2826:
2835:
37:
1146:
Statistics regarding the frequency of obstruction of justice prosecutions are unclear. In 2004, federal agencies arrested 446 people for obstruction, representing 0.3 percent of all federal arrests. This does not include, however, people who were charged with obstruction in addition to a more serious
1203:
imprisoned a lawyer for contempt for publishing a letter criticizing one of Peck's opinions. In an effort to prevent such abuses, Congress passed a law in 1831 limiting the application of the summary contempt procedures to offenses committed in or near the court. A new section, which survives today
1179:
State laws regarding obstruction of justice vary widely. A 2004 survey found that 24 states and the
District of Columbia had a general statute criminalizing obstruction of justice or obstruction of government functions in broad terms, similar to those found in federal law. All states have laws
1215:
In 1982, in response to concerns that the obstruction law did not provide adequate protection to crime victims and other witnesses, Congress broadened the law against witness tampering and criminalized retaliation against witnesses, as part of the Victim and
Witness Protection Act.
1170:
An obstruction finding adds two levels to the offender's sentence, which can result in as much as an additional 68 months of prison. In 2017, the obstruction enhancement was applied in 1,319 cases, representing 2.1 percent of all sentences issued in federal courts.
1159:, a defendant convicted of any crime is subject to a more severe sentence if they are found to have obstructed justice by impeding the investigation or prosecution of their crimes. While a separate conviction for the crime of obstruction would require proof
1364:
was convicted of obstruction of justice in July 2007 for removing 13 boxes containing financial records from his office in
Toronto after they had been sealed by a court order, returning the boxes a few days later. Black was pardoned by Donald Trump in May
1555:
2462:
1744:
In sum, we affirm appellants' convictions of violating 18 U.S.C. § 1505 because the evidence at trial supported the jury's verdict that they corruptly endeavored to influence a House investigation
2720:
Joseph V De Marco, "A Funny Thing
Happened on the Way to the Courthouse: Mens Rea, Document Destruction, and the Federal Obstruction of Justice Statute" (1992) 67 New York University Law Review
1438:
pilot, pleaded guilty to obstruction of justice in 2023 after having illegally disposed of the wreckage of an aircraft he had filmed himself deliberately crashing as a publicity stunt in 2021.
1143:, states that anyone who "corruptly... endeavors to influence, obstruct, or impede, the due administration of justice" in connection with a pending court proceeding is subject to punishment.
1248:. Nixon's acts of obstruction, as alleged by the House Judiciary Committee, included lying to investigators and withholding evidence, influencing witnesses (including through payments of
1268:
1054:, and many others. Obstruction also applies to overt coercion of court or government officials via the means of threats or actual physical harm, and also applying to deliberate
1252:), and making false statements to the public about the investigation. Nixon resigned before impeachment could be considered by the full House of Representatives, and he was
1019:
refers to a number of offenses that involve unduly influencing, impeding, or otherwise interfering with the justice system, especially the legal and procedural tasks of
1390:
2653:
1223:
of 2002 strengthened the obstruction laws regarding destruction of evidence before an investigation or proceeding has begun, in response to accounting firm
2600:
1922:
1740:"United States of America, Plaintiff-appellee, v. Michael B. Mitchell; Clarence M. Mitchell, Iii, defendants-appellants, 877 F.2d 294 (4th Cir. 1989)"
2626:
1901:
Obstruction of
Justice: An Overview of Some of the Federal Statutes That Prohibit Interference with Judicial, Executive, or Legislative Activities
1533:
Obstruction of
Justice: An Overview of Some of the Federal Statutes That Prohibit Interference with Judicial, Executive, or Legislative Activities
2678:
1072:
defines it as any "interference with the orderly administration of law and justice". Obstruction has been categorized by various sources as a
1293:
was charged with obstruction of justice in 2002 for allegedly destroying and altering documents in anticipation of an investigation of the
1136:
2055:"Anticipatory Obstruction of Justice: Pre-Emptive Document Destruction under the Sarbanes-Oxley Anti-Shredding Statute, 18 U.S.C. 1519"
1780:"Anticipatory Obstruction of Justice: Pre-Emptive Document Destruction under the Sarbanes-Oxley Anti-Shredding Statute, 18 U.S.C. 1519"
1324:, malingering (feigning illness) during a competency evaluation was held to be obstruction of justice and led to an enhanced sentence.
1241:
1350:'s identity as a CIA agent. Libby was convicted of obstruction and related crimes, but his 30-month prison sentence was commuted by
1199:
A scandal in 1830 led to reform of the contempt law and the creation of obstruction of justice as a separate offense. Federal judge
2748:
2715:
2721:
2189:
1421:
1128:
998:
17:
1298:
2707:
Ohlin. "Obstruction of
Justice". Criminal Law: Doctrine, Application, and Practice. Aspen Casebook Series. Third Edition.
2077:
1278:
in 1998 included allegations that
Clinton obstructed justice by trying to influence the testimony of witnesses, including
2567:
3585:
2515:
2163:
1693:
1468:
1180:
prohibiting some specific types of obstruction, such as witness tampering, jury tampering, or destruction of evidence.
1108:
2714:
Ellen S Podgor, "Obstruction of
Justice: Redesigning the Shortcut" (2020-2021) 46 Brigham Young University Law Review
1599:
1515:
3427:
3349:
1473:
1028:
634:
398:
2129:
1826:
3565:
2373:
1448:
1386:
1409:, attempts to influence witnesses, attempts to influence the Justice Department's oversight of Special Counsel
1402:
870:
123:
2407:
1164:
1156:
880:
3422:
1127:, and theft of court records. It also includes more general sections covering obstruction of proceedings in
393:
2741:
1739:
955:
864:
3545:
3530:
2488:
3580:
1275:
3112:
2851:
1638:
1308:
1167:" (unless the enhanced sentence would exceed the statutory maximum sentence for the underlying crime).
991:
554:
202:
1286:, and by encouraging Lewinsky to conceal evidence. Clinton was acquitted of all charges by the Senate.
1414:
1394:
1379:
about whether his personal trainer had given him steroids. Bonds was convicted and served 30 days of
1160:
1068:
848:
2299:"Behavior of the Defendant in a Competency-to-Stand-Trial Evaluation Becomes an Issue in Sentencing"
1993:"The Supreme Court's Bipolar Approach to the Interpretation of 18 U.S.C. 1503 and 18 U.S.C. 2232(c)"
1204:
as the
Omnibus Clause, was added to punish contempts committed outside of the court, but only after
1992:
1406:
1372:
895:
118:
1107:
In federal law, crimes constituting obstruction of justice are defined primarily in Chapter 73 of
3227:
2734:
1320:
1253:
1120:
1051:
1039:
713:
2320:
2031:
1672:
3535:
3339:
3329:
2950:
2825:
2429:
1697:
1479:
1453:
1335:
1260:
1220:
1132:
885:
624:
614:
300:
149:
98:
51:
2708:
2032:"Tampering with Witness Tampering: Resolving the Quandary Surrounding 18 U.S.C. §§ 1503, 1512"
1673:"Tampering with Witness Tampering: Resolving the Quandary Surrounding 18 U.S.C. §§ 1503, 1512"
1163:, a finding of obstruction for sentencing purposes only needs to meet the looser standard of "
3324:
3087:
2347:
1854:
1589:
1505:
1264:
1189:
984:
905:
609:
529:
2241:
1756:
Hsen, Mark; Evert, Nicholas; Susca, Rien; Wendzel, Bailey (2018). "Obstruction of Justice".
3417:
3334:
3319:
3213:
2164:"Bush pardons 6 in Iran affair, aborting a Weinberger trial; prosecutor assails 'cover-up'"
1877:
1192:, judges had the power to summarily punish those who obstructed justice by holding them in
699:
619:
604:
388:
2541:
1717:
8:
3507:
2881:
2769:
1900:
1532:
1244:
in 1974 included charges of obstruction of justice for impeding the investigation of the
843:
231:
183:
113:
103:
2054:
1779:
3575:
3432:
3412:
3377:
3367:
2985:
2966:
2896:
2805:
2012:
1970:
1245:
1081:
1077:
947:
764:
754:
403:
383:
335:
316:
246:
143:
2601:"House Judiciary Committee Unveils Investigation into Threats Against the Rule of Law"
1389:
have involved allegations that he obstructed justice by impeding the investigation of
3437:
3273:
2926:
2891:
2654:"A Man Called His Ex A 'Moron' By Text While Storming The Capitol. She Turned Him In"
2575:
2489:"Barry Bonds convicted of obstruction of justice in performance-enhancing-drugs case"
2437:
2381:
2279:
2215:
2137:
1595:
1511:
1484:
1193:
1112:
1043:
926:
900:
785:
408:
276:
241:
1950:
1878:
Judicial Fact-Finding and Criminal Sentencing: Current Practice and Potential Change
1267:
were charged with obstruction of justice for alleged actions including lying to the
3493:
3199:
3137:
3032:
2102:
2004:
1962:
1801:
1096:
875:
833:
828:
685:
579:
474:
169:
2268:"Prosecuting Martha: Federal Prosecutorial Power and the Need for a Law of Counts"
1507:
An Affair of State: The Investigation, Impeachment, and Trial of President Clinton
1307:
was convicted of obstruction of justice in 2004 for lying to investigators in the
1066:
Obstruction of justice is an umbrella term covering a variety of specific crimes.
3570:
3467:
3393:
3067:
2973:
2871:
2800:
2267:
1312:
1290:
1279:
1224:
819:
509:
438:
364:
323:
221:
159:
89:
74:
3477:
3472:
3442:
3264:
2956:
2810:
1463:
1458:
1435:
1410:
1398:
1351:
1304:
1140:
1124:
1116:
1047:
931:
889:
448:
443:
413:
306:
1058:
against a court official to undermine the appearance of legitimate authority.
27:
Crime consisting of obstructing prosecutors, investigators, or other officials
3559:
3209:
3107:
2911:
2861:
2579:
2441:
2385:
2283:
2141:
1376:
1347:
1327:
1297:. The company was convicted and effectively destroyed, though the conviction
1294:
1228:
1200:
1073:
695:
549:
261:
211:
1311:
about the reasons for a stock sale that was being investigated as potential
1111:. This chapter contains provisions covering various specific crimes such as
1027:
jurisdictions other than the United States tend to use the wider offense of
3517:
3452:
3057:
2946:
2931:
2463:"Trump pardons billionaire friend Conrad Black, who wrote a book about him"
2078:"Judiciary Committee approves article to impeach President Nixon, 27 to 11"
1718:"The Varying Parameters of Obstruction of Justice in American Criminal Law"
1427:
1380:
1361:
1355:
1343:
1012:
936:
499:
423:
296:
281:
193:
44:
3540:
3221:
3217:
3127:
2876:
2790:
1951:"Criminal Venue in the Federal Courts: The Obstruction of Justice Puzzle"
1368:
1331:
1283:
951:
707:
703:
569:
226:
155:
79:
3512:
3298:
3179:
3174:
3052:
2936:
2916:
2906:
2886:
2840:
2815:
2785:
2016:
1974:
1615:
1339:
1249:
1209:
1205:
1092:
1024:
1020:
972:
858:
810:
665:
660:
494:
286:
266:
256:
236:
188:
108:
61:
2627:"Feds arrest Spring Hill woman for alleged role in 1/6 Capitol attack"
2130:"'No One Could Believe It': When Ford Pardoned Nixon Four Decades Ago"
3482:
3462:
3447:
3382:
3288:
3283:
3252:
3242:
3204:
3142:
3122:
3062:
3037:
800:
795:
769:
738:
728:
690:
584:
564:
504:
479:
453:
433:
418:
2834:
2298:
2008:
1966:
3402:
3372:
3293:
3237:
3189:
3164:
3146:
3082:
3047:
3018:
3000:
2995:
2978:
2941:
2921:
1431:
1055:
921:
853:
805:
759:
723:
675:
650:
588:
524:
489:
373:
350:
345:
328:
291:
271:
68:
3502:
3344:
3310:
3278:
3247:
3194:
3169:
3117:
3097:
3092:
3072:
3042:
3005:
2990:
2901:
2866:
2726:
1807:(Report). Bureau of Justice Statistics. December 2006. p. 17
1035:
838:
790:
733:
680:
655:
629:
559:
539:
534:
514:
484:
355:
340:
251:
216:
178:
36:
2303:
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online
3407:
3232:
3102:
2961:
2795:
718:
544:
378:
311:
139:
2216:"Arthur Andersen is convicted on obstruction-of-justice count"
1375:
in 2011 for allegedly lying to a grand jury investigating the
1139:. One of the broadest provisions in the chapter, known as the
3132:
3077:
3027:
2758:
2568:"Mueller Rejects View That Presidents Can't Obstruct Justice"
2516:"Appeals court overturns Barry Bonds' obstruction conviction"
1834:. United States Sentencing Commission. 2018. pp. 359–361
1088:
574:
519:
469:
2542:"The 10 instances of possible obstruction in Mueller report"
2374:"Trump Pardons Scooter Libby in a Case That Mirrors His Own"
3457:
3184:
1855:"Perjured Statements as a Basis for Sentencing Enhancement"
1556:"The Crime Factory: Process, Pretext, and Criminal Justice"
1034:
Obstruction is a broad crime that may include acts such as
941:
670:
428:
1227:'s widely reported shredding of documents related to the
1282:, in the sexual harassment lawsuit filed against him by
2566:
Schmidt, Michael S.; Savage, Charlie (April 18, 2019).
1391:
Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election
2679:"Trevor Jacob admits to intentional crash for clicks"
2214:
Weil, Jonathan; Barrionuevo, Alexei (June 16, 2002).
1928:(Report). U. S. Sentencing Commission. 2017. Table 18
1755:
1346:
about conversations that he had with reporters about
2830:
1903:(Report). Congressional Research Service. p. 79
1383:, but the conviction was later overturned on appeal.
1535:(Report). Congressional Research Service. p. 1
1358:
in 2018 after a key witness recanted her testimony.
2076:Lyons, Richard; Chapman, William (July 28, 1974).
1853:Flumenbaum, Martin; Karp, Brad S. (May 30, 2014).
1476:, a similar concept in the Commonwealth of Nations
1424:were charged with Obstruction of Justice/Congress.
1269:Congressional committees investigating the matter
3557:
1587:
1023:, investigators, or other government officials.
2266:Seigel, Michael; Slobogin, Christopher (2005).
2213:
1588:Burfeind, James; Bartusch, Dawn Jeglum (2011).
1420:Many of the participants that took part in the
1188:From the creation of the federal courts by the
2265:
1986:
1984:
1852:
1802:Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics, 2004
1256:before any criminal investigation could occur.
2742:
2565:
1242:impeachment proceedings against Richard Nixon
992:
2075:
1591:Juvenile Delinquency: An Integrated Approach
1413:, and an attempt to have Mueller fired. The
1405:of potential obstruction, including Trump's
1087:Obstruction can include crimes committed by
2348:"Libby guilty of lying in C.I.A. leak case"
1990:
1981:
1923:Sourcebook of Federal Sentencing Statistics
1417:opened an investigation of the allegations.
2749:
2735:
2430:"Conrad Black Found Guilty in Fraud Trial"
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
999:
985:
2103:"For the purpose of deceiving the people"
1150:
2651:
2161:
1945:
1943:
1880:(Report). Congressional Research Service
1510:. Harvard University Press. p. 37.
2539:
2242:"Arthur Andersen conviction overturned"
1997:Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
1773:
1771:
1702:
14:
3558:
2652:Treisman, Rachel (February 25, 2021).
2605:Committee on the Judiciary - Democrats
2513:
2427:
2405:
2296:
2187:
2128:Holson, Laura M. (September 8, 2018).
2127:
1991:Fitzpatrick, James (January 1, 1996).
1876:Foster, Michael A. (August 24, 2018).
1875:
1715:
1503:
1422:January 6 United States Capitol attack
2730:
2371:
2345:
2239:
2162:Johnston, David (December 24, 1992).
2029:
1940:
1898:
1670:
1530:
1407:dismissal of FBI director James Comey
2052:
1777:
1768:
1664:
1594:. Jones & Bartlett. p. 62.
1254:preemptively pardoned by Gerald Ford
1099:, and elected officials in general.
2408:"Belated justice for Scooter Libby"
2297:Darani, Shaheen (January 1, 2006).
1373:charged with obstruction of justice
1336:charged with obstruction of justice
1234:
24:
2756:
2701:
2321:"Highlights from Libby indictment"
2188:Marcus, Ruth (December 20, 1998).
2030:Riley, Tina M. (January 1, 1999).
1671:Riley, Tina M. (January 1, 1999).
1553:
1469:Obstructing an official proceeding
1109:Title 18 of the United States Code
25:
3597:
2428:Siklos, Richard (July 14, 2007).
2406:Miller, Judith (April 14, 2018).
1899:Doyle, Charles (April 17, 2014).
1716:Decker, John (November 1, 2004).
1531:Doyle, Charles (April 17, 2014).
1338:in 2007 for allegedly lying to a
1061:
3350:Perverting the course of justice
2833:
2824:
2772:. Not all types are listed here.
2540:Sherman, Mark (April 18, 2019).
2346:Lewis, Neil A. (March 7, 2007).
2036:Washington University Law Review
1677:Washington University Law Review
1639:"Sorting Out White-Collar Crime"
1636:
1474:Perverting the course of justice
1029:perverting the course of justice
635:Perverting the course of justice
35:
3088:Intellectual property violation
2671:
2645:
2619:
2593:
2559:
2533:
2507:
2481:
2455:
2421:
2399:
2372:Baker, Peter (April 13, 2018).
2365:
2339:
2313:
2290:
2259:
2233:
2207:
2181:
2155:
2121:
2095:
2069:
2046:
2023:
1915:
1892:
1869:
1846:
1819:
1794:
1749:
1732:
1449:Offences against public justice
1387:Efforts to impeach Donald Trump
1165:a preponderance of the evidence
530:Intellectual property violation
2514:Egelko, Bob (April 23, 2015).
2053:Hill, Dana (January 1, 2004).
1778:Hill, Dana (January 1, 2004).
1687:
1630:
1618:. Bureau of Justice Statistics
1608:
1581:
1547:
1524:
1497:
1102:
13:
1:
1616:"All Terms & Definitions"
1393:and the investigation of the
1157:Federal Sentencing Guidelines
2240:Mears, Bill (May 31, 2005).
2190:"Explanation of Article III"
1758:American Criminal Law Review
1490:
1330:, advisor to Vice President
1174:
865:Ignorantia juris non excusat
7:
1504:Posner, Richard A. (2009).
1442:
1276:impeachment of Bill Clinton
10:
3602:
3113:Possessing stolen property
1309:ImClone stock trading case
1183:
1137:federal executive agencies
555:Possessing stolen property
203:Offense against the person
3586:Abuse of the legal system
3527:
3492:
3392:
3359:
3308:
3262:
3156:
3016:
2850:
2822:
2778:
2765:
1415:House Judiciary Committee
1354:, and he was pardoned by
1263:, several members of the
1161:beyond a reasonable doubt
849:Diminished responsibility
643:Crimes against the public
3212:(such as prohibition of
1271:and concealing evidence.
778:Crimes against the state
698:(such as prohibition of
2520:San Francisco Chronicle
1321:United States v. Binion
1121:destruction of evidence
1052:destruction of evidence
1040:making false statements
462:Crimes against property
152:(also called violation)
3566:Obstruction of justice
3330:Miscarriage of justice
1563:Georgetown Law Journal
1480:Spoliation of evidence
1454:Accessory (legal term)
1151:Sentencing enhancement
1069:Black's Law Dictionary
1017:obstruction of justice
914:Other common-law areas
747:Crimes against animals
615:Miscarriage of justice
597:Crimes against justice
18:Obstruction of justice
3325:Malfeasance in office
2768:Note: Crimes vary by
2272:Penn State Law Review
1403:ten alleged instances
1395:Trump–Ukraine scandal
1377:BALCO steroid scandal
1265:Reagan Administration
1190:Judiciary Act of 1789
820:Defenses to liability
610:Malfeasance in office
3418:Cybersex trafficking
3180:Censorship violation
1722:Louisiana Law Review
1299:was later overturned
666:Censorship violation
389:Cybersex trafficking
3210:Illegal consumption
2882:Criminal negligence
2467:The Washington Post
2220:Wall Street Journal
2109:. November 13, 1998
2107:Wall Street Journal
1955:Michigan Law Review
1859:New York Law Review
1259:In the wake of the
844:Defense of property
696:Illegal consumption
232:Criminal negligence
132:Severity of offense
3581:Criminal procedure
3413:Child sexual abuse
3378:Wildlife smuggling
3368:Cruelty to animals
3157:Against the public
2986:Negligent homicide
2897:False imprisonment
2852:Against the person
2685:. December 5, 2023
2572:The New York Times
2434:The New York Times
2378:The New York Times
2352:The New York Times
2327:. October 28, 2005
2168:The New York Times
2134:The New York Times
2059:Cornell Law Review
1961:(1): 98–99. 1983.
1784:Cornell Law Review
1342:investigating the
1261:Iran–Contra affair
1246:Watergate burglary
1221:Sarbanes–Oxley Act
1147:underlying crime.
1082:white-collar crime
1078:public-order crime
765:Wildlife smuggling
755:Cruelty to animals
384:Child sexual abuse
336:Negligent homicide
247:False imprisonment
144:Indictable offense
88:Scope of criminal
3553:
3552:
3536:Wikimedia Commons
3494:Inchoate offenses
3438:Indecent exposure
2927:Human trafficking
2892:Domestic violence
2493:Los Angeles Times
1828:Guidelines Manual
1485:Witness tampering
1194:contempt of court
1115:and retaliation,
1113:witness tampering
1097:attorneys general
1044:witness tampering
1011:In United States
1009:
1008:
409:Indecent exposure
277:Human trafficking
242:Domestic violence
170:Inchoate offenses
16:(Redirected from
3593:
3200:Ethnic cleansing
3138:Trespass to land
3033:Arms trafficking
2843:
2838:
2837:
2828:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2728:
2727:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2546:Associated Press
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2495:. April 13, 2011
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2278:(4): 1107–1131.
2263:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2027:
2021:
2020:
1988:
1979:
1978:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1927:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1833:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1806:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1713:
1700:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1646:Texas Law Review
1643:
1637:Baer, Miriam H.
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1560:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1501:
1289:Accounting firm
1235:Notable examples
1001:
994:
987:
958:
829:Actual innocence
686:Ethnic cleansing
580:Trespass to land
475:Arms trafficking
39:
32:
31:
21:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3468:Sex trafficking
3394:Sexual offenses
3388:
3387:
3386:
3360:Against animals
3355:
3354:
3353:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3068:False pretenses
3012:
3011:
3010:
2974:Preterintention
2846:
2839:
2832:
2829:
2820:
2774:
2761:
2755:
2704:
2702:Further reading
2699:
2698:
2688:
2686:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2662:
2660:
2650:
2646:
2636:
2634:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2607:. March 4, 2019
2599:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2582:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2548:
2538:
2534:
2524:
2522:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2444:
2426:
2422:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2400:
2390:
2388:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2354:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2295:
2291:
2264:
2260:
2250:
2248:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2222:
2212:
2208:
2198:
2196:
2194:Washington Post
2186:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2160:
2156:
2146:
2144:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2082:Washington Post
2074:
2070:
2051:
2047:
2028:
2024:
2009:10.2307/1144062
1989:
1982:
1967:10.2307/1288587
1949:
1948:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1904:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1874:
1870:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1776:
1769:
1764:(3): 1499–1501.
1754:
1750:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1714:
1703:
1692:
1688:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1621:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1445:
1313:insider trading
1291:Arthur Andersen
1280:Monica Lewinsky
1237:
1225:Arthur Andersen
1186:
1177:
1153:
1123:, assault on a
1105:
1064:
1005:
946:
510:False pretenses
439:Sex trafficking
365:Sexual offenses
324:Preterintention
160:Summary offense
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3599:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3478:Sexual slavery
3475:
3473:Sexual assault
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3195:Hostage-taking
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2959:
2954:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2754:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2670:
2644:
2633:. June 3, 2021
2618:
2592:
2558:
2532:
2506:
2480:
2469:. May 15, 2019
2454:
2420:
2398:
2364:
2338:
2312:
2289:
2258:
2232:
2206:
2180:
2154:
2120:
2094:
2068:
2045:
2022:
1980:
1939:
1914:
1891:
1868:
1845:
1818:
1793:
1767:
1748:
1731:
1701:
1686:
1663:
1629:
1607:
1600:
1580:
1554:Murphy, Erin.
1546:
1523:
1516:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1466:
1464:Jury tampering
1461:
1459:False evidence
1456:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1436:light aircraft
1425:
1418:
1411:Robert Mueller
1399:Mueller report
1384:
1366:
1359:
1352:George W. Bush
1325:
1316:
1305:Martha Stewart
1302:
1287:
1272:
1257:
1236:
1233:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1152:
1149:
1141:Omnibus Clause
1129:federal courts
1125:process server
1117:jury tampering
1104:
1101:
1063:
1062:Legal overview
1060:
1048:jury tampering
1042:to officials,
1007:
1006:
1004:
1003:
996:
989:
981:
978:
977:
976:
975:
967:
966:
962:
961:
960:
959:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
916:
915:
911:
910:
909:
908:
903:
898:
893:
883:
878:
873:
868:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
823:
822:
816:
815:
814:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
780:
779:
775:
774:
773:
772:
767:
762:
757:
749:
748:
744:
743:
742:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
693:
688:
683:
681:Hostage-taking
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
645:
644:
640:
639:
638:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
599:
598:
594:
593:
592:
591:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
464:
463:
459:
458:
457:
456:
451:
449:Sexual slavery
446:
444:Sexual assault
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
368:
367:
361:
360:
359:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
332:
331:
321:
320:
319:
309:
304:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
206:
205:
199:
198:
197:
196:
191:
186:
181:
173:
172:
166:
165:
164:
163:
153:
147:
134:
133:
129:
128:
127:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
93:
92:
85:
84:
83:
82:
77:
72:
65:
55:
54:
48:
47:
41:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3598:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3428:Homosexuality
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3312:
3307:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3266:
3261:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3228:Miscegenation
3226:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3108:Pickpocketing
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3020:
3015:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2912:Home invasion
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2862:Assassination
2860:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2771:
2764:
2760:
2752:
2747:
2745:
2740:
2738:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2409:
2402:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2309:(1): 126–128.
2308:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2042:(1): 249–275.
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1985:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1944:
1924:
1918:
1902:
1895:
1879:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1830:
1829:
1822:
1803:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1772:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1683:(1): 249–275.
1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1617:
1611:
1603:
1601:9781449654337
1597:
1593:
1592:
1584:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1534:
1527:
1519:
1517:9780674042322
1513:
1509:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1348:Valerie Plame
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1328:Scooter Libby
1326:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1295:Enron scandal
1292:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1230:
1229:Enron scandal
1226:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1210:trial by jury
1207:
1202:
1201:James H. Peck
1197:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1074:process crime
1071:
1070:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1013:jurisdictions
1002:
997:
995:
990:
988:
983:
982:
980:
979:
974:
971:
970:
969:
968:
964:
963:
957:
953:
949:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
919:
918:
917:
913:
912:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
891:
887:
884:
882:
881:Justification
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
866:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
826:
825:
824:
821:
818:
817:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
783:
782:
781:
777:
776:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
752:
751:
750:
746:
745:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
714:Miscegenation
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550:Pickpocketing
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3518:Solicitation
3453:Prostitution
3443:Masturbation
3274:Lèse-majesté
3263:Against the
3058:Embezzlement
2947:Manslaughter
2932:Intimidation
2770:jurisdiction
2767:
2687:. Retrieved
2683:www.aopa.org
2682:
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1917:
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1871:
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1827:
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1796:
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1610:
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1566:
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1549:
1537:. Retrieved
1526:
1506:
1499:
1428:Trevor Jacob
1381:house arrest
1362:Conrad Black
1356:Donald Trump
1344:Plame affair
1319:
1218:
1214:
1198:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1154:
1145:
1106:
1086:
1067:
1065:
1033:
1016:
1010:
906:Self-defense
863:
786:Lèse-majesté
500:Embezzlement
424:Prostitution
414:Masturbation
297:Manslaughter
282:Intimidation
194:Solicitation
67:
60:
45:Criminal law
29:
3423:Fornication
3340:Obstruction
3320:Compounding
3128:Tax evasion
2877:Child abuse
2791:Misdemeanor
2689:December 6,
2003:(4): 1383.
1369:Barry Bonds
1332:Dick Cheney
1284:Paula Jones
1103:Federal law
1093:prosecutors
1021:prosecutors
901:Provocation
625:Obstruction
605:Compounding
570:Tax evasion
394:Fornication
227:Child abuse
156:Misdemeanor
80:Concurrence
3560:Categories
3531:WikiSource
3513:Incitement
3508:Conspiracy
3383:Bestiality
3335:Misprision
3299:Subversion
3253:War crimes
3248:Usurpation
3175:Corruption
3053:Cybercrime
2937:Kidnapping
2917:Hate crime
2907:Harassment
2887:Defamation
2841:Law portal
2816:Corruption
2806:Indictable
2786:Infraction
2447:August 31,
2065:(6): 1519.
1790:(6): 1519.
1401:described
1340:grand jury
1250:hush money
1206:indictment
1155:Under the
1025:Common law
859:Entrapment
834:Automatism
811:Subversion
770:Bestiality
739:War crimes
734:Usurpation
661:Corruption
620:Misprision
495:Cybercrime
287:Kidnapping
267:Hate crime
257:Harassment
237:Defamation
189:Incitement
184:Conspiracy
150:Infraction
109:Complicity
104:Accomplice
62:Actus reus
3576:Deception
3541:Wikiquote
3483:Voyeurism
3463:Pederasty
3448:Obscenity
3289:Secession
3284:Espionage
3243:Terrorism
3205:Smuggling
3143:Vandalism
3123:Smuggling
3063:Extortion
3038:Blackmail
2951:corporate
2757:Types of
2580:0362-4331
2442:0362-4331
2386:0362-4331
2284:1545-7877
2142:0362-4331
1694:18 U.S.C.
1491:Footnotes
1175:State law
922:Contracts
896:Necessity
801:Secession
796:Espionage
729:Terrorism
691:Smuggling
585:Vandalism
565:Smuggling
505:Extortion
480:Blackmail
454:Voyeurism
434:Pederasty
419:Obscenity
301:corporate
124:Vicarious
119:Principal
114:Corporate
99:Accessory
90:liability
75:Causation
3546:Wikinews
3403:Adultery
3373:Poaching
3309:Against
3294:Sedition
3238:Regicide
3190:Genocide
3165:Apostasy
3147:Mischief
3083:Gambling
3048:Burglary
3019:property
3017:Against
3001:Stabbing
2996:Stalking
2979:Homicide
2942:Menacing
2922:Homicide
2709:Page 462
2663:June 13,
2637:June 13,
2611:June 16,
2551:June 18,
2525:June 13,
2473:June 11,
2413:June 13,
2391:June 11,
2357:June 13,
2331:June 13,
2251:June 18,
2225:June 18,
2199:June 13,
2173:June 13,
2147:June 11,
2113:June 13,
2087:June 13,
1932:June 20,
1907:June 17,
1884:June 14,
1838:June 14,
1811:June 20,
1656:June 19,
1652:(2): 227
1622:June 19,
1573:June 19,
1539:June 17,
1443:See also
1432:YouTuber
1133:Congress
1056:sedition
937:Property
932:Evidence
927:Defenses
876:Insanity
806:Sedition
760:Poaching
724:Regicide
676:Genocide
651:Apostasy
589:Mischief
525:Gambling
490:Burglary
374:Adultery
351:Stabbing
346:Stalking
329:Homicide
292:Menacing
272:Homicide
69:Mens rea
52:Elements
3503:Attempt
3345:Perjury
3311:justice
3279:Treason
3222:smoking
3218:alcohol
3185:Dueling
3170:Begging
3118:Robbery
3098:Looting
3093:Larceny
3073:Forgery
3043:Bribery
3006:Torture
2991:Robbery
2949: (
2902:Frameup
2872:Battery
2867:Assault
2801:Summary
2779:Classes
2711:et seq.
2658:NPR.org
2585:June 3,
2499:May 22,
2017:1144062
1975:1288587
1184:History
1080:, or a
1036:perjury
965:Portals
956:estates
888: (
886:Mistake
871:Infancy
839:Consent
791:Treason
708:smoking
704:alcohol
671:Dueling
656:Begging
630:Perjury
560:Robbery
540:Looting
535:Larceny
515:Forgery
485:Bribery
356:Torture
341:Robbery
299: (
252:Frameup
222:Battery
217:Assault
179:Attempt
3571:Crimes
3433:Incest
3408:Bigamy
3233:Piracy
3220:, and
3103:Payola
2967:felony
2962:Murder
2957:Mayhem
2811:Hybrid
2796:Felony
2578:
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1698:ch. 73
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1334:, was
1135:, and
1089:judges
952:trusts
890:of law
854:Duress
719:Piracy
706:, and
545:Payola
404:Incest
379:Bigamy
317:felony
312:Murder
307:Mayhem
140:Felony
3265:state
3214:drugs
3133:Theft
3078:Fraud
3028:Arson
2759:crime
2013:JSTOR
1971:JSTOR
1926:(PDF)
1832:(PDF)
1805:(PDF)
1696:
1642:(PDF)
1559:(PDF)
1365:2019.
948:Wills
942:Torts
700:drugs
575:Theft
520:Fraud
470:Arson
3458:Rape
2691:2023
2665:2021
2639:2021
2631:WFTS
2613:2019
2587:2019
2576:ISSN
2553:2019
2527:2019
2501:2018
2475:2019
2449:2016
2438:ISSN
2415:2019
2393:2019
2382:ISSN
2359:2019
2333:2019
2280:ISSN
2253:2019
2227:2019
2201:2019
2175:2019
2149:2019
2138:ISSN
2115:2019
2089:2019
1934:2019
1909:2019
1886:2019
1840:2019
1813:2019
1728:(1).
1658:2019
1624:2019
1596:ISBN
1575:2019
1541:2019
1512:ISBN
1434:and
1430:, a
1371:was
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