2160:
6987:
operational storage capacity at Aviano and
Incirlik (Kristensen 2015, 2019c). ... Concerns were raised about the security of the nuclear weapons at the Incirlik base during the failed coup attempt in Turkey in July 2016, and the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee for Europe stated in September 2020 that "our presence, quite honestly, in Turkey is certainly threatened," and further noted that "we don't know what's going to happen to Incirlik" (Gehrke 2020). Despite rumors in late 2017 that the weapons had been "quietly removed" (Hammond 2017), reports in 2019 that US officials had reviewed emergency nuclear weapons evacuation plans (Sanger 2019) indicated that that there were still weapons present at the base. The numbers appear to have been reduced, however, from up to 50 to approximately 20.
1999:") in 1952. The UK had provided considerable impetus and initial research for the early conception of the atomic bomb, aided by Austrian, German and Polish physicists working at British universities who had either fled or decided not to return to Nazi Germany or Nazi-controlled territories. The UK collaborated closely with the United States and Canada during the Manhattan Project, but had to develop its own method for manufacturing and detonating a bomb as U.S. secrecy grew after 1945. The United Kingdom was the third country in the world, after the United States and the Soviet Union, to develop and test a nuclear weapon. Its programme was motivated to have an independent deterrent against the Soviet Union, while also maintaining its status as a
2766:
1340:
2205:, China is in the middle of a significant modernization and expansion of its nuclear arsenal. Its nuclear stockpile is expected to continue growing over the coming decade and some projections suggest that it will deploy at least as many intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) as either Russia or the US in that period. However, China's overall nuclear warhead stockpile is still expected to remain smaller than that of either of those states. The Yearbook published by SIPRI in 2023 revealed that China's nuclear warheads stockpile increased by 17% in 2022, reaching 410 warheads.
2231:
2070:
3525:. The latest update was in January 2023. "Deployed" indicates the total of deployed strategic and non-strategic warheads. Because the number of non-strategic warheads is unknown for many countries, this number should be taken as a minimum. When a range of weapons is given (e.g., 0â10), it generally indicates that the estimate is being made on the amount of fissile material that has likely been produced, and the amount of fissile material needed per warhead depends on estimates of a country's proficiency at nuclear weapon design.
1907:
2943:
32:
2710:
173:
2651:
1808:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1186:
3032:
1043:
1972:
2843:
3233:
1626:
10026:
872:
2821:
1670:
1315:
1242:
1235:
7826:, David Dean in his office after Colonel Chang's defection in 1988. Dean questioned him with the US satellite imagery detecting a minimized nuclear explosion at the Jioupeng military test field in Pingtung in 1986. Hao answered that, after nearly 20 years of research, ROC had successfully produced a controlled nuclear reaction. Hau recorded the statement in his diary and published on the Issue 1 (2000), but was removed from the later re-issues."
1486:
3141:
2865:
1677:
1663:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1308:
1301:
1228:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1094:
1087:
1080:
2336:
3055:
1559:
565:
2966:
2736:
2677:
1260:
1112:
2796:
10014:
3012:
2989:
1413:
915:
10038:
2418:. In February 2005, North Korea claimed to possess functional nuclear weapons, though their lack of a test at the time led many experts to doubt the claim. In October 2006, North Korea stated that, in response to growing intimidation by the United States, it would conduct a nuclear test to confirm its nuclear status. North Korea reported a successful nuclear test on 9 October 2006 (see
3092:, the United States has provided nuclear weapons for Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Turkey to deploy and store. This involves pilots and other staff of the "non-nuclear" NATO states practicing, handling, and delivering the U.S. nuclear bombs, and adapting non-U.S. warplanes to deliver U.S. nuclear bombs. However, since all U.S. nuclear weapons are protected with
3292:, which since 2023 has resumed hosting Russian nuclear weapons, also had single warhead missiles stationed on its territory into the 1990s while a constituent of the Soviet Union. When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, 81 single warhead missiles were stationed on newly Belarusian territory, but were all transferred to Russia by 1996. Belarus was a member of the
2245:. Indian officials rejected the NPT in the 1960s on the grounds that it created a world of nuclear "haves" and "have-nots", arguing that it unnecessarily restricted "peaceful activity" (including "peaceful nuclear explosives"), and that India would not accede to international control of their nuclear facilities unless all other countries engaged in
545:(SIPRI) estimated in 2023 that the total number of nuclear warheads acquired by nuclear states reached 12,512. Approximately 9,576 are kept with military stockpiles. About 3,844 warheads are deployed with missiles. 2000 warheads, which are primarily from Russia and the United States, are maintained for high operational alerts.
3192:
permit the NWS to delegate the control of their nuclear weapons directly or indirectly to others." NATO has argued that the weapons' sharing is compliant with the NPT because "the U.S. nuclear weapons based in Europe are in the sole possession and under constant and complete custody and control of the United States."
3281:
had as many as 3,000 nuclear weapons deployed on its territory when it became independent from the Soviet Union in 1991, equivalent to the third-largest nuclear arsenal in the world. At the time
Ukraine acceded to the NPT in December 1994, Ukraine had agreed to dispose of all nuclear weapons within
3112:
from 1963. However, the United States withdrew three of the four nuclear-capable weapons systems from Canada by 1972, the fourth by 1984, and all nuclear-capable weapons systems from Greece by 2001. As of April 2019, the United States maintained around 100 nuclear weapons in Europe, as reflected in
2470:, North Korea's military nuclear programme remains central to its national security strategy and it may have assembled up to 30 nuclear weapons and could produce more. North Korea conducted more than 90 ballistic missile tests during 2022, the highest number it has ever undertaken in a single year.
3191:
have called on all countries to "refrain from nuclear sharing for military purposes under any kind of security arrangements." The
Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad (ISSI) has criticized the arrangement for allegedly violating Articles I and II of the NPT, arguing that "these Articles do not
3213:
and the
Russian command and control system. Of these, Kazakhstan and Ukraine continue to have neither their own nuclear weapons nor another state's nuclear weapons stationed in their territory whereas Belarus does again claim to have Russian-owned nuclear weapons stationed on its territory since
3163:
Since June 2023, the leaders of Russia and
Belarus have claimed that a "number of" nuclear weapons are located on Belarusian territory while remaining in Russian possession. Sources hostile to these countries have confirmed that nuclear warheads have been delivered to Belarus, but claim that the
2320:
with India and may cease all cooperation with India if India detonates a nuclear explosive device. The US had further said it is not its intention to assist India in the design, construction or operation of sensitive nuclear technologies through the transfer of dual-use items. In establishing an
2268:
for peaceful and power generating needs, such as Canada. After its 1974 test, India maintained that its nuclear capability was primarily "peaceful", but between 1988 and 1990 it apparently weaponized two dozen nuclear weapons for delivery by air. In 1998 India tested weaponized nuclear warheads
934:
under their control, and the year they tested their first weapon and their force configuration. This list is informally known in global politics as the "Nuclear Club". With the exception of Russia and the United States (which have subjected their nuclear forces to independent verification under
3254:. It has long been speculated that it was a test by Israel, in collaboration with and with the support of South Africa, though this has never been confirmed. South Africa could not have constructed such a nuclear bomb by itself until November 1979, two months after the "double flash" incident.
6986:
About 100 of these (versions â3 and â4) are thought to be deployed at six bases in five
European countries: Aviano and Ghedi in Italy; BĂŒchel in Germany; Incirlik in Turkey; Kleine Brogel in Belgium; and Volkel in the Netherlands. This number has declined since 2009 partly due to reduction of
2140:
stressed the need for a nuclear deterrent in "a dangerous world". He also detailed the French deterrent as "fewer than 300" nuclear warheads, three sets of 16 submarine-launched ballistic missiles and 54 medium-range air-to-surface missiles and urged other states to show similar transparency.
2619:
Some countries are known to have delegated launch authority to military personnel in the event that the usual launch authority is incapacitated; whether or not the 'pre-delegated' authority exists at any particular time is kept secret. In the United States, some military commanders have been
7732:{{cite webhttps://newsinfo.inquirer.net/58985/us-stored-nukes-in-philippines-under-marcos%E2%80%93bayan#:~:text=Citing%20a%20declassified%20%E2%80%9CTop%20Secret,%E2%80%94as%20early%20as%201966.%E2%80%9D|title=US stored nukes in Philippines under MarcosâBayan|access-date=2024-04-15}}
2493:
Israel is widely believed to have been the sixth country in the world to develop nuclear weapons, but it has not acknowledged its nuclear forces. It had "rudimentary, but deliverable," nuclear weapons available as early as 1966. Israel is not a party to the NPT. Israel engages in
1922:
during and after World War II. The Soviet Union was the second nation to have developed and tested a nuclear weapon. The direct motivation for Soviet weapons development was to achieve a balance of power during the Cold War. It tested its first megaton-range hydrogen bomb
2498:, saying it would not be the first country to "introduce" nuclear weapons into the region, but refusing to otherwise confirm or deny a nuclear weapons program or arsenal. This policy of "nuclear opacity" has been interpreted as an attempt to get the benefits of
4919:
Farr, Warner D (September 1999), The Third Temple's holy of holies: Israel's nuclear weapons, The
Counterproliferation Papers, Future Warfare Series 2, USAF Counterproliferation Center, Air War College, Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, retrieved 2 July
4512:
by
Muthiah Alagappa (NUS Press, 2009), page 169: "China has developed strategic nuclear forces made up of land-based missiles, submarine-launched missiles, and bombers. Within this triad, China has also developed weapons of different ranges, capabilities, and
2347:
Pakistan is also not a party to the
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Pakistan covertly developed nuclear weapons over decades, beginning in the late 1970s. Pakistan first delved into nuclear power after the establishment of its first nuclear power plant near
1931:"), with a theoretical yield of 100 megatons, intentionally reduced to 50 when detonated. After its dissolution in 1991, the Soviet weapons entered officially into the possession of the Russian Federation. The Soviet nuclear arsenal contained some 45,000
946:
From a high of 70,300 active weapons in 1986, as of 2024 there are approximately 3,880 active nuclear warheads and 12,119 total nuclear warheads in the world. Many of the decommissioned weapons were simply stored or partially dismantled, not destroyed.
2387:
technology to North Korea, Iran, and Libya. Khan denied complicity by the
Pakistani government or Army, but this has been called into question by journalists and IAEA officials, and was later contradicted by statements from Khan himself.
6341:
2104:
diplomatic tension in relation to both the Soviet Union and its allies, the United States and United Kingdom. It was also relevant to retain great power status, alongside the United Kingdom, during the post-colonial Cold War (see:
6721:
7997:
Philipp C. Bleek, âWhen Did (and Didnât) States Proliferate? Chronicling the Spread of Nuclear Weapons,â Discussion Paper (Cambridge, MA: Project on Managing the Atom, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, June
1882:. The U.S. nuclear arsenal contained 31,175 warheads at its Cold War height (in 1966). During the Cold War, the United States built approximately 70,000 nuclear warheads, more than all other nuclear-weapon states combined.
3200:
Nuclear weapons have been present in many nations, often as staging grounds under control of other powers. However, in only one instance has a nation given up nuclear weapons after being in full control of them. The
2391:
As of early 2013, Pakistan was estimated to have had a stockpile of around 140 warheads, and in November 2014 it was projected that by 2020 Pakistan would have enough fissile material for 200 warheads. As of 2024,
2359:
It is believed that Pakistan has possessed nuclear weapons since the mid-1980s. The United States continued to certify that Pakistan did not possess such weapons until 1990, when sanctions were imposed under the
6236:
7897:
6809:
6790:
6333:
3683:
2186:") in 1967, 32 months after testing its first nuclear weapon (the shortest fission-to-fusion development known in history). China is the only NPT nuclear-weapon state to give an unqualified negative
2321:
exemption for India, the Nuclear Suppliers Group reserved the right to consult on any future issues which might trouble it. As of June 2024, India was estimated to have a stockpile of 172 warheads.
6603:
7767:
7284:
4959:
By Ewan W. Anderson, Liam D. Anderson, (Routledge 2013), page 233: "In terms of delivery systems, there is strong evidence that Israel now possesses all three elements of the nuclear triad."
3785:
While experts generally agree that Israel possesses nuclear weapons, no such current open source consensus exists on the status of Israel's offensive chemical or biological weapons programs.
3304:
In connection with their accession to the NPT, all three countries received assurances that their sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity would be respected, as stated in the
2449:
detonation; NORSAR estimates the yield at 250 kilotons of TNT. In 2018, North Korea announced a halt in nuclear weapons tests and made a conditional commitment to denuclearisation of the
6722:"Israel's nuclear option remark raises 'huge number of questions': Russia's foreign ministry says Israel appeared to have admitted that it has nuclear weapons and is willing to use them"
4665:
8015:
2260:"). The test was the first test developed after the creation of the NPT, and created new questions about how civilian nuclear technology could be diverted secretly to weapons purposes (
7554:
2312:
to a waiver of export restrictions for India, approval by the U.S. Congress and culminating in the signature of U.S.âIndia agreement for civil nuclear cooperation in October 2008. The
2296:. This initiative came to fruition through a series of steps that included India's announced plan to separate its civil and military nuclear programs in March 2006, the passage of the
8789:
8103:
3451:
5513:
3806:
2620:
delegated authority to launch nuclear weapons "when the urgency of time and circumstances clearly does not permit a specific decision by the President." Russia has a semi automated
4053:
3743:
4029:
9375:
5683:
2178:
test site. The weapon was developed as a deterrent against both the United States and the Soviet Union. Two years later, China had a fission bomb capable of being put onto a
939:
thousands of Russian and U.S. nuclear warheads are inactive in stockpiles awaiting processing. The fissile material contained in the warheads can then be recycled for use in
2785:
5315:
2751:
4156:
2356:
promised in 1971 that if India could build nuclear weapons then Pakistan would too, according to him: "We will develop Nuclear stockpiles, even if we have to eat grass."
2249:
of their own nuclear weapons. The Indian position has also asserted that the NPT is in many ways a neo-colonial regime designed to deny security to post-colonial powers.
3825:
2211:
officials estimate that the Chinese had more than 500 operational nuclear warheads as of May 2023, and it was on track to posess 1,000 nuclear weapons by the year 2030.
6228:
5981:"Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and Indian Minister of External Affairs Pranab Mukherjee At the Signing of the U.S.-India Civilian Nuclear Cooperation Agreement"
2410:
North Korea was a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, but announced a withdrawal on 10 January 2003, after the United States accused it of having a secret
1682:
9569:
8048:
4612:
1776:
7058:
5044:
6893:
858:
7984:, The Counterproliferation Papers, Future Warfare Series, vol. 2, USAF Counterproliferation Center, Air War College, Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base
3382:
5816:
4773:
8977:
901:
5929:
2113:"). After the Cold War, France has disarmed 175 warheads with the reduction and modernization of its arsenal that has now evolved to a dual system based on
8148:
7411:
2609:
2441:
on 5 January 2016, though measurements of seismic disturbances indicate that the detonation was not consistent with a hydrogen bomb. On 3 September 2017,
8504:
8152:
8084:
7627:
5161:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
4639:
3756:
The country possesses some of the most powerful weaponry on earth, along with delivery systems that give it the ability to strike far beyond its borders.
2781:
6595:
8799:
7079:
1768:
983:
447:
305:
45:
6059:
5842:
3456:
3387:
Taiwan was developing capacities to construct nuclear weapons up until 1988. Before 1974, the United States stationed some of its arsenal in Taiwan.
2624:
system which may allow military commanders to act based on certain pre-defined criteria. British nuclear-armed submarine commanders are issued with "
7798:
5376:
1546:
10074:
9680:
8158:
8108:
8075:
8036:
7776:
7273:
7164:
6599:
3881:
3282:
its territory. The warheads were removed from Ukraine by 1996 and disassembled in Russia. Despite Russia's subsequent and internationally disputed
2518:
2467:
2393:
2202:
542:
8030:
6523:
4099:
9825:
6198:
5293:
2297:
7190:
7135:
5577:
8184:
4661:
3313:
3283:
1948:
802:
603:
4311:
3914:
8484:
8045:
For more on the history of nuclear proliferation see the Woodrow Wilson Center's Nuclear Proliferation International History Project website.
7952:
7551:
2852:
1958:
1796:
807:
311:
1099:
8806:
8237:
7829:
7257:
7241:
6699:
5773:
3223:
854:
762:
757:
519:
372:
149:
5505:
5196:
3798:
3164:
first transfers were instead made in August 2023. Russia's stated intention is to provide Belarus with two delivery systems: dual-capable
6118:
5984:
5958:
4050:
3635:
3352:
3341:
2913:
2847:
2405:
2159:
1630:
782:
767:
727:
717:
712:
489:
361:
127:
79:
6457:
8572:
8144:
6866:
6163:
4780:
3735:
3305:
812:
527:
382:
145:
3275:
had 1,400 Soviet-era nuclear weapons on its territory and transferred them all to Russia by 1995, after Kazakhstan acceded to the NPT.
1767:
These five states are known to have detonated a nuclear explosive before 1 January 1967 and are thus nuclear weapons states under the
10089:
9075:
4026:
3297:
1840:
894:
627:
622:
413:
9314:
6545:
5870:
5751:
5555:
3873:
7601:
6008:
5900:
2825:
2330:
2154:
1490:
737:
722:
637:
485:
435:
356:
83:
7653:
6674:
6633:
5181:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
2506:, Israel would lose around $ 2 billion a year in military and other aid from the US if it admitted to possessing nuclear weapons.
9525:
9365:
9304:
7678:
3266:
3209:
in physical possession of nuclear weapons, although not operational control which was dependent on Russian-controlled electronic
2905:
797:
742:
707:
662:
617:
612:
531:
153:
119:
107:
9445:
6185:
5322:
2548:. His remarks were criticized by the United States and Russia, and Eliyahu was subsequently suspended from the Israeli cabinet.
9270:
7003:
5955:"Congressional Approval of the U.S.-India Agreement for Cooperation Concerning Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy (123 Agreement)"
5469:
4813:
3410:
3396:
3378:
2880:
2740:
2681:
2488:
2438:
2060:
2041:
1891:
1264:
1190:
1116:
792:
777:
747:
732:
702:
682:
657:
642:
632:
470:
466:
455:
326:
316:
61:
57:
53:
17:
7500:
5663:
3823:
3286:
in 2014, Ukraine reaffirmed its 1994 decision to accede to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty as a non-nuclear-weapon state.
8499:
7784:
6496:
5448:
5423:
5398:
5226:
4940:
3441:
2830:
2800:
2770:
2714:
2460:
2225:
2150:
2114:
1944:
1780:
1417:
1344:
991:
936:
787:
697:
692:
667:
652:
647:
481:
474:
342:
331:
321:
75:
49:
7482:
Von Wielligh, N. & von Wielligh-Steyn, L. (2015). The Bomb â South Africa's Nuclear Weapons Programme. Pretoria: Litera.
7462:
6401:
6371:
6031:
9321:
8113:
8068:
7579:
6791:""When the Urgency of Time and Circumstances Clearly Does Not Permit . . .": Pre-delegation in Nuclear and Cyber Scenarios"
6292:
6142:
5488:
3897:, The Worst-Kept Secret: Israel's bargain with the Bomb (Columbia University Press, 2010), Table 1, page xxvii and page 82.
2725:
2719:
2655:
2573:
2316:
said it made it "very clear that we will not recognize India as a nuclear-weapon state". The United States is bound by the
1792:
1047:
1020:
887:
875:
677:
672:
451:
246:
65:
4604:
2628:" written by the Prime Minister containing secret instructions which may or may not give them delegated launch authority.
10042:
9238:
8749:
6654:
There are a wide range of estimates as to the size of the Israeli nuclear arsenal. For a compiled list of estimates, see
3893:
There are a wide range of estimates as to the size of the Israeli nuclear arsenal. For a compiled list of estimates, see
3097:
2884:
2775:
2755:
2699:
2605:
2585:
2208:
5036:
3772:
1878:
it continued to modernize and enlarge its nuclear arsenal, but from 1992 on has been involved primarily in a program of
522:(developed nuclear weapons but then disassembled its arsenal before joining the NPT) and the former Soviet republics of
9936:
9520:
7968:
7377:
7104:
7054:
6519:
3672:
2293:
1574:
1030:
492:. Since the NPT entered into force in 1970, these three states were not parties to the Treaty and have conducted overt
7872:
7743:"Presidential Decision on Categories of Information for Symington Subcommittee to be protected by executive privilege"
8600:
8479:
8019:
7712:
7575:
7526:
7496:
7470:
7322:
7100:
6952:
6682:
5543:
5104:
3522:
3227:
3179:
as being equivalent to the deployments of American nuclear weapons to NATO Allies in Europe under international law.
2810:
2514:
2510:
2194:" policy. China acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1992. As of 2016, China fielded SLBMs onboard its
2121:
fighter-bombers). However, new nuclear weapons are in development and reformed nuclear squadrons were trained during
751:
541:
there are approximately 3,880 active nuclear warheads and 12,119 total nuclear warheads in the world as of 2024. The
538:
7434:
7000:"Berlin Information-center for Transatlantic Security: NATO Nuclear Sharing and the N.PT â Questions to be Answered"
5806:
477:. Of these, the three NATO members, the United Kingdom, the United States, and France, are sometimes termed the P3.
9830:
9695:
8230:
5650:
4784:
3321:
2361:
2242:
1140:
935:
various treaties) these figures are estimates, in some cases quite unreliable estimates. In particular, under the
10079:
9773:
9607:
9209:
9087:
8744:
8605:
8061:
7996:
7530:
6764:
5351:
3202:
2909:
2364:, requiring a cutoff of U.S. economic and military assistance to Pakistan. In 1998, Pakistan conducted its first
1966:
687:
459:
123:
8139:
8134:
7403:
6259:
5922:
2339:
Debris erupts from a mountain during an underground nuclear weapon detonation carried out as part of Pakistan's
10084:
9763:
9612:
9070:
8198:
7847:
2660:
2569:
2495:
2442:
2431:
2427:
2419:
1641:
1247:
504:
7242:
Statement on behalf of the non-aligned state parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
4635:
2857:
The president of the State Affairs is the ultimate decisionmaker in regards to North Korea's nuclear arsenal.
9537:
9370:
8794:
8722:
3317:
2352:
with equipment and materials supplied mainly by western nations in the early 1970s. Pakistani Prime Minister
2304:
in December 2006, the conclusion of a U.S.âIndia nuclear cooperation agreement in July 2007, approval by the
1277:
828:
406:
224:
6915:
6424:
3332:
Up until the 1990s the U.S. had stationed nuclear weapons outside of its territories and sharing countries.
2533:
also reports that there was renewed speculation in 2012 that Israel may also have developed nuclear-capable
507:. Israel is estimated to possess somewhere between 75 and 400 nuclear warheads. One possible motivation for
9880:
9617:
9326:
9080:
8577:
7823:
6810:"Every new British prime minister pens a handwritten 'letter of last resort' outlining nuclear retaliation"
6052:
5684:
Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China: 2023 Annual Report to Congress
5188:
5168:
5128:
2695:
2601:
2122:
5849:
5709:
4800:
On such premises, Pakistan's nuclear arsenal in 2020 would consist of between 243 and 283 nuclear devices.
2556:
The decision to use nuclear weapons is always restricted to a single person or small group of people. The
10030:
9943:
9915:
9872:
9837:
9675:
9502:
9440:
9265:
9169:
9055:
8523:
8223:
2503:
2422:). Most U.S. intelligence officials believed that the test was probably only partially successful with a
2264:). India's secret development caused great concern and anger particularly from nations that had supplied
2253:
2133:
2045:
2022:
1989:
838:
387:
5867:"U.S.- India Civil Nuclear Cooperation Initiative â Bilateral Agreement on Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation"
4157:"Role of nuclear weapons grows as geopolitical relations deteriorateânew SIPRI Yearbook out now | SIPRI"
4095:
4016:: "nuclear club n. the nations that possess nuclear weapons." The term's first cited usage is from 1957.
9864:
9723:
9402:
8920:
8877:
8729:
7274:"NATO's Positions Regarding Nuclear Non-Proliferation, Arms Control and Disarmament and Related Issues"
6515:
5243:
3104:
acknowledged the presence of U.S. nuclear weapons in Italy. U.S. nuclear weapons were also deployed in
2869:
2484:
2198:
submarines. As of February 2024, China had an estimated total inventory of approximately 500 warheads.
2183:
1901:
1762:
1563:
1320:
940:
556:
500:
462:
347:
192:
93:
6206:
5285:
4346:
10018:
9700:
9309:
9092:
7877:
7217:"Russian Foreign Ministry Announces Conversion of Belarusian Su-25 Aircraft to Carry Nuclear Weapons"
5843:"Implementation of the India-United States Joint Statement of July 18, 2005: India's Separation Plan"
4982:
5068:
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons: Declarations, statements, reservations and notes
1611:
10064:
9948:
9790:
9690:
9602:
8811:
8697:
8657:
8469:
4129:
3911:
3501:
3293:
3236:
Alleged spare bomb casings from South Africa's nuclear weapon programme. Their purpose is disputed.
2874:
2521:
estimates that Israel has approximately 80 intact nuclear weapons, of which 50 are for delivery by
2085:
2030:
1983:
1855:
billion, in nominal terms, roughly 0.8 percent of the US GDP in 1945 and equivalent to about $ 32.5
955:
399:
212:
7881:. National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book. No. 20. Washington, D.C. Archived from
7216:
3709:
2453:; however, in December 2019, it indicated it no longer considered itself bound by the moratorium.
9853:
9820:
9795:
9409:
9186:
8992:
8915:
8872:
8855:
8816:
8739:
7839:
3481:
3089:
2805:
2728:
and a secretly designated 'second' may order a launch, but this may be challenged by Parliament.
2589:
2309:
2261:
2074:
2051:, without setting a date for the commencement of service of a replacement to the current system.
1962:
1927:") in 1955. The Soviet Union also tested the most powerful explosive ever detonated by humans, ("
1895:
1650:
1327:
241:
207:
9778:
8025:
U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe: A review of post-Cold War policy, force levels, and war planning
7253:
6695:
6006:
Interview With Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Robert Joseph
3559:. France formerly possessed a nuclear triad until 1996, when its land-based arsenal was retired.
9685:
8972:
8516:
8179:
7873:"United States Secretly Deployed Nuclear Bombs In 27 Countries and Territories During Cold War"
5179:
5159:
5066:
3210:
3093:
2953:
2625:
2246:
2110:
1067:
1060:
6110:
6084:
5980:
5954:
3845:
2426:
of less than a kiloton. North Korea conducted a second, higher-yield test on 25 May 2009 (see
962:, while others have consolidated away from land and air deterrents to submarine-based forces.
9979:
9715:
9670:
9132:
9060:
8987:
8982:
8947:
8734:
8702:
8489:
8416:
7657:
3486:
2545:
2459:
officially declared North Korea a nuclear weapons state during a speech on 9 September 2022,
2313:
1879:
1514:
833:
281:
266:
202:
6916:"N. Korea adopts nuclear use manual, signaling return to parallel pursuit of nukes, economy"
6878:
6159:
5892:
2379:, a key figure in Pakistan's nuclear weapons program, confessed to heading an international
9890:
9665:
9650:
8967:
8925:
8761:
8667:
8595:
6901:
5615:
4994:
4876:
4700:
4548:
4466:
4397:
4267:
4195:
3535:
3188:
2446:
2423:
2274:
2128:
France acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1992. In January 2006, President
2011:
594:
229:
217:
8053:
7311:"Why Ukraine gave up nuclear weapons : nonproliferation incentives and disincentives"
6334:"The nuclear explosion in North Korea on 3 September 2017: A revised magnitude assessment"
4747:
4183:
4121:
3961:
2564:
require their respective presidents to approve the use of nuclear weapons. In the US, the
2383:
ring involved in selling nuclear weapons technology. In particular, Khan had been selling
2137:
8:
9989:
9800:
9585:
9179:
9047:
9025:
8850:
8707:
8474:
8436:
8269:
7742:
6553:
5866:
5747:
5578:
Statement on security assurances issued on 5 April 1995 by the People's Republic of China
5563:
3870:
3556:
3466:
3309:
2745:
2686:
2597:
2353:
2064:
1996:
1772:
1204:
271:
7628:"Ukraine war: what is the Budapest Memorandum and why has Russia's invasion torn it up?"
6005:
5619:
4998:
4880:
4704:
4552:
4470:
4401:
4271:
4199:
1935:
at its peak (in 1986); the Soviet Union built about 55,000 nuclear warheads since 1949.
9969:
9705:
9542:
9469:
9280:
8930:
8900:
8884:
8867:
8511:
8401:
8349:
8299:
8246:
8174:
8049:
Proliferation Watch: US Intelligence Assessments of Potential Nuclear Powers, 1977â2001
7704:
6943:
6840:
5018:
4902:
4726:
4574:
4492:
4423:
4293:
4221:
3206:
2411:
2187:
2171:
1211:
3819:
The boys in Tehran know Israel has 200, all targeted on Tehran, and we have thousands.
2976:
2544:
said during a radio interview that the nuclear option would be "one way" to deal with
2230:
2069:
10069:
9037:
8830:
8717:
8692:
8630:
8587:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8264:
7964:
7843:
7790:
7780:
7369:
7318:
6969:
6511:
6492:
6432:
6267:
5781:
5633:
5539:
5444:
5419:
5394:
5222:
5110:
5100:
5022:
5010:
4936:
4906:
4894:
4730:
4718:
4578:
4566:
4496:
4484:
4427:
4415:
4297:
4285:
4225:
4213:
3668:
3491:
3232:
3101:
3065:
2584:
is unclear, but "the launch of nuclear weapons is commonly believed to rest with the
2499:
2376:
2018:
2004:
1918:") in 1949. This crash project was developed partially with information obtained via
1828:
1816:
1802:
512:
276:
261:
256:
251:
187:
8042:
7136:"Russian Nuclear Weapons Deployment Plans in Belarus: Is There Visual Confirmation?"
6999:
6671:
6625:
5807:"Joint Statement Between President George W. Bush and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh"
5466:
3401:
After World War II the U.S. had nuclear weapons stationed in Japan until the 1970s.
2292:
announced a civil nuclear cooperation initiative that included plans to conclude an
2136:
against France would result in a nuclear counterattack. In February 2015, President
1172:
9885:
8940:
8905:
8662:
8652:
8540:
8528:
8369:
8364:
8354:
8344:
8339:
8203:
7492:
7408:
Arms Control Wonk. Leading Voice on Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-Proliferation
7361:
6977:
6961:
6593:
5623:
5175:
5155:
5002:
4884:
4708:
4556:
4474:
4405:
4275:
4203:
3736:"Israel's Nuclear Arsenal Might Be Smaller And More Strategic Than Everyone Thinks"
3362:
3243:
produced six nuclear weapons in the 1980s, but dismantled them in the early 1990s.
3096:, the host states cannot easily arm the bombs without authorization codes from the
2666:
2565:
2450:
2415:
2270:
2081:
1473:
1400:
1025:
579:
7979:
7025:
6965:
6596:"Israel's Quest for Yellowcake: The Secret Argentina-Israel Connection, 1963â1966"
5628:
5603:
5006:
4889:
4864:
4713:
4688:
4561:
4536:
4479:
4454:
4410:
4385:
4280:
4255:
4208:
2007:), making it the third country to do so after the United States and Soviet Union.
9783:
9743:
9197:
9011:
8935:
8910:
8756:
8549:
8451:
8441:
8406:
8284:
8274:
7853:
7558:
7466:
7459:
7310:
7261:
6678:
6393:
6363:
6146:
6035:
6028:
6012:
5492:
5473:
5092:
4838:
4057:
4033:
3918:
3877:
3829:
3539:
3496:
3471:
3152:
3042:
2999:
2899:
2179:
2106:
2037:
1976:
1906:
1839:") at 5:30 am, and remains the only country to have used nuclear weapons in war,
923:
584:
493:
427:
197:
111:
9275:
8024:
7708:
7571:
6947:
6139:
5485:
4074:
3799:"Does Israel really have 200 nuclear weapons, or was Colin Powell exaggerating?"
9738:
9733:
9728:
9478:
9385:
9354:
9336:
8860:
8766:
8712:
8677:
8610:
8557:
8411:
8304:
8289:
8279:
7682:
7080:
Weapons of Mass Debate - Greece: a Key Security Player for both Europe and NATO
6486:
5811:
5080:
3446:
3176:
3165:
3022:
2709:
2577:
2541:
2384:
2289:
2285:
2257:
2129:
2097:
1932:
1835:
would develop them first. It tested the first nuclear weapon on 16 July 1945 ("
1430:
1288:
927:
772:
589:
431:
286:
234:
164:
36:
9758:
7365:
3722:
India, Israel, and Pakistan never signed the NPT and possess nuclear arsenals.
3431:
The U.S. stationed nuclear weapons in Greece until they were removed in 2001.
2502:
with a minimal political cost. Due to a US ban on funding countries that have
31:
10058:
9923:
9214:
8620:
8461:
7373:
6973:
6458:"North Korea declares itself a nuclear weapons state, in 'irreversible' move"
6436:
6271:
5785:
5637:
5014:
4898:
4722:
4570:
4488:
4419:
4289:
4217:
3768:
3660:
3636:"Trilateral Nuclear Dialogues Role of P3 Nuclear Weapons Consensus Statement"
3569:
3476:
3416:
3365:
from 1965 to 1986, American nuclear warheads were secretly stockpiled in the
3251:
3175:
The deployment of Russian weapons to Belarus was framed by Russian President
2650:
2557:
2526:
2369:
2301:
1863:
1807:
1510:
959:
7857:
7346:
7315:
Pulling Back from the Nuclear Brink: Reducing and Countering Nuclear Threats
7093:
6981:
5114:
1605:
1598:
1591:
9489:
8625:
8567:
8494:
8446:
8316:
7882:
7822:"ROC Chief of the General Staff, General Hau Pei-tsun, met the director of
5664:"Chinese Nuclear Arsenal Grows by Seventeen Percent in 2022, SIPRI Reports"
5379:," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 62, no. 4 (July/August 2006), 64â66...
5316:"Fact Sheet: Increasing Transparency in the U.S. Nuclear Weapons Stockpile"
5272:
Atomic Audit: The Costs and Consequences of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Since 1940
4096:"Status of Signature and Ratification of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty"
3846:"Calls for Olmert to resign after nuclear gaffe Israel and the Middle East"
3461:
3247:
3240:
2534:
2380:
2278:
2191:
1971:
1871:
1851:. The project expenditure through 1 October 1945 was reportedly $ 1.845â$ 2
1836:
1832:
1824:
1812:
1646:
6364:"North Korea has Begun Dismantlement of the Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site'"
9900:
9547:
9137:
8644:
8615:
6655:
3993:
3894:
3608:
3542:
maintained the independent capability to deliver nuclear weapons via its
3366:
3037:
2842:
2613:
2456:
2164:
2101:
2000:
1954:
1357:
7165:"Lukashenko: I have veto over use of Russian nuclear weapons in Belarus"
7033:
Security Engineering: A Guide to Building Dependable Distributed Systems
3246:
In 1979, there was a detection of a putative covert nuclear test in the
3168:
missile systems and necessary training and modifications for Belarusian
9253:
7871:
Norris, Robert S.; Arkin, William M.; Burr, William (20 October 1999).
6581:
4933:
The Samson option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy
3822:
citing primary source private email from Colin Powell to Jeffrey Leeds
3684:
The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy
3272:
2522:
2026:
1980:
1928:
958:
of most states with nuclear weapons have evolvedâwith some achieving a
951:
7522:
6394:"'Destruction at North Korea's Nuclear Test Site: A Review in Photos'"
5347:
3999:
SIPRI Yearbook 2023: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security
3998:
3257:
South Africa acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1991.
9895:
9258:
9248:
8376:
8329:
8294:
8215:
7960:
6425:"North Korea Is No Longer Bound by Nuclear Test Moratorium, Kim Says"
6186:
A.Q. Khan: Investigation, dismissal, confession, pardon and aftermath
5245:
The Swords of Armageddon: U.S. nuclear weapons development since 1945
2621:
2445:, which caused a magnitude 6.1 tremor, consistent with a low-powered
2372:
in response to the five tests conducted by India a few weeks before.
2090:
1919:
1844:
1669:
1441:
1314:
1241:
1234:
1215:
9753:
7256:, Zafar Nawaz Jaspal, The Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad
6594:
Nuclear Proliferation International History Project (28 June 2013).
3634:
Murdock, Clark A.; Miller, Franklin; Mackby, Jenifer (13 May 2010).
2430:) and a third test with still-higher yield on 12 February 2013 (see
2335:
9984:
9627:
9622:
9562:
9231:
9159:
9142:
9127:
9102:
8845:
8334:
8088:
8010:
7769:
Taiwans's Former Nuclear Weapons Program: Nuclear Weapons On-Demand
7435:"Revealed: how Israel offered to sell South Africa nuclear weapons"
6662:(Columbia University Press, 2010), Table 1, page xxvii and page 82.
6516:"Transcript of the Director General's Interview with Al-Ahram News"
4453:
Kristensen, Hans M.; Korda, Matt; Reynolds, Eliana (4 March 2023).
3680:"This is a book about how Israel became a nuclear power in secret."
3543:
3420:
3358:
2820:
2365:
2340:
2317:
2015:
1875:
1867:
1848:
1676:
1662:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1503:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1368:
1307:
1300:
1227:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1093:
1086:
1079:
7794:
5391:
Stalin and the bomb: The Soviet Union and atomic energy, 1939â1956
4510:
The Long Shadow: Nuclear Weapons and Security in 21st Century Asia
3452:
Historical nuclear weapons stockpiles and nuclear tests by country
2616:. India, Pakistan and Israel have committees for such a decision.
9953:
9905:
9768:
9748:
9147:
9122:
8562:
8393:
8381:
8359:
8324:
7679:"Ukraine's forgotten security guarantee: The Budapest Memorandum"
5699:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 120â121, and 7.
5506:"Nuclear deterrent important in 'dangerous world', says Hollande"
5416:
Independence and deterrence: Britain and atomic energy, 1945â1952
4254:
Kristensen, Hans M.; Korda, Matt; Reynolds, Eliana (4 May 2023).
3956:
3954:
3289:
3278:
3146:
2971:
2948:
2349:
2214:
2175:
1827:
in cooperation with the United Kingdom and Canada as part of the
1437:
1364:
1284:
931:
523:
450:(NPT). In order of acquisition of nuclear weapons, these are the
135:
115:
6841:"Whose Finger Is on the Button? | Union of Concerned Scientists"
4312:"Putin revokes Russia's ratification of nuclear test ban treaty"
2396:
estimated that Pakistan had a stockpile of around 170 warheads.
564:
496:. North Korea had been a party to the NPT but withdrew in 2003.
9557:
9552:
9532:
9512:
9497:
9380:
9117:
9097:
9065:
7922:
5194:
4384:
Kristensen, Hans M.; Korda, Matt; Johns, Eliana (4 July 2023).
3109:
3105:
3060:
2864:
2735:
2691:
2676:
2593:
2561:
2234:
2118:
1924:
914:
131:
4597:
3951:
3948:
Arms Control and Global Security, Paul R. Viotti â 2010, p 312
2918:
2100:"), based mostly on its own research. It was motivated by the
9974:
9931:
9594:
9450:
9243:
9107:
7191:"Russia delivers first nuclear warheads to Belarus - Budanov"
7035:. Ross Anderson, University of Cambridge Computing Laboratory
4051:
Nuclear weapons: how many are there in 2009 and who has them?
3195:
3169:
3017:
2994:
2795:
2765:
2581:
2530:
2517:, Israel likely possesses around 80â400 nuclear weapons. The
2473:
2265:
1915:
1823:
The United States developed the first nuclear weapons during
1136:
1129:
172:
6942:
6322:. Vol. CCLXVII, no. 5. 7 January 2016. p. A6.
5249:
4774:"Striking Asymmetries: Nuclear Transitions in Southern Asia"
2752:
Chief of the Military Staff of the President of the Republic
2308:
of an India-specific safeguards agreement, agreement by the
9455:
9344:
9154:
9112:
8083:
7981:
The Third Temple's holy of holies: Israel's nuclear weapons
7280:
5828:
3086:
2305:
2195:
2044:
voted to renew the British nuclear weapons system with the
1910:
U.S. and USSR/Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles, 1945â2014
930:
or are presumed to possess them, the approximate number of
103:
7836:
8-year Diary of the Chief of the General Staff (1981â1989)
7347:"Post-Soviet Russia and Ukraine: Who can push the Button?"
6229:"Pakistan to Have 200 Nuke Weapons by 2020: US Think Tank"
5737:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 293â297.
9428:
9292:
7709:"The Withdrawal of U.S. Nuclear Weapons From South Korea"
6462:
5538:(Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1988).
5371:
5369:
1885:
6759:
6757:
6755:
6753:
6751:
6749:
6747:
6745:
6743:
5735:
India's Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation
5697:
India's Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation
5321:. U.S. Department of Defense. 3 May 2010. Archived from
5099:. New York: William Morrow and Company. pp. 34â35.
2468:
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)
2203:
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)
6258:
Gladstone, Rick; Jacquette, Rogene (18 February 2017).
5651:
Chinese Nuclear Forces, 2024: A âSignificant Expansionâ
4452:
4253:
4237:
4235:
3538:. From the 1960s until the 1990s, the United Kingdom's
3308:. This agreement has been violated by Russia since the
3182:
2813:
includes an Executive Council and a Political Council.
2025:
equipped with nuclear weapons during the Cold War. The
5653:, Federation of American Scientists, January 16, 2024.
5366:
5274:(Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1998).
5248:. Sunnyvale, CA: Chukelea Publications. Archived from
2572:
is near a command center. The decision rests with the
1862:
The United States was the first nation to develop the
6740:
6660:
The Worst-Kept Secret: Israel's bargain with the Bomb
4981:
Kristensen, Hans M.; Korda, Matt (3 September 2022).
4687:
Kristensen, Hans M.; Korda, Matt (3 September 2021).
3936:
The Worst-Kept Secret: Israel's bargain with the Bomb
3300:
resulting in the cessation of its non-nuclear status.
2414:
program and cut off energy assistance under the 1994
1995:
The United Kingdom tested its first nuclear weapon ("
1148:
Signatory (ratified, but later revoked ratification)
548:
92: Other states presumed to have nuclear weapons (
7344:
7158:
7156:
6835:
6833:
6831:
6829:
6827:
6825:
6823:
4383:
4232:
4075:"Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons"
3296:
from May 1992 through February 2022, when it held a
8043:
Nuclear Proliferation International History Project
6160:"Case Studies in Sanctions and Terrorism: Pakistan"
5923:"Statement on Civil Nuclear Cooperation with India"
5748:"India's Nuclear Weapons Program: Operation Shakti"
4863:Kristensen, Hans M.; Korda, Matt (2 January 2022).
3633:
3383:
Timeline of the Republic of China's nuclear program
3116:
2109:). France tested its first hydrogen bomb in 1968 ("
1914:
The Soviet Union tested its first nuclear weapon ("
1756:
518:States that formerly possessed nuclear weapons are
8978:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
7703:
7091:
6491:, New York: Columbia University Press, p. 1,
6257:
5583:(Report). United Nations. 6 April 1995. S/1995/265
5467:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
4662:"Nuclear triad weapons ready for deployment: DRDO"
2117:(SLBMs) and medium-range air-to-surface missiles (
1769:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
448:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
144: States formerly possessing nuclear weapons (
7313:. In Barry R. Schneider, William L. Dowdy (ed.).
7308:
7153:
7055:"Cossiga: "In Italia ci sono bombe atomiche Usa""
6820:
6789:Feaver, Peter; Geers, Kenneth (16 October 2017).
5462:
5460:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3457:International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
2096:France tested its first nuclear weapon in 1960 ("
950:It is also noteworthy that since the dawn of the
430:have publicly announced successful detonation of
10056:
8037:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
7777:Institute for Science and International Security
7765:
7552:Joint Statement by the United States and Ukraine
6600:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
5893:"IAEA Board Approves India-Safeguards Agreement"
5602:Kristensen, Hans M.; Korda, Matt (4 July 2019).
5476:, United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs.
4535:Kristensen, Hans M.; Korda, Matt (4 July 2022).
3882:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
3839:
3837:
3613:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
2519:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
2163:Mushroom cloud from China's first nuclear test,
966:Overview of nuclear states and their capacities
543:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
7870:
7133:
6891:
6864:
6260:"How the North Korean Nuclear Threat Has Grown"
5601:
4980:
4862:
4686:
4534:
2835:Requires a consensus of the council's members.
2170:China tested its first nuclear weapon device ("
2089:(right), each of which carries nuclear-capable
7654:"The Budapest Memorandum and U.S. Obligations"
7134:Kristensen, Hans; Korda, Matt (30 June 2023).
6770:. Union of Concerned Scientists. December 2017
6714:
5457:
4814:"How Pakistan Developed Its Own Nuclear Triad"
3929:
3927:
3640:Center for Strategic and International Studies
3586:
2568:is always handled by a nearby aide unless the
2215:States declaring possession of nuclear weapons
1949:United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction
1866:, testing an experimental prototype in 1952 ("
1696:Total number of nuclear warheads per country.
480:Other states that possess nuclear weapons are
9681:Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR)
8231:
8069:
7953:International Institute for Strategic Studies
7602:"Belarus votes to give up non-nuclear status"
7338:
7162:
6089:Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation
4636:"India's Nuclear Triad Finally Coming of Age"
3834:
3682:(First sentence, Authors' Note/Introduction,
2237:during its first test flight on 19 April 2012
2003:. It tested its first hydrogen bomb in 1957 (
1959:British contribution to the Manhattan Project
1797:United States and weapons of mass destruction
895:
503:, but does not acknowledge it, maintaining a
407:
6992:
6648:
6318:"North Korea Test Shows Technical Advance".
6293:"TIMELINE:North Korea: climbdowns and tests"
6111:"Historical Background: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto"
6029:Was India misled by America on nuclear deal?
5147:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3224:South Africa and weapons of mass destruction
2924:Weapons provided for nuclear sharing (2021)
534:, whose weapons were transferred to Russia.
377:
7345:Alexander A. Pikayev (SpringâSummer 1994).
7129:
7127:
7125:
6788:
6191:
6117:. Federation of American Scientists (FAS).
5292:. Vol. 2, no. 1. pp. 26â36.
3933:
3924:
3710:"Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance"
3609:"World Nuclear Forces, SIPRI yearbook 2020"
3353:Philippines and weapons of mass destruction
3342:South Korea and weapons of mass destruction
2919:Nuclear weapons shared by the United States
2914:Netherlands and weapons of mass destruction
2782:Chairman of the Central Military Commission
2525:medium-range ballistic missiles and 30 are
2406:North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
2298:IndiaâUnited States Civil Nuclear Agreement
2036:ballistic missile submarines equipped with
8238:
8224:
8076:
8062:
7766:Albright, David; Stricker, Andrea (2018).
7085:
5570:
5375:Robert S. Norris and Hans M. Kristensen, "
5121:
5037:"U.S.: Test Points to N. Korea Nuke Blast"
4781:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
4181:
4027:"The Nuclear Club: Who are the 9 members?"
3992:Kristensen, Hans M; Korda, Matt. (2023). "
3306:Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances
3260:
3196:States formerly possessing nuclear weapons
3122:Russian nuclear weapons in host countries
2893:
2474:States believed to possess nuclear weapons
2437:North Korea claimed to have conducted its
2123:Enduring Freedom operations in Afghanistan
902:
888:
563:
414:
400:
171:
6510:
6108:
5627:
4888:
4712:
4560:
4478:
4409:
4279:
4207:
3900:
2922:
926:that have acknowledged the possession of
74: Other states with nuclear weapons (
9593:
7395:
7122:
6422:
5774:"No first use nuclear policy: Explained"
5393:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
5388:
5219:U.S. nuclear weapons: The secret history
5174:
5154:
4811:
3864:
3361:, specifically during the presidency of
3231:
2334:
2331:Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction
2229:
2158:
2068:
1970:
1905:
1806:
913:
30:
10075:Military comparisons lists of countries
7864:
7432:
6867:"Adventures of the "Nuclear Briefcase""
5197:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800â"
5091:
3843:
3771:. Nuclear Threat Initiative. May 2015.
3267:Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction
2906:Germany and weapons of mass destruction
2600:but may also require approval from the
918:Global nuclear stockpiles, January 2023
499:Israel is also generally understood to
14:
10057:
9608:Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR)
8245:
7955:(7 March 2012). Hackett, James (ed.).
7460:Nuclear Weapons Program (South Africa)
7290:from the original on 11 September 2013
7082:, Institut Montaigne, 7 December 2001]
7061:from the original on 28 September 2015
6938:
6936:
6807:
6344:from the original on 13 September 2017
5438:
5413:
5241:
5216:
4771:
4102:from the original on 25 September 2011
3796:
3415:The U.S. stationed nuclear weapons at
3411:Canada and weapons of mass destruction
3397:United States nuclear weapons in Japan
3379:Taiwan and weapons of mass destruction
3327:
3294:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
2540:On 7 November 2023, Heritage Minister
2489:Israel and weapons of mass destruction
2182:. It tested its first hydrogen bomb ("
2061:France and weapons of mass destruction
1892:Russia and weapons of mass destruction
1886:Russia (successor to the Soviet Union)
9850:
9613:Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE)
9022:
9009:
8219:
8057:
7838:] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei:
7651:
7625:
7582:from the original on 17 November 2015
7503:from the original on 17 November 2015
7401:
7317:. Psychology Press. pp. 88â104.
7188:
6948:"United States nuclear weapons, 2021"
6702:from the original on 17 December 2014
6571:
6484:
6239:from the original on 27 November 2014
6121:from the original on 16 December 2013
6065:from the original on 20 November 2010
5987:from the original on 17 November 2017
5961:from the original on 17 November 2017
5873:from the original on 17 November 2017
5819:from the original on 27 December 2009
5283:
5277:
5195:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
5047:from the original on 27 December 2016
4930:
4742:
4740:
4615:from the original on 21 December 2016
4341:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4151:
4149:
4147:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3733:
3712:. Arms Control Association. July 2019
3704:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3659:
3442:Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
2610:Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces
2252:The country tested what is called a "
2226:India and weapons of mass destruction
2155:People's Liberation Army Rocket Force
2151:China and weapons of mass destruction
2132:stated a terrorist act or the use of
2115:submarine-launched ballistic missiles
1945:Nuclear weapons of the United Kingdom
1870:") and a deployable weapon in 1954 ("
937:Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty
10037:
9010:
7977:
7533:from the original on 16 October 2015
7414:from the original on 6 December 2015
7254:ISSI â NPT in 2000: Challenges ahead
7092:Hans M. Kristensen (February 2005).
6636:from the original on 7 December 2010
6538:
6109:Sublettle, Carey (15 October 1965).
5935:from the original on 19 October 2008
5377:Global nuclear stockpiles, 1945â2006
5129:"Atomic Bomb Seen as Cheap at Price"
4983:"North Korean nuclear weapons, 2022"
4633:
4175:
3809:from the original on 18 January 2017
3775:from the original on 16 January 2017
3746:from the original on 6 December 2016
3322:invaded the remainder of the country
3183:Criticism of nuclear weapons sharing
2720:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
2375:In 2004, the Pakistani metallurgist
2029:currently maintains a fleet of four
2023:ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs)
1793:Nuclear weapons of the United States
9618:Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR)
8104:Military and paramilitary personnel
7827:
7626:Borda, Aldo Zammit (2 March 2022).
6933:
6606:from the original on 14 August 2017
6423:Sang-Hun, Choe (31 December 2019).
6404:from the original on 14 August 2018
5754:from the original on 3 October 2006
5354:from the original on 22 August 2016
4812:Mizokami, Kyle (26 November 2021).
4049:Webster, Paul (July/August 2003). "
3663:(27 October 1991). "Authors Note".
3172:aircraft to carry nuclear weapons.
2758:may also be involved in decisions.
2632:Launch authority of nuclear states
2551:
48:-designated nuclear weapon states (
24:
9427:
8578:Positron-emission tomography (PET)
7978:Farr, Warner D. (September 1999),
7895:
7402:Lewis, Jeffrey (3 December 2015).
7163:Faulconbridge, Guy (6 July 2023).
6865:Mikhail Tsypkin (September 2004).
6526:from the original on 18 April 2012
6520:International Atomic Energy Agency
6374:from the original on 3 August 2018
5848:. 3 September 2006. Archived from
5656:
5296:from the original on 20 March 2018
4957:An Atlas of Middle Eastern Affairs
4737:
4330:
4144:
3979:
3844:Harding, Luke (12 December 2006).
3797:Stover, Dawn (16 September 2016).
3689:
2535:submarine-launched cruise missiles
2294:Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement
2256:" in 1974 (which became known as "
2080:(left) and French nuclear-powered
549:Statistics and force configuration
25:
10101:
8601:Neutron capture therapy of cancer
8500:Radioisotope thermoelectric (RTG)
8020:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
8004:
7713:Federation of American Scientists
7576:Federation of American Scientists
7527:Federation of American Scientists
7497:Federation of American Scientists
7471:Federation of American Scientists
7140:Federation of American Scientists
7110:from the original on 23 July 2014
7101:Natural Resources Defense Council
6953:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
6683:Federation of American Scientists
6203:Federation of American Scientists
5608:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
5534:John Wilson Lewis and Xue Litai,
5516:from the original on 4 March 2016
4987:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
4869:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
4752:Federation of American Scientists
4693:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
4689:"Pakistani nuclear weapons, 2021"
4668:from the original on 2 April 2015
4642:from the original on 9 April 2015
4541:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
4459:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
4390:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
4351:Federation of American Scientists
4260:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
4188:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
3966:Federation of American Scientists
3803:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
3734:Rosen, Armin (10 November 2014).
3523:Federation of American Scientists
3228:Nuclear programme of South Africa
2515:Federation of American Scientists
2511:Natural Resources Defense Council
2073:American nuclear-powered carrier
1938:
539:Federation of American Scientists
515:with minimum political friction.
10090:Nuclear technology-related lists
10036:
10025:
10024:
10012:
9701:Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)
7915:
7889:
7831:Ba nian can mou zong zhang ri ji
7828:Hau, Pei-tsun (1 January 2000).
7816:
7759:
7735:
7726:
7697:
7671:
7645:
7619:
7594:
7564:
7545:
7515:
7485:
7476:
7453:
7426:
7404:"Revisiting South Africa's Bomb"
7383:from the original on 21 May 2014
7302:
7266:
7247:
7235:
7209:
7182:
7073:
7047:
7018:
7006:from the original on 19 May 2009
6946:; Matt Korda (26 January 2021).
6908:
6885:
6858:
6801:
6782:
6765:"Whose Finger Is On the Button?"
6688:
6665:
6618:
6587:
6504:
6478:
6450:
6416:
6386:
6356:
6326:
6311:
6285:
6251:
6221:
6199:"Status of World Nuclear Forces"
6166:from the original on 12 May 2009
4748:"Status of World Nuclear Forces"
4605:"Now, India has a nuclear triad"
4184:"Status Of World Nuclear Forces"
3962:"Status of World Nuclear Forces"
3139:
3117:Nuclear weapons shared by Russia
3053:
3030:
3010:
2987:
2964:
2941:
2863:
2841:
2819:
2794:
2764:
2734:
2708:
2675:
2649:
2243:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
1786:
1757:Recognized nuclear-weapon states
1675:
1668:
1661:
1624:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1557:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1484:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1411:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1338:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1258:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1184:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1110:
1092:
1085:
1078:
1041:
871:
870:
8790:Historical stockpiles and tests
8039:'s data on world nuclear forces
8033:Online NewsHour with Jim Lehrer
7944:
7652:Pifer, Steven (12 April 2014).
6892:Alexander Golts (20 May 2008).
6178:
6152:
6133:
6102:
6077:
6045:
6022:
5999:
5973:
5947:
5915:
5903:from the original on 5 May 2009
5885:
5859:
5835:
5799:
5766:
5740:
5727:
5702:
5689:
5677:
5644:
5595:
5548:
5528:
5498:
5486:France 'would use nuclear arms'
5479:
5432:
5407:
5382:
5340:
5308:
5264:
5235:
5210:
5085:
5074:
5059:
5029:
4974:
4962:
4950:
4923:
4913:
4865:"Israeli nuclear weapons, 2021"
4856:
4831:
4805:
4765:
4680:
4654:
4627:
4585:
4528:
4516:
4503:
4455:"Chinese nuclear weapons, 2023"
4446:
4434:
4377:
4365:
4304:
4256:"Russian nuclear weapons, 2023"
4247:
4114:
4088:
4067:
4043:
4019:
4006:
3942:
3887:
3562:
3549:
3528:
3515:
3217:
2910:Italian nuclear weapons program
1967:British hydrogen bomb programme
9691:Energy Multiplier Module (EM2)
8573:Single-photon emission (SPECT)
8199:List of international rankings
8031:Tracking Nuclear Proliferation
7433:McGreal, Chris (24 May 2010).
7094:U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe
5710:"18 MAY 1974 â SMILING BUDDAH"
5604:"Chinese nuclear forces, 2019"
4634:Peri, Dinakar (12 June 2014).
4537:"Indian nuclear weapons, 2022"
4386:"French nuclear weapons, 2023"
3790:
3761:
3727:
3653:
3627:
3346:
3335:
2853:President of the State Affairs
2667:Presidential Emergency Satchel
2661:President of the United States
2566:Presidential Emergency Satchel
2443:North Korea detonated a device
2432:2013 North Korean nuclear test
2428:2009 North Korean nuclear test
2420:2006 North Korean nuclear test
2399:
505:policy of deliberate ambiguity
13:
1:
10019:Nuclear technology portal
7951:
7026:"Nuclear Command and Control"
6966:10.1080/00963402.2020.1859865
6808:Taylor, Adam (13 July 2016).
5686:, U.S. Department of Defense.
5629:10.1080/00963402.2019.1628511
5007:10.1080/00963402.2022.2109341
4968:
4890:10.1080/00963402.2021.2014239
4783:. p. 168. Archived from
4714:10.1080/00963402.2021.1964258
4591:
4562:10.1080/00963402.2022.2087385
4522:
4480:10.1080/00963402.2023.2178713
4440:
4411:10.1080/00963402.2023.2223088
4371:
4281:10.1080/00963402.2023.2202542
4241:
4209:10.1080/00963402.2022.2156686
3579:
2284:In July 2005, U.S. President
1771:. They also happen to be the
1683:North Korean delivery systems
9881:Field-reversed configuration
9491:Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz
7898:"Canada and Nuclear Weapons"
7824:American Institute in Taiwan
7493:"Kazakhstan Special Weapons"
6307:– via www.reuters.com.
6188:, for citations and details.
5189:American Antiquarian Society
5169:American Antiquarian Society
4182:Kristensen, Hans M. (2023).
3938:. Columbia University Press.
3312:began in 2014, during which
2461:the country's foundation day
2241:India is not a party to the
7:
9838:Aircraft Reactor Experiment
9023:
8785:States with nuclear weapons
7354:The Nonproliferation Review
6894:"A 2nd Briefcase for Putin"
4122:"The Nuclear Testing Tally"
3568:Data include the suspected
3434:
3100:. Former Italian President
2776:Central Military Commission
2586:Central Military Commission
2504:weapons of mass destruction
2324:
2134:weapons of mass destruction
1990:ballistic missile submarine
1726: United Kingdom (1.8%)
1708: United States (42.7%)
922:The following is a list of
557:Weapons of mass destruction
10:
10106:
9851:
9676:Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR)
8800:Tests in the United States
8011:The Nuclear Weapon Archive
7309:William C. Martel (1998).
6149:, retrieved 22 April 2012.
6053:"ACA: Final NSG Statement"
5270:Stephen I. Schwartz, ed.,
5221:. Arlington, TX: Aerofax.
5135:. 7 August 1945. p. 1
4347:"FAS World Nuclear Forces"
3408:
3394:
3376:
3350:
3339:
3264:
3221:
3098:U.S. Department of Defense
2903:
2897:
2885:Chief of the General Staff
2879:Requires agreement of the
2831:National Command Authority
2786:Supreme Military Commander
2756:Chief of the Defence Staff
2700:Chief of the General Staff
2694:may also be issued to the
2606:Chief of the General Staff
2529:for delivery by aircraft.
2485:Nuclear weapons and Israel
2482:
2403:
2328:
2288:and Indian Prime Minister
2254:peaceful nuclear explosive
2223:
2209:U.S. Department of Defense
2148:
2058:
1952:
1942:
1902:Soviet atomic bomb project
1899:
1889:
1800:
1790:
1763:History of nuclear weapons
1760:
10006:
9962:
9914:
9871:
9861:
9813:
9801:Stable Salt Reactor (SSR)
9714:
9696:Reduced-moderation (RMWR)
9661:
9644:
9584:
9511:
9503:Advanced gas-cooled (AGR)
9477:
9468:
9420:
9400:
9353:
9335:
9291:
9196:
9178:
9046:
9033:
9018:
9005:
8960:
8893:
8838:
8829:
8777:
8685:
8676:
8643:
8586:
8548:
8539:
8460:
8392:
8315:
8257:
8253:
8193:
8167:
8127:
8096:
7957:The Military Balance 2012
7902:The Canadian Encyclopedia
7878:National Security Archive
7572:"Belarus Special Weapons"
7523:"Ukraine Special Weapons"
7366:10.1080/10736709408436550
6584:, (London 2014), page 188
6034:10 September 2008 at the
5560:Nuclear Threat Initiative
5443:. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
5414:Gowing, Margaret (1974).
5284:Gross, Daniel A. (2016).
4014:Oxford English Dictionary
3994:World Nuclear Forces 2023
3404:
3372:
3324:with no direct response.
3298:constitutional referendum
3137:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3003:
2861:
2839:
2817:
2811:Nuclear Command Authority
2792:
2762:
2732:
2706:
2673:
2647:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2596:grants such power to the
2478:
2054:
1000:
997:
989:
981:
978:
973:
970:
446:) under the terms of the
9706:Dual fluid reactor (DFR)
9322:Steam-generating (SGHWR)
8658:Electron-beam processing
7557:16 February 2017 at the
7195:The New Voice of Ukraine
6672:Israel's Nuclear Weapons
6281:– via NYTimes.com.
6115:Nuclear weapons archives
5491:19 December 2006 at the
5472:17 December 2014 at the
5389:Holloway, David (1994).
4130:Arms Control Association
4032:4 September 2017 at the
4003:Oxford University Press.
3828:16 February 2017 at the
3508:
3502:Nuclear-weapon-free zone
3390:
3318:occupied Eastern Ukraine
3203:fall of the Soviet Union
3113:the accompanying table.
2875:Prime Minister of Israel
2439:first hydrogen-bomb test
2219:
2144:
1750: North Korea (0.2%)
9821:Organic nuclear reactor
8993:Nuclear power phase-out
8916:Nuclear decommissioning
8856:Reactor-grade plutonium
8606:Targeted alpha-particle
8485:Accidents and incidents
7840:Commonwealth Publishing
7465:16 October 2015 at the
6677:7 December 2010 at the
6320:The Wall Street Journal
6011:23 October 2008 at the
4931:Hersh, Seymour (1991).
4772:Tellis, Ashley (2022).
3921:Retrieved 12 July 2007.
3482:Nuclear program of Iran
3423:between 1964 and 1984.
3261:Former Soviet republics
3211:Permissive Action Links
3207:former Soviet republics
3094:Permissive Action Links
3090:nuclear weapons sharing
2894:Nuclear weapons sharing
2806:Prime Minister of India
2590:Chinese Communist Party
2310:Nuclear Suppliers Group
1963:High Explosive Research
1896:Strategic Rocket Forces
1843:the Japanese cities of
1831:, out of the fear that
1811:An early stage in the "
1612:Suspected Israeli triad
112:nuclear weapons sharing
10080:Nuclear weapons policy
8180:Global Terrorism Index
7260:9 January 2009 at the
5441:Britain and the H-bomb
5439:Arnold, Lorna (2001).
5242:Hansen, Chuck (1995).
5217:Hansen, Chuck (1988).
3876:7 January 2015 at the
3237:
2626:Letters of last resort
2344:
2247:unilateral disarmament
2238:
2167:
2093:
2014:maintained a fleet of
1992:
1911:
1820:
1815:" fireball, the first
1068:Alamogordo, New Mexico
919:
458:(the successor of the
158:
18:Nuclear weapons states
10085:Nuclear proliferation
8983:Anti-nuclear movement
7707:(28 September 2005).
7658:Brookings Institution
6881:on 23 September 2004.
6552:. NTI. Archived from
6485:Cohen, Avner (1998),
6145:16 April 2012 at the
5536:China Builds the Bomb
5418:. London: Macmillan.
4818:The National Interest
3572:of 22 September 1979.
3487:Nuclear proliferation
3314:Russia annexed Crimea
3235:
2338:
2314:U.S. State Department
2233:
2162:
2072:
1974:
1909:
1880:stockpile stewardship
1810:
1783:on UNSC resolutions.
1738: Pakistan (1.3%)
1655:Announced withdrawal
917:
440:nuclear-weapon states
438:are considered to be
39:states of the world
34:
9891:Reversed field pinch
9686:Traveling-wave (TWR)
9170:Supercritical (SCWR)
8668:Gemstone irradiation
8159:Militarization index
7775:. Washington, D.C.:
6728:. Al Jazeera America
6140:NTI Pakistan Profile
6085:"India and Pakistan"
5855:on 3 September 2006.
5556:"No-First-Use (NFU)"
4025:Jane Onyanga-Omara,
3934:Avner Cohen (2010).
3917:28 July 2011 at the
3536:UK Trident programme
3284:annexation of Crimea
3189:Non-Aligned Movement
2275:thermonuclear device
2266:its nuclear reactors
2012:British Armed Forces
1702: Russia (45.4%)
501:have nuclear weapons
296:Nuclear-armed states
9056:Aqueous homogeneous
8851:Reprocessed uranium
8524:Safety and security
8027:NRDC, February 2005
7959:. London, England:
7885:on 7 February 2021.
7221:eurointegration.com
6877:(9). Archived from
6488:Israel and the Bomb
5983:. 10 October 2008.
5620:2019BuAtS..75d.171K
5566:on 25 January 2010.
5495:(BBC, January 2006)
5252:on 30 December 2016
5097:The Road to Trinity
5093:Nichols, Kenneth D.
5043:. 13 October 2006.
5041:The Washington Post
4999:2022BuAtS..78e.273K
4881:2022BuAtS..78a..38K
4705:2021BuAtS..77e.265K
4611:. 18 October 2016.
4553:2022BuAtS..78d.224K
4471:2023BuAtS..79b.108K
4402:2023BuAtS..79d.272K
4272:2023BuAtS..79c.174K
4200:2023BuAtS..79a..28K
4126:www.armscontrol.org
4064:, 6 September 2009.
3557:Force de dissuasion
3521:Estimates from the
3467:Nuclear disarmament
3328:Stationed countries
3310:Russo-Ukrainian War
3123:
2925:
2881:Minister of Defense
2746:President of France
2696:Minister of Defence
2687:President of Russia
2633:
2602:Minister of Defence
2580:. Information from
2496:strategic ambiguity
2354:Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
2277:. India adopted a "
2262:dual-use technology
2065:Force de dissuasion
2042:UK House of Commons
2038:Trident II missiles
1874:"). Throughout the
1773:UN Security Council
1744: Israel (0.7%)
1720: France (2.4%)
1212:Monte Bello Islands
967:
9970:Dense plasma focus
8885:Actinide chemistry
8350:Isotope separation
8247:Nuclear technology
8175:Global Peace Index
8109:Military equipment
8085:Lists of countries
7896:Noakes, Taylor C.
7804:on 16 January 2022
7705:Hans M. Kristensen
7223:. European Pravada
6944:Hans M. Kristensen
6920:english.hani.co.kr
6871:Strategic Insights
6795:Carnegie Endowment
6546:"Nuclear Overview"
6512:ElBaradei, Mohamed
6466:. 9 September 2022
6429:The New York Times
6264:The New York Times
6233:The Times of india
6209:on 24 January 2018
6017:Arms Control Today
5957:. 2 October 2008.
5780:. 29 August 2019.
5778:The Times of India
5733:George Perkovich,
5695:George Perkovich,
4056:2017-01-08 at the
3912:NTI Israel Profile
3238:
3121:
2923:
2631:
2412:uranium enrichment
2362:Pressler Amendment
2345:
2281:" policy in 1998.
2239:
2188:security assurance
2174:") in 1964 at the
2168:
2094:
1993:
1912:
1821:
1732: India (1.4%)
1714: China (4.1%)
1275:13 February 1960 (
1248:Trident submarines
1117:Russian Federation
965:
920:
159:
10052:
10051:
10002:
10001:
9998:
9997:
9949:Magnetized-target
9846:
9845:
9809:
9808:
9640:
9639:
9636:
9635:
9580:
9579:
9464:
9463:
9396:
9395:
9001:
9000:
8956:
8955:
8825:
8824:
8812:Weapon-free zones
8639:
8638:
8631:Radiopharmacology
8213:
8212:
8114:Aircraft carriers
7786:978-1-72733-733-4
7606:www.aljazeera.com
7441:. Washington, D.C
7189:Borysenko, Ivan.
6626:"Nuclear Weapons"
6559:on 2 January 2009
6498:978-0-231-10482-1
6235:. November 2014.
5829:National Archives
5450:978-0-312-23518-5
5425:978-0-333-15781-7
5400:978-0-300-06056-0
5328:on 11 August 2015
5228:978-0-517-56740-1
4942:978-0-394-57006-8
4318:. 2 November 2023
3665:The Samson Option
3492:Nuclear terrorism
3161:
3160:
3102:Francesco Cossiga
3083:
3082:
2891:
2890:
2612:has authority in
2509:According to the
2466:According to the
2377:Abdul Qadeer Khan
2366:six nuclear tests
2138:François Hollande
2111:Opération Canopus
2086:Charles de Gaulle
2019:strategic bombers
2005:Operation Grapple
1829:Manhattan Project
1817:nuclear explosion
1803:Manhattan Project
1777:permanent members
1691:
1690:
1355:16 October 1964 (
912:
911:
537:According to the
509:nuclear ambiguity
424:
423:
188:Nuclear explosion
16:(Redirected from
10097:
10040:
10039:
10028:
10027:
10017:
10016:
10015:
9927:
9886:Levitated dipole
9856:
9848:
9847:
9796:Helium gas (GFR)
9659:
9658:
9654:
9591:
9590:
9475:
9474:
9425:
9424:
9418:
9417:
9413:
9412:
9194:
9193:
9190:
9189:
9028:
9020:
9019:
9012:Nuclear reactors
9007:
9006:
8906:High-level (HLW)
8836:
8835:
8683:
8682:
8663:Food irradiation
8653:Atomic gardening
8546:
8545:
8529:Nuclear meltdown
8355:Nuclear material
8345:Fissile material
8340:Fertile material
8255:
8254:
8240:
8233:
8226:
8217:
8216:
8204:Lists by country
8153:per share of GDP
8078:
8071:
8064:
8055:
8054:
8016:Nuclear Notebook
7992:
7991:
7989:
7974:
7938:
7937:
7935:
7933:
7919:
7913:
7912:
7910:
7908:
7893:
7887:
7886:
7868:
7862:
7861:
7820:
7814:
7813:
7811:
7809:
7803:
7797:. Archived from
7774:
7763:
7757:
7756:
7754:
7752:
7747:
7739:
7733:
7730:
7724:
7723:
7721:
7719:
7701:
7695:
7694:
7692:
7690:
7675:
7669:
7668:
7666:
7664:
7649:
7643:
7642:
7640:
7638:
7632:The Conversation
7623:
7617:
7616:
7614:
7612:
7598:
7592:
7591:
7589:
7587:
7568:
7562:
7561:, 25 March 2014.
7549:
7543:
7542:
7540:
7538:
7519:
7513:
7512:
7510:
7508:
7489:
7483:
7480:
7474:
7457:
7451:
7450:
7448:
7446:
7430:
7424:
7423:
7421:
7419:
7399:
7393:
7392:
7390:
7388:
7382:
7351:
7342:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7331:
7306:
7300:
7299:
7297:
7295:
7289:
7278:
7270:
7264:
7251:
7245:
7239:
7233:
7232:
7230:
7228:
7213:
7207:
7206:
7204:
7202:
7186:
7180:
7179:
7177:
7175:
7160:
7151:
7150:
7148:
7146:
7131:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7115:
7109:
7098:
7089:
7083:
7077:
7071:
7070:
7068:
7066:
7051:
7045:
7044:
7042:
7040:
7030:
7022:
7016:
7015:
7013:
7011:
6996:
6990:
6989:
6940:
6931:
6930:
6928:
6926:
6912:
6906:
6905:
6900:. Archived from
6889:
6883:
6882:
6862:
6856:
6855:
6853:
6851:
6837:
6818:
6817:
6805:
6799:
6798:
6786:
6780:
6779:
6777:
6775:
6769:
6761:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6733:
6718:
6712:
6711:
6709:
6707:
6692:
6686:
6685:(17 August 2000)
6669:
6663:
6652:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6641:
6622:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6611:
6591:
6585:
6578:My Promised Land
6575:
6569:
6568:
6566:
6564:
6558:
6542:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6531:
6514:(27 July 2004).
6508:
6502:
6501:
6482:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6471:
6454:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6443:
6420:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6409:
6390:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6379:
6360:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6349:
6330:
6324:
6323:
6315:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6304:
6289:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6278:
6255:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6244:
6225:
6219:
6218:
6216:
6214:
6205:. Archived from
6195:
6189:
6182:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6171:
6156:
6150:
6137:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6126:
6106:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6095:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6070:
6064:
6057:
6049:
6043:
6026:
6020:
6003:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5992:
5977:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5966:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5940:
5934:
5927:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5899:. 31 July 2008.
5889:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5869:. 27 July 2007.
5863:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5847:
5839:
5833:
5832:
5826:
5824:
5803:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5770:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5744:
5738:
5731:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5720:
5706:
5700:
5693:
5687:
5681:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5660:
5654:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5631:
5599:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5582:
5574:
5568:
5567:
5562:. Archived from
5552:
5546:
5532:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5521:
5502:
5496:
5483:
5477:
5464:
5455:
5454:
5436:
5430:
5429:
5411:
5405:
5404:
5386:
5380:
5373:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5348:"Policy Library"
5344:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5327:
5320:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5281:
5275:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5239:
5233:
5232:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5192:
5186:
5172:
5166:
5151:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5133:Edmonton Journal
5125:
5119:
5118:
5089:
5083:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5063:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5033:
5027:
5026:
4978:
4972:
4966:
4960:
4954:
4948:
4946:
4935:. Random House.
4927:
4921:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4892:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4839:"Babur (Hatf 7)"
4835:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4809:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4795:
4789:
4778:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4744:
4735:
4734:
4716:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4638:. The Diplomat.
4631:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4601:
4595:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4564:
4532:
4526:
4520:
4514:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4482:
4450:
4444:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4413:
4381:
4375:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4343:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4283:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4230:
4229:
4211:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4153:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4071:
4065:
4047:
4041:
4040:, 6 January 2016
4023:
4017:
4012:"Nuclear club",
4010:
4004:
3990:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3958:
3949:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3931:
3922:
3909:
3898:
3891:
3885:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3841:
3832:
3821:
3816:
3814:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3780:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3751:
3740:Business Insider
3731:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3717:
3706:
3687:
3678:
3667:. Random House.
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3605:
3573:
3566:
3560:
3553:
3547:
3532:
3526:
3519:
3363:Ferdinand Marcos
3145:
3143:
3142:
3124:
3120:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3016:
3014:
3013:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2926:
2868:
2867:
2846:
2845:
2824:
2823:
2799:
2798:
2769:
2768:
2739:
2738:
2713:
2712:
2680:
2679:
2654:
2653:
2634:
2630:
2552:Launch authority
2451:Korean Peninsula
2416:Agreed Framework
2343:series of tests.
2273:"), including a
2271:Operation Shakti
2082:aircraft carrier
2049:-class submarine
1979:launched from a
1858:
1854:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1202:3 October 1952 (
1193:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1127:29 August 1949 (
1115:
1114:
1113:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1046:
1045:
1044:
998:Delivery method
968:
964:
956:delivery methods
941:nuclear reactors
904:
897:
890:
874:
873:
855:List of treaties
567:
553:
552:
428:sovereign states
416:
409:
402:
353:
247:Target selection
175:
161:
160:
143:
101:
91:
73:
43:
21:
10105:
10104:
10100:
10099:
10098:
10096:
10095:
10094:
10065:Nuclear weapons
10055:
10054:
10053:
10048:
10013:
10011:
9994:
9958:
9925:
9910:
9867:
9857:
9852:
9842:
9805:
9710:
9655:
9648:
9647:
9632:
9576:
9507:
9482:
9460:
9432:
9414:
9407:
9406:
9405:
9392:
9358:
9349:
9331:
9296:
9287:
9201:
9184:
9183:
9182:
9174:
9088:Natural fission
9042:
9041:
9029:
9024:
9014:
8997:
8973:Nuclear weapons
8952:
8911:Low-level (LLW)
8889:
8821:
8773:
8672:
8635:
8582:
8535:
8456:
8388:
8311:
8249:
8244:
8214:
8209:
8208:
8189:
8185:UN peacekeepers
8163:
8145:Military budget
8123:
8119:Nuclear weapons
8092:
8082:
8007:
8002:
7987:
7985:
7971:
7947:
7942:
7941:
7931:
7929:
7921:
7920:
7916:
7906:
7904:
7894:
7890:
7869:
7865:
7850:
7821:
7817:
7807:
7805:
7801:
7787:
7772:
7764:
7760:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7741:
7740:
7736:
7731:
7727:
7717:
7715:
7702:
7698:
7688:
7686:
7677:
7676:
7672:
7662:
7660:
7650:
7646:
7636:
7634:
7624:
7620:
7610:
7608:
7600:
7599:
7595:
7585:
7583:
7570:
7569:
7565:
7559:Wayback Machine
7550:
7546:
7536:
7534:
7521:
7520:
7516:
7506:
7504:
7491:
7490:
7486:
7481:
7477:
7467:Wayback Machine
7458:
7454:
7444:
7442:
7431:
7427:
7417:
7415:
7400:
7396:
7386:
7384:
7380:
7349:
7343:
7339:
7329:
7327:
7325:
7307:
7303:
7293:
7291:
7287:
7276:
7272:
7271:
7267:
7262:Wayback Machine
7252:
7248:
7240:
7236:
7226:
7224:
7215:
7214:
7210:
7200:
7198:
7187:
7183:
7173:
7171:
7161:
7154:
7144:
7142:
7132:
7123:
7113:
7111:
7107:
7096:
7090:
7086:
7078:
7074:
7064:
7062:
7053:
7052:
7048:
7038:
7036:
7028:
7024:
7023:
7019:
7009:
7007:
6998:
6997:
6993:
6941:
6934:
6924:
6922:
6914:
6913:
6909:
6904:on 4 June 2011.
6890:
6886:
6863:
6859:
6849:
6847:
6839:
6838:
6821:
6814:Washington Post
6806:
6802:
6787:
6783:
6773:
6771:
6767:
6763:
6762:
6741:
6731:
6729:
6720:
6719:
6715:
6705:
6703:
6694:
6693:
6689:
6679:Wayback Machine
6670:
6666:
6653:
6649:
6639:
6637:
6624:
6623:
6619:
6609:
6607:
6592:
6588:
6576:
6572:
6562:
6560:
6556:
6544:
6543:
6539:
6529:
6527:
6509:
6505:
6499:
6483:
6479:
6469:
6467:
6456:
6455:
6451:
6441:
6439:
6421:
6417:
6407:
6405:
6392:
6391:
6387:
6377:
6375:
6362:
6361:
6357:
6347:
6345:
6332:
6331:
6327:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6302:
6300:
6291:
6290:
6286:
6276:
6274:
6256:
6252:
6242:
6240:
6227:
6226:
6222:
6212:
6210:
6197:
6196:
6192:
6183:
6179:
6169:
6167:
6158:
6157:
6153:
6147:Wayback Machine
6138:
6134:
6124:
6122:
6107:
6103:
6093:
6091:
6083:
6082:
6078:
6068:
6066:
6062:
6055:
6051:
6050:
6046:
6036:Wayback Machine
6027:
6023:
6013:Wayback Machine
6004:
6000:
5990:
5988:
5979:
5978:
5974:
5964:
5962:
5953:
5952:
5948:
5938:
5936:
5932:
5925:
5921:
5920:
5916:
5906:
5904:
5891:
5890:
5886:
5876:
5874:
5865:
5864:
5860:
5852:
5845:
5841:
5840:
5836:
5822:
5820:
5805:
5804:
5800:
5790:
5788:
5772:
5771:
5767:
5757:
5755:
5746:
5745:
5741:
5732:
5728:
5718:
5716:
5708:
5707:
5703:
5694:
5690:
5682:
5678:
5668:
5666:
5662:
5661:
5657:
5649:
5645:
5600:
5596:
5586:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5575:
5571:
5554:
5553:
5549:
5533:
5529:
5519:
5517:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5493:Wayback Machine
5484:
5480:
5474:Wayback Machine
5465:
5458:
5451:
5437:
5433:
5426:
5412:
5408:
5401:
5387:
5383:
5374:
5367:
5357:
5355:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5318:
5314:
5313:
5309:
5299:
5297:
5286:"An Aging Army"
5282:
5278:
5269:
5265:
5255:
5253:
5240:
5236:
5229:
5215:
5211:
5201:
5199:
5184:
5176:McCusker, J. J.
5164:
5156:McCusker, J. J.
5152:
5148:
5138:
5136:
5127:
5126:
5122:
5107:
5090:
5086:
5079:
5075:
5065:
5064:
5060:
5050:
5048:
5035:
5034:
5030:
4979:
4975:
4967:
4963:
4955:
4951:
4943:
4928:
4924:
4918:
4914:
4861:
4857:
4847:
4845:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4822:
4820:
4810:
4806:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4776:
4770:
4766:
4756:
4754:
4746:
4745:
4738:
4685:
4681:
4671:
4669:
4664:. 7 July 2014.
4660:
4659:
4655:
4645:
4643:
4632:
4628:
4618:
4616:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4590:
4586:
4533:
4529:
4521:
4517:
4513:survivability."
4508:
4504:
4451:
4447:
4439:
4435:
4382:
4378:
4370:
4366:
4356:
4354:
4345:
4344:
4331:
4321:
4319:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4252:
4248:
4240:
4233:
4180:
4176:
4166:
4164:
4155:
4154:
4145:
4135:
4133:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4105:
4103:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4058:Wayback Machine
4048:
4044:
4034:Wayback Machine
4024:
4020:
4011:
4007:
3991:
3980:
3970:
3968:
3960:
3959:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3932:
3925:
3919:Wayback Machine
3910:
3901:
3892:
3888:
3878:Wayback Machine
3869:
3865:
3855:
3853:
3842:
3835:
3830:Wayback Machine
3812:
3810:
3795:
3791:
3778:
3776:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3749:
3747:
3732:
3728:
3715:
3713:
3708:
3707:
3690:
3675:
3658:
3654:
3644:
3642:
3632:
3628:
3618:
3616:
3607:
3606:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3576:
3567:
3563:
3554:
3550:
3540:Royal Air Force
3533:
3529:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3497:Nuclear warfare
3472:Nuclear latency
3437:
3413:
3407:
3399:
3393:
3385:
3377:Main articles:
3375:
3355:
3349:
3344:
3338:
3330:
3320:, and in 2022,
3269:
3263:
3230:
3222:Main articles:
3220:
3198:
3187:Members of the
3185:
3140:
3138:
3119:
3054:
3052:
3031:
3029:
3011:
3009:
2988:
2986:
2965:
2963:
2942:
2940:
2921:
2916:
2902:
2900:Nuclear sharing
2896:
2862:
2840:
2818:
2793:
2763:
2733:
2707:
2674:
2648:
2554:
2491:
2483:Main articles:
2481:
2476:
2408:
2402:
2333:
2327:
2228:
2222:
2217:
2180:nuclear missile
2157:
2149:Main articles:
2147:
2107:Force de frappe
2067:
2059:Main articles:
2057:
2040:. In 2016, the
1977:Trident missile
1969:
1951:
1943:Main articles:
1941:
1904:
1898:
1890:Main articles:
1888:
1859:billion today.
1856:
1852:
1805:
1799:
1791:Main articles:
1789:
1765:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1625:
1623:
1558:
1556:
1547:Pakistani triad
1485:
1483:
1412:
1410:
1339:
1337:
1259:
1257:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1111:
1109:
1042:
1040:
1003:
995:
987:
976:
928:nuclear weapons
908:
551:
432:nuclear weapons
420:
371:
351:
341:
310:
165:Nuclear weapons
157:
141:
139:
99:
97:
89:
87:
71:
69:
41:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10103:
10093:
10092:
10087:
10082:
10077:
10072:
10067:
10050:
10049:
10047:
10046:
10034:
10022:
10007:
10004:
10003:
10000:
9999:
9996:
9995:
9993:
9992:
9987:
9982:
9980:Muon-catalyzed
9977:
9972:
9966:
9964:
9960:
9959:
9957:
9956:
9951:
9946:
9941:
9940:
9939:
9929:
9920:
9918:
9912:
9911:
9909:
9908:
9903:
9898:
9893:
9888:
9883:
9877:
9875:
9869:
9868:
9862:
9859:
9858:
9844:
9843:
9841:
9840:
9835:
9834:
9833:
9828:
9817:
9815:
9811:
9810:
9807:
9806:
9804:
9803:
9798:
9793:
9788:
9787:
9786:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9720:
9718:
9712:
9711:
9709:
9708:
9703:
9698:
9693:
9688:
9683:
9678:
9673:
9671:Integral (IFR)
9668:
9662:
9656:
9645:
9642:
9641:
9638:
9637:
9634:
9633:
9631:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9599:
9597:
9588:
9582:
9581:
9578:
9577:
9575:
9574:
9573:
9572:
9567:
9566:
9565:
9560:
9555:
9550:
9535:
9530:
9529:
9528:
9517:
9515:
9509:
9508:
9506:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9486:
9484:
9480:
9472:
9466:
9465:
9462:
9461:
9459:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9437:
9435:
9430:
9422:
9415:
9401:
9398:
9397:
9394:
9393:
9391:
9390:
9389:
9388:
9383:
9378:
9373:
9362:
9360:
9356:
9351:
9350:
9348:
9347:
9341:
9339:
9333:
9332:
9330:
9329:
9324:
9319:
9318:
9317:
9312:
9301:
9299:
9294:
9289:
9288:
9286:
9285:
9284:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9268:
9263:
9262:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9241:
9236:
9235:
9234:
9229:
9226:
9223:
9220:
9206:
9204:
9199:
9191:
9176:
9175:
9173:
9172:
9167:
9166:
9165:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9151:
9150:
9145:
9135:
9130:
9125:
9120:
9115:
9110:
9105:
9100:
9090:
9085:
9084:
9083:
9078:
9073:
9068:
9058:
9052:
9050:
9044:
9043:
9035:
9034:
9031:
9030:
9016:
9015:
9003:
9002:
8999:
8998:
8996:
8995:
8990:
8988:Uranium mining
8985:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8964:
8962:
8958:
8957:
8954:
8953:
8951:
8950:
8945:
8944:
8943:
8938:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8903:
8897:
8895:
8891:
8890:
8888:
8887:
8882:
8881:
8880:
8870:
8865:
8864:
8863:
8861:Minor actinide
8858:
8853:
8842:
8840:
8833:
8827:
8826:
8823:
8822:
8820:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8804:
8803:
8802:
8797:
8787:
8781:
8779:
8775:
8774:
8772:
8771:
8770:
8769:
8759:
8754:
8753:
8752:
8747:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8726:
8725:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8689:
8687:
8680:
8674:
8673:
8671:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8649:
8647:
8641:
8640:
8637:
8636:
8634:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8592:
8590:
8584:
8583:
8581:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8558:Autoradiograph
8554:
8552:
8543:
8537:
8536:
8534:
8533:
8532:
8531:
8521:
8520:
8519:
8509:
8508:
8507:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8466:
8464:
8458:
8457:
8455:
8454:
8449:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8404:
8398:
8396:
8390:
8389:
8387:
8386:
8385:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8373:
8372:
8367:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8321:
8319:
8313:
8312:
8310:
8309:
8308:
8307:
8302:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8280:Atomic nucleus
8277:
8272:
8267:
8261:
8259:
8251:
8250:
8243:
8242:
8235:
8228:
8220:
8211:
8210:
8207:
8206:
8201:
8195:
8194:
8191:
8190:
8188:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8171:
8169:
8165:
8164:
8162:
8161:
8156:
8142:
8137:
8131:
8129:
8125:
8124:
8122:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8100:
8098:
8094:
8093:
8081:
8080:
8073:
8066:
8058:
8052:
8051:
8046:
8040:
8034:
8028:
8022:
8013:
8006:
8005:External links
8003:
8001:
8000:
7994:
7975:
7970:978-1857436426
7969:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7940:
7939:
7914:
7888:
7863:
7848:
7815:
7785:
7758:
7734:
7725:
7696:
7683:Deutsche Welle
7670:
7644:
7618:
7593:
7563:
7544:
7514:
7484:
7475:
7473:(29 May 2000).
7452:
7425:
7394:
7337:
7323:
7301:
7265:
7246:
7234:
7208:
7181:
7152:
7121:
7084:
7072:
7046:
7017:
6991:
6932:
6907:
6884:
6857:
6845:www.ucsusa.org
6819:
6800:
6781:
6739:
6713:
6687:
6664:
6647:
6617:
6586:
6570:
6537:
6503:
6497:
6477:
6449:
6415:
6385:
6355:
6325:
6310:
6284:
6250:
6220:
6190:
6177:
6151:
6132:
6101:
6076:
6044:
6040:Indian Express
6021:
5998:
5972:
5946:
5914:
5884:
5858:
5834:
5812:whitehouse.gov
5798:
5765:
5739:
5726:
5701:
5688:
5676:
5655:
5643:
5614:(4): 171â178.
5594:
5569:
5547:
5527:
5510:spacedaily.com
5497:
5478:
5456:
5449:
5431:
5424:
5406:
5399:
5381:
5365:
5339:
5307:
5276:
5263:
5234:
5227:
5209:
5193:1800âpresent:
5146:
5120:
5105:
5084:
5073:
5058:
5028:
4993:(5): 273â294.
4973:
4961:
4949:
4941:
4922:
4912:
4855:
4843:Missile Threat
4830:
4804:
4764:
4736:
4699:(5): 265â278.
4679:
4653:
4626:
4596:
4584:
4547:(4): 224â236.
4527:
4515:
4502:
4465:(2): 108â133.
4445:
4433:
4396:(4): 272â281.
4376:
4364:
4329:
4303:
4266:(3): 174â199.
4246:
4231:
4174:
4163:. 17 June 2024
4143:
4113:
4087:
4066:
4042:
4018:
4005:
3978:
3950:
3941:
3923:
3899:
3886:
3871:Nuclear Forces
3863:
3833:
3789:
3760:
3726:
3688:
3674:978-0394570068
3673:
3661:Hersh, Seymour
3652:
3626:
3615:. January 2020
3584:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3561:
3548:
3527:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3447:Doomsday Clock
3444:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3409:Main article:
3406:
3403:
3395:Main article:
3392:
3389:
3374:
3371:
3351:Main article:
3348:
3345:
3340:Main article:
3337:
3334:
3329:
3326:
3302:
3301:
3287:
3276:
3262:
3259:
3219:
3216:
3197:
3194:
3184:
3181:
3177:Vladimir Putin
3159:
3158:
3155:
3149:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3118:
3115:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3063:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3040:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3006:
3005:
3002:
2997:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2974:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2951:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2920:
2917:
2898:Main article:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2877:
2872:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2850:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2828:
2815:
2814:
2808:
2803:
2790:
2789:
2778:
2773:
2760:
2759:
2748:
2743:
2730:
2729:
2726:Prime Minister
2722:
2717:
2715:United Kingdom
2704:
2703:
2689:
2684:
2671:
2670:
2663:
2658:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2578:United Kingdom
2574:Prime Minister
2553:
2550:
2542:Amihai Eliyahu
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2404:Main article:
2401:
2398:
2385:gas centrifuge
2329:Main article:
2326:
2323:
2290:Manmohan Singh
2286:George W. Bush
2258:Smiling Buddha
2224:Main article:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2146:
2143:
2130:Jacques Chirac
2098:Gerboise Bleue
2056:
2053:
1940:
1939:United Kingdom
1937:
1887:
1884:
1788:
1785:
1758:
1755:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1658:Non-signatory
1656:
1653:
1651:North Hamgyong
1644:
1642:9 October 2006
1639:
1636:
1633:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1522:Non-signatory
1520:
1517:
1508:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1449:Non-signatory
1447:
1444:
1435:
1431:Smiling Buddha
1426:
1423:
1420:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1328:air capability
1318:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1289:French Algeria
1282:
1278:Gerboise Bleue
1273:
1270:
1267:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:United Kingdom
1179:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1134:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1065:
1058:16 July 1945 (
1056:
1053:
1050:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
990:
988:
982:
980:
977:
974:
972:
910:
909:
907:
906:
899:
892:
884:
881:
880:
879:
878:
865:
864:
863:
862:
859:treaty parties
849:
848:
844:
843:
842:
841:
836:
831:
823:
822:
818:
817:
816:
815:
810:
805:
803:United Kingdom
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
607:
606:
600:
599:
598:
597:
592:
587:
582:
574:
573:
569:
568:
560:
559:
550:
547:
467:United Kingdom
422:
421:
419:
418:
411:
404:
396:
393:
392:
391:
390:
385:
380:
375:
365:
364:
359:
354:
345:
335:
334:
329:
324:
322:United Kingdom
319:
314:
299:
298:
292:
291:
290:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
238:
237:
232:
227:
221:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
182:
181:
177:
176:
168:
167:
140:
98:
88:
70:
62:United Kingdom
40:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10102:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10083:
10081:
10078:
10076:
10073:
10071:
10068:
10066:
10063:
10062:
10060:
10045:
10044:
10035:
10033:
10032:
10023:
10021:
10020:
10009:
10008:
10005:
9991:
9988:
9986:
9983:
9981:
9978:
9976:
9973:
9971:
9968:
9967:
9965:
9961:
9955:
9952:
9950:
9947:
9945:
9942:
9938:
9937:electrostatic
9935:
9934:
9933:
9930:
9928:
9922:
9921:
9919:
9917:
9913:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9878:
9876:
9874:
9870:
9866:
9860:
9855:
9849:
9839:
9836:
9832:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9823:
9822:
9819:
9818:
9816:
9812:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9789:
9785:
9782:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9726:
9725:
9722:
9721:
9719:
9717:
9716:Generation IV
9713:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9666:Breeder (FBR)
9664:
9663:
9660:
9657:
9652:
9643:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9600:
9598:
9596:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9583:
9571:
9568:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9551:
9549:
9546:
9545:
9544:
9541:
9540:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9527:
9524:
9523:
9522:
9519:
9518:
9516:
9514:
9510:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9492:
9488:
9487:
9485:
9483:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9467:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9438:
9436:
9434:
9426:
9423:
9419:
9416:
9411:
9404:
9399:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9369:
9368:
9367:
9364:
9363:
9361:
9359:
9352:
9346:
9343:
9342:
9340:
9338:
9334:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9316:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9307:
9306:
9303:
9302:
9300:
9298:
9290:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9246:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9233:
9230:
9227:
9224:
9221:
9218:
9217:
9216:
9213:
9212:
9211:
9208:
9207:
9205:
9203:
9195:
9192:
9188:
9181:
9177:
9171:
9168:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9149:
9146:
9144:
9141:
9140:
9139:
9136:
9134:
9131:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9095:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9067:
9064:
9063:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9053:
9051:
9049:
9045:
9040:
9039:
9032:
9027:
9021:
9017:
9013:
9008:
9004:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8968:Nuclear power
8966:
8965:
8963:
8959:
8949:
8948:Transmutation
8946:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8933:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8898:
8896:
8892:
8886:
8883:
8879:
8876:
8875:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8848:
8847:
8844:
8843:
8841:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8828:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8792:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8782:
8780:
8776:
8768:
8765:
8764:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8745:high-altitude
8743:
8742:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8735:Proliferation
8733:
8731:
8728:
8724:
8721:
8720:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8690:
8688:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8675:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8650:
8648:
8646:
8642:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8621:Brachytherapy
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8593:
8591:
8589:
8585:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8555:
8553:
8551:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8538:
8530:
8527:
8526:
8525:
8522:
8518:
8515:
8514:
8513:
8510:
8506:
8503:
8502:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8467:
8465:
8463:
8459:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8417:Cross section
8415:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8399:
8397:
8395:
8391:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8362:
8361:
8358:
8357:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8322:
8320:
8318:
8314:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8297:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8262:
8260:
8256:
8252:
8248:
8241:
8236:
8234:
8229:
8227:
8222:
8221:
8218:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8196:
8192:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8172:
8170:
8166:
8160:
8157:
8154:
8150:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8132:
8130:
8126:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8101:
8099:
8095:
8090:
8086:
8079:
8074:
8072:
8067:
8065:
8060:
8059:
8056:
8050:
8047:
8044:
8041:
8038:
8035:
8032:
8029:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8008:
7999:
7995:
7983:
7982:
7976:
7972:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7950:
7949:
7928:
7924:
7918:
7903:
7899:
7892:
7884:
7880:
7879:
7874:
7867:
7859:
7855:
7851:
7845:
7841:
7837:
7833:
7832:
7825:
7819:
7800:
7796:
7792:
7788:
7782:
7778:
7771:
7770:
7762:
7744:
7738:
7729:
7714:
7710:
7706:
7700:
7685:. 12 May 2014
7684:
7680:
7674:
7659:
7655:
7648:
7633:
7629:
7622:
7607:
7603:
7597:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7567:
7560:
7556:
7553:
7548:
7532:
7528:
7524:
7518:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7488:
7479:
7472:
7468:
7464:
7461:
7456:
7440:
7436:
7429:
7413:
7409:
7405:
7398:
7379:
7375:
7371:
7367:
7363:
7359:
7355:
7348:
7341:
7326:
7324:9780714648569
7320:
7316:
7312:
7305:
7286:
7282:
7275:
7269:
7263:
7259:
7255:
7250:
7243:
7238:
7222:
7218:
7212:
7196:
7192:
7185:
7170:
7166:
7159:
7157:
7141:
7137:
7130:
7128:
7126:
7106:
7102:
7095:
7088:
7081:
7076:
7060:
7056:
7050:
7034:
7027:
7021:
7005:
7001:
6995:
6988:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6963:
6959:
6955:
6954:
6949:
6945:
6939:
6937:
6921:
6917:
6911:
6903:
6899:
6895:
6888:
6880:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6861:
6846:
6842:
6836:
6834:
6832:
6830:
6828:
6826:
6824:
6815:
6811:
6804:
6796:
6792:
6785:
6766:
6760:
6758:
6756:
6754:
6752:
6750:
6748:
6746:
6744:
6727:
6723:
6717:
6701:
6697:
6691:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6673:
6668:
6661:
6657:
6651:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6621:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6590:
6583:
6579:
6574:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6541:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6507:
6500:
6494:
6490:
6489:
6481:
6465:
6464:
6459:
6453:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6419:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6389:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6359:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6329:
6321:
6314:
6299:. 25 May 2009
6298:
6294:
6288:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6261:
6254:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6224:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6194:
6187:
6181:
6165:
6161:
6155:
6148:
6144:
6141:
6136:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6105:
6090:
6086:
6080:
6061:
6054:
6048:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6030:
6025:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6007:
6002:
5986:
5982:
5976:
5960:
5956:
5950:
5931:
5924:
5918:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5888:
5872:
5868:
5862:
5851:
5844:
5838:
5830:
5818:
5814:
5813:
5808:
5802:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5769:
5753:
5749:
5743:
5736:
5730:
5715:
5711:
5705:
5698:
5692:
5685:
5680:
5665:
5659:
5652:
5647:
5639:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5598:
5579:
5573:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5551:
5545:
5544:0-8047-1452-5
5541:
5537:
5531:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5501:
5494:
5490:
5487:
5482:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5463:
5461:
5452:
5446:
5442:
5435:
5427:
5421:
5417:
5410:
5402:
5396:
5392:
5385:
5378:
5372:
5370:
5353:
5349:
5343:
5324:
5317:
5311:
5295:
5291:
5290:Distillations
5287:
5280:
5273:
5267:
5251:
5247:
5246:
5238:
5230:
5224:
5220:
5213:
5198:
5190:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5170:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5150:
5134:
5130:
5124:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5106:0-688-06910-X
5102:
5098:
5094:
5088:
5082:
5077:
5070:
5069:
5062:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5032:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4977:
4970:
4965:
4958:
4953:
4944:
4938:
4934:
4926:
4916:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4859:
4844:
4840:
4834:
4819:
4815:
4808:
4801:
4790:on 3 May 2023
4786:
4782:
4775:
4768:
4753:
4749:
4743:
4741:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4683:
4667:
4663:
4657:
4641:
4637:
4630:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4600:
4593:
4588:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4531:
4525:, pp. 223â224
4524:
4519:
4511:
4506:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4437:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4368:
4352:
4348:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4317:
4313:
4307:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4238:
4236:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4178:
4162:
4161:www.sipri.org
4158:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4132:. August 2022
4131:
4127:
4123:
4117:
4101:
4097:
4091:
4076:
4070:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4046:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4022:
4015:
4009:
4002:
4000:
3995:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3955:
3945:
3937:
3930:
3928:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3896:
3890:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3867:
3851:
3847:
3840:
3838:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3820:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3757:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3711:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3641:
3637:
3630:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3585:
3571:
3570:Vela incident
3565:
3558:
3552:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3524:
3518:
3514:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3477:Nuclear power
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3417:CFB Goose Bay
3412:
3402:
3398:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3343:
3333:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3252:Vela incident
3250:, called the
3249:
3244:
3242:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3205:left several
3204:
3193:
3190:
3180:
3178:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3148:
3136:
3125:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3008:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2955:
2954:Kleine Brogel
2952:
2950:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2844:
2838:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2711:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2656:United States
2652:
2646:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2558:United States
2549:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2527:gravity bombs
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2486:
2471:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2447:thermonuclear
2444:
2440:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2397:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2370:Ras Koh Hills
2367:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2302:U.S. Congress
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2204:
2201:According to
2199:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1864:hydrogen bomb
1860:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1798:
1794:
1787:United States
1784:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1697:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1511:Ras Koh Hills
1509:
1506:
1505:
1501:28 May 1998 (
1500:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1428:18 May 1974 (
1427:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1401:Chinese triad
1399:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1174:
1173:Russian triad
1171:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1137:Semipalatinsk
1135:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1048:United States
1039:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1006:
993:
985:
969:
963:
961:
960:nuclear triad
957:
953:
948:
944:
942:
938:
933:
929:
925:
916:
905:
900:
898:
893:
891:
886:
885:
883:
882:
877:
869:
868:
867:
866:
860:
856:
853:
852:
851:
850:
846:
845:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
826:
825:
824:
821:Proliferation
820:
819:
814:
811:
809:
808:United States
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
753:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
610:
609:
608:
605:
602:
601:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
576:
575:
571:
570:
566:
562:
561:
558:
555:
554:
546:
544:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
497:
495:
494:nuclear tests
491:
487:
483:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
461:
457:
453:
452:United States
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
417:
412:
410:
405:
403:
398:
397:
395:
394:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
370:
367:
366:
363:
360:
358:
355:
349:
346:
344:
340:
337:
336:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
312:United States
309:
307:
303:
302:
301:
300:
297:
294:
293:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
267:Proliferation
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
239:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
222:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
185:
184:
183:
179:
178:
174:
170:
169:
166:
163:
162:
155:
151:
147:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
95:
85:
81:
77:
67:
66:United States
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
38:
37:nuclear-armed
33:
29:
27:
19:
10041:
10029:
10010:
9990:Pyroelectric
9944:Laser-driven
9724:Sodium (SFR)
9651:fast-neutron
9490:
9036:
8926:Reprocessing
8807:WMD treaties
8784:
8626:Radiosurgery
8596:Fast-neutron
8568:Scintigraphy
8168:Peacekeeping
8140:Arms imports
8135:Arms exports
8118:
7986:, retrieved
7980:
7956:
7945:Bibliography
7930:. Retrieved
7926:
7917:
7905:. Retrieved
7901:
7891:
7883:the original
7876:
7866:
7835:
7830:
7818:
7806:. Retrieved
7799:the original
7768:
7761:
7749:. Retrieved
7737:
7728:
7718:24 September
7716:. Retrieved
7699:
7687:. Retrieved
7673:
7661:. Retrieved
7647:
7635:. Retrieved
7631:
7621:
7609:. Retrieved
7605:
7596:
7584:. Retrieved
7566:
7547:
7535:. Retrieved
7517:
7505:. Retrieved
7487:
7478:
7455:
7443:. Retrieved
7439:The Guardian
7438:
7428:
7416:. Retrieved
7407:
7397:
7385:. Retrieved
7360:(3): 31â46.
7357:
7353:
7340:
7328:. Retrieved
7314:
7304:
7292:. Retrieved
7268:
7249:
7244:, 2 May 2005
7237:
7225:. Retrieved
7220:
7211:
7201:10 September
7199:. Retrieved
7194:
7184:
7172:. Retrieved
7168:
7143:. Retrieved
7139:
7112:. Retrieved
7087:
7075:
7065:16 September
7063:. Retrieved
7049:
7037:. Retrieved
7032:
7020:
7008:. Retrieved
6994:
6985:
6960:(1): 43â63.
6957:
6951:
6923:. Retrieved
6919:
6910:
6902:the original
6898:Moscow Times
6897:
6887:
6879:the original
6874:
6870:
6860:
6848:. Retrieved
6844:
6813:
6803:
6794:
6784:
6772:. Retrieved
6730:. Retrieved
6725:
6716:
6704:. Retrieved
6690:
6667:
6659:
6650:
6638:. Retrieved
6629:
6620:
6608:. Retrieved
6589:
6577:
6573:
6561:. Retrieved
6554:the original
6549:
6540:
6528:. Retrieved
6506:
6487:
6480:
6468:. Retrieved
6461:
6452:
6440:. Retrieved
6428:
6418:
6406:. Retrieved
6397:
6388:
6376:. Retrieved
6367:
6358:
6348:15 September
6346:. Retrieved
6337:
6328:
6319:
6313:
6301:. Retrieved
6296:
6287:
6275:. Retrieved
6263:
6253:
6241:. Retrieved
6232:
6223:
6211:. Retrieved
6207:the original
6202:
6193:
6180:
6168:. Retrieved
6154:
6135:
6123:. Retrieved
6114:
6104:
6094:16 September
6092:. Retrieved
6088:
6079:
6067:. Retrieved
6047:
6039:
6024:
6016:
6001:
5989:. Retrieved
5975:
5963:. Retrieved
5949:
5937:. Retrieved
5917:
5905:. Retrieved
5896:
5887:
5875:. Retrieved
5861:
5850:the original
5837:
5827:– via
5821:. Retrieved
5810:
5801:
5789:. Retrieved
5777:
5768:
5756:. Retrieved
5742:
5734:
5729:
5717:. Retrieved
5713:
5704:
5696:
5691:
5679:
5667:. Retrieved
5658:
5646:
5611:
5607:
5597:
5587:20 September
5585:. Retrieved
5572:
5564:the original
5559:
5550:
5535:
5530:
5518:. Retrieved
5509:
5500:
5481:
5440:
5434:
5415:
5409:
5390:
5384:
5356:. Retrieved
5342:
5330:. Retrieved
5323:the original
5310:
5298:. Retrieved
5289:
5279:
5271:
5266:
5254:. Retrieved
5250:the original
5244:
5237:
5218:
5212:
5200:. Retrieved
5180:
5160:
5149:
5137:. Retrieved
5132:
5123:
5096:
5087:
5076:
5067:
5061:
5049:. Retrieved
5040:
5031:
4990:
4986:
4976:
4964:
4956:
4952:
4932:
4925:
4915:
4875:(1): 38â50.
4872:
4868:
4858:
4846:. Retrieved
4842:
4833:
4821:. Retrieved
4817:
4807:
4799:
4792:. Retrieved
4785:the original
4767:
4757:16 September
4755:. Retrieved
4751:
4696:
4692:
4682:
4670:. Retrieved
4656:
4644:. Retrieved
4629:
4617:. Retrieved
4608:
4599:
4587:
4544:
4540:
4530:
4518:
4509:
4505:
4462:
4458:
4448:
4436:
4393:
4389:
4379:
4367:
4355:. Retrieved
4353:. April 2020
4350:
4320:. Retrieved
4315:
4306:
4263:
4259:
4249:
4194:(1): 28â52.
4191:
4187:
4177:
4165:. Retrieved
4160:
4134:. Retrieved
4125:
4116:
4104:. Retrieved
4090:
4078:. Retrieved
4069:
4062:The Guardian
4061:
4045:
4037:
4021:
4013:
4008:
3997:
3969:. Retrieved
3965:
3944:
3935:
3889:
3866:
3854:. Retrieved
3850:The Guardian
3849:
3818:
3811:. Retrieved
3802:
3792:
3784:
3777:. Retrieved
3763:
3755:
3748:. Retrieved
3739:
3729:
3721:
3714:. Retrieved
3679:
3664:
3655:
3643:. Retrieved
3639:
3629:
3617:. Retrieved
3612:
3564:
3551:
3530:
3517:
3462:No first use
3430:
3426:
3425:
3414:
3400:
3386:
3356:
3331:
3303:
3256:
3248:Indian Ocean
3245:
3241:South Africa
3239:
3218:South Africa
3199:
3186:
3174:
3162:
3084:
2618:
2555:
2539:
2508:
2492:
2465:
2455:
2436:
2409:
2390:
2381:black market
2374:
2358:
2346:
2283:
2279:no first use
2251:
2240:
2207:
2200:
2192:no first use
2169:
2127:
2095:
2084:
2076:
2046:
2031:
2009:
1994:
1984:
1913:
1872:Castle Bravo
1861:
1833:Nazi Germany
1825:World War II
1822:
1766:
1695:
1616:
1579:
1502:
1474:Indian triad
1429:
1356:
1321:
1276:
1203:
1128:
1059:
949:
945:
921:
763:South Africa
758:Saudi Arabia
752:Soviet Union
595:Radiological
536:
520:South Africa
517:
508:
498:
479:
463:Soviet Union
443:
439:
425:
373:South Africa
368:
352:(undeclared)
338:
304:
295:
150:South Africa
28:
26:
9901:Stellarator
9865:confinement
9759:Superphénix
9586:Molten-salt
9538:VHTR (HTGR)
9315:HW BLWR 250
9281:R4 Marviken
9210:Pressurized
9180:Heavy water
9164:many others
9093:Pressurized
9048:Light water
8750:underground
8708:Disarmament
8616:Tomotherapy
8611:Proton-beam
8475:Power plant
8437:Temperature
8270:Engineering
7294:8 September
7002:. Bits.de.
6774:21 February
6732:17 November
6656:Avner Cohen
6610:22 November
6470:9 September
6398:38north.org
6368:38north.org
6243:28 November
6162:. Iie.com.
6019:, May 2006.
5520:20 February
5256:20 February
5202:29 February
5173:1700â1799:
5153:1634â1699:
5051:3 September
4619:24 December
4244:, pp. 54â55
3895:Avner Cohen
3884:, sipri.org
3367:Philippines
3357:During the
3347:Philippines
3336:South Korea
3108:as well as
3038:Netherlands
2848:North Korea
2614:North Korea
2457:Kim Jong Un
2400:North Korea
2165:Project 596
2102:Suez Crisis
2047:Dreadnought
2001:great power
1955:Tube Alloys
1841:devastating
1631:North Korea
1515:Balochistan
979:First test
783:Switzerland
768:South Korea
728:Philippines
718:North Korea
713:Netherlands
490:North Korea
362:North Korea
272:Disarmament
128:Netherlands
80:North Korea
10059:Categories
9926:(acoustic)
9543:PBR (PBMR)
8931:Spent fuel
8921:Repository
8901:Fuel cycle
8868:Activation
8645:Processing
8512:Propulsion
8470:by country
8402:Activation
8149:per capita
7907:17 January
7849:9576216389
7795:2018910946
7586:7 November
7537:7 November
7507:7 November
7445:6 February
7418:6 December
7227:17 October
7099:(Report).
6982:Q105699219
6726:Al Jazeera
6706:19 January
6640:7 November
6582:Ari Shavit
6213:24 January
6069:18 October
5939:18 October
5758:10 October
5719:24 January
4947:, page 271
4322:2 November
4106:13 January
3813:16 January
3779:16 January
3750:16 January
3580:References
3273:Kazakhstan
3265:See also:
3166:Iskander-M
2935:Estimated
2904:See also:
2692:Briefcases
2640:Authority
2523:Jericho II
2500:deterrence
2190:with its "
2184:Test No. 6
2077:Enterprise
2027:Royal Navy
1981:Royal Navy
1953:See also:
1929:Tsar Bomba
1900:See also:
1801:See also:
1781:veto power
1775:'s (UNSC)
1761:See also:
1587:Signatory
1584:Non-party
1519:Non-party
1446:Non-party
1376:Signatory
1324:submarines
1322:Triomphant
1141:Kazakh SSR
1075:Signatory
952:Atomic Age
813:Yugoslavia
604:By country
580:Biological
528:Kazakhstan
513:deterrence
383:Kazakhstan
308:recognized
282:Opposition
180:Background
146:Kazakhstan
9896:Spheromak
9595:Fluorides
9259:IPHWR-700
9254:IPHWR-540
9249:IPHWR-220
9038:Moderator
8718:Explosion
8693:Arms race
8480:Economics
8432:Reflector
8427:Radiation
8422:Generator
8377:Plutonium
8330:Deuterium
8295:Radiation
8265:Chemistry
7961:Routledge
7858:13062852M
7808:13 August
7374:1073-6700
6974:0096-3402
6557:(profile)
6437:0362-4331
6338:NORSAR.no
6272:0362-4331
6125:19 August
5786:0971-8257
5638:0096-3402
5358:23 August
5332:31 August
5139:1 January
5081:CSIS 2022
5023:252132124
5015:0096-3402
4969:IISS 2012
4907:246010705
4899:0096-3402
4731:237434295
4723:0096-3402
4609:The Hindu
4592:IISS 2012
4579:250475371
4571:0096-3402
4523:IISS 2012
4497:257498038
4489:0096-3402
4441:IISS 2012
4428:259938405
4420:0096-3402
4372:IISS 2012
4298:258559002
4290:0096-3402
4242:IISS 2012
4226:255826288
4218:0096-3402
4080:29 August
4038:USA TODAY
3555:See also
3534:See also
3151:Probably
3133:Warheads
3130:Air base
2622:Dead Hand
2598:President
2570:President
2341:Chaghai-I
2091:warplanes
1997:Hurricane
1920:espionage
1845:Hiroshima
1575:1960â1979
1442:Rajasthan
1296:Ratifier
1223:Ratifier
1216:Australia
1205:Hurricane
1011:Deployed
628:Australia
623:Argentina
277:Terrorism
262:Espionage
257:Blackmail
252:Arms race
10070:Cold War
10031:Category
9985:Polywell
9916:Inertial
9873:Magnetic
9628:TMSR-LF1
9623:TMSR-500
9603:Fuji MSR
9563:THTR-300
9403:Graphite
9266:PHWR KWU
9232:ACR-1000
9160:IPWR-900
9143:ACPR1000
9138:HPR-1000
9128:CPR-1000
9103:APR-1400
8894:Disposal
8846:Actinide
8839:Products
8698:Delivery
8541:Medicine
8370:depleted
8365:enriched
8335:Helium-3
8300:ionizing
8097:Strength
8091:rankings
8089:military
7923:"Greece"
7751:15 April
7580:Archived
7555:Archived
7531:Archived
7501:Archived
7463:Archived
7412:Archived
7387:6 August
7378:Archived
7330:6 August
7285:Archived
7258:Archived
7105:Archived
7059:Archived
7039:29 April
7004:Archived
6978:Wikidata
6925:25 March
6700:Archived
6696:"Israel"
6675:Archived
6634:Archived
6604:Archived
6524:Archived
6408:3 August
6402:Archived
6378:3 August
6372:Archived
6342:Archived
6303:18 April
6277:18 April
6237:Archived
6164:Archived
6143:Archived
6119:Archived
6060:Archived
6032:Archived
6009:Archived
5985:Archived
5959:Archived
5930:Archived
5901:Archived
5897:Iaea.org
5871:Archived
5817:Archived
5791:19 April
5752:Archived
5750:. 1998.
5514:Archived
5489:Archived
5470:Archived
5352:Archived
5300:22 March
5294:Archived
5178:(1992).
5158:(1997).
5115:15223648
5095:(1987).
5045:Archived
4971:, p. 328
4672:10 March
4666:Archived
4646:10 March
4640:Archived
4613:Archived
4594:, p. 243
4443:, p. 111
4374:, p. 169
4100:Archived
4054:Archived
4030:Archived
3915:Archived
3874:Archived
3852:. London
3826:Archived
3807:Archived
3773:Archived
3769:"Israel"
3744:Archived
3716:5 August
3686:, Hersh)
3544:V bomber
3435:See also
3421:Labrador
3359:Cold War
3127:Country
3066:Incirlik
2826:Pakistan
2754:and the
2698:and the
2665:See the
2637:Country
2604:and the
2513:and the
2325:Pakistan
2318:Hyde Act
2032:Vanguard
2016:V bomber
1985:Vanguard
1933:warheads
1876:Cold War
1868:Ivy Mike
1849:Nagasaki
1504:Chagai-1
1491:Pakistan
1369:Xinjiang
1100:US triad
975:Warheads
971:Country
932:warheads
876:Category
847:Treaties
839:Missiles
829:Chemical
738:Rhodesia
723:Pakistan
638:Bulgaria
585:Chemical
486:Pakistan
378:Belarus
357:Pakistan
242:Arsenals
213:Delivery
114:states (
84:Pakistan
10043:Commons
9954:Z-pinch
9924:Bubble
9906:Tokamak
9769:FBR-600
9749:CFR-600
9744:BN-1200
9410:coolant
9337:Organic
9222:CANDU 9
9219:CANDU 6
9187:coolant
9148:ACP1000
9123:CAP1400
9061:Boiling
9026:Fission
8873:Fission
8817:Weapons
8757:Warfare
8740:Testing
8730:History
8723:effects
8678:Weapons
8588:Therapy
8563:RadBall
8550:Imaging
8442:Thermal
8407:Capture
8394:Neutron
8382:Thorium
8360:Uranium
8325:Tritium
8305:braking
8285:Fission
8275:Physics
8258:Science
8128:Finance
7932:10 June
7611:1 March
7174:17 July
7169:Reuters
7145:17 July
6630:fas.org
6563:23 June
6442:18 June
6297:Reuters
5669:21 June
5616:Bibcode
4995:Bibcode
4877:Bibcode
4794:18 June
4701:Bibcode
4549:Bibcode
4467:Bibcode
4398:Bibcode
4357:18 June
4316:Reuters
4268:Bibcode
4196:Bibcode
4167:18 June
4136:14 June
3971:5 April
3619:18 June
3290:Belarus
3279:Ukraine
3147:Belarus
2972:Germany
2949:Belgium
2929:Country
2784:is the
2588:of the
2576:in the
2368:at the
2350:Karachi
2300:by the
2176:Lop Nur
1837:Trinity
1813:Trinity
1617:Unknown
1580:Unknown
1438:Pokhran
1365:Lop Nur
1285:Reggane
1061:Trinity
834:Nuclear
798:Ukraine
743:Romania
708:Myanmar
663:Germany
618:Algeria
613:Albania
590:Nuclear
572:By type
532:Ukraine
524:Belarus
465:), the
388:Ukraine
230:Workers
225:Effects
208:Testing
198:Warfare
193:History
154:Ukraine
136:Belarus
120:Germany
116:Belgium
110:member
35:Map of
9854:Fusion
9814:Others
9754:Phénix
9739:BN-800
9734:BN-600
9729:BN-350
9558:HTR-PM
9553:HTR-10
9533:UHTREX
9498:Magnox
9493:(UNGG)
9386:Lucens
9381:KS 150
9118:ATMEA1
9098:AP1000
9081:Kerena
8961:Debate
8713:Ethics
8703:Design
8686:Topics
8517:rocket
8495:Fusion
8490:Policy
8452:Fusion
8412:Poison
8290:Fusion
7998:2017).
7988:2 July
7967:
7856:
7846:
7793:
7783:
7372:
7321:
7114:23 May
7010:15 May
6980:
6972:
6850:6 July
6550:Israel
6530:3 June
6495:
6435:
6270:
6170:15 May
5991:22 May
5965:22 May
5907:15 May
5877:22 May
5823:15 May
5784:
5636:
5542:
5447:
5422:
5397:
5225:
5113:
5103:
5021:
5013:
4939:
4905:
4897:
4848:8 July
4823:8 July
4729:
4721:
4577:
4569:
4495:
4487:
4426:
4418:
4296:
4288:
4224:
4216:
3996:". In
3856:15 May
3671:
3645:13 May
3546:fleet.
3427:Greece
3405:Canada
3373:Taiwan
3214:2023.
3144:
3110:Greece
3106:Canada
3085:Under
3061:Turkey
3058:
3043:Volkel
3035:
3015:
3000:Aviano
2992:
2977:BĂŒchel
2969:
2946:
2912:, and
2870:Israel
2741:France
2682:Russia
2643:Notes
2608:. The
2594:Russia
2562:France
2479:Israel
2235:Agni-V
2119:Rafale
2055:France
2034:-class
1987:-class
1965:, and
1925:RDS-37
1857:
1853:
1819:, 1945
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1564:Israel
1373:Party
1293:Party
1265:France
1220:Party
1145:Party
1124:1,710
1121:5,580
1104:1,030
1072:Party
1055:1,770
1052:5,044
1035:Notes
1008:Total
994:status
986:status
954:, the
924:states
793:Taiwan
778:Sweden
748:Russia
733:Poland
703:Mexico
683:Israel
658:France
643:Canada
633:Brazil
530:, and
488:, and
473:, and
471:France
460:former
456:Russia
426:Eight
369:Former
350:
348:Israel
339:Others
327:France
317:Russia
287:Winter
235:Ethics
203:Design
142:
132:Turkey
102:
100:
94:Israel
90:
72:
58:Russia
54:France
44:
42:
9975:Migma
9963:Other
9932:Fusor
9831:Piqua
9826:Arbus
9784:PRISM
9526:MHR-T
9521:GTMHR
9451:EGP-6
9446:AMB-X
9421:Water
9366:HWGCR
9305:HWLWR
9244:IPHWR
9215:CANDU
9076:ESBWR
8831:Waste
8795:Tests
8778:Lists
8762:Yield
8505:MMRTG
8462:Power
8018:from
7834:[
7802:(PDF)
7773:(PDF)
7746:(PDF)
7689:5 May
7663:5 May
7637:5 May
7381:(PDF)
7350:(PDF)
7288:(PDF)
7277:(PDF)
7108:(PDF)
7097:(PDF)
7029:(PDF)
6768:(PDF)
6580:, by
6063:(PDF)
6056:(PDF)
5933:(PDF)
5926:(PDF)
5853:(PDF)
5846:(PDF)
5714:CTBTO
5581:(PDF)
5326:(PDF)
5319:(PDF)
5185:(PDF)
5165:(PDF)
5019:S2CID
4920:2006.
4903:S2CID
4788:(PDF)
4777:(PDF)
4727:S2CID
4575:S2CID
4493:S2CID
4424:S2CID
4294:S2CID
4222:S2CID
3509:Notes
3391:Japan
3170:Su-25
3157:~130
3023:Ghedi
3018:Italy
2995:Italy
2801:India
2771:China
2582:China
2531:SIPRI
2424:yield
2394:SIPRI
2220:India
2145:China
1916:RDS-1
1779:with
1647:Kilju
1418:India
1345:China
1130:RDS-1
1017:Site
1014:Date
1002:Tests
788:Syria
773:Spain
698:Libya
693:Japan
688:Italy
668:India
653:Egypt
648:China
482:India
475:China
343:India
332:China
218:Yield
124:Italy
76:India
50:China
9791:Lead
9774:CEFR
9764:PFBR
9646:None
9456:RBMK
9441:AM-1
9371:EL-4
9345:WR-1
9327:AHWR
9271:MZFR
9239:CVTR
9228:AFCR
9155:VVER
9113:APWR
9108:APR+
9071:ABWR
8941:cask
8936:pool
8878:LLFP
8767:TNTe
8447:Fast
8317:Fuel
7990:2006
7965:ISBN
7934:2024
7927:ICAN
7909:2024
7844:ISBN
7810:2024
7791:LCCN
7781:ISBN
7753:2024
7720:2017
7691:2022
7665:2022
7639:2022
7613:2022
7588:2015
7539:2015
7509:2015
7447:2022
7420:2015
7389:2014
7370:ISSN
7332:2014
7319:ISBN
7296:2013
7281:NATO
7229:2022
7203:2023
7197:. NV
7176:2023
7147:2023
7116:2006
7067:2015
7041:2010
7012:2009
6970:ISSN
6927:2023
6852:2023
6776:2021
6734:2023
6708:2015
6642:2015
6612:2017
6565:2009
6532:2007
6493:ISBN
6472:2022
6444:2020
6433:ISSN
6410:2018
6380:2018
6350:2017
6305:2021
6279:2021
6268:ISSN
6245:2014
6215:2018
6184:See
6172:2009
6127:2018
6096:2023
6071:2008
5993:2019
5967:2019
5941:2008
5909:2009
5879:2019
5825:2009
5793:2023
5782:ISSN
5760:2006
5721:2018
5671:2023
5634:ISSN
5589:2012
5540:ISBN
5522:2016
5445:ISBN
5420:ISBN
5395:ISBN
5360:2016
5334:2013
5302:2018
5258:2016
5223:ISBN
5204:2024
5141:2012
5111:OCLC
5101:ISBN
5053:2017
5011:ISSN
4937:ISBN
4895:ISSN
4850:2023
4825:2023
4796:2024
4759:2023
4719:ISSN
4674:2015
4648:2015
4621:2016
4567:ISSN
4485:ISSN
4416:ISSN
4359:2020
4324:2023
4286:ISSN
4214:ISSN
4169:2024
4138:2023
4108:2012
4082:2023
3973:2024
3858:2009
3815:2017
3781:2017
3752:2017
3718:2020
3669:ISBN
3647:2010
3621:2020
3381:and
3226:and
3153:Lida
3087:NATO
3079:100
2932:Base
2883:and
2780:The
2750:The
2724:The
2560:and
2546:Gaza
2487:and
2306:IAEA
2196:JL-2
2153:and
2075:USS
2063:and
2021:and
2010:The
1947:and
1894:and
1847:and
1795:and
1495:170
1422:172
1349:500
1332:210
1272:280
1269:290
1199:120
1196:225
1177:715
1031:Land
992:CTBT
678:Iraq
673:Iran
436:Five
108:CSTO
104:NATO
9863:by
9779:PFR
9570:PMR
9548:AVR
9470:Gas
9408:by
9376:KKN
9310:ATR
9225:EC6
9185:by
9133:EPR
9066:BWR
8087:by
7362:doi
6962:doi
6463:CNN
5624:doi
5003:doi
4885:doi
4709:doi
4557:doi
4475:doi
4406:doi
4276:doi
4204:doi
3419:in
3070:20
3047:20
3004:20
2981:20
2958:20
2592:."
2434:).
2172:596
1635:50
1568:90
1405:45
1358:596
1352:24
1252:45
1026:Air
1021:Sea
984:NPT
511:is
444:NWS
306:NPT
106:or
46:NPT
10061::
9513:He
9479:CO
9355:CO
9276:R3
8151:,
7963:.
7925:.
7900:.
7875:.
7854:OL
7852:.
7842:.
7789:.
7779:.
7711:.
7681:.
7656:.
7630:.
7604:.
7578:.
7574:.
7529:.
7525:.
7499:.
7495:.
7469:,
7437:.
7410:.
7406:.
7376:.
7368:.
7356:.
7352:.
7283:.
7279:.
7219:.
7193:.
7167:.
7155:^
7138:.
7124:^
7103:.
7057:.
7031:.
6984:.
6976:.
6968:.
6958:77
6956:.
6950:.
6935:^
6918:.
6896:.
6873:.
6869:.
6843:.
6822:^
6812:.
6793:.
6742:^
6724:.
6698:.
6681:,
6658:,
6632:.
6628:.
6602:.
6598:.
6548:.
6522:.
6518:.
6460:.
6431:.
6427:.
6400:.
6396:.
6370:.
6366:.
6340:.
6336:.
6295:.
6266:.
6262:.
6231:.
6201:.
6113:.
6087:.
6058:.
6038:,
6015:,
5928:.
5895:.
5815:.
5809:.
5776:.
5712:.
5632:.
5622:.
5612:75
5610:.
5606:.
5558:.
5512:.
5508:.
5459:^
5368:^
5350:.
5288:.
5187:.
5167:.
5131:.
5109:.
5039:.
5017:.
5009:.
5001:.
4991:78
4989:.
4985:.
4901:.
4893:.
4883:.
4873:78
4871:.
4867:.
4841:.
4816:.
4798:.
4779:.
4750:.
4739:^
4725:.
4717:.
4707:.
4697:77
4695:.
4691:.
4607:.
4573:.
4565:.
4555:.
4545:78
4543:.
4539:.
4491:.
4483:.
4473:.
4463:79
4461:.
4457:.
4422:.
4414:.
4404:.
4394:79
4392:.
4388:.
4349:.
4332:^
4314:.
4292:.
4284:.
4274:.
4264:79
4262:.
4258:.
4234:^
4220:.
4212:.
4202:.
4192:79
4190:.
4186:.
4159:.
4146:^
4128:.
4124:.
4098:.
4060:"
4036:,
3981:^
3964:.
3953:^
3926:^
3902:^
3880:,
3848:.
3836:^
3817:.
3805:.
3801:.
3783:.
3754:.
3742:.
3738:.
3720:.
3691:^
3638:.
3611:.
3588:^
3369:.
3316:,
2908:,
2887:.
2788:.
2702:.
2669:.
2537:.
2463:.
2269:("
2125:.
1975:A
1961:,
1957:,
1923:("
1687:6
1649:,
1551:2
1513:,
1507:)
1478:6
1440:,
1434:)
1425:0
1367:,
1361:)
1326:,
1287:,
1281:)
1214:,
1208:)
1139:,
1133:)
1064:)
943:.
526:,
484:,
469:,
454:,
434:.
152:,
148:,
134:,
130:,
126:,
122:,
118:,
82:,
78:,
64:,
60:,
56:,
52:,
9653:)
9649:(
9481:2
9433:O
9431:2
9429:H
9357:2
9297:O
9295:2
9293:H
9202:O
9200:2
9198:D
8239:e
8232:t
8225:v
8155:)
8147:(
8077:e
8070:t
8063:v
7993:.
7973:.
7936:.
7911:.
7860:.
7812:.
7755:.
7722:.
7693:.
7667:.
7641:.
7615:.
7590:.
7541:.
7511:.
7449:.
7422:.
7391:.
7364::
7358:1
7334:.
7298:.
7231:.
7205:.
7178:.
7149:.
7118:.
7069:.
7043:.
7014:.
6964::
6929:.
6875:3
6854:.
6816:.
6797:.
6778:.
6736:.
6710:.
6644:.
6614:.
6567:.
6534:.
6474:.
6446:.
6412:.
6382:.
6352:.
6247:.
6217:.
6174:.
6129:.
6098:.
6073:.
6042:.
5995:.
5969:.
5943:.
5911:.
5881:.
5831:.
5795:.
5762:.
5723:.
5673:.
5640:.
5626::
5618::
5591:.
5524:.
5453:.
5428:.
5403:.
5362:.
5336:.
5304:.
5260:.
5231:.
5206:.
5191:.
5171:.
5143:.
5117:.
5055:.
5025:.
5005::
4997::
4945:.
4929:*
4909:.
4887::
4879::
4852:.
4827:.
4761:.
4733:.
4711::
4703::
4676:.
4650:.
4623:.
4581:.
4559::
4551::
4499:.
4477::
4469::
4430:.
4408::
4400::
4361:.
4326:.
4300:.
4278::
4270::
4228:.
4206::
4198::
4171:.
4140:.
4110:.
4084:.
4001:.
3975:.
3860:.
3677:.
3649:.
3623:.
1638:0
1571:0
1498:0
903:e
896:t
889:v
861:)
857:(
754:)
750:(
442:(
415:e
408:t
401:v
156:)
138:)
96:)
86:)
68:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
