Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

983:" proposal, presented to the eighth session of the United Nations General Assembly, urged that an international organization be established to disseminate peaceful nuclear technology, while guarding against development of weapons capabilities in additional countries. His proposal resulted in 1957 in the establishment of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), which was charged with the dual responsibility for promotion and control of nuclear technology. IAEA technical activities began in 1958. An interim safeguards system for small nuclear reactors, put in place in 1961, was replaced in 1964 by a system covering larger installations and, over the following years, was expanded to include additional nuclear facilities. In recent years, efforts to strengthen the effectiveness and improve the efficiency of the IAEA safeguards system culminated in the approval of the Model Additional Protocol by the IAEA Board of Governors in May 1997. 734:. North Korea never came into compliance with its NPT safeguards agreement and was cited repeatedly for these violations, and later withdrew from the NPT and tested multiple nuclear devices. Iran was found in non-compliance with its NPT safeguards obligations in an unusual non-consensus decision because it "failed in a number of instances over an extended period of time" to report aspects of its enrichment program. In 1991, Romania reported previously undeclared nuclear activities by the former regime and the IAEA reported this non-compliance to the Security Council for information only. Libya pursued a clandestine nuclear weapons program before abandoning it in December 2003. The IAEA reported Syria's safeguards non-compliance to the UN Security Council, which did not take action. 1610:. North Korea initially demanded resumption of fuel shipments, while the United States demanded the "complete, verifiable, and irreversible dismantlement" of the North Korean nuclear program. On 10 February 2005, North Korea publicly declared that it possessed nuclear weapons and pulled out of the six-party talks. "We had already taken the resolute action of pulling out of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and have manufactured nuclear arms for self-defence to cope with the Bush administration's evermore undisguised policy to isolate and stifle the DPRK ," a North Korean Foreign Ministry statement said regarding the issue. Six-party talks resumed in July 2005. 2486:, an analyst from the Swedish Institute of International Affairs, argued that Ukraine had been unwise to give up its arsenal, as Russia breaking the treaty only had limited consequences, and demonstrated that only a nuclear arsenal guarantees a country's sovereignty in the face of aggression from a nuclear power. However, Mariana Budjeryn of Harvard Kennedy School's Belfer Center, argued that it was unclear whether Ukraine's nuclear arsenal would have kept it safe from Russian aggression. Establishing operative control and maintaining the missiles would have been challenging for Ukraine, which might have faced sanctions had it refused to give up its arsenal. 2936:

pursue complete disarmament. The non-nuclear states see no signs of this happening". Some argue that the NWS have not fully complied with their disarmament obligations under Article VI of the NPT. Some countries such as India have criticized the NPT, because it "discriminated against states not possessing nuclear weapons on 1 January 1967," while Iran and numerous Arab states have criticized Israel for not signing the NPT. There has been disappointment with the limited progress on nuclear disarmament, where the five authorized nuclear weapons states still have 13,400 warheads (as of February 2021) among them.

2806: 1172:, to wield (U.S.) nuclear weapons in self-defense. (Until that point of all-out war, however, the weapons themselves would remain in U.S. hands.) The point was to limit the spread of countries having their own nuclear weapons programs, helping ensure that NATO allies would not choose to go down the proliferation route. (West Germany was discussed in U.S. intelligence estimates for a number of years as being a country with the potential to develop nuclear weapons capabilities of its own if officials in Bonn were not convinced that their defense against the Soviet Union and its allies could otherwise be met.) 1839: 726:

reprocessing (a.k.a. "ENR") technology. Countries possessing ENR capabilities, it is feared, have what is in effect the option of using this capability to produce fissile material for weapons use on demand, thus giving them what has been termed a "virtual" nuclear weapons program. The degree to which NPT members have a "right" to ENR technology notwithstanding its potentially grave proliferation implications, therefore, is at the cutting edge of policy and legal debates surrounding the meaning of Article IV and its relation to Articles I, II, and III of the treaty.

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goes, would seriously consider eliminating its last nuclear weapons without high confidence that other countries would not acquire them. Some observers have even suggested that the very progress of disarmament by the superpowers—which has led to the elimination of thousands of weapons and delivery systems—could eventually make the possession of nuclear weapons more attractive by increasing the perceived strategic value of a small arsenal. As one U.S. official and NPT expert warned in 2007, "logic suggests that as the number of nuclear weapons decreases, the '

1161:, now argue this violates Articles I and II of the treaty, and are applying diplomatic pressure to terminate these agreements. They point out that the pilots and other staff of the "non-nuclear" NATO states practice handling and delivering the U.S. nuclear bombs, and non-U.S. warplanes have been adapted to deliver U.S. nuclear bombs which must have involved the transfer of some technical nuclear weapons information. NATO believes its "nuclear forces continue to play an essential role in war prevention, but their role is now more fundamentally political". 2225:(NIE) later concluded that Iran had halted an active nuclear weapons program in the fall of 2003 and that it had remained halted as of mid-2007. The NIE's "Key Judgments", however, also made clear that what Iran had actually stopped in 2003 was only "nuclear weapon design and weaponization work and covert uranium conversion-related and uranium enrichment-related work"-namely, those aspects of Iran's nuclear weapons effort that had not by that point already been leaked to the press and become the subject of IAEA investigations. 552:

the benefits of peaceful nuclear technology comes the responsibility of nonproliferation. Progress on disarmament reinforces efforts to strengthen the nonproliferation regime and to enforce compliance with obligations, thereby also facilitating peaceful nuclear cooperation. The "pillars" concept has been questioned by some who believe that the NPT is, as its name suggests, principally about nonproliferation, and who worry that "three pillars" language misleadingly implies that the three elements have equivalent importance.

990:, Irish Minister for External Affairs, in 1958. The NPT gained significant momentum in the early 1960s. The structure of a treaty to uphold nuclear non-proliferation as a norm of international behaviour had become clear by the mid-1960s, and by 1968 final agreement had been reached on a Treaty that would prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons, enable cooperation for the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament. It was opened for signature in 1968, with Finland the first 9120: 2542: 1788: 1186: 2947:, stated that "there exists an obligation to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control". Some critics of the nuclear-weapons states contend that they have failed to comply with Article VI by failing to make disarmament the driving force in national planning and policy with respect to nuclear weapons, even while they ask other states to plan for their security without nuclear weapons. 2951:

eliminating whole categories of warheads and delivery systems and reducing its reliance on nuclear weapons. U.S. officials have also pointed out the ongoing U.S. work to dismantle nuclear warheads. By the time accelerated dismantlement efforts ordered by President George W. Bush were completed, the U.S. arsenal was less than a quarter of its size at the end of the Cold War, and smaller than it had been at any point since the Eisenhower administration, well before the drafting of the NPT.

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observers find Iran's continued development of fissile material production capabilities distinctly worrying. Particularly because fissile material availability has long been understood to be the principal obstacle to nuclear weapons development and the primary "pacing element" for a weapons program, the fact that Iran has reportedly suspended weaponization work may not mean very much. As The Bush Administration's Director of National Intelligence (DNI)

1345:'s visit to the United States in July 2005 and cemented during President Bush's visit to India earlier in 2006. The legislation allows for the transfer of civilian nuclear material to India. Despite its status outside the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, nuclear cooperation with India was permitted on the basis of its clean non-proliferation record, and India's need for energy fueled by its rapid industrialization and a billion-plus population. 2908:

review of the operation of the Treaty every five years, a provision which was reaffirmed by the States parties at the 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference and the 2000 NPT Review Conference. At the 2015 NPT Review Conference, States parties examined the implementation of the Treaty's provisions since 2010. Despite intensive consultations, the Conference was not able to reach agreement on the substantive part of the draft Final Document.

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provided by certain Member States, which those states claimed originated from Iran. Iran rejected the allegations as "baseless" and the documents as "fabrications". In June 2009, the IAEA reported that Iran had not "cooperated with the Agency in connection with the remaining issues ... which need to be clarified to exclude the possibility of military dimensions to Iran's nuclear program."

1075: 8217: 2444:. The reactor's components had likely been designed and manufactured in North Korea, with the reactor's striking similarity in shape and size to the North Korean Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center. That information alarmed Israeli military and intelligence to such a degree that the idea of a targeted airstrike was conceived. It resulted in 1622:, as per the 1994 Agreed Framework, was left to be resolved in future discussions. On the next day North Korea reiterated its known view that until it is supplied with a light water reactor it will not dismantle its nuclear arsenal or rejoin the NPT. The six-party talks eventually collapsed before a final agreement could be negotiated after the 2327:, the South African government developed a deep fear of both a black uprising and the threat of communism. This led to the development of a secret nuclear weapons program as an ultimate deterrent. South Africa has a large supply of uranium, which is mined in the country's gold mines. The government built a nuclear research facility at 778:

co-operate in contributing alone or together with other States or international organizations to the further development of the applications of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, especially in the territories of non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty, with due consideration for the needs of the developing areas of the world.

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international outcry or any serious Syrian retaliatory moves as both parties tried to keep it secret: Despite a half-century state of war declared by surrounding states, Israel did not want publicity as regards its breach of the ceasefire, while Syria was not willing to acknowledge its clandestine nuclear program.

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state parties to the treaty agreed—without a vote—on the treaty's indefinite extension, and decided that review conferences should continue to be held every five years. After Brazil acceded to the NPT in 1998, the only remaining non-nuclear-weapon state which had not signed was Cuba, which joined the NPT (and the

1382:, Gillard's successor as Australian Prime Minister, sealed a civil nuclear deal to sell uranium to India. "We signed a nuclear cooperation agreement because Australia trusts India to do the right thing in this area, as it has been doing in other areas," Abbott told reporters after he and Indian Prime Minister 6142:, remarks at Wilton Park, UK (20 December 2007), ("Given that possession of the necessary quantity of fissile material is the most difficult challenge in developing a nuclear weapon, the recently-released U.S. National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) hardly alleviates our concerns about Iran's nuclear work."). 636:

of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and complete disarmament." Under this interpretation, Article VI does not strictly require all signatories to actually conclude a disarmament treaty. Rather, it only requires them "to negotiate in good faith".

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According to Thomas Reed and Danny Stillman, the "NPT has one giant loophole": Article IV gives each non-nuclear weapon state the "inalienable right" to pursue nuclear energy for the generation of power. A "number of high-ranking officials, even within the United Nations, have argued that they can do

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North Korea has also caused an uproar by its use of this provision of the treaty. Article X.1 only requires a state to give three months' notice in total, and does not provide for other states to question a state's interpretation of "supreme interests of its country". In 1993, North Korea gave notice

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aircraft taking part. The Israeli government is said to have bounced the idea of the operation off of the US Bush administration, although the latter declined to participate. The nuclear reactor was destroyed in the attack, which also killed about ten North Korean workers. The attack did not cause an

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Since Iran's uranium enrichment program at Natanz—and its continuing work on a heavy water reactor at Arak that would be ideal for plutonium production—began secretly years before in conjunction with the very weaponization work the NIE discussed and for the purpose of developing nuclear weapons, many

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NPT Article IV acknowledges the right of all Parties to develop nuclear energy for peaceful purposes and to benefit from international cooperation in this area, in conformity with their nonproliferation obligations. Article IV also encourages such cooperation. This so-called third pillar provides for

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The wording of the NPT's Article VI arguably imposes only a vague obligation on all NPT signatories to move in the general direction of nuclear and total disarmament, saying, "Each of the Parties to the Treaty undertakes to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation

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These pillars are interrelated and mutually reinforcing. An effective nonproliferation regime whose members comply with their obligations provides an essential foundation for progress on disarmament and makes possible greater cooperation on the peaceful use of nuclear energy. With the right to access

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Critics argue that the NPT cannot stop the proliferation of nuclear weapons or the motivation to acquire them. They express disappointment with the limited progress on nuclear disarmament, where the five authorized nuclear weapons states still have 13,400 warheads in their combined stockpile. Several

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At the time the NPT was proposed, there were predictions of 25–30 nuclear weapon states within 20 years. Instead, over forty years later, five states are not parties to the NPT, and they include the only four additional states believed to possess nuclear weapons. Several additional measures have been

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was adopted in July 2017 and was subsequently opened for signature on 20 September 2017. Entering into force on 22 January 2021, it prohibits each state party from the development, testing, production, stockpiling, stationing, transfer, use and threat of use of nuclear weapons, as well as assistance

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According to critics, those states which possess nuclear weapons, but are not authorized to do so under the NPT, have not paid a significant price for their pursuit of weapons capabilities. Also, the NPT has been explicitly weakened by a number of bilateral deals made by NPT signatories, notably the

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The 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) was held at the United Nations in New York from 27 April to 22 May 2015 and presided over by Ambassador Taous Feroukhi of Algeria. The Treaty, particularly article VIII, paragraph 3, envisages a

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and "suspended" its withdrawal notice. In October 2002, the United States accused North Korea of violating the Agreed Framework by pursuing a secret uranium enrichment program, and suspended shipments of heavy fuel oil under that agreement. In response, North Korea expelled IAEA inspectors, disabled

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responded by denying the allegations but asserting that North Korea had a right to nuclear weapons. The U.S. subsequently halted fuel oil shipments to North Korea in December 2002 and the DPRK government again gave notice of withdrawal from NPT on 10 January 2003. The withdrawal became effective 10

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called on Israel to open its nuclear facilities to IAEA inspection and adhere to the non-proliferation treaty as part of a resolution on "Israeli nuclear capabilities", which passed by a narrow margin of 49–45 with 16 abstentions. The chief Israeli delegate stated that "Israel will not co-operate in

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On 1 August 2008, the IAEA approved the India Safeguards Agreement and on 6 September 2008, India was granted the waiver at the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) meeting held in Vienna, Austria. The consensus was arrived after overcoming misgivings expressed by Austria, Ireland and New Zealand and is an

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said during a visit to Tokyo in 2007: "If India did not sign the NPT, it is not because of its lack of commitment for non-proliferation, but because we consider NPT as a flawed treaty and it did not recognize the need for universal, non-discriminatory verification and treatment." Although there have

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Other observers have suggested that the linkage between proliferation and disarmament may also work the other way, i.e., that the failure to resolve proliferation threats in Iran and North Korea, for instance, will cripple the prospects for disarmament. No current nuclear weapons state, the argument

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Opened for signature in 1968, the treaty entered into force in 1970. As required by the text, after twenty-five years, NPT parties met in May 1995 and agreed to extend the treaty indefinitely. More countries are parties to the NPT than any other arms limitation and disarmament agreement, a testament

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In December 2003, Libya announced that it had agreed to eliminate all its WMD programs, and permitted U.S. and British teams (as well as IAEA inspectors) into the country to assist this process and verify its completion. The nuclear weapons designs, gas centrifuges for uranium enrichment, and other

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After about two years of EU3-led diplomatic efforts and Iran temporarily suspending its enrichment program, the IAEA Board of Governors, acting under Article XII.C of the IAEA Statute, found in a rare non-consensus decision with 12 abstentions that these failures constituted non-compliance with the

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By 2010, China reportedly signed a civil nuclear agreement with Pakistan, using the justification that the deal was "peaceful". The British government criticized this, on the grounds that 'the time is not yet right for a civil nuclear deal with Pakistan'. China did not seek formal approval from the

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was quoted as responding "It is a discriminatory treaty. Pakistan has the right to defend itself, so Pakistan will not sign the NPT. Why should we?" Until 2010, Pakistan had always maintained the position that it would sign the NPT if India did so. In 2010, Pakistan abandoned this historic position

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In some regions, the fact that all neighbors are verifiably free of nuclear weapons reduces any pressure individual states might feel to build those weapons themselves, even if neighbors are known to have peaceful nuclear energy programs that might otherwise be suspicious. In this, the treaty works

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See, e.g., U.S. Director of Central Intelligence, Annex to National Intelligence Estimate No. 100-2-58: Development of Nuclear Capabilities by Fourth Countries: Likelihood and Consequences, declassified U.S. National Intelligence Estimate, NIE 100-2-58 (1 July 1958), at p.4, paragraphs 18–19; U.S.

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policy. NATO's argument is based on the phrase "the consequent need to make every effort to avert the danger of such a war" in the treaty preamble, inserted at the behest of U.S. diplomats, arguing that the treaty would at that point have failed to fulfill its function of prohibiting a general war

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Treaty, President Obama said that the United States, Russia, and other nations were demanding that Iran face consequences for failing to fulfill its obligations under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, saying "We will not tolerate actions that flout the NPT, risk an arms race in a vital region,

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Iran stated it has a legal right to enrich uranium for peaceful purposes under the NPT, and further says that it had "constantly complied with its obligations under the NPT and the Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency". Iran also stated that its enrichment program has been part of its

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India argues that the NPT creates a club of "nuclear haves" and a larger group of "nuclear have-nots" by restricting the legal possession of nuclear weapons to those states that tested them before 1967, but the treaty never explains on what ethical grounds such a distinction is valid. India's then

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agreements whereby the United States provided nuclear weapons to be deployed by, and stored in, other NATO states. Some argue this is an act of proliferation violating Articles I and II of the treaty. A counter-argument is that the U.S. controlled the weapons in storage within the NATO states, and

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program and a similar Soviet Union program. In the 1980s a program to convert HEU research reactors to use low enriched fuel was started in the United States due to proliferation concerns. However 26 states possessed more than 1 kg of civilian HEU in 2015, and as of 2016 the stocks of HEU for

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See generally U.S. Department of State, "Adherence to and Compliance With Arms Control, Nonproliferation, and Disarmament Agreements and Commitments", August 2005, pp. 87–92, www.state.gov/documents/organization/52113.pdf; Anthony Faiola, "N. Korea Declares Itself a Nuclear Power," The Washington

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The IAEA Board of Governors rejected this interpretation. Most countries held that a new three-months withdrawal notice was required, and some questioned whether North Korea's notification met the "extraordinary events" and "supreme interests" requirements of the treaty. The Joint Statement of 19

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reports stating that North Korea was developing an enriched uranium weapons program, which led to North Korea leaving the NPT, had overstated or misread the intelligence. On the other hand, even apart from these press allegations, there remains some information in the public record indicating the

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imposed sanctions on North Korea, the six-party talks resumed. In February 2007 the parties agreed to the Initial Actions for the Implementation for the Joint Statement in which North Korea would dismantle its nuclear weapons programs, including the Yongbyon reactor, in exchange for the return of

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The NSG Guidelines currently rule out nuclear exports by all major suppliers to Pakistan, with very narrow exceptions, since it does not have full-scope IAEA safeguards (i.e. safeguards on all its nuclear activities). Pakistan has sought to reach an agreement similar to that with India, but these

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The treaty provided, in article X, for a conference to be convened 25 years after its entry into force to decide whether the treaty should continue in force indefinitely, or be extended for an additional fixed period or periods. Accordingly, at the NPT Review and Extension Conference in May 1995,

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Initial efforts, which began in 1946, to create an international system enabling all States to have access to nuclear technology under appropriate safeguards, were terminated in 1949 without the achievement of this objective, due to serious political differences between the major Powers. By then,

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Countries that have become Parties to the NPT as non-nuclear-weapon States have a strong record of not building nuclear weapons, although some tried and one eventually left the NPT and acquired nuclear weapons. Iraq was found by the IAEA to have violated its safeguards obligations and subject to

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The treaty is reviewed every five years in meetings called Review Conferences. Even though the treaty was originally conceived with a limited duration of 25 years, the signing parties decided, by consensus, to unconditionally extend the treaty indefinitely during the Review Conference in New York

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The U.S. Special Representative for Nuclear Nonproliferation agreed that nonproliferation and disarmament are linked, noting that they can be mutually reinforcing but also that growing proliferation risks create an environment that makes disarmament more difficult. The United Kingdom, France and

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The United States has also purchased many thousands of weapons' worth of uranium formerly in Soviet nuclear weapons for conversion into reactor fuel. As a consequence of this latter effort, it has been estimated that the equivalent of one lightbulb in every ten in the United States is powered by

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Over the years the NPT has come to be seen by many Third World states as "a conspiracy of the nuclear 'haves' to keep the nuclear 'have-nots' in their place". This argument has roots in Article VI of the treaty which "obligates the nuclear weapons states to liquidate their nuclear stockpiles and

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In early March 2006, India and the United States finalized an agreement, in the face of criticism in both countries, to restart cooperation on civilian nuclear technology. Under the deal India has committed to classify 14 of its 22 nuclear power plants as being for civilian use and to place them

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Article VI of the NPT represents the only binding commitment in a multilateral treaty to the goal of disarmament by the nuclear-weapon states. The NPT's preamble contains language affirming the desire of treaty signatories to ease international tension and strengthen international trust so as to

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The five NWS parties have made undertakings not to use their nuclear weapons against a non-NWS party except in response to a nuclear attack, or a conventional attack in alliance with a Nuclear Weapons State. However, these undertakings have not been incorporated formally into the treaty, and the

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devices" and "not in any way to assist, encourage, or induce" a non-nuclear weapon state (NNWS) to acquire nuclear weapons (Article I). NNWS parties to the NPT agree not to "receive", "manufacture", or "acquire" nuclear weapons or to "seek or receive any assistance in the manufacture of nuclear

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applied for membership on 19 May 2016, supported by Turkey and China However, many NSG members opposed Pakistan's membership bid due to its track record, including the illicit procurement network of Pakistani scientist A.Q. Khan, which aided the nuclear programs of Iran, Libya and North Korea.

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On 14 June 2023, president Lukashenko said that Russia had started moving tactical nuclear weapons into Belarus's territory. The Russian president had said the weapons were moved "as a deterrence measure" against threats to Russian statehood, and would not be controlled by Belarus. NATO saw no

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The IAEA has been able to verify the non-diversion of declared nuclear material in Iran, and is continuing its work on verifying the absence of undeclared activities. In February 2008, the IAEA also reported that it was working to address "alleged studies" of weaponization, based on documents

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announced a desire to allow exports to India, a policy change which was authorized by her party's national conference in December. The following month, Gillard overturned Australia's long-standing ban on exporting uranium to India. She further said, "We should take a decision in the national

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Because the availability of fissile material has long been considered the principal obstacle to, and "pacing element" for, a country's nuclear weapons development effort, it was declared a major emphasis of U.S. policy in 2004 to prevent the further spread of uranium enrichment and plutonium

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The United States responds to criticism of its disarmament record by pointing out that, since the end of the Cold War, it has eliminated over 13,000 nuclear weapons, and eliminated over 80% of its deployed strategic warheads and 90% of non-strategic warheads deployed to NATO, in the process

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2. All the Parties to the Treaty undertake to facilitate, and have the right to participate in, the fullest possible exchange of equipment, materials and scientific and technological information for the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. Parties to the Treaty in a position to do so shall also

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The revival of interest in nuclear power could result in the worldwide dissemination of uranium enrichment and spent fuel reprocessing technologies, which present obvious risks of proliferation as these technologies can produce fissile materials that are directly usable in nuclear weapons.

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Article X allows a state to leave the treaty if "extraordinary events, related to the subject matter of this Treaty, have jeopardized the supreme interests of its country", giving three months' (ninety days') notice. The state is required to give reasons for leaving the NPT in this notice.

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The United States concluded that Iran violated its Article III NPT safeguards obligations, and further argued based on circumstantial evidence that Iran's enrichment program was for weapons purposes and therefore violated Iran's Article II nonproliferation obligations. The November 2007 US

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the transfer of nuclear technology and materials to NPT Parties for peaceful purposes in the development of civilian nuclear energy programs in those countries, subject to IAEA safeguards to demonstrate that their nuclear programs are not being used for the development of nuclear weapons.

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Libya had signed (in 1968) and ratified (in 1975) the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and was subject to IAEA nuclear safeguards inspections, but undertook a secret nuclear weapons development program in violation of its NPT obligations, using material and technology provided by the

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On 19 September 2005, North Korea announced that it would agree to a preliminary accord. Under the accord, North Korea would scrap all of its existing nuclear weapons and nuclear production facilities, rejoin the NPT, and readmit IAEA inspectors. The difficult issue of the supply of

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Five states are recognized by the NPT as nuclear weapon states (NWS): China (signed 1992), France (1992), the Soviet Union (1968; obligations and rights now assumed by the Russian Federation), the United Kingdom (1968), and the United States (1968), which also happen to be the five

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in 1945, it has been apparent that the development of nuclear capabilities by States could enable them to divert technology and materials for weapons purposes. Thus, the problem of preventing such diversions became a central issue in discussions on peaceful uses of nuclear energy.

6723:"The 2005 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) was held from 2 to 27 May 2005 at the United Nations Headquarters in New York. The President-elect of the Review Conference is Ambassador Sérgio de Queiroz Duarte of Brazil". 1375:

interest, a decision about strengthening our strategic partnership with India in this the Asian century," and said that any agreement to sell uranium to India would include strict safeguards to ensure it would only be used for civilian purposes, and not end up in nuclear weapons.

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The main outcome of the 2000 Conference was the adoption by consensus of a comprehensive Final Document, which included among other things "practical steps for the systematic and progressive efforts" to implement the disarmament provisions of the NPT, commonly referred to as the

768:: Each non-NWS party undertakes to conclude an agreement with the IAEA for the application of its safeguards to all nuclear material in all of the state's peaceful nuclear activities and to prevent diversion of such material to nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. 784:: Each party "undertakes to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a Treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control". 774:: 1. Nothing in this Treaty shall be interpreted as affecting the inalienable right of all the Parties to the Treaty to develop research, production and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes without discrimination and in conformity with Articles I and II of this Treaty. 1126:

that no transfer of the weapons or control over them was intended "unless and until a decision were made to go to war, at which the treaty would no longer be controlling", so there is no breach of the NPT. These agreements were disclosed to a few of the states, including the

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it was known to operate only one small Chinese-built research reactor, SRR-1. Despite being a proponent of a Weapons of Mass Destruction Free Zone in the Middle East the country was accused of pursuing a military nuclear program with a reported nuclear facility in a desert

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also joined the treaty soon after their independence. Montenegro and East Timor were the last countries to accede to the treaty on their independence in 2006 and 2003; the only other country to accede in the 21st century was Cuba in 2002. The three Micronesian countries in

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Critics of the NPT-recognized nuclear-weapon states (the United States, Russia, China, France, and the United Kingdom) sometimes argue that what they view as the failure of the NPT-recognized nuclear weapon states to disarm themselves of nuclear weapons, especially in the

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the NPT non-nuclear-weapon states agree never to acquire nuclear weapons and the NPT nuclear-weapon states in exchange agree to share the benefits of peaceful nuclear technology and to pursue nuclear disarmament aimed at the ultimate elimination of their nuclear arsenals.

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of the Philippines, and an Action Plan that was adopted by consensus. The 2010 conference was generally considered a success because it reached consensus where the previous Review Conference in 2005 ended in disarray. Many attributed the success of the 2010 conference to

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On June 23, 2023, The US Department of State issued a statement that the United States hosted the meeting on June 13–14 in Cairo among the five nuclear weapons states, describing it as "an ongoing exchange in the context of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)."

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Under Article I of the NPT, nuclear-weapon states pledge not to transfer nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices to any recipient or in any way assist, encourage or induce any non-nuclear-weapon state in the manufacture or acquisition of a nuclear weapon.

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At the Seventh Review Conference in May 2005, there were stark differences between the United States, which wanted the conference to focus on non-proliferation, especially on its allegations against Iran, and most other countries, who emphasized the lack of serious

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Director of Central Intelligence, Likelihood and Consequences of the Development of Nuclear Capabilities by Additional Countries, declassified U.S. National Intelligence Estimate, NIE 100-4-60 (20 September 1960), at p. 2, paragraph 4, & p.8, paragraphs 27–29.

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IAEA equipment, and, on 10 January 2003, announced that it was ending the suspension of its previous NPT withdrawal notification. North Korea said that only one more day's notice was sufficient for withdrawal from the NPT, as it had given 89 days before.

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Ukraine acceded to the NPT in 1994 as a non-nuclear-weapon state, and committed to remove all nuclear weapons from its territory. In recognition of Ukraine's decision, the UK, the United States and Russia provided security assurances to Ukraine under the

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since 1958, and some nonproliferation analysts estimate that Israel may have stockpiled between 100 and 200 warheads using reprocessed plutonium. The position on the NPT is explained in terms of "Israeli exceptionality", a term coined by Professor

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to discuss the deployment of Russian short-range nuclear-capable missiles on the territory of Belarus. The transfer of nuclear warheads would require a further decision, possibly after a number of years, and could be tied to future NATO decisions.

8742: 643:, have interpreted Article VI's language as constituting a formal and specific obligation on the NPT-recognized nuclear-weapon states to disarm themselves of nuclear weapons, and argue that these states have failed to meet their obligation. The 2237:

civilian nuclear energy program, which is allowed under Article IV of the NPT. The Non-Aligned Movement has welcomed the continuing cooperation of Iran with the IAEA and reaffirmed Iran's right to the peaceful uses of nuclear technology.

1051:

Major South American countries Argentina, Chile, and Brazil joined in 1995 and 1998. Arabian Peninsula countries included Saudi Arabia and Bahrain in 1988, Qatar and Kuwait in 1989, UAE in 1995, and Oman in 1997. The European states of

9028: 8252: 3741:

U.S. Special Representative for Nuclear Nonproliferation Christopher Ford, "Disarmament and Non-Nuclear Stability in Tomorrow's World," remarks to the Conference on Disarmament and Nonproliferation Issues, Nagasaki, Japan (31 August

1016:

Several NPT states parties have given up nuclear weapons or nuclear weapons programs. South Africa undertook a nuclear weapons program, but has since renounced it and acceded to the treaty in 1991 after destroying its small nuclear

756:: Each nuclear-weapons state (NWS) undertakes not to transfer, to any recipient, nuclear weapons, or other nuclear explosive devices, and not to assist any non-nuclear weapon state to manufacture or acquire such weapons or devices. 8826: 1671:

existence of a uranium effort. Quite apart from the fact that North Korean First Vice Minister Kang Sok-ju at one point admitted the existence of a uranium enrichment program, Pakistan's then-President Musharraf revealed that the

2417:, in which Gaddafi agreed to eliminate Libya's nuclear weapons program, has been repeatedly cited by North Korea, which views Gaddafi's fate as a "cautionary tale" that influences North Korea's decision to maintain and intensify 762:: Each non-NWS party undertakes not to receive, from any source, nuclear weapons, or other nuclear explosive devices; not to manufacture or acquire such weapons or devices; and not to receive any assistance in their manufacture. 6957:"Foreign Policy Situation Report: Obama to outline big nuke cuts today; DOD civilian owes $ 500k – to DOD; Petraeus to Team Rubicon; Hastings, dead; Say goodbye, Rambo; Tara Sonenshine on "bottom line diplomacy;" and a bit more" 2002: 1688:)—which, if true, would mean that North Korea has a uranium conversion facility for producing feedstock for centrifuge enrichment. North Korea formally announced the existence of a uranium enrichment program in September 2009. 564:

Under Article II of the NPT, non-nuclear-weapon states pledge not to acquire or exercise control over nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices and not to seek or receive assistance in the manufacture of such devices.

632:

create someday the conditions for a halt to the production of nuclear weapons, and treaty on general and complete disarmament that liquidates, in particular, nuclear weapons and their delivery vehicles from national arsenals.

8577: 1655:

frozen funds at Banco Delta Asia and foreign energy assistance. However, the agreement failed due to verification problems and North Korea fully withdrew from the six-party talks in 2009 after the other members condemned the

962:

was fragile. Having more nuclear-weapon states would reduce security for all, multiplying the risks of miscalculation, accidents, unauthorized use of weapons, escalation in tensions, and nuclear conflict. Moreover, since the

8572: 2903:

has brought suit in The Hague against the United States, the former Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France, China, India, Pakistan, North Korea and Israel seeking to have the disarmament provisions of the NPT enforced.

1439:

efforts have been rebuffed by the United States and other NSG members, on the grounds that Pakistan's track record as a nuclear proliferator makes it impossible for it to have any sort of nuclear deal in the near future.

2373:

proliferation network—including actual nuclear weapons designs allegedly originating in China. Libya began secret negotiations with the United States and the United Kingdom in March 2003 over potentially eliminating its

627:

Under Article VI of the NPT, all Parties undertake to pursue good-faith negotiations on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race, to nuclear disarmament, and to general and complete disarmament.

8614: 4241:

See, e.g., U.S. Director of Central Intelligence, Likelihood and Consequences of a Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Systems, declassified U.S. National Intelligence Estimate, NIE 4–63 (28 June 1963), at p.17, paragraph

1675:

proliferation network had provided North Korea with a number of gas centrifuges designed for uranium enrichment. Additionally, press reports have cited U.S. officials to the effect that evidence obtained in dismantling

2747:

and has given critical technological assistance in the construction of Pakistan's nuclear weapons development facilities, in violation of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, of which China even then was a signatory.

2731:

claiming that both the deals violate the NPT by facilitating nuclear programmes in states which are not parties to the NPT. Some reports asserted that the deal was a strategic move by China to balance US influence in

667:, has angered some non-nuclear-weapon NPT signatories of the NPT. Such failure, these critics add, provides justification for the non-nuclear-weapon signatories to quit the NPT and develop their own nuclear arsenals. 584:

weapons" (Article II). NNWS parties also agree to accept safeguards by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to verify that they are not diverting nuclear energy from peaceful uses to nuclear weapons or other

1637:

On 2 October 2006, the North Korean foreign minister announced that his country was planning to conduct a nuclear test "in the future", although it did not state when. On Monday, 9 October 2006 at 01:35:28 (UTC) the

1543:, but was ruled be in noncompliance with its IAEA safeguards agreement after a series of inspections in 1992-93 which determined that North Korea had not fully declared its history of reprocessing spent fuel at the 5068: 1512:

any matter with this resolution." However, similar resolutions were defeated in 2010, 2013, 2014, and 2015. As with Pakistan, the NSG Guidelines currently rule out nuclear exports by all major suppliers to Israel.

2501:

states argue that when there is a state of "general war" the treaty no longer applies, effectively allowing the states involved to leave the treaty with no notice. This is a necessary argument to support the NATO

3103: 1707:

led to the 29 February 2012 "Leap Day Agreement" in which North Korea would agree to allow IAEA inspections and resume the six-party talks. However, these diplomatic gains were quickly undercut by launching the

7433: 675:' of a nuclear weapon as an instrument of military power increases. At the extreme, which it is precisely disarmament's hope to create, the strategic utility of even one or two nuclear weapons would be huge." 2390:.) Libya's non-compliance with its IAEA safeguards was reported to the U.N. Security Council, but with no action taken, as Libya's return to compliance with safeguards and Article II of the NPT was welcomed. 6956: 1491:, in reference to the perception that the country's small size, overall vulnerability, as well as the history of deep hostility and large-scale attacks by neighboring states, require a deterrent capability. 6044:, Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and relevant provisions of Security Council resolutions 1737 (2006), 1747 (2007), 1803 (2008) and 1835 (2008) in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 5 June 2009. 482:

adopted to strengthen the NPT and the broader nuclear nonproliferation regime and make it difficult for states to acquire the capability to produce nuclear weapons, including the export controls of the

2779:'s commitment to nuclear nonproliferation and disarmament. Some have warned that this success raised unrealistically high expectations that could lead to failure at the next Review Conference in 2015. 13308: 13303: 8619: 1240:

missile systems. Both conventional and nuclear versions of the missile would be provided under the plans. Additionally, Putin said that he would facilitate the modifications necessary for Belarusian

12473: 5292: 805: 256: 8589: 3706:, Christopher Ford, U.S. Special Representative for Nuclear Nonproliferation, delivered at the Conference on "Preparing for 2010: Getting the Process Right," Annecy, France, 17 March 2007; 655:

There exists an obligation to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control.

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Four states—India, Israel, Pakistan, and South Sudan—have never signed the treaty. India and Pakistan have publicly disclosed their nuclear weapon programs, and Israel has a long-standing

8639: 2275: 1979: 3295: 8599: 2479:

argued that the United States should encourage Ukraine to retain a nuclear deterrent against potential Russian expansion, and to reduce the danger of war. After the Russian invasion of

833: 12283: 10758: 8242: 2378:. In October 2003, Libya was embarrassed by the interdiction of a shipment of Pakistani-designed centrifuge parts sent from Malaysia, also as part of A. Q. Khan's proliferation ring. 2386:—were removed from Libya by the United States. (Libyan chemical weapons stocks and chemical bombs were also destroyed on site with international verification, with Libya joining the 375:, which acceded in 1985 but never came into compliance, announced its withdrawal from the NPT in 2003, following detonation of nuclear devices in violation of core obligations. Four 8898: 7904: 4800: 2186:

Iran is a party to the NPT since 1970 but was found in non-compliance with its NPT safeguards agreement, and the status of its nuclear program remains in dispute. In November 2003

1318:

been unofficial discussions on creating a South Asian nuclear weapons free zone, including India and Pakistan, this is considered to be highly unlikely for the foreseeable future.

8180: 790:: "For the purposes of this Treaty, a nuclear-weapon State is one which has manufactured and exploded a nuclear weapon or other nuclear explosive device prior to 1 January 1967." 518:

The NPT consists of a preamble and eleven articles. Although the concept of "pillars" is not expressed anywhere in the NPT, the treaty is nevertheless sometimes interpreted as a

8296: 7884: 2354:

acceded to the NPT and opened itself up to IAEA inspection. In 1994, the IAEA completed its work and declared that the country had fully dismantled its nuclear weapons program.

2116: 7220:, remarks to the Conference on "Preparing for 2010: Getting the Process Right," Annecy, France (17 March 2007); "The United States and Article VI: A Record of Accomplishment," 6892: 2588:

argued that the U.S.-India nuclear deal, in combination with US attempts to deny Iran (an NPT signatory) civilian nuclear fuel-making technology, might destroy the NPT regime.

2915:, and concluded without adopting a final document. Contentious negotiations came close to consensus on a text, but ultimately Russia blocked consensus over issues related to 1974: 1760:

between Trump and Kim, the first face-to-face meeting between the US and North Korean heads of state. The IAEA has called for North Korea to rejoin it and the NPT since 2013.

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The ICJ opinion notes that this obligation involves all NPT parties (not just the nuclear weapon states) and does not suggest a specific time frame for nuclear disarmament.

1028:

where nuclear weapons had been based, namely Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan, transferred those weapons to Russia and joined the NPT by 1994 following the signature of the

8634: 6856: 12863: 9156: 8774: 7800: 7751: 6825: 2980:

Based on concerns over the slow pace of nuclear disarmament and the continued reliance on nuclear weapons in military and security concepts, doctrines and policies, the

1559:

in which North Korea agreed to an IAEA-monitored freeze of plutonium production facilities and construction of new reactors in exchange for two light-water reactors and

1494:

The Israeli government refuses to confirm or deny possession of nuclear weapons, although this is now regarded as an open secret after Israeli junior nuclear technician

1353:(CTBT). While India could commence nuclear trade with other willing countries. The U.S. Congress approved this agreement and President Bush signed it on 8 October 2008. 796:: Establishes the right to withdraw from the Treaty giving 3 months' notice. It also establishes the duration of the Treaty (25 years before 1995 Extension Initiative). 13313: 13233: 8714: 8562: 1338: 1301:

signaled a significant shift from "no first use" to "no first use against non-nuclear weapon states" in a speech on the occasion of Golden Jubilee celebrations of the

986:

Within the framework of the United Nations, the principle of nuclear non-proliferation was addressed in negotiations as early as 1957. The NPT process was launched by

12403: 7769: 2959:

Russia likewise defend their nuclear disarmament records, and the five NPT NWS issued a joint statement in 2008 reaffirming their Article VI disarmament commitments.

2584:

and declared that he would work to change US law and international rules to permit trade in US civilian nuclear technology with India. At the time, British columnist

13083: 7406: 13273: 8286: 8222: 8175: 7939: 2264: 573: 12848: 12658: 5223: 4396: 1646:

70 km (43 mi) north of Kimchaek, North Korea indicating a nuclear test. The North Korean government announced shortly afterward that they had completed

568:

Under Article III of the Treaty, non-nuclear-weapon states pledge to accept IAEA safeguards to verify that their nuclear activities serve only peaceful purposes.

399: 12833: 8624: 8440: 7532: 6964: 991: 880: 12453: 4475: 4145: 13248: 12973: 8923: 8609: 7734: 7374: 7302: 852: 5022: 2508: 592:

exact details have varied over time. The U.S. also had nuclear warheads targeted at North Korea, a non-NWS, from 1959 until 1991. The previous United Kingdom

12993: 10944: 8903: 8489: 8091: 4941: 1416:. Although there is little confirmed information in public, as of 2015, Pakistan was estimated to have as many as 120 warheads. According to analyses of the 12953: 4421: 1427:

Pakistani officials argue that the NPT is discriminatory. When asked at a briefing in 2015 whether Islamabad would sign the NPT if Washington requested it,

10375: 8856: 8806: 8604: 8207: 8150: 7820: 7222: 6071: 5287: 2798:. Forty seven states and three international organizations took part in the summit, which issued a communiqué and a work plan. For further information see 1130:, negotiating the treaty, but most of the states that signed the NPT in 1968 would not have known about these agreements and interpretations at that time. 7111: 3880: 2271:, lifting sanctions on Iran in exchange for constraints and on Iran's nuclear activities and increased verification by the IAEA. On 8 May 2018, President 859: 13063: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8629: 8523: 8145: 1969: 1964: 1757: 1703:, North Korea began to express interest in returning to the six-party talks. Bilateral negotiations between North Korea and the United States after the 6779: 6760: 5677: 4576: 2213:

in 2006, after which the Security Council passed a resolution demanding that Iran suspend its enrichment. Instead, Iran resumed its enrichment program.

1447:, and claimed instead that its cooperation with Pakistan was "grandfathered" when China joined the NSG, a claim that was disputed by other NSG members. 13298: 13283: 8594: 8472: 8051: 7997: 7914: 7830: 7815: 7511: 6987: 6261: 5528: 4090: 3593: 2717:

In the first half of 2010, it was strongly believed that China had signed a civilian nuclear deal with Pakistan claiming that the deal was "peaceful".

2132: 13008: 4263: 3436: 12438: 9049: 8192: 7909: 6381: 6205: 6173: 2007: 7137: 5875:

Post, 10 February 2005, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A12836-2005Feb10.html; "Khan 'Gave N. Korea Centrifuges'", BBC News, 24 August 2005,

866: 13278: 12078: 11605: 10355: 8467: 8247: 7739: 7705: 7626: 6385: 5241: 1564: 6046: 5978: 5914: 5594: 4288: 4025: 3990: 3458:

Third Session of the Preparatory Committee for the 2005 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

13318: 13253: 12278: 9922: 9256: 9149: 9023: 8667: 8662: 8518: 8016: 6010: 4774: 4716: 4121: 3465: 3097: 2410: 2173: 2108: 1660: 1651: 34: 6651: 4550: 4311: 3836: 1224:

was staged in Belarus to remove a constitutional prohibition on basing nuclear weapons on its territory. On 25 June 2022, President of Belarus

1002:. In 1992, The People's Republic of China and France acceded to the NPT, the last of the five nuclear powers recognized by the treaty to do so. 12468: 12164: 9673: 9482: 8291: 8197: 7688: 7617: 7035: 3291: 2515:

to withdraw from the NPT. However, after 89 days, North Korea reached agreement with the United States to freeze its nuclear program under the

2142: 848: 4690: 13178: 12758: 9250: 8955: 8719: 8232: 8227: 8202: 8066: 7889: 7840: 7717: 7693: 7271: 6487: 6364: 5712: 5306: 3242: 3032: 2845: 2795: 1360:

denounced both the deals, claiming that they weakened the NPT by facilitating nuclear programmes in states which are not parties to the NPT.

8355: 3710: 13213: 12368: 12273: 12154: 9299: 8984: 8918: 8462: 7949: 6741: 3782: 3183: 3161: 3050: 2981: 2810: 2767:

was held in May 2010 in New York City, and adopted a final document that included a summary by the Review Conference President, Ambassador

2705: 2291: 7560: 7542: 7342: 6778:, 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, NPT/CONF.2010/50, adopted 28 May 2010. 6555: 6312: 5108: 4804: 4148:, Mariana Budjereyn, Nuclear Proliferation International History Project Issue Brief #3, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. 12528: 12383: 12128: 11015: 8276: 3334: 3325: 2682: 2637: 2418: 2122: 2093: 1526: 1248:

evidence in a change in Russia's nuclear position, while Ukrainian intelligence said that not a single warhead had yet been transferred.

447: 6693: 1773: 13028: 12983: 12613: 12118: 9142: 9011: 8945: 8657: 8584: 8567: 7929: 7879: 7805: 7746: 7682: 7254: 3686: 2194:

reported that Iran had repeatedly and over an extended period failed to meet its safeguards obligations under the NPT with respect to:

1887: 1417: 1029: 600:, has also explicitly invoked the possibility of the use of the country's nuclear weapons in response to a non-conventional attack by " 7269:

Remarks by U.S. National Security Advisor Stephen Hadley at the Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University

2350:

openly admitted that the country had developed a limited nuclear weapon capability. These weapons were subsequently dismantled before

2233:

put it in 2008, the aspects of its work that Iran allegedly suspended were thus "probably the least significant part of the program."

1539:

North Korea acceded to the treaty on 12 December 1985 in order to obtain assistance from the Soviet Union in the construction of four

74: 12813: 12563: 12207: 8303: 8011: 7790: 7729: 6918: 6882: 6237: 2014: 1221: 964: 6107: 5109:"Pakistan against signing the NPT as a non-nuclear weapons state | Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses" 4226: 4163: 3951: 1574:, expressed skepticism on North Korean compliance to the Agreed Framework. During 2002 negotiations US Assistant Secretary of State 1164:

U.S. nuclear sharing policies were originally designed to help prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons—not least by persuading

694:

uses enriched uranium fuel, it follows that states must be able either to enrich uranium or purchase it on an international market.

13293: 13143: 13058: 12733: 12303: 12159: 10192: 9232: 9017: 8851: 8138: 8076: 8036: 7924: 7588: 7546: 6174:"INFCIRC/724 – Communication dated 26 March 2008 received from the Permanent Mission of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the Agency" 2641: 2267:(China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) plus Germany. On 14 July 2015, the P5+1 and Iran concluded the 1997: 1721: 1395: 443: 356: 6333:, testimony before the Subcommittee on International Terrorism, Nonproliferation, and Human Rights (22 September 2004); DeSutter, 5575: 5170: 4657: 2996:

in the 21st century could undermine the credibility of the security assurances that are part of the current global nuclear order.

2342:

In 1991, after international pressure and when a change of government was imminent, South African Ambassador to the United States

315: 13288: 13258: 13183: 12508: 12418: 11595: 10239: 9320: 9269: 7825: 7678: 7608: 6632: 3740: 3079: 2783: 2674: 1846: 12678: 7197: 6846: 5502: 4058: 1330:, then Director General of the IAEA, welcomed the deal by calling India "an important partner in the non-proliferation regime." 1294:

policy, a pledge not to use nuclear weapons unless first attacked by an adversary using nuclear weapons, however India's former

873: 13263: 12593: 12548: 12253: 12088: 10360: 9287: 8457: 8380: 8237: 8212: 7657: 6822: 6795: 3717:, U.S. statement to the Second Session of the Preparatory Committee for the 2010 NPT Review Conference, Geneva (30 April 2008) 3394: 3091: 3085: 2872:. In the same speech, Obama emphasized his administration's efforts to isolate any nuclear weapons capabilities emanating from 2728: 2618: 2614: 2610: 1717: 1475: 1461: 66: 7061: 6286: 6206:"XV Ministerial Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement (July 2008): Statement on the Islamic Republic of Iran's Nuclear Issue" 5639: 1290:

in 1998. It is estimated to have enough fissile material for more than 150 warheads and was among the few countries to have a

1168:

not to develop an independent nuclear capability by assuring it that West Germany would be able, in the event of war with the

13268: 12933: 12258: 12083: 10018: 9705: 9683: 9281: 9262: 9064: 8967: 8933: 8836: 8816: 8747: 8535: 8506: 8484: 8375: 8308: 8096: 8041: 7492: 6088: 5457: 4641: 3150: 3114: 3016: 2885: 2633: 2606: 2430: 2363: 1677: 1350: 1273: 972:

both the United States and the former Soviet Union had tested nuclear weapons, and were beginning to build their stockpiles.

954:

The impetus behind the NPT was concern for the safety of a world with many nuclear weapon states. It was recognized that the

439: 11106: 4752: 3317: 78: 13238: 12948: 12888: 12778: 10925: 10850: 10510: 10110: 8888: 8511: 8281: 7867: 7852: 7835: 4853:"President Bush Signs H.R. 7081, the United States-India Nuclear Cooperation Approval and Nonproliferation Enhancement Act" 3621: 2622: 2147: 2137: 2103: 1769: 5045: 3814: 1748:

threatening military action. The crisis was averted after a series of meetings between Kim Jong-un, US Secretary of State

1309:

on 21 October 2010, a doctrine Menon said reflected India's "strategic culture, with its emphasis on minimal deterrence".

13243: 12503: 12268: 12238: 12123: 10530: 9663: 8979: 8974: 8398: 8266: 8128: 8031: 7954: 7894: 6739:

The General Debate of the 2005 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

4476:"Preparations For Russian Nuclear Weapons Transfer To Belarus Ongoing, Not A Single Warhead Transferred So Far - Budanov" 4195:, Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (ieer.org), Science for Democratic Action Volume 9 Number 3, May 2001, 3329: 3178: 2787: 2740: 2402: 2230: 2166: 2030: 1261: 9772: 9700: 5849: 5824: 4826: 3545: 12763: 12633: 12212: 11565: 10660: 9638: 9523: 9477: 9472: 9418: 9220: 9100: 8345: 8133: 8123: 7795: 7758: 6667: 3861: 2268: 2187: 1959: 1918: 1908: 1882: 1777: 1729: 1508: 699: 487: 4447: 4364: 2985:

to those activities. It reaffirms in its preamble the vital role of the full and effective implementation of the NPT.

2858:

treaty—bringing the number of deployed warheads to about 1,000". Obama is seeking to "negotiate these reductions with

2300:

South Africa is the only country that developed nuclear weapons by itself and later dismantled them—unlike the former

13158: 13068: 13038: 13013: 12798: 12673: 12648: 12603: 12598: 12408: 11297: 10860: 10130: 10071: 9085: 8769: 8501: 8370: 8101: 8081: 8021: 8006: 7381: 7084: 5611: 4606: 4165:

The Nuclear Weapons Non-Proliferation Articles I, II and VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

3765: 3138: 3038: 2791: 2295: 1623: 1295: 899: 9868: 7306: 5414: 4852: 3916: 3655: 3508:

This view was expressed by Christopher Ford, the U.S. NPT representative at the end of the Bush Administration. See

13218: 13103: 12988: 12968: 12893: 12543: 12483: 12463: 12333: 11000: 10995: 10490: 10453: 10182: 9628: 8996: 8165: 6238:"OIC (March 2008): UN Secretary-General's address to the 11th Summit of the Organization of the Islamic Conference" 5030: 2920: 2241: 1822: 1737: 1217: 402:

as those that have built and tested a nuclear explosive device before 1 January 1967; these are the United States (

10678: 10540: 10224: 13193: 13128: 13113: 13033: 13003: 12853: 12818: 12783: 12773: 12728: 12708: 12588: 12478: 12433: 12343: 12328: 12248: 11720: 11101: 11030: 10930: 10808: 10580: 10570: 10157: 9544: 9208: 9178: 8752: 8170: 8155: 7724: 7700: 7229: 5716: 4350: 4336: 4159: 3144: 2854:, Obama proposed a "one-third reduction in strategic nuclear warheads—on top of the cuts already required by the 2678: 2210: 1944: 1656: 1639: 1302: 731: 612:

on France could trigger a small-scale nuclear retaliation aimed at destroying the "rogue state's" power centers.

491: 10495: 10382: 10370: 6313:"Paula DeSutter, "Libya Renounces Weapons of Mass Destruction", eJournal USA: Foreign Policy Agenda, March 2005" 5399: 4967: 4632:

Banerjee, Dipankar (1998). "The Obstacles to a South Asian Nuclear-Weapons-Free-Zone". In Thakur, Ramesh (ed.).

4448:"NATO says it sees no change after Lukashenko claims that Belarus has started receiving Russian nuclear weapons" 2955:

nuclear fuel removed from warheads previously targeted at the United States and its allies during the Cold War.

13203: 13078: 13043: 12898: 12823: 12768: 12668: 12623: 12318: 12308: 12243: 12233: 11151: 10920: 10500: 10402: 10135: 9579: 9574: 9384: 8350: 7874: 7810: 7712: 7115: 6722: 6582:"Media Advisory 2003/48 – IAEA Board of Governors Adopts Resolution on Safeguards in North Korea – 12 February" 5879:; "Pakistan and North Korea: Dangerous Counter-Trades", IISS Strategic Comments, Vol. 8, No. 9 (November 2002). 3651: 3022: 2773: 2435:

Syria is a state party to the NPT since 1969 and has a limited civil nuclear program. Before the advent of the

2222: 2159: 1725: 1713: 1647: 1530: 1498:—subsequently arrested and sentenced for treason by Israel—published evidence about the program to the British 1471: 1257: 837: 644: 616: 593: 455: 10820: 10550: 10061: 9833: 6298: 13228: 13123: 13118: 13093: 13088: 13053: 13048: 12958: 12938: 12793: 12718: 12653: 12523: 12518: 12458: 12423: 12388: 12348: 12098: 11113: 11066: 10830: 10753: 10485: 9196: 9044: 8962: 8883: 8841: 8801: 8729: 8410: 8335: 8320: 7649: 6775: 6756: 6347: 6299:

Uncovering the Nuclear Black Market: Working Toward Closing Gaps in the International Nonproliferation Regime

6265: 5674: 5378: 4584: 4133: 2336: 1872: 1547:. North Korea responded by announcing its intent to withdraw from the treaty on 12 March 1993, and President 1040: 745:

said that by some estimates thirty-five to forty states could have the knowledge to develop nuclear weapons.

427: 10545: 10254: 10177: 9848: 5535: 4097: 3604: 13208: 13198: 13188: 13173: 13148: 13018: 12908: 12873: 12868: 12858: 12838: 12753: 12748: 12743: 12693: 12683: 12663: 12618: 12573: 12558: 12553: 12533: 12513: 12488: 12413: 12378: 12358: 12353: 12338: 12323: 12313: 12293: 12288: 11131: 11091: 11061: 11010: 10870: 10788: 10784: 10655: 10585: 10350: 10167: 9933: 9828: 9760: 8950: 8811: 7581: 6085:

Adherence to and Compliance With Arms Control, Nonproliferation, and Disarmament Agreements and Commitments

3433: 2799: 2724: 1877: 1428: 476: 6737:

Syed Hamid Albar, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Malaysia, United Nations (un.org), New York, 2 May 2005,

6212: 6180: 1578:

accused North Korea of a secret highly enriched uranium program; North Korean First Vice Foreign Minister

13223: 13168: 13163: 13153: 13098: 13023: 12978: 12928: 12913: 12843: 12828: 12788: 12738: 12723: 12703: 12638: 12628: 12578: 12498: 12428: 12398: 12393: 12373: 12363: 12298: 12103: 11575: 11570: 11287: 10965: 10693: 10438: 10397: 10341: 10244: 10125: 10083: 9988: 9513: 9467: 8026: 7845: 6581: 6310:

See generally Assistant Secretary of State Paula DeSutter, "Libya Renounces Weapons of Mass Destruction,

6301:, by David Albright and Corey Hinderstein, Institute for Science and International Security, 4 June 2004. 5560: 3975: 3011: 2916: 2709: 2406: 2387: 1954: 1867: 1399: 1364: 1045: 8185: 2248:

welcomed the continued dialogue between Iran and the IAEA. He urged a peaceful resolution of the issue.

498:

high-ranking officials within the United Nations have said that they can do little to stop states using

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rocket, leading the United States to suspend food aid. North Korea conducted further nuclear tests in

371:

to the treaty's significance. As of August 2016, 191 states have become parties to the treaty, though

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Hoey, Fintan (6 June 2016). "Japan and Extended Nuclear Deterrence: Security and Non-proliferation".

1700: 1544: 609: 30: 6603: 5930: 4694: 11795: 11362: 10625: 10515: 10269: 9813: 9340: 8846: 8831: 8416: 7555: 7268: 6335:"U.S. Government's Assistance to Libya in the Elimination of its Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)" 6092: 5720: 3071: 2347: 1570:

During the late 1990s and the early 2000s critics of the agreement, as well as Clinton's successor

1277: 1083: 11535: 4168:, Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean, archived from 3915:

See Remarks by President Bush at the National Defense University (11 February 2004), available at

3707: 11025: 10970: 10955: 10895: 10703: 10683: 10443: 10120: 9725: 9360: 8791: 7574: 6738: 3496:

U.S. Department of State / U.S. delegation to the 2010 nuclear nonproliferation treaty conference

3027: 2503: 2441: 2398: 2204:

declaring of facilities and other locations where nuclear material had been stored and processed.

1830: 1444: 1025: 826: 714: 483: 9928: 7349: 6316: 4337:"Belarus to Receive Russian Iskander Hypersonic Ballistic Missile Systems Within Months - Putin" 4212:

U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe: A Review of Post-Cold War Policy, Force Levels, and War Planning

3792: 3488: 2911:

The Tenth Review Conference convened 1–26 August 2022, after a two-year postponement due to the

11815: 11319: 10713: 10387: 9863: 9623: 9618: 9411: 8878: 8340: 8061: 6559: 6287:

Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

5242:"Kiwis soft on India's NSG bid, Turkey backs Pak - TOI Mobile | The Times of India Mobile Site" 5126: 3156: 2881: 2805: 2528:

called for North Korea to "return" to the NPT, implicitly acknowledging that it had withdrawn.

2127: 1367:, had continued its refusal to export uranium to India despite diplomatic pressure from India. 1334: 1093: 706:" of the nuclear nonproliferation regime. As of 2007, 13 states have an enrichment capability. 403: 379:

have never accepted the NPT, three of which possess or are thought to possess nuclear weapons:

12025: 355:

and general and complete disarmament. Between 1965 and 1968, the treaty was negotiated by the

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responded by announcing sanctions and considering military action. The crisis ended with the

1500: 1036: 949: 691: 664: 527: 8908: 5697: 4915: 4730: 3881:"Ridding research reactors of highly enriched uranium to take decades longer than projected" 3680: 2790:

and was intended to strengthen the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in conjunction with the

1736:

in the January 2016 and 2017 tests. The North Korean nuclear weapons development led to the

11590: 11357: 11212: 11166: 11081: 11076: 10875: 10774: 10723: 10718: 10610: 10565: 10520: 10458: 10289: 10264: 10214: 10142: 10056: 9906: 9508: 9487: 9190: 9095: 9059: 9054: 9006: 8737: 7986: 7479:. Contributions to Political Science. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. pp. 153–169. 5889: 5447: 4522: 3389: 3044: 2768: 2757: 2414: 2050: 1949: 1733: 1704: 1692: 1681: 1431: 1225: 1158: 1007: 976: 640: 639:

On the other hand, some governments, especially non-nuclear-weapon states belonging to the

8827:

International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World

6334: 6330: 6244: 5750:"Chronology of U.S.-North Korean Nuclear and Missile Diplomacy | Arms Control Association" 5637:

DPRK FM on Its Stand to Suspend Its Participation in Six-party Talks for Indefinite Period

3521: 2256:

and threaten the credibility of the international community and our collective security."

1349:

unprecedented step in giving exemption to a country, which has not signed the NPT and the

8: 12035: 11950: 11945: 11845: 11708: 11505: 11389: 11304: 11192: 11045: 11040: 11020: 11005: 10915: 10910: 10815: 10748: 10738: 10650: 10645: 10635: 10535: 10475: 10448: 10274: 10259: 10229: 10207: 9993: 9983: 9710: 9633: 9603: 9587: 9335: 9226: 8796: 7472: 6138:

See, e.g., U.S. Special Representative for Nuclear Nonproliferation Christopher A. Ford,

6114: 5775: 5636: 5572: 4223: 4169: 3958: 3292:"Decisions Adopted at the 1995 NPT Review & Extension Conference - Acronym Institute" 2753: 2720: 2480: 2469: 2462: 1838: 1615: 1540: 1488: 1357: 688: 535: 419: 352: 10890: 10803: 7612: 7343:"Statement by Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Kislyak at the 2005 NPT Review Conference" 7288: 7213: 5749: 4264:"Russia accused of taking Belarus 'nuclear hostage' with deal to station missiles there" 3719: 3703: 3008:(an important section in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the Treaty) 2555:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1801:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1199:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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When China announced expanded nuclear cooperation with Pakistan in 2010, proponents of

348: 289: 11885: 11714: 9134: 6628: 6512:

Budjeryn, Mariana (1 September 2016). "Was Ukraine's Nuclear Disarmament a Blunder?".

6096: 6084: 4500: 3929: 3419: 2844:

on 19 June 2013, Obama outlined plans to further reduce the number of warheads in the

1659:, expelling all US and IAEA inspectors from the country. The UN responded by adopting 1060:

joined in 1995–6. Also acceding in the 1990s were Myanmar in 1992 and Guyana in 1993.

12202: 12055: 12000: 11975: 11930: 11860: 11835: 11800: 11790: 11759: 11646: 11530: 11500: 11237: 11227: 11141: 11035: 10880: 10595: 10392: 10249: 10202: 10100: 10051: 10025: 10003: 9843: 9823: 9767: 9755: 9569: 9404: 9330: 8938: 8893: 8873: 8758: 8528: 8422: 8360: 8160: 7621: 7488: 7453: 7248: 7218:"Procedure and Substance in the NPT Review Cycle: The Example of Nuclear Disarmament" 7217: 7193: 6541: 6529: 6419: 6139: 6065: 5948: 5471: 5463: 5453: 5349: 5203: 4710: 4637: 4065: 3890: 3885: 3761: 3575: 3509: 3461: 3173: 3133: 3061: 2912: 2449: 2445: 2279: 2191: 2067: 1619: 1327: 1298: 1133:

As of 2005, it is estimated that the United States still provides about 180 tactical

742: 703: 695: 651:, issued 8 July 1996, unanimously interprets the text of Article VI as implying that 585: 580: 475:

City on 11 May 1995, in the culmination of U.S. government efforts led by Ambassador

12179: 11850: 7320: 7009: 6806: 5876: 4658:"Remarks With International Atomic Energy Agency Director General Mohamed ElBaradei" 3369: 11965: 11890: 11820: 11805: 11785: 11732: 11515: 11510: 11490: 11440: 11430: 11257: 11222: 11207: 11156: 10885: 10825: 10665: 10324: 10304: 10013: 9955: 9949: 9916: 9896: 9886: 9735: 9536: 9528: 8494: 8434: 8404: 8086: 7780: 7480: 7445: 6521: 6411: 6382:

Giving Up on the Bomb: Revisiting Libya’s Decision to Dismantle its Nuclear Program

5337: 4889: 4196: 4192: 3898: 3567: 3400: 3056: 2900: 2837: 2744: 2516: 2476: 2436: 2077: 2057: 1627: 1552: 1495: 1314: 1134: 710: 672: 376: 7520: 3571: 3420:"The nuclear express : a political history of the bomb and its proliferation" 12184: 12040: 12030: 12015: 11995: 11980: 11955: 11900: 11665: 11633: 11525: 11485: 11247: 11242: 11182: 11123: 10855: 10733: 10560: 10525: 10433: 10428: 10152: 10046: 9720: 9653: 9643: 9608: 9564: 9551: 9503: 9365: 7857: 7484: 7275: 7201: 6829: 6783: 6764: 6745: 6655: 6636: 5918: 5681: 5643: 5598: 5579: 5418: 4996: 4378: 4312:"Russia-Belarus nuclear sharing would mirror NATO's—and worsen Europe's security" 4230: 3917:

https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2004/02/20040211-4.html

3787: 3755: 3714: 3690: 3469: 3440: 3338: 3066: 2964: 2666: 2525: 1591: 1534: 1435:

and stated that it would join the NPT only as a recognized nuclear-weapon state.

1122: 1103: 1069: 980: 718: 499: 10147: 9191:

Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean

9119: 4026:"Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran" 3991:"Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran" 3625: 3533: 3104:

Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean

1587:

April 2003 making North Korea the first state ever to withdraw from the treaty.

619:

has been a factor limiting incentives for some NNWS to acquire nuclear weapons.

12010: 11935: 11925: 11920: 11780: 11520: 11309: 11232: 10960: 10865: 10615: 10555: 10187: 10105: 10008: 9968: 9938: 9838: 9793: 9350: 7597: 6923: 6887: 6851: 5053: 4857: 4801:"India's civil nuclear agreements: A new dimension in India's global diplomacy" 3818: 2893: 2868: 2850: 2596: 2585: 2581: 2483: 2035: 1575: 1571: 1560: 1421: 1342: 1283: 1229: 605: 415: 360: 344: 244: 7449: 5911:

Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran

5475: 5341: 5328:

Steinberg, Gerald (2006). "Examining Israel's NPT Exceptionality: 1998–2005".

3211:"UK Depositary Status List;Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons" 12227: 12174: 12020: 11915: 11880: 11865: 11825: 11367: 11197: 10935: 10845: 10708: 10688: 10575: 10336: 10314: 10279: 9858: 9853: 9808: 9730: 9690: 9439: 7551: 7525: 7457: 7216:; U.S. Special Representative for Nuclear Nonproliferation Christopher Ford, 6533: 6525: 6423: 6152: 4577:"Draft Report of National Security Advisory Board on Indian Nuclear Doctrine" 3894: 3579: 3464:

of the Republic of Indonesia to the United Nations (indonesiamission-ny.org)

2343: 1383: 1371: 722:

civilian research were 60 tonnes, with 74 research reactors still using HEU.

543: 6337:, testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee (26 February 2004) 6140:"The 2020 NPT Review Cycle So Far: A View from the United States of America" 6108:"Iran: Nuclear Intentions and Capabilities (National Intelligence Estimate)" 4422:"Putin says tactical nuclear weapons now in Belarus as 'deterrence measure'" 4211: 3902: 3865: 2201:

reporting of the subsequent processing and use of imported nuclear material;

11960: 11910: 11840: 11830: 11684: 11672: 11659: 11465: 11292: 10793: 10041: 9891: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9446: 9124: 9001: 8861: 7862: 5069:"Report: Pakistan's nuclear arsenal could become the world's third-biggest" 4157: 3238: 2888:

and called on countries to negotiate a new treaty to end the production of

2776: 2351: 2301: 2272: 2098: 2045: 2040: 1745: 1583: 1556: 1548: 1291: 1165: 1127: 959: 601: 240: 7088: 6348:

How the 'Libya Model' Became a Sticking Point in North Korea Nuclear Talks

4610: 1691:

In 2011, after rising tensions over the North Korean nuclear program, the

12005: 11610: 11580: 11435: 11425: 11324: 11187: 10980: 10469: 10299: 10284: 10095: 9943: 9911: 9798: 9613: 9518: 9457: 9090: 8904:

Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Mandela Rules)

7194:

Fact Sheet: Increasing Transparency in the U.S. Nuclear Weapons Stockpile

7138:"Pakistan and India refused to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty" 6365:

What North Korea learned from Libya's decision to give up nuclear weapons

5411: 4767: 3659: 2993: 2877: 2591: 2346:

signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. In 1993, the then president

2245: 1753: 1749: 1741: 1631: 1599: 1579: 1379: 1175: 1169: 1150: 987: 806:

List of parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

702:, has called the spread of enrichment and reprocessing capabilities the " 450:

have openly tested and declared that they possess nuclear weapons, while

435: 392: 372: 278: 270: 181: 157: 6668:"US Report: China gifted nuclear bomb and Pakistan stole the technology" 6465: 6431: 6399: 5268:"China says more talks needed to build consensus on nuclear export club" 3834: 3510:"The 2010 Review Cycle So Far: A View from the United States of America" 2945:

advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons

2760:

reiterated their position emphasizing the need for nuclear disarmament.

649:

advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons

11764: 11475: 11445: 11399: 11314: 11282: 11274: 11217: 10905: 10620: 10309: 10197: 9803: 8991: 8056: 6446: 5684:, furnished by Media Corp News (channelnewsasia.com), 20 September 2005 5224:"Pakistan appreciates China's unequivocal support for admission in NSG" 4971: 4919: 4146:

The Breach: Ukraine’s Territorial Integrity and the Budapest Memorandum

2733: 2701: 2580:

On 18 July 2005, US President George W. Bush met Indian Prime Minister

2313: 1643: 1405: 1287: 1237: 840: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 597: 438:). Four other states are known or believed to possess nuclear weapons: 347:

and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of

319: 10418: 6988:"Pacific Island Nation Sues U.S., Others For Violating Nuclear Treaty" 5141: 4289:"Belarus approves hosting nuclear weapons, Russian forces permanently" 3976:

http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/MediaAdvisory/2003/med-advise_048.shtml

3837:

Civil HEU Watch: Tracking Inventories of Civil Highly Enriched Uranium

3708:

Nuclear Disarmament Progress and Challenges in the Post-Cold War World

1408:

earlier that month, Pakistan conducted two sets of nuclear tests, the

709:

During the 1960s and 1970s many states, almost 60, were supplied with

12060: 11905: 11754: 11727: 11540: 11495: 11404: 11372: 11352: 11344: 10673: 10463: 9293: 9275: 6415: 6289:, International Atomic Energy Agency, GOV/2008/39, 12 September 2008. 4351:"Putin Says Russia To Supply Belarus With Iskander-M Missile Systems" 2967:

to produce nuclear weapons". A 2009 United Nations report said that:

2855: 2370: 2328: 2324: 2252: 1672: 1413: 1365:

top three uranium producer and home to world's largest known reserves

1306: 999: 7112:"India Wants to Join the Non-Proliferation Treaty as a Weapon State" 7036:"US convenes nuclear weapons meeting with China, France, Russia, UK" 3952:"The DPRK's Violation of its NPT Safeguards Agreement with the IAEA" 1567:

consortium. North Korea also abandoned its withdrawal from the NPT.

815: 11639: 11480: 11377: 11252: 11071: 10975: 10115: 9973: 9427: 9244: 7981: 7969: 7537: 7473:"The Future of the Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament Regime" 5195: 5094: 4745: 3005: 2863: 2574: 2332: 1448: 1409: 995: 955: 388: 274: 177: 10759:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

5467: 13309:

Treaties extended to South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

13304:

Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha

11585: 11470: 11460: 11409: 10950: 9695: 9238: 8899:

Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice

7566: 2889: 2697: 2670: 2309: 2305: 1913: 1774:

Nuclear program of Iran § Iran's nuclear program and the NPT

1728:, and announced that it was developing miniaturized warheads and 1142: 1138: 1057: 1021:; after this, the remaining African countries signed the treaty. 1018: 7475:. In Vicente, Adérito; Sinovets, Polina; Theron, Julien (eds.). 5285:

Guardia, Ahmed Rashid in Lahore and Anton La (3 February 2004).

5196:"NSG to take up Pakistan, India's membership requests this week" 5171:"The China-Pakistan Nuclear Deal: A Realpolitique Fait Accompli" 4210:, National Resources Defence Council (nrdc.org), February 2005, 912: 11653: 11455: 11394: 10329: 8046: 7964: 7934: 7899: 7552:

Compilation of speeches and papers relevant to NPT Review Cycle

7010:"Russia blocks nuclear treaty agreement over Ukraine reference" 5590:

Nuclear Age Peace Foundation (wagingpeace.org), 10 April 2003,

5023:"India and Australia seal civil nuclear deal for uranium trade" 4136:, Mariana Budjeryn and Matthew Bunn, Belfer Center, March 2020. 3422:. Minneapolis : Zenith Press – via Internet Archive. 2866:

nuclear postures," according to briefing documents provided to

2859: 2841: 2686: 2448:, that took place on 6 September 2007 and saw as many as eight 1740:

which nearly led to war, with both North Korean Supreme Leader

1603: 1479: 1154: 1053: 678: 579:

These five NWS agree not to transfer "nuclear weapons or other

510: 451: 423: 407: 384: 364: 340: 266: 190: 173: 7561:

Annotated bibliography for the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty

6647:

George Monbiot, The Guardian (guardian.co.uk), 2 August 2005,

5592:

North Korea's Withdrawal from Nonproliferation Treaty Official

958:

deterrent relationship between just the United States and the

916:

Date NPT first effective (including USSR, YU, CS of that time)

288:

Governments of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the

115: 12138: 12094:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

11600: 11383: 9462: 7944: 4379:"Russia promises Belarus Iskander-M nuclear-capable missiles" 4365:"Russia promises Belarus Iskander-M nuclear-capable missiles" 3835:

David Albright; Serena Kelleher-Vergantini (7 October 2015).

3815:"U.S. Foreign Research Reactor Spent Nuclear Fuel Acceptance" 3512:, presented at Wilton Park, United Kingdom, 20 December 2007. 2260: 1923: 1892: 1862: 1607: 1595: 1483: 1386:

signed a pact to sell uranium for peaceful power generation.

1241: 1146: 1063: 431: 411: 380: 262: 169: 12474:

Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1964–1971)

11678: 11560: 9452: 9396: 7515: 6936: 6904: 6868: 6833: 4870: 4397:"Belarus starts taking delivery of Russian nuclear weapons" 2873: 2662: 2498: 2383: 2317: 1709: 1452:

Pakistani officials reiterated the request in August 2016.

1323: 1118: 1010: 5675:

N. Korea raises stakes on nuclear deal with reactor demand

5571:

Korean News Service, Tokyo (kcna.co.jp), 10 January 2003,

4262:

Sabbagh, Dan; Jones, Sam; Borger, Julian (26 March 2023).

3864:. National Nuclear Security Administration. Archived from 3842:(Report). Institute for Science and International Security 3817:. National Nuclear Security Administration. Archived from 2899:

On 24 April 2014, it was announced that the nation of the

2786:" took place 12–13 April 2010. The summit was proposed by 2320:

and also acceded to the NPT as non-nuclear weapon states.

1339:

United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act

12133: 12113: 12108: 7434:"The Challenges to International Law in the 21st Century" 6488:"Putin's War Is a Death Blow to Nuclear Nonproliferation" 5693: 5559:

International Atomic Energy Agency (iaea.org), May 2003,

3919:(announcing initiative to stop spread of ENR technology). 3432:

See, for example, the Canadian government's NPT web site

1667: 1666:

In 2007, reports from Washington suggested that the 2002

1424:, Pakistan has enough fissile material for 350 warheads. 1341:, endorsing a deal that was forged during Prime Minister 1048:

with the USA joined the NPT in 1995, along with Vanuatu.

994:. Accession became nearly universal after the end of the 943: Never signed (India, Israel, Pakistan, South Sudan) 7528:

Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)

7526:

Procedural history, related documents and photos on the

5635:

Korean News Service, Tokyo (kcna.co.jp), February 2005,

5142:"BBC News – China says Pakistan nuclear deal 'peaceful'" 4942:"An opportunity for sound and fury signifying something" 2880:. He also called for a renewed bipartisan effort in the 1478:). Israel has been developing nuclear technology at its 574:

permanent members of the United Nations Security Council

465:

The NPT is often seen to be based on a central bargain:

9164: 7533:

United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law

6950: 6948: 6946: 6479: 5573:

Statement of DPRK Government on its withdrawal from NPT

5402:, Kelsey Davenport, Arms Control Today, 2 October 2013. 4124:, Steven Pifer, Brookings Institution, 5 December 2019. 1074: 12284:

Treaties of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania

7321:"The 2005 NPT Review Conference: A French Perspective" 6883:"Communiqué of the Washington Nuclear Security Summit" 6759:, Beatrice Fihn, Reaching Critical Will, 1 June 2010. 6447:"The Ukraine Example: Nuclear Disarmament Doesn't Pay" 5713:

Magnitude 4.3—North Korea 2006 October 09 01:35:28 UTC

5288:"I've sold nuclear secrets to Libya, Iran and N Korea" 4997:"Australia's Labor party backs uranium sales to India" 4688: 4031:. IAEA. 24 September 2005. GOV/2005/77. Archived from 1634:

for money-laundering involving North Korean accounts.

1590:

In April 2003, North Korea agreed to the multilateral

1176:

Preparations for Russia's weapon deployment in Belarus

120:

Participation in the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

6919:"Work Plan of the Washington Nuclear Security Summit" 5421:, Kelsey Davenport, Arms Control Today, October 2015. 5046:"Impact of US wargames on Pakistan N-arms 'negative'" 4224:

NATO's Nuclear Forces in the New Security Environment

3996:. IAEA. 10 November 2003. GOV/2003/75. Archived from 2650: Other states presumed to have nuclear weapons ( 2524:

September 2005 at the end of the Fourth Round of the

2251:

In April 2010, during the signing of the U.S.-Russia

1732:. It also claimed that it had successfully detonated 1594:

to find a diplomatic solution to the issue hosted by

8857:

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

8807:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

7407:"UN: Nuclear weapons ban treaty to enter into force" 6943: 5797:

Sanger, David E.; Broad, William J. (1 March 2007).

5776:"N.Korean uranium enrichment program fades as issue" 5095:"Pakistan will not sign NPT, says foreign secretary" 4303: 3489:"Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons" 3267:"UNODA - Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)" 3239:"Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons" 2209:

IAEA safeguards agreement. This was reported to the

1680:

points toward North Korea as the source for Libya's

1507:

On 18 September 2009, the General Conference of the

849:"Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons" 7062:"Insights Secure-2014: Questions On Current Events" 6823:

Obama Calls for Global Nuclear Summit in March 2010

5367:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 266. 4020: 4018: 3985: 3983: 3872: 3862:"Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactors" 1236:In Belarus, Russia plans to deploy nuclear-capable 247:, the United States, and 40 other signatory states. 9185:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 8914:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 6486:Umland, Andreas; Essen, Hugo von (21 March 2022). 5657:"North Korea Says It Will Abandon Nuclear Efforts" 5449:The Impossible State: North Korea, Past and Future 5286: 4261: 4134:Budapest Memorandum at 25: Between Past and Future 4122:Why care about Ukraine and the Budapest Memorandum 3656:"Legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons" 2696: States formerly possessing nuclear weapons ( 2316:, which inherited nuclear weapons from the former 1157:under these NATO agreements. Many states, and the 555: 514:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 329:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 109:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 13314:Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands 9050:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights 7563:from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues 5877:http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4180286.stm 5612:"North Korea: A Rogue State Outside the NPT Fold" 5379:"Israel pressured on nuclear sites – Middle East" 5307:"Pakistan launches fresh push for NSG membership" 4890:"White House Low-Key on China-Pakistan Nuke Deal" 4607:"India seeks Japan's support, calls NPT 'flawed'" 4056: 3546:Chirac: Nuclear Response to Terrorism Is Possible 2335:where uranium was enriched to fuel grade for the 2265:five permanent members of the UN Security Council 2259:In 2015, Iran negotiated a nuclear deal with the 13084:Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Sudan 12225: 12079:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 6386:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 6070:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5610:Hassig, Kongdan Oh and Ralph C. (1 March 2005). 4731:"IAEA Board Approves India-Safeguards Agreement" 4609:. Whereincity.com. 24 March 2007. Archived from 4353:. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 25 June 2022. 4309: 4015: 3980: 3830: 3828: 1565:Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization 965:use of nuclear weapons in Hiroshima and Nagasaki 936: 3rd decade: ratified or acceded since 1988 189: Partially recognized state that ratified ( 13274:Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands 12864:Treaties of the People's Republic of Mozambique 10516:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 9923:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 9257:Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty 9024:World Federation of United Nations Associations 8519:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 6157:"Intelligence Chief Cites Qaeda Threat to U.S." 6052:. 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"NPT and the Developing Countries", 3548:, Washington Post article dated 20 January 2006 3397:: A Critical Global Assessment of Atomic Energy 3098:Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty 2940: 2198:reporting of nuclear material imported to Iran; 1758:2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit 1661:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1874 1652:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718 929: 2nd decade: ratified or acceded 1978–1987 922: 1st decade: ratified or acceded 1968–1977 130: Recognized nuclear-weapon state ratifiers 12834:Treaties of the Federated States of Micronesia 9227:South Pacific Nuclear Weapons Free Zone Treaty 6757:Summary of the 2010 NPT final outcome document 6254: 5825:"New Doubts on Nuclear Efforts by North Korea" 5198:. retrieved on 2016-06-23. 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Gaddafi's downfall 8 years after the 2123:Iran–United States relations after 1979 1216:On 27 February 2022, shortly after the 351:, and to further the goal of achieving 14: 13319:Treaties extended to British Hong Kong 13254:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands 12279:Treaties of the Kingdom of Afghanistan 12226: 12089:Russian espionage in the United States 10361:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 9288:Central Asian Nuclear Weapon Free Zone 8151:Spokesperson for the Secretary-General 7438:Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 7253:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 6985: 6954: 6698:Canadian Security Intelligence Service 6694:"Nuclear Weapons Proliferation report" 6444: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5719:(USGS). 9 October 2006. Archived from 5609: 4371: 4343: 4329: 3645: 3643: 3406: 3395:Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power 3376: 3367: 3092:South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty 3086:Central Asian Nuclear Weapon Free Zone 1620:indigenous nuclear power plant program 1476:List of countries with nuclear weapons 1462:Israel and weapons of mass destruction 12469:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo 12084:Soviet espionage in the United States 10240:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 10019:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 9684:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 9400: 9282:Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty 9263:Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty 9138: 9065:UN television film series (1964–1966) 8817:International Narcotics Control Board 8748:Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty 8536:Declaration on the Rights of Peasants 8507:Convention on the Rights of the Child 8485:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 7570: 7431: 7064:. 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Sanger, 5953:: Iran 'resumes' nuclear enrichment" 5890:"EU and Iran Avert Nuclear Deadlock" 5654: 5452:. New York: Ecco. pp. 252–274. 4511: 4474:Herasimova, Tetiana (20 June 2023). 3753: 3557: 3551: 3522:UK 'prepared to use nuclear weapons' 3434:The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 3417: 3368:Graham, Thomas Jr. (November 2004). 3196: 2535: 1781: 1770:Iran and weapons of mass destruction 1179: 838:adding citations to reliable sources 809: 122: 79:move details into the article's body 50: 13214:Treaties of the Yemen Arab Republic 12369:Treaties of the Republic of Dahomey 12274:Treaties entered into force in 1970 12124:Soviet involvement in regime change 9165:Nuclear weapons limitation treaties 8292:Permanent representatives to the UN 8181:Political and Peacebuilding Affairs 7303:"FCO fact sheet on nuclear weapons" 7082: 5892:. Dw-world.de. Agence France-Presse 5735: 5445: 5412:Resolution Calling Out Israel Fails 4083: 4064:. Disarmament Forum. 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After 1262:List of states with nuclear weapons 1244:bombers to carry nuclear missiles. 505: 395:, founded in 2011, has not joined. 48: 12529:Treaties of the Dominican Republic 12384:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina 12165:Soviet Union–United States summits 9639:1947 Polish parliamentary election 9524:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 9221:Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty 9101:Withdrawal from the United Nations 8287:Security Council Permanent members 7596: 7109: 5931:"United Nations Official Document" 5774:Carol Giacomo (10 February 2007). 5696:(news.bbc.co.uk), 3 October 2006, 5655:Khan, Joseph (19 September 2005). 5482: 5424: 5029:. 5 September 2014. 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(24 May 2011). 3139:Proliferation Security Initiative 3039:Missile Technology Control Regime 2792:Proliferation Security Initiative 2784:Global Summit on Nuclear Security 2296:Nuclear programme of South Africa 1598:and including the United States, 1363:As of January 2011, Australia, a 363:-sponsored organization based in 12814:Treaties of the Marshall Islands 12564:Treaties of the Ethiopian Empire 11001:United States invasion of Panama 10851:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 10491:1971 Turkish military memorandum 10454:Communist insurgency in Thailand 10424:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 10356:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 10183:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 10111:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 9629:Restatement of Policy on Germany 9380: 9379: 9118: 7531:in the Historic Archives of the 7512:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 7464: 7425: 7399: 7367: 7335: 7313: 7295: 7281: 7262: 7206: 7187: 7181: 7164:"Status of World Nuclear Forces" 7156: 7130: 7103: 7076: 7054: 7028: 7002: 6979: 6911: 6875: 6839: 6816: 6788: 6769: 6750: 6731: 6716: 6641: 6621: 6596: 6574: 6548: 6438: 6391: 6374: 6357: 6340: 6304: 6292: 6280: 6230: 6198: 6145: 6132: 6078: 6035: 6011:"Microsoft Word - gov2008-4.doc" 6003: 5941: 5923: 5904: 5882: 5868: 5842: 5816: 5790: 5767: 5702: 5687: 5667: 5648: 5629: 5603: 5127:US and India seal nuclear accord 4310:Nikolai N. Sokov (1 July 2022). 3624:. Acronym.org.uk. Archived from 3418:Reed, Thomas C. 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In January 2006, President 594:Secretary of State for Defence 223:Washington D.C., United States 13: 1: 13264:Treaties extended to Anguilla 12594:Treaties of Georgia (country) 12549:Treaties of Equatorial Guinea 12254:Treaties of the United States 12099:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 11114:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 11067:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 10789:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 10754:Seven Days to the River Rhine 10486:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 9773:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 9701:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 9197:Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty 8884:Sustainable Development Goals 8411:Declaration by United Nations 8336:International Telegraph Union 7114:. Yale Global. Archived from 6398:Mearsheimer, John J. (1993). 5507:The Nuclear Threat Initiative 5067:Craig, Tim (27 August 2015). 4291:. 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The 2388:Chemical Weapons Convention 2240:Early during his tenure as 2031:Iranian nuclear negotiators 1470:Israel has a long-standing 1400:Nuclear weapons of Pakistan 1389: 1046:Compact of Free Association 10: 13335: 13244:Treaties extended to Aruba 12679:Treaties of Ba'athist Iraq 12504:Treaties of Czechoslovakia 12269:Treaties concluded in 1968 12239:Non-proliferation treaties 11162:Sino-Indian border dispute 10991:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 10921:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 10679:1976 Argentine coup d'état 10591:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 10541:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 10225:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 10193:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 9882:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 9649:Asian Relations Conference 9316:History of nuclear weapons 9215:Seabed Arms Control Treaty 8997:UN Memorial Cemetery Korea 8822:International Day of Peace 8304:General Assembly Observers 7627:General Assembly President 7087:. Fair.org. 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Iaea.org. 31 July 2008 3468:20 November 2005 at the 3072:Nuclear-weapon-free zone 2694: 2659: 2648: 2630: 2603: 2532:Recent and coming events 2424: 2357: 2348:Frederik Willem de Klerk 1998:Nuclear Achievements Act 1980:United States withdrawal 1940:Non-Proliferation Treaty 1932:International agreements 1893:Karun atomic energy site 1303:National Defence College 1278:Nuclear weapons of India 1267: 1110: 1100: 1090: 1080: 941: 934: 927: 920: 713:fuelled by weapon grade 333:Non-Proliferation Treaty 331:, commonly known as the 221:London, United Kingdom; 31:latest accepted revision 13219:Treaties of South Yemen 13104:Treaties of Switzerland 12989:Treaties of Saint Lucia 12969:Treaties of South Korea 12894:Treaties of New Zealand 12544:Treaties of El Salvador 12484:Treaties of Ivory Coast 12464:Treaties of the Comoros 12334:Treaties of the Bahamas 11026:Fall of the Berlin Wall 10971:People Power Revolution 10956:Central American crisis 10896:1986 Black Sea incident 10546:1973 Afghan coup d'état 10444:Western Sahara conflict 10255:1966 Syrian coup d'état 10178:1963 Syrian coup d'état 10121:Portuguese Colonial War 10084:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 9849:1954 Syrian coup d'état 9726:Annexation of Hyderabad 9669:1947–1949 Palestine war 9361:Nuclear weapons testing 9018:Woodrow Wilson Memorial 8980:UN International School 8975:UN Federal Credit Union 8956:Security Council reform 8792:Four Nations Initiative 8720:Security Council (2016) 8563:Security Council vetoes 7694:Under-Secretary-General 7477:Russia's War on Ukraine 6990:. National Public Radio 6828:31 January 2010 at the 5917:3 December 2011 at the 5446:Cha, Victor D. (2013). 5417:17 January 2019 at the 3594:"Information Circulars" 3041:(MNuclear blackmailTCR) 3028:Humanitarian Initiative 2931:Criticism and responses 2917:its invasion of Ukraine 2727:as they did in case of 2667:nuclear weapons sharing 2504:nuclear weapons sharing 2442:Deir ez-Zor Governorate 2384:SCUD ballistic missiles 2111:against nuclear weapons 1831:Nuclear program of Iran 1763: 1445:nuclear suppliers group 1123:nuclear weapons sharing 1026:former Soviet Republics 715:highly enriched uranium 588:devices (Article III). 484:Nuclear Suppliers Group 13194:Treaties of Uzbekistan 13129:Treaties of East Timor 13114:Treaties of Tajikistan 13034:Treaties of Seychelles 13004:Treaties of San Marino 12854:Treaties of Montenegro 12819:Treaties of Mauritania 12784:Treaties of Madagascar 12774:Treaties of Luxembourg 12729:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan 12709:Treaties of Kazakhstan 12589:Treaties of the Gambia 12479:Treaties of Costa Rica 12434:Treaties of Cape Verde 12344:Treaties of Bangladesh 12329:Treaties of Azerbaijan 12249:Nuclear weapons policy 11320:Neoclassical economics 10831:Gulf of Sidra incident 10388:1969 Libyan revolution 10079:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 9864:1954 Geneva Conference 9624:Turkish straits crisis 9619:Corfu Channel incident 8968:Security Council mural 8934:Millennium Declaration 8879:SDG Publishers Compact 8341:Universal Postal Union 7538:Membership/Signatories 6726:2005 Review Conference 5680:8 January 2009 at the 5208:: CS1 maint: others ( 4229:29 August 2005 at the 3932:. BBC. 16 October 2006 3760:. Palgrave Macmillan. 3157:Tragedy of the commons 3106:(Treaty of Tlatelolco) 2974: 2882:United States Congress 2833: 2765:2010 Review Conference 2714: 2397:was overthrown in the 2128:Sanctions against Iran 1335:United States Congress 1228:met Russian President 1114: 1112: Neither, but NPT 1094:Nuclear weapons states 945: 657: 515: 472: 456:deliberately ambiguous 339:, is an international 13204:Treaties of Venezuela 13079:Treaties of Sri Lanka 13044:Treaties of Singapore 12899:Treaties of Nicaragua 12824:Treaties of Mauritius 12769:Treaties of Lithuania 12669:Treaties of Indonesia 12624:Treaties of Guatemala 12319:Treaties of Australia 12309:Treaties of Argentina 12244:Nuclear proliferation 12234:Arms control treaties 12170:Russia–NATO relations 12051:Jonathan Reed Winkler 11335:Democratic capitalism 11330:Supply-side economics 11298:American conservatism 11097:Breakup of Yugoslavia 10986:Bougainville conflict 10901:South Yemen civil war 10836:Martial law in Poland 10699:Nicaraguan Revolution 10674:Dirty War (Argentina) 10481:1971 JVP insurrection 10295:Years of Lead (Italy) 10173:North Yemen civil war 10091:Berlin Crisis of 1961 10067:Albanian–Soviet split 9999:1959 Tibetan uprising 9964:Syrian Crisis of 1957 9819:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 9679:1948 Arab–Israeli War 9356:Nuclear proliferation 9346:Nuclear weapon design 9106:Women in peacekeeping 8765:Drug control treaties 6654:3 August 2005 at the 5597:12 April 2006 at the 5365:The Worst Kept Secret 5363:Cohen, Avner (2010). 5056:on 27 September 2013. 4636:. London: Macmillan. 3821:on 22 September 2006. 3094:(Treaty of Rarotonga) 3082:(Treaty of Pelindaba) 2990:territorial integrity 2969: 2808: 2758:non-aligned countries 2594: 2403:military intervention 1734:thermonuclear weapons 1624:U.S. State Department 1077: 1037:Breakup of Yugoslavia 998:and of South African 950:Nuclear proliferation 915: 692:nuclear power station 653: 513: 467: 400:nuclear-weapon states 142: Other ratifiers 13229:Treaties of Zimbabwe 13124:Treaties of Thailand 13119:Treaties of Tanzania 13094:Treaties of Eswatini 13089:Treaties of Suriname 13054:Treaties of Slovenia 13049:Treaties of Slovakia 12959:Treaties of Portugal 12939:Treaties of Paraguay 12794:Treaties of Malaysia 12719:Treaties of Kiribati 12654:Treaties of Honduras 12524:Treaties of Dominica 12519:Treaties of Djibouti 12459:Treaties of Colombia 12424:Treaties of Cameroon 12389:Treaties of Botswana 12349:Treaties of Barbados 11591:Non-Aligned Movement 11213:Peaceful coexistence 11167:North Borneo dispute 11082:German reunification 11077:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 10775:Salvadoran Civil War 10724:Grand Mosque seizure 10719:Yemenite War of 1979 10611:Mozambican Civil War 10566:Carnation Revolution 10521:Yemenite War of 1972 10459:1970 Polish protests 10290:1967 Hong Kong riots 10265:Argentine Revolution 10215:Guatemalan Civil War 10143:Cuban Missile Crisis 10057:Bay of Pigs Invasion 9929:1956 Poznań protests 9907:Geneva Summit (1955) 9509:Hukbalahap Rebellion 9488:Non-Aligned Movement 9060:United Nations Radio 9055:United Nations Medal 9007:University for Peace 8738:Bretton Woods system 8473:governed territories 8218:Developing Countries 8129:Secretariat Building 7998:Specialized agencies 6967:on 15 September 2014 6782:16 July 2011 at the 6763:16 July 2011 at the 6562:on 22 September 2011 6250:on 18 December 2008. 6218:on 11 September 2010 6186:on 11 September 2010 5033:on 20 December 2015. 4807:on 15 September 2022 4381:. BBC. 26 June 2022. 3439:27 July 2014 at the 3390:Benjamin K. Sovacool 3076:Multi-country zones 3045:New Agenda Coalition 2846:U.S. nuclear arsenal 2415:disarmament of Libya 2109:Ali Khamenei's fatwa 1705:death of Kim Jong-il 1682:uranium hexafluoride 1678:Libya's WMD programs 1616:light water reactors 1541:light-water reactors 1432:Aizaz Ahmad Chaudhry 1378:On 5 September 2014 1159:Non-Aligned Movement 1121:had in place secret 1008:Treaty of Tlatelolco 977:Dwight D. Eisenhower 834:improve this article 641:Non-Aligned Movement 239:Ratification by the 98:International treaty 13209:Treaties of Vietnam 13199:Treaties of Vanuatu 13189:Treaties of Uruguay 13174:Treaties of Ukraine 13149:Treaties of Tunisia 13019:Treaties of Senegal 12909:Treaties of Nigeria 12874:Treaties of Namibia 12869:Treaties of Myanmar 12859:Treaties of Morocco 12839:Treaties of Moldova 12754:Treaties of Liberia 12749:Treaties of Lesotho 12744:Treaties of Lebanon 12694:Treaties of Jamaica 12684:Treaties of Ireland 12664:Treaties of Iceland 12619:Treaties of Grenada 12574:Treaties of Finland 12559:Treaties of Estonia 12554:Treaties of Eritrea 12534:Treaties of Ecuador 12514:Treaties of Denmark 12489:Treaties of Croatia 12414:Treaties of Burundi 12379:Treaties of Bolivia 12359:Treaties of Belgium 12354:Treaties of Belarus 12339:Treaties of Bahrain 12324:Treaties of Austria 12314:Treaties of Armenia 12294:Treaties of Andorra 12289:Treaties of Algeria 12036:Alex von Tunzelmann 12026:Vladimir Tismăneanu 11951:Thomas J. McCormick 11946:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 11846:Robert Hugh Ferrell 11709:Crusade for Freedom 11506:Illiberal democracy 11390:Ho Chi Minh Thought 11193:Eisenhower Doctrine 11046:Peaceful Revolution 11041:Romanian Revolution 11021:Revolutions of 1989 11006:1988 Polish strikes 10916:Operation INFEKTION 10911:1987 Lieyu massacre 10816:Eritrean Civil Wars 10799:Peruvian Revolution 10749:1979 Herat uprising 10739:Sino-Vietnamese War 10704:Uganda–Tanzania War 10684:Egyptian–Libyan War 10651:Third Indochina War 10646:Sino-Albanian split 10636:Ethiopian Civil War 10536:Eritrean Civil Wars 10476:Ping-pong diplomacy 10449:Cambodian Civil War 10275:Korean DMZ Conflict 10260:Cultural Revolution 10230:Dominican Civil War 10208:Tlatelolco massacre 9994:1959 Mosul uprising 9984:1958 Lebanon crisis 9711:Al-Wathbah uprising 9634:First Indochina War 9604:Iran crisis of 1946 9336:Nuclear disarmament 8832:International Years 8797:Genocide Convention 8233:Outer Space Affairs 8228:Disarmament Affairs 8193:Safety and Security 8134:Conference Building 8114:Secretariat offices 7759:Trusteeship Council 7235:on 18 December 2008 7091:on 24 November 2010 6649:The treaty wreckers 6319:on 12 November 2008 6155:(6 February 2008). 6120:on 22 November 2010 5854:The Washington Post 5829:The Washington Post 5754:www.armscontrol.org 5642:31 May 2009 at the 5073:The Washington Post 4833:. 12 September 2008 4831:The Washington Post 4827:"Yes for an Answer" 4781:on 8 September 2008 4071:on 27 November 2007 3868:on 29 October 2004. 3795:on 22 February 2007 3713:15 May 2008 at the 3689:6 July 2017 at the 3460:, furnished by the 3100:(Treaty of Bangkok) 2923:in the draft text. 2754:nuclear disarmament 2725:China-Pakistan deal 2599:states of the world 2470:Budapest Memorandum 2463:Budapest Memorandum 2323:During the days of 2211:UN Security Council 2117:Manufactured Crisis 1945:Additional Protocol 1489:Gerald M. Steinberg 732:UN Security Council 689:light water reactor 492:Additional Protocol 398:The treaty defines 353:nuclear disarmament 105: 21:Page version status 13224:Treaties of Zambia 13169:Treaties of Uganda 13164:Treaties of Tuvalu 13154:Treaties of Turkey 13099:Treaties of Sweden 13024:Treaties of Serbia 12979:Treaties of Rwanda 12929:Treaties of Panama 12914:Treaties of Norway 12844:Treaties of Monaco 12829:Treaties of Mexico 12789:Treaties of Malawi 12739:Treaties of Latvia 12724:Treaties of Kuwait 12704:Treaties of Jordan 12639:Treaties of Guyana 12629:Treaties of Guinea 12579:Treaties of France 12499:Treaties of Cyprus 12429:Treaties of Canada 12399:Treaties of Brunei 12394:Treaties of Brazil 12374:Treaties of Bhutan 12364:Treaties of Belize 12299:Treaties of Angola 12190:Russian Revolution 11986:Mary Elise Sarotte 11971:William B. Pickett 11896:Patrick J. Hearden 11876:Gabriel Gorodetsky 11871:Timothy Garton Ash 11856:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 11451:Ethnic nationalism 11203:Hallstein Doctrine 11087:Yemeni unification 10876:1985 Geneva Summit 10841:Casamance conflict 10744:New Jewel Movement 10729:Iranian Revolution 10714:Chadian–Libyan War 10661:Cambodian conflict 10641:Lebanese Civil War 10631:Western Sahara War 10606:June 1976 protests 10601:Cambodian genocide 10366:17 July Revolution 10320:Nigerian Civil War 10235:Rhodesian Bush War 10220:Colombian conflict 10163:Ramadan Revolution 9902:Bandung Conference 9778:Operation Valuable 9659:Partition of India 9326:Nuclear deterrence 8852:Official languages 8399:London Declaration 8208:Internal Oversight 8198:Palestinian Rights 7770:Funds, programmes, 7200:6 May 2010 at the 7118:on 24 October 2014 6812:on 23 August 2011. 6744:8 May 2005 at the 6674:. 18 November 2009 6672:The world reporter 6388:(23 October 2017). 6268:on 19 October 2012 6160:The New York Times 6023:on 2 December 2010 5991:on 2 December 2010 5959:. 13 February 2006 5803:The New York Times 5661:The New York Times 5246:The Times of India 5228:The Indian Express 4974:. 15 November 2011 4948:. 15 November 2011 4613:on 12 January 2012 4587:on 5 December 2009 4557:on 27 January 2013 4521:Tellis, Ashley J. 4453:The New York Times 4208:Hans M. Kristensen 4103:on 2 December 2010 4038:on 25 October 2007 4003:on 25 October 2007 3120:Outer Space Treaty 3023:Nuclear deterrence 2834: 2831: Did not vote 2715: 2490:Leaving the treaty 2395:Muammar al-Gaddafi 2015:US Congress review 1333:In December 2006, 1115: 946: 617:nuclear deterrence 516: 290:Russian Federation 103: 27: 13139:Treaties of Tonga 13109:Treaties of Syria 13074:Treaties of Spain 12999:Treaties of Samoa 12964:Treaties of Qatar 12924:Treaties of Palau 12904:Treaties of Niger 12884:Treaties of Nepal 12879:Treaties of Nauru 12809:Treaties of Malta 12714:Treaties of Kenya 12699:Treaties of Japan 12689:Treaties of Italy 12644:Treaties of Haiti 12609:Treaties of Ghana 12584:Treaties of Gabon 12539:Treaties of Egypt 12449:Treaties of Chile 12264:Cold War treaties 12221: 12220: 12208:List of conflicts 12056:Rudolph Winnacker 12001:Giles Scott-Smith 11976:Ronald E. Powaski 11931:Melvyn P. Leffler 11861:John Lewis Gaddis 11836:Robert D. English 11801:Warren H. Carroll 11791:Michael Beschloss 11760:Nuclear arms race 11741: 11740: 11647:Neues Deutschland 11549: 11548: 11531:White nationalism 11501:Liberal democracy 11238:Ulbricht Doctrine 11228:Brezhnev Doctrine 11036:Velvet Revolution 10780:Soviet–Afghan War 10596:Angolan Civil War 10393:Goulash Communism 10250:ASEAN Declaration 10203:Mexican Dirty War 10101:Annexation of Goa 10052:1960 U-2 incident 10026:Sino-Soviet split 10004:Laotian Civil War 9844:Bricker Amendment 9824:Mau Mau rebellion 9768:Malayan Emergency 9756:Chinese Civil War 9716:Tito–Stalin split 9570:Division of Korea 9394: 9393: 9331:Nuclear arms race 9132: 9131: 8963:UN Art Collection 8939:Millennium Summit 8894:UN Block By Block 8874:Ralph Bunche Park 8842:UN laissez-passer 8802:UN Global Compact 8759:Delivering as One 8658:Secretary-General 8549: 8548: 8529:Indigenous Caucus 8423:Tehran Conference 8417:Moscow Conference 8392:Preparatory years 8361:League of Nations 8261: 8260: 8161:Palace of Nations 7863:UNEP/GRID-Arendal 7679:Secretary-General 7622:Amina J. Mohammed 7609:Secretary-General 7494:978-3-031-32220-4 7413:. 24 October 2020 7323:. Armscontrol.org 7278:(8 February 2008) 7110:Fidler, David P. 6937:National Archives 6905:National Archives 6891:. 13 April 2010. 6869:National Archives 6855:. 13 April 2010. 6095:, 30 August 2005 5509:. 11 October 2018 5459:978-0-06-199850-8 5003:. 4 December 2011 4922:. 20 January 2011 4871:National Archives 4643:978-0-333-73980-8 4222:NATO (nato.int), 4172:on 5 January 2009 3610:on 7 August 2007. 3462:Permanent Mission 3174:Zangger Committee 3134:Nuclear Terrorism 3088:(Treaty of Semei) 3062:Nuclear blackmail 2913:COVID-19 pandemic 2769:Libran Capactulan 2745:nuclear materials 2570: 2569: 2450:Israeli Air Force 2446:Operation Orchard 2280:sanctions on Iran 2192:Mohamed ElBaradei 2190:Director General 2184: 2183: 2008:Majlis commission 1816: 1815: 1744:and US President 1429:Foreign Secretary 1328:Mohamed ElBaradei 1299:Shivshankar Menon 1214: 1213: 1135:B61 nuclear bombs 910: 909: 902: 884: 743:Mohamed ElBaradei 711:research reactors 696:Mohamed ElBaradei 665:post–Cold War era 586:nuclear explosive 581:nuclear explosive 528:non-proliferation 477:Thomas Graham Jr. 325: 324: 201: 200: 166: Non-parties 96: 95: 75:length guidelines 39:13 September 2024 18: 13326: 13134:Treaties of Togo 12944:Treaties of Peru 12919:Treaties of Oman 12804:Treaties of Mali 12569:Treaties of Fiji 12494:Treaties of Cuba 12444:Treaties of Chad 11966:David S. Painter 11891:John Earl Haynes 11821:Nicholas J. Cull 11806:Adrian Cioroianu 11786:Thomas A. Bailey 11733:Voice of America 11624: 11623: 11536:White separatism 11516:Social democracy 11511:Guided democracy 11491:Authoritarianism 11441:Ultranationalism 11431:Anti-imperialism 11358:Marxism–Leninism 11271: 11270: 11258:Kinmen Agreement 11223:Johnson Doctrine 11208:Kennedy Doctrine 11124:Frozen conflicts 11107:1991 August Coup 10996:Afghan Civil War 10891:Reykjavík Summit 10886:Somali Rebellion 10826:Ugandan Bush War 10804:Gdańsk Agreement 10325:Protests of 1968 10305:War of Attrition 10014:Cuban Revolution 9950:We will bury you 9917:Cyprus Emergency 9897:Kashmir Princess 9887:Jebel Akhdar War 9736:Western betrayal 9421: 9414: 9407: 9398: 9397: 9383: 9382: 9159: 9152: 9145: 9136: 9135: 9125:World portal 9123: 9122: 9029:Biopiracy treaty 8615:Nagorno-Karabakh 8585:Security Council 8568:General Assembly 8495:Human Rights Day 8435:Yalta Conference 8405:Atlantic Charter 8326: 8325: 8282:Founding members 8203:Peace Operations 8087:World Bank Group 7781:Culture of Peace 7772:and other bodies 7725:Security Council 7701:General Assembly 7667:Principal organs 7646: 7645: 7613:António Guterres 7591: 7584: 7577: 7568: 7567: 7499: 7498: 7468: 7462: 7461: 7429: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7418: 7411:Associated Press 7403: 7397: 7396: 7394: 7392: 7386: 7380:. Archived from 7379: 7371: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7360: 7355:on 26 March 2009 7354: 7348:. Archived from 7347: 7339: 7333: 7332: 7330: 7328: 7317: 7311: 7310: 7309:on 12 June 2009. 7305:. Archived from 7299: 7293: 7292: 7291:. 17 March 2007. 7285: 7279: 7266: 7260: 7258: 7252: 7244: 7242: 7240: 7234: 7228:. Archived from 7227: 7210: 7204: 7191: 7185: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7160: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7149: 7134: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7123: 7107: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7096: 7083:Rendall, Steve. 7080: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7058: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7032: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7021: 7016:. 27 August 2022 7006: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6995: 6983: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6963:. Archived from 6952: 6941: 6940: 6934: 6932: 6915: 6909: 6908: 6902: 6900: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6866: 6864: 6843: 6837: 6820: 6814: 6813: 6811: 6805:. Archived from 6800: 6792: 6786: 6773: 6767: 6754: 6748: 6735: 6729: 6720: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6704:on 12 March 2012 6690: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6664: 6658: 6645: 6639: 6625: 6619: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6600: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6589: 6578: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6509: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6483: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6451: 6442: 6436: 6435: 6416:10.2307/20045622 6395: 6389: 6378: 6372: 6369:The Conversation 6361: 6355: 6344: 6338: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6315:. Archived from 6308: 6302: 6296: 6290: 6284: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6258: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6243:. Archived from 6242: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6217: 6211:. Archived from 6210: 6202: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6185: 6179:. Archived from 6178: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6149: 6143: 6136: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6119: 6113:. Archived from 6112: 6104: 6098: 6082: 6076: 6075: 6069: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6051: 6039: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6022: 6016:. Archived from 6015: 6007: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5990: 5984:. Archived from 5983: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5945: 5939: 5938: 5927: 5921: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5886: 5880: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5846: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5820: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5771: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5746: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5723:on 27 April 2014 5710: 5706: 5700: 5691: 5685: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5652: 5646: 5633: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5607: 5601: 5588: 5582: 5569: 5563: 5557: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5540: 5534:. Archived from 5533: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5499: 5480: 5479: 5443: 5422: 5409: 5403: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5309:. 23 August 2016 5303: 5297: 5296: 5290: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5207: 5199: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5167: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5138: 5129: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5105: 5099: 5098: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5052:. Archived from 5041: 5035: 5034: 5019: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5008: 4993: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4886: 4875: 4874: 4868: 4866: 4861:. 8 October 2008 4849: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4803:. Archived from 4797: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4714: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4693:. Archived from 4686: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4670:on 26 March 2009 4669: 4663:. Archived from 4662: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4583:. Archived from 4573: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4527: 4523:"Atoms for War?" 4518: 4509: 4508: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4392: 4383: 4382: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4259: 4253: 4249: 4243: 4239: 4233: 4220: 4214: 4205: 4199: 4193:Otfried Nassauer 4190: 4181: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4158:Brian Donnelly, 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4102: 4096:. Archived from 4095: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4070: 4063: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4037: 4030: 4022: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4002: 3995: 3987: 3978: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3963: 3957:. Archived from 3956: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3926: 3920: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3841: 3832: 3823: 3822: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3791:. Archived from 3778: 3772: 3771: 3751: 3745: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3700: 3694: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3658:. Archived from 3647: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3603:. Archived from 3598: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3493: 3485: 3472: 3450: 3444: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3415: 3404: 3401:World Scientific 3387: 3374: 3373: 3365: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3344:on 11 March 2013 3343: 3337:. Archived from 3322: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3263: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3215: 3207: 3057:Nuclear armament 2965:nuclear reactors 2901:Marshall Islands 2890:fissile material 2838:Brandenburg Gate 2830: 2824: 2818: 2713: 2695: 2690: 2660: 2655: 2649: 2645: 2631: 2626: 2604: 2565: 2562: 2556: 2544: 2543: 2536: 2517:Agreed Framework 2477:John Mearsheimer 2437:Syrian Civil War 2399:Libyan Civil War 2176: 2169: 2162: 1841: 1818: 1817: 1811: 1808: 1802: 1790: 1789: 1782: 1628:Banco Delta Asia 1553:Agreed Framework 1496:Mordechai Vanunu 1315:Pranab Mukherjee 1209: 1206: 1200: 1188: 1187: 1180: 1113: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 944: 942: 937: 935: 930: 928: 923: 921: 905: 898: 894: 891: 885: 883: 842: 818: 810: 673:marginal utility 506:Treaty structure 500:nuclear reactors 377:UN member states 314: 313: 219:Moscow, Russia; 188: 165: 155: 147: 141: 135: 129: 123: 118: 106: 102: 91: 88: 82: 73:Please read the 59: 58: 51: 13334: 13333: 13329: 13328: 13327: 13325: 13324: 13323: 12224: 12223: 12222: 12217: 12194: 12185:Second Cold War 12143: 12071: 12065: 12041:Odd Arne Westad 12031:Patrick Vaughan 12016:Athan Theoharis 11996:Ellen Schrecker 11981:Yakov M. Rabkin 11956:Timothy Naftali 11901:Tvrtko Jakovina 11886:Jussi Hanhimäki 11769: 11747: 11737: 11715:Paix et Liberté 11690: 11634:Active measures 11615: 11545: 11526:White supremacy 11486:Totalitarianism 11414: 11339: 11262: 11248:Reagan Doctrine 11243:Carter Doctrine 11183:Truman Doctrine 11171: 11118: 11050: 10945:Soviet reaction 10856:Ndogboyosoi War 10763: 10734:Saur Revolution 10561:1973 oil crisis 10526:Munich massacre 10434:Alcora Exercise 10429:Black September 10407: 10153:Sino-Indian War 10047:Simba rebellion 10030: 9874:Capture of the 9782: 9721:Berlin Blockade 9654:May 1947 crises 9644:Truman Doctrine 9609:Greek Civil War 9598:Blacklist Forty 9565:Gouzenko Affair 9552:Cursed soldiers 9504:Morgenthau Plan 9492: 9430: 9425: 9395: 9390: 9370: 9366:Nuclear warfare 9304: 9166: 9163: 9133: 9128: 9117: 9110: 9033: 8724: 8646: 8545: 8446: 8387: 8329:Preceding years 8315: 8268: 8257: 8116:and departments 8115: 8108: 8000: 7991: 7774: 7771: 7763: 7662: 7635: 7600: 7595: 7508: 7503: 7502: 7495: 7469: 7465: 7430: 7426: 7416: 7414: 7405: 7404: 7400: 7390: 7388: 7384: 7377: 7373: 7372: 7368: 7358: 7356: 7352: 7345: 7341: 7340: 7336: 7326: 7324: 7319: 7318: 7314: 7301: 7300: 7296: 7287: 7286: 7282: 7276:Wayback Machine 7267: 7263: 7246: 7245: 7238: 7236: 7232: 7225: 7223:"Archived copy" 7221: 7211: 7207: 7202:Wayback Machine 7192: 7188: 7182: 7172: 7170: 7162: 7161: 7157: 7147: 7145: 7136: 7135: 7131: 7121: 7119: 7108: 7104: 7094: 7092: 7081: 7077: 7067: 7065: 7060: 7059: 7055: 7045: 7043: 7034: 7033: 7029: 7019: 7017: 7008: 7007: 7003: 6993: 6991: 6984: 6980: 6970: 6968: 6953: 6944: 6930: 6928: 6927:. 13 April 2012 6917: 6916: 6912: 6898: 6896: 6881: 6880: 6876: 6862: 6860: 6845: 6844: 6840: 6830:Wayback Machine 6821: 6817: 6809: 6798: 6794: 6793: 6789: 6784:Wayback Machine 6774: 6770: 6765:Wayback Machine 6755: 6751: 6746:Wayback Machine 6736: 6732: 6721: 6717: 6707: 6705: 6692: 6691: 6687: 6677: 6675: 6666: 6665: 6661: 6656:Wayback Machine 6646: 6642: 6637:Wayback Machine 6626: 6622: 6612: 6610: 6602: 6601: 6597: 6587: 6585: 6580: 6579: 6575: 6565: 6563: 6554: 6553: 6549: 6510: 6506: 6496: 6494: 6484: 6480: 6470: 6468: 6449: 6443: 6439: 6404:Foreign Affairs 6396: 6392: 6379: 6375: 6362: 6358: 6345: 6341: 6322: 6320: 6311: 6309: 6305: 6297: 6293: 6285: 6281: 6271: 6269: 6260: 6259: 6255: 6247: 6240: 6236: 6235: 6231: 6221: 6219: 6215: 6208: 6204: 6203: 6199: 6189: 6187: 6183: 6176: 6172: 6171: 6167: 6150: 6146: 6137: 6133: 6123: 6121: 6117: 6110: 6106: 6105: 6101: 6083: 6079: 6063: 6062: 6055: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6040: 6036: 6026: 6024: 6020: 6013: 6009: 6008: 6004: 5994: 5992: 5988: 5981: 5977: 5976: 5972: 5962: 5960: 5947: 5946: 5942: 5929: 5928: 5924: 5919:Wayback Machine 5909: 5905: 5895: 5893: 5888: 5887: 5883: 5873: 5869: 5859: 5857: 5848: 5847: 5843: 5833: 5831: 5821: 5817: 5807: 5805: 5795: 5791: 5781: 5779: 5772: 5768: 5758: 5756: 5748: 5747: 5736: 5726: 5724: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5703: 5692: 5688: 5682:Wayback Machine 5672: 5668: 5653: 5649: 5644:Wayback Machine 5634: 5630: 5620: 5618: 5608: 5604: 5599:Wayback Machine 5589: 5585: 5580:Wayback Machine 5570: 5566: 5558: 5554: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5531: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5512: 5510: 5501: 5500: 5483: 5460: 5444: 5425: 5419:Wayback Machine 5410: 5406: 5398: 5394: 5384: 5382: 5377: 5376: 5372: 5361: 5357: 5326: 5322: 5312: 5310: 5305: 5304: 5300: 5283: 5279: 5274:. 12 June 2016. 5266: 5265: 5261: 5251: 5249: 5240: 5239: 5235: 5222: 5221: 5217: 5201: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5189: 5179: 5177: 5169: 5168: 5161: 5151: 5149: 5140: 5139: 5132: 5124: 5120: 5107: 5106: 5102: 5091: 5087: 5077: 5075: 5065: 5061: 5042: 5038: 5021: 5020: 5016: 5006: 5004: 4995: 4994: 4987: 4977: 4975: 4966: 4965: 4961: 4951: 4949: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4925: 4923: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4899: 4897: 4888: 4887: 4878: 4864: 4862: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4836: 4834: 4825: 4824: 4820: 4810: 4808: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4784: 4782: 4773: 4772: 4768: 4758: 4756: 4751: 4750: 4746: 4736: 4734: 4729: 4728: 4724: 4708: 4707: 4700: 4698: 4687: 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3725: 3723: 3722:. 17 March 2007 3718: 3715:Wayback Machine 3701: 3697: 3691:Wayback Machine 3679: 3675: 3665: 3663: 3654:(8 July 1996). 3648: 3641: 3631: 3629: 3628:on 15 June 2011 3620: 3619: 3615: 3607: 3596: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3556: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3520: 3516: 3507: 3503: 3491: 3487: 3486: 3475: 3470:Wayback Machine 3451: 3447: 3441:Wayback Machine 3431: 3427: 3416: 3407: 3388: 3377: 3366: 3357: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3320: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3301: 3299: 3290: 3289: 3285: 3275: 3273: 3265: 3264: 3257: 3247: 3245: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3222: 3220: 3213: 3209: 3208: 3197: 3192: 3067:Nuclear warfare 3002: 2977:United States. 2933: 2894:nuclear weapons 2848:. According to 2832: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2814: 2729:U.S.-India deal 2693: 2692: 2691: 2683:the Netherlands 2658: 2657: 2656: 2647: 2646: 2629: 2628: 2627: 2602: 2601: 2600: 2566: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2545: 2541: 2534: 2526:Six-Party Talks 2492: 2465: 2459: 2433: 2427: 2366: 2360: 2298: 2288: 2180: 2110: 1812: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1791: 1787: 1780: 1766: 1687: 1592:six-party talks 1537: 1535:Six-party talks 1523: 1518: 1468: 1458: 1402: 1392: 1280: 1270: 1254: 1210: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1189: 1185: 1178: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1104:Nuclear sharing 1099: 1098: 1097: 1089: 1088: 1087: 1079: 1078: 1072: 1070:Nuclear sharing 1066: 981:Atoms for Peace 952: 940: 939: 938: 933: 932: 931: 926: 925: 924: 919: 918: 917: 906: 895: 889: 886: 843: 841: 831: 819: 808: 802: 751: 719:Atoms for Peace 681: 625: 558: 508: 391:. In addition, 367:, Switzerland. 345:nuclear weapons 311: 260: 222: 220: 203: 202: 194: 186: 167: 163: 161: 153: 149: 145: 143: 139: 137: 133: 131: 127: 99: 92: 86: 83: 72: 69:may be too long 64:This article's 60: 56: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 12: 11: 5: 13332: 13322: 13321: 13316: 13311: 13306: 13301: 13296: 13291: 13286: 13281: 13276: 13271: 13266: 13261: 13256: 13251: 13246: 13241: 13236: 13231: 13226: 13221: 13216: 13211: 13206: 13201: 13196: 13191: 13186: 13181: 13176: 13171: 13166: 13161: 13156: 13151: 13146: 13141: 13136: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13101: 13096: 13091: 13086: 13081: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13021: 13016: 13011: 13006: 13001: 12996: 12991: 12986: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12961: 12956: 12951: 12946: 12941: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 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12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12075: 12073: 12067: 12066: 12064: 12063: 12058: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12028: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12011:Timothy Snyder 12008: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11941:Vojtech Mastny 11938: 11936:Geir Lundestad 11933: 11928: 11926:Walter Laqueur 11923: 11921:Walter LaFeber 11918: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11851:André Fontaine 11848: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11783: 11781:Gar Alperovitz 11777: 11775: 11771: 11770: 11768: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11751: 11749: 11743: 11742: 11739: 11738: 11736: 11735: 11730: 11724: 11723: 11718: 11711: 11706: 11698: 11696: 11692: 11691: 11689: 11688: 11681: 11676: 11669: 11662: 11657: 11650: 11643: 11636: 11630: 11628: 11621: 11617: 11616: 11614: 11613: 11608: 11603: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11557: 11555: 11551: 11550: 11547: 11546: 11544: 11543: 11538: 11533: 11528: 11523: 11521:Third-Worldism 11518: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11498: 11493: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11422: 11420: 11416: 11415: 11413: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11349: 11347: 11341: 11340: 11338: 11337: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11310:Libertarianism 11307: 11302: 11301: 11300: 11290: 11288:Chicago school 11285: 11279: 11277: 11268: 11264: 11263: 11261: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11233:Nixon Doctrine 11230: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11179: 11177: 11176:Foreign policy 11173: 11172: 11170: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11128: 11126: 11120: 11119: 11117: 11116: 11111: 11110: 11109: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11058: 11056: 11052: 11051: 11049: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10961:Operation RYAN 10958: 10953: 10948: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10866:Able Archer 83 10863: 10858: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10812: 10811: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10782: 10777: 10771: 10769: 10765: 10764: 10762: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10741: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10616:Oromo conflict 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10556:Yom Kippur War 10553: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10415: 10413: 10409: 10408: 10406: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10379: 10378: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10339: 10334: 10333: 10332: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10211: 10210: 10200: 10195: 10190: 10188:Aden Emergency 10185: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10139: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10106:Papua conflict 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10087: 10086: 10076: 10075: 10074: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10038: 10036: 10032: 10031: 10029: 10028: 10023: 10022: 10021: 10011: 10009:Kitchen Debate 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9969:Sputnik crisis 9966: 9961: 9953: 9946: 9941: 9939:Polish October 9936: 9931: 9926: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9839:Pact of Madrid 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9794:Bamboo Curtain 9790: 9788: 9784: 9783: 9781: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9764: 9763: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9687: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9593: 9585: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9554: 9549: 9548: 9547: 9542: 9534: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9500: 9498: 9494: 9493: 9491: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9443: 9435: 9432: 9431: 9424: 9423: 9416: 9409: 9401: 9392: 9391: 9389: 9388: 9375: 9372: 9371: 9369: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9351:Nuclear ethics 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9312: 9310: 9306: 9305: 9303: 9302: 9296: 9290: 9284: 9278: 9272: 9266: 9265:(not in force) 9259: 9253: 9247: 9241: 9235: 9229: 9223: 9217: 9211: 9205: 9199: 9193: 9187: 9181: 9174: 9172: 9168: 9167: 9162: 9161: 9154: 9147: 9139: 9130: 9129: 9115: 9112: 9111: 9109: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9075: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9041: 9039: 9035: 9034: 9032: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8988: 8987: 8977: 8972: 8971: 8970: 8960: 8959: 8958: 8948: 8943: 8942: 8941: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8870: 8869: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8788: 8787: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8734: 8732: 8726: 8725: 8723: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8711: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8672: 8671: 8670: 8665: 8654: 8652: 8648: 8647: 8645: 8644: 8643: 8642: 8637: 8635:Western Sahara 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8582: 8581: 8580: 8575: 8565: 8559: 8557: 8551: 8550: 8547: 8546: 8544: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8532: 8531: 8526: 8516: 8515: 8514: 8504: 8499: 8498: 8497: 8492: 8482: 8481: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8454: 8452: 8448: 8447: 8445: 8444: 8438: 8432: 8426: 8420: 8414: 8408: 8402: 8395: 8393: 8389: 8388: 8386: 8385: 8384: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8332: 8330: 8323: 8317: 8316: 8314: 8313: 8312: 8311: 8309:European Union 8301: 8300: 8299: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8273: 8271: 8263: 8262: 8259: 8258: 8256: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8189: 8188: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8146:Envoy on Youth 8143: 8142: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8120: 8118: 8110: 8109: 8107: 8106: 8105: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8003: 8001: 7996: 7993: 7992: 7990: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7973: 7972: 7967: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7871: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7850: 7849: 7848: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7777: 7775: 7768: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7761: 7756: 7755: 7754: 7744: 7743: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7722: 7721: 7720: 7710: 7709: 7708: 7698: 7697: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7670: 7668: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7660: 7654: 7652: 7643: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7633: 7631:Dennis Francis 7624: 7615: 7605: 7602: 7601: 7598:United Nations 7594: 7593: 7586: 7579: 7571: 7565: 7564: 7558: 7549: 7540: 7535: 7523: 7518: 7507: 7506:External links 7504: 7501: 7500: 7493: 7463: 7424: 7398: 7387:on 4 June 2011 7366: 7334: 7312: 7294: 7280: 7261: 7205: 7196:, 3 May 2010. 7186: 7180: 7155: 7129: 7102: 7075: 7053: 7042:. 24 June 2023 7027: 7001: 6978: 6961:Foreign Policy 6942: 6924:whitehouse.gov 6910: 6888:whitehouse.gov 6874: 6852:whitehouse.gov 6838: 6815: 6787: 6776:Final Document 6768: 6749: 6730: 6715: 6685: 6659: 6640: 6620: 6595: 6573: 6547: 6504: 6492:Foreign Policy 6478: 6437: 6390: 6373: 6371:(11 May 2018). 6356: 6354:(16 May 2018). 6352:New York Times 6339: 6303: 6291: 6279: 6253: 6229: 6197: 6165: 6144: 6131: 6099: 6077: 6034: 6002: 5970: 5940: 5922: 5903: 5881: 5867: 5856:. 2 March 2007 5841: 5815: 5789: 5766: 5734: 5701: 5686: 5666: 5647: 5628: 5602: 5583: 5564: 5552: 5541:on 4 June 2011 5520: 5481: 5458: 5423: 5404: 5392: 5370: 5355: 5336:(1): 117–141. 5320: 5298: 5277: 5259: 5248:. 16 June 2016 5233: 5230:, 24 June 2016 5215: 5187: 5159: 5148:. 17 June 2010 5130: 5118: 5100: 5085: 5059: 5036: 5014: 4985: 4959: 4933: 4907: 4896:. 30 June 2010 4876: 4858:whitehouse.gov 4844: 4818: 4792: 4766: 4744: 4722: 4697:on 20 May 2011 4681: 4649: 4642: 4624: 4598: 4568: 4542: 4510: 4492: 4480:Ukrainian News 4466: 4438: 4413: 4384: 4370: 4356: 4342: 4328: 4302: 4280: 4254: 4244: 4234: 4215: 4200: 4182: 4150: 4138: 4126: 4114: 4082: 4049: 4014: 3979: 3964:on 7 June 2007 3943: 3921: 3908: 3871: 3853: 3824: 3806: 3773: 3766: 3746: 3733: 3695: 3673: 3662:on 9 July 2011 3639: 3613: 3585: 3566:(4): 484–501. 3550: 3538: 3526: 3514: 3501: 3473: 3445: 3425: 3405: 3403:, pp. 187–190. 3375: 3355: 3309: 3283: 3255: 3230: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3131: 3130: 3129: 3128: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3109: 3108: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3014: 3009: 3001: 2998: 2932: 2929: 2884:to ratify the 2869:Foreign Policy 2851:Foreign Policy 2827: 2821: 2815: 2813:on 7 July 2017 2774:U.S. President 2619:United Kingdom 2586:George Monbiot 2582:Manmohan Singh 2575:Thirteen Steps 2568: 2567: 2548: 2546: 2539: 2533: 2530: 2491: 2488: 2484:Andreas Umland 2458: 2455: 2426: 2423: 2359: 2356: 2287: 2284: 2278:and reimposed 2231:Mike McConnell 2206: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2178: 2171: 2164: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2151: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2133:UN resolutions 2130: 2125: 2120: 2113: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2054: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2025: 2024: 2020: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2012: 2011: 2010: 2000: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1984: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1903: 1902: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1857: 1856: 1850: 1849: 1843: 1842: 1834: 1833: 1827: 1826: 1814: 1813: 1794: 1792: 1785: 1765: 1762: 1722:September 2016 1685: 1576:James A. Kelly 1572:George W. Bush 1561:heavy fuel oil 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1457: 1454: 1422:Stimson Center 1391: 1388: 1343:Manmohan Singh 1269: 1266: 1253: 1250: 1212: 1211: 1192: 1190: 1183: 1177: 1174: 1068:Main article: 1065: 1062: 908: 907: 822: 820: 813: 801: 798: 750: 747: 704:Achilles' heel 680: 677: 647:(ICJ), in its 624: 621: 606:Jacques Chirac 557: 554: 549: 548: 540: 532: 507: 504: 416:United Kingdom 361:United Nations 349:nuclear energy 323: 322: 307: 306: 302: 301: 298: 294: 293: 286: 282: 281: 253: 249: 248: 245:United Kingdom 237: 233: 232: 229: 225: 224: 217: 213: 212: 209: 205: 204: 199: 198: 185: 162: 152: 150: 144: 138: 132: 126: 121: 119: 111: 110: 97: 94: 93: 63: 61: 54: 28: 22: 19: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13331: 13320: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13302: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13257: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13247: 13245: 13242: 13240: 13237: 13235: 13232: 13230: 13227: 13225: 13222: 13220: 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12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12231: 12229: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12200: 12197: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12175:War on terror 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12152: 12150: 12146: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12076: 12074: 12070:Espionage and 12068: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12021:Andrew Thorpe 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11916:Gabriel Kolko 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11881:Fred Halliday 11879: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11866:Lloyd Gardner 11864: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11826:Norman Davies 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11811:John Costello 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11778: 11776: 11772: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11752: 11750: 11746:Technological 11744: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11725: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11716: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11704: 11700: 11699: 11697: 11693: 11687: 11686: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11674: 11670: 11668: 11667: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11655: 11651: 11649: 11648: 11644: 11642: 11641: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11631: 11629: 11627:Pro-communist 11625: 11622: 11618: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11558: 11556: 11554:Organizations 11552: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11423: 11421: 11417: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11385: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11368:Eurocommunism 11366: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11350: 11348: 11346: 11342: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11299: 11296: 11295: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11280: 11278: 11276: 11272: 11269: 11265: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11198:Domino theory 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11180: 11178: 11174: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11152:South Ossetia 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11129: 11127: 11125: 11121: 11115: 11112: 11108: 11105: 11104: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11059: 11057: 11053: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10946: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10936:8888 Uprising 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10881:Iran–Iraq War 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10846:Falklands War 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10810: 10807: 10806: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10772: 10770: 10766: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10709:NDF Rebellion 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10689:German Autumn 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10669: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10576:Metapolitefsi 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10471: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10416: 10414: 10410: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10377: 10374: 10373: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10345: 10340: 10338: 10337:Prague Spring 10335: 10331: 10328: 10327: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10315:Al-Wadiah War 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10280:12-3 incident 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10209: 10206: 10205: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10123: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10085: 10082: 10081: 10080: 10077: 10073: 10070: 10069: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10039: 10037: 10033: 10027: 10024: 10020: 10017: 10016: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9959: 9954: 9951: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9924: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9877: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9859:Domino theory 9857: 9855: 9854:Petrov Affair 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9791: 9789: 9785: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9762: 9759: 9758: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9731:Madiun Affair 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9691:Marshall Plan 9689: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9671: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9599: 9594: 9592: 9591: 9586: 9584: 9583: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9560: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9540: 9535: 9533: 9532: 9527: 9526: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9501: 9499: 9495: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9448: 9444: 9442: 9441: 9440:United States 9437: 9436: 9433: 9429: 9422: 9417: 9415: 9410: 9408: 9403: 9402: 9399: 9387: 9386: 9377: 9376: 9373: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9313: 9311: 9307: 9301: 9297: 9295: 9291: 9289: 9285: 9283: 9279: 9277: 9273: 9271: 9267: 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8369: 8367: 8364: 8363: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8318: 8310: 8307: 8306: 8305: 8302: 8298: 8295: 8294: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8274: 8272: 8270: 8269:and observers 8264: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8213:Legal Affairs 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8187: 8184: 8183: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8126: 8125: 8122: 8121: 8119: 8117: 8111: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8089: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7994: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7962: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 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7478: 7474: 7467: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7428: 7412: 7408: 7402: 7383: 7376: 7370: 7351: 7344: 7338: 7322: 7316: 7308: 7304: 7298: 7290: 7284: 7277: 7273: 7270: 7265: 7256: 7250: 7231: 7224: 7219: 7215: 7209: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7190: 7184: 7169: 7165: 7159: 7143: 7139: 7133: 7117: 7113: 7106: 7090: 7086: 7079: 7063: 7057: 7041: 7037: 7031: 7015: 7011: 7005: 6989: 6982: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6938: 6926: 6925: 6920: 6914: 6906: 6894: 6890: 6889: 6884: 6878: 6870: 6858: 6854: 6853: 6848: 6842: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6824: 6819: 6808: 6804: 6797: 6791: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6772: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6753: 6747: 6743: 6740: 6734: 6727: 6724: 6719: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6689: 6673: 6669: 6663: 6657: 6653: 6650: 6644: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6624: 6609: 6605: 6599: 6583: 6577: 6561: 6557: 6551: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6514:World Affairs 6508: 6493: 6489: 6482: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6454:World Affairs 6448: 6441: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6394: 6387: 6383: 6377: 6370: 6366: 6360: 6353: 6349: 6343: 6336: 6332: 6318: 6314: 6307: 6300: 6295: 6288: 6283: 6267: 6263: 6257: 6246: 6239: 6233: 6214: 6207: 6201: 6182: 6175: 6169: 6161: 6158: 6154: 6153:Mark Mazzetti 6148: 6141: 6135: 6116: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6081: 6073: 6067: 6048: 6047:"| IAEA" 6043: 6038: 6019: 6012: 6006: 5987: 5980: 5974: 5958: 5954: 5952: 5944: 5936: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5907: 5891: 5885: 5878: 5871: 5855: 5851: 5845: 5830: 5826: 5819: 5804: 5800: 5793: 5777: 5770: 5755: 5751: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5705: 5699: 5695: 5690: 5683: 5679: 5676: 5670: 5662: 5658: 5651: 5645: 5641: 5638: 5632: 5617: 5613: 5606: 5600: 5596: 5593: 5587: 5581: 5577: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5556: 5537: 5530: 5524: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5455: 5451: 5450: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5420: 5416: 5413: 5408: 5401: 5396: 5380: 5374: 5366: 5359: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5324: 5308: 5302: 5294: 5289: 5281: 5273: 5269: 5263: 5247: 5243: 5237: 5229: 5225: 5219: 5211: 5205: 5197: 5191: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5164: 5147: 5143: 5137: 5135: 5128: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5104: 5096: 5089: 5074: 5070: 5063: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5040: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5002: 4998: 4992: 4990: 4973: 4969: 4963: 4947: 4943: 4937: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4895: 4894:Global Issues 4891: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4872: 4860: 4859: 4854: 4848: 4832: 4828: 4822: 4806: 4802: 4796: 4780: 4776: 4770: 4754: 4748: 4732: 4726: 4718: 4712: 4696: 4692: 4685: 4666: 4659: 4653: 4645: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4612: 4608: 4602: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4572: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4531: 4524: 4517: 4515: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4481: 4477: 4470: 4455: 4454: 4449: 4442: 4427: 4423: 4417: 4402: 4398: 4391: 4389: 4380: 4374: 4366: 4360: 4352: 4346: 4338: 4332: 4317: 4313: 4306: 4290: 4284: 4269: 4265: 4258: 4248: 4238: 4232: 4228: 4225: 4219: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4187: 4171: 4167: 4166: 4161: 4154: 4147: 4142: 4135: 4130: 4123: 4118: 4099: 4092: 4086: 4067: 4060: 4053: 4034: 4027: 4021: 4019: 3999: 3992: 3986: 3984: 3977: 3960: 3953: 3947: 3931: 3925: 3918: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3887: 3882: 3875: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3838: 3831: 3829: 3820: 3816: 3810: 3794: 3790: 3789: 3784: 3777: 3769: 3767:9780230119116 3763: 3759: 3758: 3750: 3743: 3737: 3721: 3716: 3712: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3692: 3688: 3685: 3684: 3677: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3644: 3627: 3623: 3617: 3606: 3602: 3595: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3554: 3547: 3542: 3535: 3530: 3523: 3518: 3511: 3505: 3497: 3490: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3442: 3438: 3435: 3429: 3421: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3371: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3319: 3313: 3297: 3293: 3287: 3272: 3268: 3262: 3260: 3244: 3240: 3234: 3219: 3212: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3195: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3074: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3003: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2966: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2928: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2902: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2852: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2653: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2624: 2623:United States 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2598: 2597:nuclear-armed 2593: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2564: 2552: 2547: 2538: 2537: 2529: 2527: 2521: 2518: 2512: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2471: 2464: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2432: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2379: 2377: 2372: 2365: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2344:Harry Schwarz 2340: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2297: 2293: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2257: 2254: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2234: 2232: 2226: 2224: 2218: 2214: 2212: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2177: 2172: 2170: 2165: 2163: 2158: 2157: 2155: 2154: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2138:WMD-free zone 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2118: 2114: 2112: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2084: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2027: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1990:Domestic laws 1989: 1988: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1931: 1930: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1901:Organizations 1900: 1899: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1859: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1819: 1810: 1798: 1793: 1784: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1696: 1689: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1644:seismic event 1641: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1513: 1510: 1505: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1490: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1467: 1463: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1440: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1406:nuclear tests 1401: 1397: 1387: 1385: 1384:Narendra Modi 1381: 1376: 1373: 1372:Julia Gillard 1368: 1366: 1361: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1337:approved the 1336: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1319: 1316: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1279: 1275: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1249: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1208: 1196: 1191: 1182: 1181: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1105: 1095: 1085: 1076: 1071: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1049: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 992:State to sign 989: 984: 982: 978: 973: 969: 966: 961: 957: 951: 914: 904: 901: 893: 882: 879: 875: 872: 868: 865: 861: 858: 854: 851: – 850: 846: 845:Find sources: 839: 835: 829: 828: 823:This section 821: 817: 812: 811: 807: 797: 795: 791: 789: 785: 783: 779: 775: 773: 769: 767: 763: 761: 757: 755: 746: 744: 739: 738:as designed. 735: 733: 727: 723: 720: 716: 712: 707: 705: 701: 697: 693: 690: 685: 676: 674: 668: 666: 660: 656: 652: 650: 646: 642: 637: 633: 629: 620: 618: 613: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 589: 587: 582: 577: 575: 569: 566: 562: 553: 546: 545: 541: 538: 537: 533: 530: 529: 525: 524: 523: 521: 512: 503: 501: 495: 493: 489: 485: 479: 478: 471: 466: 463: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 396: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 368: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 321: 317: 308: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 261:non-parties: 258: 257:complete list 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 218: 214: 210: 206: 197: 192: 183: 179: 175: 171: 159: 151: 125: 124: 117: 112: 107: 101: 90: 80: 76: 70: 68: 62: 53: 52: 40: 36: 32: 25: 20: 12180:Brinkmanship 12072:intelligence 11961:Marius Oprea 11911:Harvey Klehr 11841:Herbert Feis 11831:Willem Drees 11796:Archie Brown 11713: 11701: 11683: 11673:Trybuna Ludu 11671: 11664: 11660:Radio Moscow 11652: 11645: 11638: 11466:Anti-Zionism 11382: 11305:Keynesianism 11293:Conservatism 11157:Transnistria 11137:China-Taiwan 10794:Gera Demands 10667: 10468: 10423: 10343: 10148:El Porteñazo 10042:Congo Crisis 9957: 9892:Algerian War 9875: 9751:Western Bloc 9746:Eastern Bloc 9741:Iron Curtain 9597: 9589: 9581: 9558: 9538: 9530: 9447:Soviet Union 9445: 9438: 9378: 9184: 9116: 9078: 9070: 9016: 8913: 8862:Peacekeeping 8837:Interpreters 8757: 8458:Peacekeeping 8376:organization 8277:Full members 8238:Partnerships 8124:Headquarters 7846:peacekeeping 7527: 7476: 7466: 7441: 7437: 7427: 7415:. Retrieved 7410: 7401: 7389:. Retrieved 7382:the original 7369: 7357:. Retrieved 7350:the original 7337: 7325:. Retrieved 7315: 7307:the original 7297: 7283: 7264: 7237:. Retrieved 7230:the original 7208: 7189: 7183: 7171:. Retrieved 7167: 7158: 7146:. Retrieved 7141: 7132: 7120:. Retrieved 7116:the original 7105: 7093:. Retrieved 7089:the original 7078: 7066:. Retrieved 7056: 7044:. Retrieved 7039: 7030: 7018:. Retrieved 7013: 7004: 6992:. Retrieved 6981: 6969:. Retrieved 6965:the original 6960: 6935:– via 6929:. Retrieved 6922: 6913: 6903:– via 6897:. Retrieved 6886: 6877: 6867:– via 6861:. Retrieved 6850: 6841: 6818: 6807:the original 6802: 6790: 6771: 6752: 6733: 6725: 6718: 6706:. Retrieved 6702:the original 6697: 6688: 6676:. Retrieved 6671: 6662: 6643: 6623: 6611:. Retrieved 6607: 6598: 6586:. Retrieved 6576: 6564:. Retrieved 6560:the original 6550: 6517: 6513: 6507: 6495:. Retrieved 6491: 6481: 6469:. Retrieved 6460:(4): 45–49. 6457: 6453: 6440: 6410:(3): 50–66. 6407: 6403: 6393: 6376: 6368: 6359: 6351: 6342: 6329:; DeSutter, 6321:. Retrieved 6317:the original 6306: 6294: 6282: 6270:. Retrieved 6266:the original 6256: 6245:the original 6232: 6220:. Retrieved 6213:the original 6200: 6188:. Retrieved 6181:the original 6168: 6159: 6147: 6134: 6122:. Retrieved 6115:the original 6102: 6080: 6054:. Retrieved 6037: 6025:. Retrieved 6018:the original 6005: 5993:. Retrieved 5986:the original 5973: 5961:. Retrieved 5956: 5950: 5943: 5934: 5925: 5906: 5894:. Retrieved 5884: 5870: 5858:. Retrieved 5853: 5844: 5832:. Retrieved 5828: 5818: 5806:. Retrieved 5802: 5792: 5780:. Retrieved 5769: 5757:. Retrieved 5753: 5725:. Retrieved 5721:the original 5709:(in English) 5704: 5689: 5669: 5660: 5650: 5631: 5619:. Retrieved 5615: 5605: 5586: 5567: 5555: 5543:. Retrieved 5536:the original 5523: 5511:. Retrieved 5506: 5448: 5407: 5395: 5383:. Retrieved 5373: 5364: 5358: 5333: 5329: 5323: 5311:. 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