islam
1063:
1057:
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1039:
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1019:
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986:
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965:dar al-Islam
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958:
954:
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933:dar al-salam
932:
929:Dar al-Islam
928:
924:Pax Islamica
922:
914:
909:
908:
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892:Dar al-Islam
891:
890:
889:
886:Muslim world
880:Dar al-Islam
873:
869:
866:Pax Islamica
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864:, sometimes
862:dar al-Islam
861:
859:
855:al-Muqaddasi
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831:dar al-Islam
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781:Abou El Fadl
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765:dar al-Islam
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717:dar al-Islam
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705:dar al-Islam
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700:
694:
603:Islamophobia
382:Demographics
377:Circumcision
293:
286:
279:
245:
237:
221:
213:
205:
194:
188:
182:
175:
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1815:askimam.org
1749:description
1280:Dar al-Sulh
1155:Al-Shaybani
1114:dar al-harb
1068:dar al-harb
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1040:Dar al-harb
1034:Dar al-harb
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982:Dar al-'Ahd
939:in Heaven.
901:دار الإسلام
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870:dar al-harb
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808:Al-Shaybani
783:, the only
769:dar al-harb
730:dar al-harb
713:dar al-harb
709:dar al-sulh
697:Islamic law
281:Ahl al-Bayt
166:Foundations
2070:Categories
1820:2021-09-09
1540:Fadel 2009
1320:2024-08-01
1252:References
1027:Quran 4:90
961:Abu Hanifa
903:literally
820:Al-Shafi'i
800:Abu Hanifa
722:Sharia law
703:which are
471:Philosophy
208:(exegesis)
145:Pilgrimage
135:Almsgiving
1988:1873-9830
1358:0718-9273
1196:Caliphate
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1002:دار الصلح
1000:(Arabic:
991:دار العهد
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804:Abu Yusuf
591:terrorism
543:Criticism
496:Sexuality
466:Mysticism
436:Festivals
416:Education
411:Economics
347:Academics
303:Caliphate
116:Practices
2058:Archived
2043:Archived
1970:(eds.).
1770:(2005).
1623:13 March
1597:2 August
1510:(1927).
1492:2 August
1174:See also
1024:—
937:Paradise
919:scholars
796:Muhammad
763:such as
728:against
637:Glossary
613:Jihadism
586:Violence
581:Islamism
552:Muhammad
538:Apostasy
481:Politics
431:Feminism
426:Exorcism
387:Diaspora
372:Children
367:Calendar
295:Rashidun
273:Muhammad
268:Timeline
229:Mathnawi
91:Prophets
35:a series
33:Part of
1340:Veritas
1104:During
1074:at the
1006:Shafi'i
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945:dhimmis
775:or the
738:subject
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352:Animals
340:society
336:Culture
308:Imamate
288:Sahabah
261:History
231:(Poems)
216:(creed)
140:Fasting
68:Oneness
61:Beliefs
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562:Hadith
476:Poetry
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190:Hadith
184:Sunnah
128:Prayer
79:Angels
2009:, by
1997:, by
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1241:Ummah
1151:harbi
1149:to a
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950:jizya
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761:Islam
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161:Texts
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1984:ISSN
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