2815:
2824:
26:
1135:
Statistics regarding the frequency of obstruction of justice prosecutions are unclear. In 2004, federal agencies arrested 446 people for obstruction, representing 0.3 percent of all federal arrests. This does not include, however, people who were charged with obstruction in addition to a more serious
1192:
imprisoned a lawyer for contempt for publishing a letter criticizing one of Peck's opinions. In an effort to prevent such abuses, Congress passed a law in 1831 limiting the application of the summary contempt procedures to offenses committed in or near the court. A new section, which survives today
1168:
State laws regarding obstruction of justice vary widely. A 2004 survey found that 24 states and the
District of Columbia had a general statute criminalizing obstruction of justice or obstruction of government functions in broad terms, similar to those found in federal law. All states have laws
1204:
In 1982, in response to concerns that the obstruction law did not provide adequate protection to crime victims and other witnesses, Congress broadened the law against witness tampering and criminalized retaliation against witnesses, as part of the Victim and
Witness Protection Act.
1159:
An obstruction finding adds two levels to the offender's sentence, which can result in as much as an additional 68 months of prison. In 2017, the obstruction enhancement was applied in 1,319 cases, representing 2.1 percent of all sentences issued in federal courts.
1148:, a defendant convicted of any crime is subject to a more severe sentence if they are found to have obstructed justice by impeding the investigation or prosecution of their crimes. While a separate conviction for the crime of obstruction would require proof
1353:
was convicted of obstruction of justice in July 2007 for removing 13 boxes containing financial records from his office in
Toronto after they had been sealed by a court order, returning the boxes a few days later. Black was pardoned by Donald Trump in May
1544:
2451:
1733:
In sum, we affirm appellants' convictions of violating 18 U.S.C. § 1505 because the evidence at trial supported the jury's verdict that they corruptly endeavored to influence a House investigation
2709:
Joseph V De Marco, "A Funny Thing
Happened on the Way to the Courthouse: Mens Rea, Document Destruction, and the Federal Obstruction of Justice Statute" (1992) 67 New York University Law Review
1427:
pilot, pleaded guilty to obstruction of justice in 2023 after having illegally disposed of the wreckage of an aircraft he had filmed himself deliberately crashing as a publicity stunt in 2021.
1132:, states that anyone who "corruptly... endeavors to influence, obstruct, or impede, the due administration of justice" in connection with a pending court proceeding is subject to punishment.
1237:. Nixon's acts of obstruction, as alleged by the House Judiciary Committee, included lying to investigators and withholding evidence, influencing witnesses (including through payments of
1257:
1043:, and many others. Obstruction also applies to overt coercion of court or government officials via the means of threats or actual physical harm, and also applying to deliberate
1241:), and making false statements to the public about the investigation. Nixon resigned before impeachment could be considered by the full House of Representatives, and he was
1008:
refers to a number of offenses that involve unduly influencing, impeding, or otherwise interfering with the justice system, especially the legal and procedural tasks of
1379:
2642:
1212:
of 2002 strengthened the obstruction laws regarding destruction of evidence before an investigation or proceeding has begun, in response to accounting firm
2589:
1911:
1729:"United States of America, Plaintiff-appellee, v. Michael B. Mitchell; Clarence M. Mitchell, Iii, defendants-appellants, 877 F.2d 294 (4th Cir. 1989)"
2615:
1890:
Obstruction of
Justice: An Overview of Some of the Federal Statutes That Prohibit Interference with Judicial, Executive, or Legislative Activities
1522:
Obstruction of
Justice: An Overview of Some of the Federal Statutes That Prohibit Interference with Judicial, Executive, or Legislative Activities
2667:
1061:
defines it as any "interference with the orderly administration of law and justice". Obstruction has been categorized by various sources as a
1282:
was charged with obstruction of justice in 2002 for allegedly destroying and altering documents in anticipation of an investigation of the
1125:
2044:"Anticipatory Obstruction of Justice: Pre-Emptive Document Destruction under the Sarbanes-Oxley Anti-Shredding Statute, 18 U.S.C. 1519"
1769:"Anticipatory Obstruction of Justice: Pre-Emptive Document Destruction under the Sarbanes-Oxley Anti-Shredding Statute, 18 U.S.C. 1519"
1313:, malingering (feigning illness) during a competency evaluation was held to be obstruction of justice and led to an enhanced sentence.
1230:
1339:'s identity as a CIA agent. Libby was convicted of obstruction and related crimes, but his 30-month prison sentence was commuted by
1188:
A scandal in 1830 led to reform of the contempt law and the creation of obstruction of justice as a separate offense. Federal judge
2737:
2704:
2710:
2178:
1410:
1117:
987:
1287:
2696:
Ohlin. "Obstruction of
Justice". Criminal Law: Doctrine, Application, and Practice. Aspen Casebook Series. Third Edition.
2066:
1267:
in 1998 included allegations that
Clinton obstructed justice by trying to influence the testimony of witnesses, including
2556:
3574:
2504:
2152:
1682:
1457:
1169:
prohibiting some specific types of obstruction, such as witness tampering, jury tampering, or destruction of evidence.
1097:
2703:
Ellen S Podgor, "Obstruction of
Justice: Redesigning the Shortcut" (2020-2021) 46 Brigham Young University Law Review
1588:
1504:
3416:
3338:
1462:
1017:
623:
387:
2118:
1815:
3554:
2362:
1437:
1375:
1398:, attempts to influence witnesses, attempts to influence the Justice Department's oversight of Special Counsel
1391:
859:
112:
2396:
1153:
1145:
869:
3411:
1116:, and theft of court records. It also includes more general sections covering obstruction of proceedings in
382:
2730:
1728:
944:
853:
3534:
3519:
2477:
3569:
1264:
3101:
2840:
1627:
1297:
1156:" (unless the enhanced sentence would exceed the statutory maximum sentence for the underlying crime).
980:
543:
191:
1275:, and by encouraging Lewinsky to conceal evidence. Clinton was acquitted of all charges by the Senate.
1403:
1383:
1368:
about whether his personal trainer had given him steroids. Bonds was convicted and served 30 days of
1149:
1057:
837:
2288:"Behavior of the Defendant in a Competency-to-Stand-Trial Evaluation Becomes an Issue in Sentencing"
1982:"The Supreme Court's Bipolar Approach to the Interpretation of 18 U.S.C. 1503 and 18 U.S.C. 2232(c)"
1193:
as the
Omnibus Clause, was added to punish contempts committed outside of the court, but only after
1981:
1395:
1361:
884:
107:
1096:
In federal law, crimes constituting obstruction of justice are defined primarily in Chapter 73 of
3216:
2723:
1309:
1242:
1109:
1040:
1028:
702:
2309:
2020:
1661:
3524:
3328:
3318:
2939:
2814:
2418:
1686:
1468:
1442:
1324:
1249:
1209:
1121:
874:
613:
603:
289:
138:
87:
40:
2697:
2021:"Tampering with Witness Tampering: Resolving the Quandary Surrounding 18 U.S.C. §§ 1503, 1512"
1662:"Tampering with Witness Tampering: Resolving the Quandary Surrounding 18 U.S.C. §§ 1503, 1512"
1152:, a finding of obstruction for sentencing purposes only needs to meet the looser standard of "
3313:
3076:
2336:
1843:
1578:
1494:
1253:
1178:
973:
894:
598:
518:
2230:
1745:
Hsen, Mark; Evert, Nicholas; Susca, Rien; Wendzel, Bailey (2018). "Obstruction of Justice".
3406:
3323:
3308:
3202:
2153:"Bush pardons 6 in Iran affair, aborting a Weinberger trial; prosecutor assails 'cover-up'"
1866:
1181:, judges had the power to summarily punish those who obstructed justice by holding them in
688:
608:
593:
377:
2530:
1706:
8:
3496:
2870:
2758:
1889:
1521:
1233:
in 1974 included charges of obstruction of justice for impeding the investigation of the
832:
220:
172:
102:
92:
2043:
1768:
3564:
3421:
3401:
3366:
3356:
2974:
2955:
2885:
2794:
2001:
1959:
1234:
1070:
1066:
936:
753:
743:
392:
372:
324:
305:
235:
132:
2590:"House Judiciary Committee Unveils Investigation into Threats Against the Rule of Law"
1378:
have involved allegations that he obstructed justice by impeding the investigation of
3426:
3262:
2915:
2880:
2643:"A Man Called His Ex A 'Moron' By Text While Storming The Capitol. She Turned Him In"
2564:
2478:"Barry Bonds convicted of obstruction of justice in performance-enhancing-drugs case"
2426:
2370:
2268:
2204:
2126:
1584:
1500:
1473:
1182:
1101:
1032:
915:
889:
774:
397:
265:
230:
1939:
1867:
Judicial Fact-Finding and Criminal Sentencing: Current Practice and Potential Change
1256:
were charged with obstruction of justice for alleged actions including lying to the
3482:
3188:
3126:
3021:
2091:
1993:
1951:
1790:
1085:
864:
822:
817:
674:
568:
463:
158:
2257:"Prosecuting Martha: Federal Prosecutorial Power and the Need for a Law of Counts"
1496:
An Affair of State: The Investigation, Impeachment, and Trial of President Clinton
1296:
was convicted of obstruction of justice in 2004 for lying to investigators in the
1055:
Obstruction of justice is an umbrella term covering a variety of specific crimes.
3559:
3456:
3382:
3056:
2962:
2860:
2789:
2256:
1301:
1279:
1268:
1213:
808:
498:
427:
353:
312:
210:
148:
78:
63:
3466:
3461:
3431:
3253:
2945:
2799:
1452:
1447:
1424:
1399:
1387:
1340:
1293:
1129:
1113:
1105:
1036:
920:
878:
437:
432:
402:
295:
1047:
against a court official to undermine the appearance of legitimate authority.
16:
Crime consisting of obstructing prosecutors, investigators, or other officials
3548:
3198:
3096:
2900:
2850:
2568:
2430:
2374:
2272:
2130:
1365:
1336:
1316:
1286:. The company was convicted and effectively destroyed, though the conviction
1283:
1217:
1189:
1062:
684:
538:
250:
200:
1300:
about the reasons for a stock sale that was being investigated as potential
1100:. This chapter contains provisions covering various specific crimes such as
1016:
jurisdictions other than the United States tend to use the wider offense of
3506:
3441:
3046:
2935:
2920:
2452:"Trump pardons billionaire friend Conrad Black, who wrote a book about him"
2067:"Judiciary Committee approves article to impeach President Nixon, 27 to 11"
1707:"The Varying Parameters of Obstruction of Justice in American Criminal Law"
1416:
1369:
1350:
1344:
1332:
1001:
925:
488:
412:
285:
270:
182:
33:
3529:
3210:
3206:
3116:
2865:
2779:
1940:"Criminal Venue in the Federal Courts: The Obstruction of Justice Puzzle"
1357:
1320:
1272:
940:
696:
692:
558:
215:
144:
68:
3501:
3287:
3168:
3163:
3041:
2925:
2905:
2895:
2875:
2829:
2804:
2774:
2005:
1963:
1604:
1328:
1238:
1198:
1194:
1081:
1013:
1009:
961:
847:
799:
654:
649:
483:
275:
255:
245:
225:
177:
97:
50:
2616:"Feds arrest Spring Hill woman for alleged role in 1/6 Capitol attack"
2119:"'No One Could Believe It': When Ford Pardoned Nixon Four Decades Ago"
3471:
3451:
3436:
3371:
3277:
3272:
3241:
3231:
3193:
3131:
3111:
3051:
3026:
789:
784:
758:
727:
717:
679:
573:
553:
493:
468:
442:
422:
407:
2823:
2287:
1997:
1955:
3391:
3361:
3282:
3226:
3178:
3153:
3135:
3071:
3036:
3007:
2989:
2984:
2967:
2930:
2910:
1420:
1044:
910:
842:
794:
748:
712:
664:
639:
577:
513:
478:
362:
339:
334:
317:
280:
260:
57:
3491:
3333:
3299:
3267:
3236:
3183:
3158:
3106:
3086:
3081:
3061:
3031:
2994:
2979:
2890:
2855:
2715:
1796:(Report). Bureau of Justice Statistics. December 2006. p. 17
1024:
827:
779:
722:
669:
644:
618:
548:
528:
523:
503:
473:
344:
329:
240:
205:
167:
25:
2292:
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online
3396:
3221:
3091:
2950:
2784:
707:
533:
367:
300:
128:
2205:"Arthur Andersen is convicted on obstruction-of-justice count"
1364:
in 2011 for allegedly lying to a grand jury investigating the
1128:. One of the broadest provisions in the chapter, known as the
3121:
3066:
3016:
2747:
2557:"Mueller Rejects View That Presidents Can't Obstruct Justice"
2505:"Appeals court overturns Barry Bonds' obstruction conviction"
1823:. United States Sentencing Commission. 2018. pp. 359–361
1077:
563:
508:
458:
2531:"The 10 instances of possible obstruction in Mueller report"
2363:"Trump Pardons Scooter Libby in a Case That Mirrors His Own"
3446:
3173:
1844:"Perjured Statements as a Basis for Sentencing Enhancement"
1545:"The Crime Factory: Process, Pretext, and Criminal Justice"
1023:
Obstruction is a broad crime that may include acts such as
930:
659:
417:
1216:'s widely reported shredding of documents related to the
1271:, in the sexual harassment lawsuit filed against him by
2555:
Schmidt, Michael S.; Savage, Charlie (April 18, 2019).
1380:
Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election
2668:"Trevor Jacob admits to intentional crash for clicks"
2203:
Weil, Jonathan; Barrionuevo, Alexei (June 16, 2002).
1917:(Report). U. S. Sentencing Commission. 2017. Table 18
1744:
1335:
about conversations that he had with reporters about
2819:
1892:(Report). Congressional Research Service. p. 79
1372:, but the conviction was later overturned on appeal.
1524:(Report). Congressional Research Service. p. 1
1347:
in 2018 after a key witness recanted her testimony.
2065:Lyons, Richard; Chapman, William (July 28, 1974).
1842:Flumenbaum, Martin; Karp, Brad S. (May 30, 2014).
1465:, a similar concept in the Commonwealth of Nations
1413:were charged with Obstruction of Justice/Congress.
1258:Congressional committees investigating the matter
3546:
1576:
1012:, investigators, or other government officials.
2255:Seigel, Michael; Slobogin, Christopher (2005).
2202:
1577:Burfeind, James; Bartusch, Dawn Jeglum (2011).
1409:Many of the participants that took part in the
1177:From the creation of the federal courts by the
2254:
1975:
1973:
1841:
1791:Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics, 2004
1245:before any criminal investigation could occur.
2731:
2554:
1231:impeachment proceedings against Richard Nixon
981:
2064:
1580:Juvenile Delinquency: An Integrated Approach
1402:, and an attempt to have Mueller fired. The
1394:of potential obstruction, including Trump's
1076:Obstruction can include crimes committed by
2337:"Libby guilty of lying in C.I.A. leak case"
1979:
1970:
1912:Sourcebook of Federal Sentencing Statistics
1406:opened an investigation of the allegations.
2738:
2724:
2419:"Conrad Black Found Guilty in Fraud Trial"
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
988:
974:
2092:"For the purpose of deceiving the people"
1139:
2640:
2150:
1934:
1932:
1869:(Report). Congressional Research Service
1499:. Harvard University Press. p. 37.
2528:
2231:"Arthur Andersen conviction overturned"
1986:Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
1762:
1760:
1691:
3547:
2641:Treisman, Rachel (February 25, 2021).
2594:Committee on the Judiciary - Democrats
2502:
2416:
2394:
2285:
2176:
2117:Holson, Laura M. (September 8, 2018).
2116:
1980:Fitzpatrick, James (January 1, 1996).
1865:Foster, Michael A. (August 24, 2018).
1864:
1704:
1492:
1411:January 6 United States Capitol attack
2719:
2360:
2334:
2228:
2151:Johnston, David (December 24, 1992).
2018:
1929:
1887:
1659:
1519:
1396:dismissal of FBI director James Comey
2041:
1766:
1757:
1653:
1583:. Jones & Bartlett. p. 62.
1243:preemptively pardoned by Gerald Ford
1088:, and elected officials in general.
2397:"Belated justice for Scooter Libby"
2286:Darani, Shaheen (January 1, 2006).
1362:charged with obstruction of justice
1325:charged with obstruction of justice
1223:
13:
2745:
2690:
2310:"Highlights from Libby indictment"
2177:Marcus, Ruth (December 20, 1998).
2019:Riley, Tina M. (January 1, 1999).
1660:Riley, Tina M. (January 1, 1999).
1542:
1458:Obstructing an official proceeding
1098:Title 18 of the United States Code
14:
3586:
2417:Siklos, Richard (July 14, 2007).
2395:Miller, Judith (April 14, 2018).
1888:Doyle, Charles (April 17, 2014).
1705:Decker, John (November 1, 2004).
1520:Doyle, Charles (April 17, 2014).
1327:in 2007 for allegedly lying to a
1050:
3339:Perverting the course of justice
2822:
2813:
2761:. Not all types are listed here.
2529:Sherman, Mark (April 18, 2019).
2335:Lewis, Neil A. (March 7, 2007).
2025:Washington University Law Review
1666:Washington University Law Review
1628:"Sorting Out White-Collar Crime"
1625:
1463:Perverting the course of justice
1018:perverting the course of justice
624:Perverting the course of justice
24:
3077:Intellectual property violation
2660:
2634:
2608:
2582:
2548:
2522:
2496:
2470:
2444:
2410:
2388:
2361:Baker, Peter (April 13, 2018).
2354:
2328:
2302:
2279:
2248:
2222:
2196:
2170:
2144:
2110:
2084:
2058:
2035:
2012:
1904:
1881:
1858:
1835:
1808:
1783:
1738:
1721:
1438:Offences against public justice
1376:Efforts to impeach Donald Trump
1154:a preponderance of the evidence
519:Intellectual property violation
2503:Egelko, Bob (April 23, 2015).
2042:Hill, Dana (January 1, 2004).
1767:Hill, Dana (January 1, 2004).
1676:
1619:
1607:. Bureau of Justice Statistics
1597:
1570:
1536:
1513:
1486:
1091:
1:
1605:"All Terms & Definitions"
1382:and the investigation of the
1146:Federal Sentencing Guidelines
2229:Mears, Bill (May 31, 2005).
2179:"Explanation of Article III"
1747:American Criminal Law Review
1479:
1319:, advisor to Vice President
1163:
854:Ignorantia juris non excusat
7:
1493:Posner, Richard A. (2009).
1431:
1265:impeachment of Bill Clinton
10:
3591:
3102:Possessing stolen property
1298:ImClone stock trading case
1172:
1126:federal executive agencies
544:Possessing stolen property
192:Offense against the person
3575:Abuse of the legal system
3516:
3481:
3381:
3348:
3297:
3251:
3145:
3005:
2839:
2811:
2767:
2754:
1404:House Judiciary Committee
1343:, and he was pardoned by
1252:, several members of the
1150:beyond a reasonable doubt
838:Diminished responsibility
632:Crimes against the public
3201:(such as prohibition of
1260:and concealing evidence.
767:Crimes against the state
687:(such as prohibition of
2509:San Francisco Chronicle
1310:United States v. Binion
1110:destruction of evidence
1041:destruction of evidence
1029:making false statements
451:Crimes against property
141:(also called violation)
3555:Obstruction of justice
3319:Miscarriage of justice
1552:Georgetown Law Journal
1469:Spoliation of evidence
1443:Accessory (legal term)
1140:Sentencing enhancement
1058:Black's Law Dictionary
1006:obstruction of justice
903:Other common-law areas
736:Crimes against animals
604:Miscarriage of justice
586:Crimes against justice
3314:Malfeasance in office
2757:Note: Crimes vary by
2261:Penn State Law Review
1392:ten alleged instances
1384:Trump–Ukraine scandal
1366:BALCO steroid scandal
1254:Reagan Administration
1179:Judiciary Act of 1789
809:Defenses to liability
599:Malfeasance in office
3407:Cybersex trafficking
3169:Censorship violation
1711:Louisiana Law Review
1288:was later overturned
655:Censorship violation
378:Cybersex trafficking
3199:Illegal consumption
2871:Criminal negligence
2456:The Washington Post
2209:Wall Street Journal
2098:. November 13, 1998
2096:Wall Street Journal
1944:Michigan Law Review
1848:New York Law Review
1248:In the wake of the
833:Defense of property
685:Illegal consumption
221:Criminal negligence
121:Severity of offense
3570:Criminal procedure
3402:Child sexual abuse
3367:Wildlife smuggling
3357:Cruelty to animals
3146:Against the public
2975:Negligent homicide
2886:False imprisonment
2841:Against the person
2674:. December 5, 2023
2561:The New York Times
2423:The New York Times
2367:The New York Times
2341:The New York Times
2316:. October 28, 2005
2157:The New York Times
2123:The New York Times
2048:Cornell Law Review
1950:(1): 98–99. 1983.
1773:Cornell Law Review
1331:investigating the
1250:Iran–Contra affair
1235:Watergate burglary
1210:Sarbanes–Oxley Act
1136:underlying crime.
1071:white-collar crime
1067:public-order crime
754:Wildlife smuggling
744:Cruelty to animals
373:Child sexual abuse
325:Negligent homicide
236:False imprisonment
133:Indictable offense
77:Scope of criminal
3542:
3541:
3525:Wikimedia Commons
3483:Inchoate offenses
3427:Indecent exposure
2916:Human trafficking
2881:Domestic violence
2482:Los Angeles Times
1817:Guidelines Manual
1474:Witness tampering
1183:contempt of court
1104:and retaliation,
1102:witness tampering
1086:attorneys general
1033:witness tampering
1000:In United States
998:
997:
398:Indecent exposure
266:Human trafficking
231:Domestic violence
159:Inchoate offenses
3582:
3189:Ethnic cleansing
3127:Trespass to land
3022:Arms trafficking
2832:
2827:
2826:
2817:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2717:
2716:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2535:Associated Press
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2484:. April 13, 2011
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2267:(4): 1107–1131.
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1916:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1822:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1795:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1764:
1755:
1754:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1702:
1689:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1635:Texas Law Review
1632:
1626:Baer, Miriam H.
1623:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1549:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1490:
1278:Accounting firm
1224:Notable examples
990:
983:
976:
947:
818:Actual innocence
675:Ethnic cleansing
569:Trespass to land
464:Arms trafficking
28:
21:
20:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3457:Sex trafficking
3383:Sexual offenses
3377:
3376:
3375:
3349:Against animals
3344:
3343:
3342:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3057:False pretenses
3001:
3000:
2999:
2963:Preterintention
2835:
2828:
2821:
2818:
2809:
2763:
2750:
2744:
2693:
2691:Further reading
2688:
2687:
2677:
2675:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2649:
2639:
2635:
2625:
2623:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2599:
2597:
2596:. March 4, 2019
2588:
2587:
2583:
2573:
2571:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2537:
2527:
2523:
2513:
2511:
2501:
2497:
2487:
2485:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2435:
2433:
2415:
2411:
2401:
2399:
2393:
2389:
2379:
2377:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2343:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2317:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2284:
2280:
2253:
2249:
2239:
2237:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2211:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2185:
2183:Washington Post
2175:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2073:
2071:Washington Post
2063:
2059:
2040:
2036:
2017:
2013:
1998:10.2307/1144062
1978:
1971:
1956:10.2307/1288587
1938:
1937:
1930:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1863:
1859:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1765:
1758:
1753:(3): 1499–1501.
1743:
1739:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1703:
1692:
1681:
1677:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1630:
1624:
1620:
1610:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1559:
1547:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1434:
1302:insider trading
1280:Arthur Andersen
1269:Monica Lewinsky
1226:
1214:Arthur Andersen
1175:
1166:
1142:
1112:, assault on a
1094:
1053:
994:
935:
499:False pretenses
428:Sex trafficking
354:Sexual offenses
313:Preterintention
149:Summary offense
17:
12:
11:
5:
3588:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3467:Sexual slavery
3464:
3462:Sexual assault
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3184:Hostage-taking
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2948:
2943:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2743:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2659:
2633:
2622:. June 3, 2021
2607:
2581:
2547:
2521:
2495:
2469:
2458:. May 15, 2019
2443:
2409:
2387:
2353:
2327:
2301:
2278:
2247:
2221:
2195:
2169:
2143:
2109:
2083:
2057:
2034:
2011:
1969:
1928:
1903:
1880:
1857:
1834:
1807:
1782:
1756:
1737:
1720:
1690:
1675:
1652:
1618:
1596:
1589:
1569:
1543:Murphy, Erin.
1535:
1512:
1505:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1455:
1453:Jury tampering
1450:
1448:False evidence
1445:
1440:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1425:light aircraft
1414:
1407:
1400:Robert Mueller
1388:Mueller report
1373:
1355:
1348:
1341:George W. Bush
1314:
1305:
1294:Martha Stewart
1291:
1276:
1261:
1246:
1225:
1222:
1174:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1141:
1138:
1130:Omnibus Clause
1118:federal courts
1114:process server
1106:jury tampering
1093:
1090:
1052:
1051:Legal overview
1049:
1037:jury tampering
1031:to officials,
996:
995:
993:
992:
985:
978:
970:
967:
966:
965:
964:
956:
955:
951:
950:
949:
948:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
905:
904:
900:
899:
898:
897:
892:
887:
882:
872:
867:
862:
857:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
812:
811:
805:
804:
803:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
769:
768:
764:
763:
762:
761:
756:
751:
746:
738:
737:
733:
732:
731:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
682:
677:
672:
670:Hostage-taking
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
634:
633:
629:
628:
627:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
588:
587:
583:
582:
581:
580:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
453:
452:
448:
447:
446:
445:
440:
438:Sexual slavery
435:
433:Sexual assault
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
357:
356:
350:
349:
348:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
321:
320:
310:
309:
308:
298:
293:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
195:
194:
188:
187:
186:
185:
180:
175:
170:
162:
161:
155:
154:
153:
152:
142:
136:
123:
122:
118:
117:
116:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
82:
81:
74:
73:
72:
71:
66:
61:
54:
44:
43:
37:
36:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3587:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3417:Homosexuality
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3301:
3296:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3255:
3250:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3217:Miscegenation
3215:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3097:Pickpocketing
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3009:
3004:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2901:Home invasion
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2851:Assassination
2849:
2848:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2760:
2753:
2749:
2741:
2736:
2734:
2729:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2712:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2398:
2391:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2298:(1): 126–128.
2297:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2031:(1): 249–275.
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1974:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1913:
1907:
1891:
1884:
1868:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1792:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1761:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1672:(1): 249–275.
1671:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1606:
1600:
1592:
1590:9781449654337
1586:
1582:
1581:
1573:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1523:
1516:
1508:
1506:9780674042322
1502:
1498:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1337:Valerie Plame
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:Scooter Libby
1315:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1284:Enron scandal
1281:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1221:
1219:
1218:Enron scandal
1215:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1199:trial by jury
1196:
1191:
1190:James H. Peck
1186:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:process crime
1060:
1059:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1002:jurisdictions
991:
986:
984:
979:
977:
972:
971:
969:
968:
963:
960:
959:
958:
957:
953:
952:
946:
942:
938:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
908:
907:
906:
902:
901:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
880:
876:
873:
871:
870:Justification
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
855:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
815:
814:
813:
810:
807:
806:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
772:
771:
770:
766:
765:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
740:
739:
735:
734:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
703:Miscegenation
701:
698:
694:
690:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
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3432:Masturbation
3263:Lèse-majesté
3252:Against the
3047:Embezzlement
2936:Manslaughter
2921:Intimidation
2759:jurisdiction
2756:
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2672:www.aopa.org
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1515:
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1417:Trevor Jacob
1370:house arrest
1351:Conrad Black
1345:Donald Trump
1333:Plame affair
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895:Self-defense
852:
775:Lèse-majesté
489:Embezzlement
413:Prostitution
403:Masturbation
286:Manslaughter
271:Intimidation
183:Solicitation
56:
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34:Criminal law
18:
3412:Fornication
3329:Obstruction
3309:Compounding
3117:Tax evasion
2866:Child abuse
2780:Misdemeanor
2678:December 6,
1992:(4): 1383.
1358:Barry Bonds
1321:Dick Cheney
1273:Paula Jones
1092:Federal law
1082:prosecutors
1010:prosecutors
890:Provocation
614:Obstruction
594:Compounding
559:Tax evasion
383:Fornication
216:Child abuse
145:Misdemeanor
69:Concurrence
3549:Categories
3520:WikiSource
3502:Incitement
3497:Conspiracy
3372:Bestiality
3324:Misprision
3288:Subversion
3242:War crimes
3237:Usurpation
3164:Corruption
3042:Cybercrime
2926:Kidnapping
2906:Hate crime
2896:Harassment
2876:Defamation
2830:Law portal
2805:Corruption
2795:Indictable
2775:Infraction
2436:August 31,
2054:(6): 1519.
1779:(6): 1519.
1390:described
1329:grand jury
1239:hush money
1195:indictment
1144:Under the
1014:Common law
848:Entrapment
823:Automatism
800:Subversion
759:Bestiality
728:War crimes
723:Usurpation
650:Corruption
609:Misprision
484:Cybercrime
276:Kidnapping
256:Hate crime
246:Harassment
226:Defamation
178:Incitement
173:Conspiracy
139:Infraction
98:Complicity
93:Accomplice
51:Actus reus
3565:Deception
3530:Wikiquote
3472:Voyeurism
3452:Pederasty
3437:Obscenity
3278:Secession
3273:Espionage
3232:Terrorism
3194:Smuggling
3132:Vandalism
3112:Smuggling
3052:Extortion
3027:Blackmail
2940:corporate
2746:Types of
2569:0362-4331
2431:0362-4331
2375:0362-4331
2273:1545-7877
2131:0362-4331
1683:18 U.S.C.
1480:Footnotes
1164:State law
911:Contracts
885:Necessity
790:Secession
785:Espionage
718:Terrorism
680:Smuggling
574:Vandalism
554:Smuggling
494:Extortion
469:Blackmail
443:Voyeurism
423:Pederasty
408:Obscenity
290:corporate
113:Vicarious
108:Principal
103:Corporate
88:Accessory
79:liability
64:Causation
3535:Wikinews
3392:Adultery
3362:Poaching
3298:Against
3283:Sedition
3227:Regicide
3179:Genocide
3154:Apostasy
3136:Mischief
3072:Gambling
3037:Burglary
3008:property
3006:Against
2990:Stabbing
2985:Stalking
2968:Homicide
2931:Menacing
2911:Homicide
2698:Page 462
2652:June 13,
2626:June 13,
2600:June 16,
2540:June 18,
2514:June 13,
2462:June 11,
2402:June 13,
2380:June 11,
2346:June 13,
2320:June 13,
2240:June 18,
2214:June 18,
2188:June 13,
2162:June 13,
2136:June 11,
2102:June 13,
2076:June 13,
1921:June 20,
1896:June 17,
1873:June 14,
1827:June 14,
1800:June 20,
1645:June 19,
1641:(2): 227
1611:June 19,
1562:June 19,
1528:June 17,
1432:See also
1421:YouTuber
1122:Congress
1045:sedition
926:Property
921:Evidence
916:Defenses
865:Insanity
795:Sedition
749:Poaching
713:Regicide
665:Genocide
640:Apostasy
578:Mischief
514:Gambling
479:Burglary
363:Adultery
340:Stabbing
335:Stalking
318:Homicide
281:Menacing
261:Homicide
58:Mens rea
41:Elements
3492:Attempt
3334:Perjury
3300:justice
3268:Treason
3211:smoking
3207:alcohol
3174:Dueling
3159:Begging
3107:Robbery
3087:Looting
3082:Larceny
3062:Forgery
3032:Bribery
2995:Torture
2980:Robbery
2938: (
2891:Frameup
2861:Battery
2856:Assault
2790:Summary
2768:Classes
2700:et seq.
2647:NPR.org
2574:June 3,
2488:May 22,
2006:1144062
1964:1288587
1173:History
1069:, or a
1025:perjury
954:Portals
945:estates
877: (
875:Mistake
860:Infancy
828:Consent
780:Treason
697:smoking
693:alcohol
660:Dueling
645:Begging
619:Perjury
549:Robbery
529:Looting
524:Larceny
504:Forgery
474:Bribery
345:Torture
330:Robbery
288: (
241:Frameup
211:Battery
206:Assault
168:Attempt
3560:Crimes
3422:Incest
3397:Bigamy
3222:Piracy
3209:, and
3092:Payola
2956:felony
2951:Murder
2946:Mayhem
2800:Hybrid
2785:Felony
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1078:judges
941:trusts
879:of law
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708:Piracy
695:, and
534:Payola
393:Incest
368:Bigamy
306:felony
301:Murder
296:Mayhem
129:Felony
3254:state
3203:drugs
3122:Theft
3067:Fraud
3017:Arson
2748:crime
2002:JSTOR
1960:JSTOR
1915:(PDF)
1821:(PDF)
1794:(PDF)
1685:
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1548:(PDF)
1354:2019.
937:Wills
931:Torts
689:drugs
564:Theft
509:Fraud
459:Arson
3447:Rape
2680:2023
2654:2021
2628:2021
2620:WFTS
2602:2019
2576:2019
2565:ISSN
2542:2019
2516:2019
2490:2018
2464:2019
2438:2016
2427:ISSN
2404:2019
2382:2019
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2348:2019
2322:2019
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2242:2019
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2164:2019
2138:2019
2127:ISSN
2104:2019
2078:2019
1923:2019
1898:2019
1875:2019
1829:2019
1802:2019
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1585:ISBN
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