Nuclear weapons of the United Kingdom

3866: 3578: 1659:), but more of it, thereby reducing the amount of uranium-235 in the core. Because of the possibility of an international moratorium on atmospheric testing, plans for the trial, codenamed Grapple Y, were given verbal approval by the Prime Minister, and known only to a handful of officials. The bomb was dropped off Christmas Island on 28 April 1958. It had an explosive yield of about 3 megatonnes of TNT (13 PJ), and remains the largest British nuclear weapon ever tested. The design of Grapple Y was notably successful because much of its yield came from its thermonuclear reaction instead of fission of a uranium-238 tamper, making it a true hydrogen bomb, and because its yield had been correctly predicted—indicating that its designers understood what they were doing. 2758:, entered service on 27 November 1999), it would "maintain a stockpile of fewer than 200 operationally available warheads". As of 2016, the UK had a stockpile of 215 warheads, of which 120 were operational. The 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review reduced the number of warheads and missiles for the ballistic missile submarine on patrol to 40 and 8 respectively. Nuclear warheads from the Trident missiles are transported by road convoy several times a year from Coulport to Burghfield for refurbishment. Between 2000 and 2016, there were 180 accidents involving the vehicles, ranging from minor traffic accidents to a sudden total loss of power in one of the 44-tonne lorries that halted a convoy and caused a double lane closure and a 1863: 2364: 2143: 1590: 42: 1094:, went to Washington, D.C., to confer with Truman about future cooperation in nuclear weapons and nuclear power. A Memorandum of Intention they signed replaced the Quebec Agreement. It made Canada a full partner, continued the Combined Policy Committee and Combined Development Trust, and reduced the obligation to obtain consent for the use of nuclear weapons to merely requiring consultation. The three leaders agreed that there would be full and effective cooperation on atomic energy, but British hopes were soon disappointed; Groves restricted cooperation to basic scientific research. 880: 2683: 1905:

therefore impossible to store British and American bombs together in the same SSA. US custody also created operational problems. The procedure for handing over the bombs added an extra ten minutes to the bombers' reaction time, and the requirement that US personnel had guardianship of the weapons at all times meant that neither they nor the bombers could be relocated to dispersal airfields as the RAF desired. The operational restrictions imposed by Project E "effectively handed the US government a veto over the use of half of Britain's nuclear deterrent".

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deputy/ies. Past options proposed to the Prime Minister have included commit the forces, do not commit the forces, make the most reasonable choice or place yourself under Allied command. This system of issuing notes containing orders in the event of the head of government's death is said to be unique to the United Kingdom (although the concept of written last orders, particularly of a ship's captain, is a naval tradition), with other nuclear powers using different procedures. The letters are destroyed unopened whenever a Prime Minister leaves office.

3905:, to whom the chief of the defence staff could appeal: "the chief of the defence staff, if he really did think the prime minister had gone mad, would make quite sure that that order was not obeyed ... You have to remember that actually prime ministers give direction, they tell the chief of the defence staff what they want, but it's not prime ministers who actually tell a sailor to press a button in the middle of the Atlantic. The armed forces are loyal, and we live in a democracy, but actually their ultimate authority is the Queen." 1681: 1636: 3795:

of WE.177, a sub-strategic warhead is used with some (but not all) deployed Trident missiles. The 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review further pledged to reduce its requirement for operationally available warheads from fewer than 160 to no more than 120. In a January 2015 written statement, Defence Secretary Michael Fallon reported that "all Vanguard Class SSBNs on continuous at-sea deterrent patrol now carry 40 nuclear warheads and no more than eight operational missiles". However, on 17 March 2021, Prime Minister

1148: 2545: 1960: 1534:, in 1953. Penney feared that Britain could not afford to develop a hydrogen bomb, as did Tizard, who argued that the nation should focus on conventional forces instead of duplicating the nuclear capabilities of the American forces that were already defending Britain and Europe. He warned that: "We are a great nation, but if we continue to behave like a Great Power we shall soon cease to be a great nation. Let us take warning from the fate of the Great Powers of the past and not burst ourselves with pride." 160: 637: 3298: 15244: 3820:, has given any insight on his orders; Callaghan stated that, although in a situation where nuclear weapon use was required – and thus the whole purpose and value of the weapon as a deterrent had failed – he would have ordered use of nuclear weapons, if needed: "if we had got to that point, where it was, I felt it was necessary to do it, then I would have done it (used the weapon) ... but if I had lived after pressing that button, I could have never forgiven myself." 1948:, the RAF's bombers and Thor missiles targeted 16 cities, 44 airfields, 10 air defence control centres and 20 IRBM sites. The RAF high command never warmed to missiles, and always ranked them secondary to the V bomber force. The missile bases were separate from the rest of the RAF and its personnel considered outside the mainstream. Project Emily gave the RAF considerable experience in missile operations, but the 1960 cancellation of Blue Streak in favour of the American 15256: 3371: 15220: 1043: 3250: 3828: 2075: 1677:

launching a devastating attack upon with absolute weapons." In 1947, the Chiefs of Staff stated that even with American help the United Kingdom could not prevent the "vastly superior" Soviet forces from overrunning Western Europe, from which Russia could destroy Britain with missiles without using atomic weapons. Only "the threat of large-scale damage from similar weapons" could prevent the Soviet Union from using atomic weapons in a war.

1498: 2914: 2291:. Exact copies of American designs were not pursued; the high explosive used in American warheads were more sensitive than British high explosive, and had caused fatal accidents in the US. Its use was not contemplated in the UK after an accident at Aldermaston on 28 February 1959 when two men were killed after a piece of British high explosive fell from a lorry. British high explosive was also bulkier, so a redesign was required. 1728:

the United Kingdom more than the United States. Britain thus needed the ability to convince the USSR that attacking Europe would be too costly regardless of American participation. Part of the perceived effectiveness of an independent deterrent was the willingness to target enemy cities. Slessor saw atomic weapons as a way to avoid a third devastating world war given that the two previous ones had begun without them. When

2277: 15280: 15268: 1281: 2426:. Ultimately, a warhead was produced in two variants: the high-yield (300 to 450 kilotonnes of TNT (1,300 to 1,900 TJ)) WE.177B and the low-yield (0.5 or 10 kilotonnes of TNT (2.1 or 41.8 TJ)) WE.177A as a Red Beard replacement, and for use in depth charges and anti-submarine missiles. WE.177 was later adapted for use with Polaris, and would become the longest-serving British nuclear weapon. 2785: 1102:(McMahon Act) in August 1946, which was signed by Truman on 1 August 1946, and went into effect at midnight on 1 January 1947, ended technical cooperation. Its control of "restricted data" prevented the United States' allies from receiving any information. The remaining British scientists working in the United States were denied access to papers that they had written just days before. 1384: 1601:. It was dropped on 31 May, and exploded with a force of 720 to 800 kilotonnes of TNT (3,000 to 3,300 TJ). The yield was the largest ever achieved by a single stage device, which made it technically a megaton weapon. The bomb was hailed as a hydrogen bomb, and the truth that it was actually a large fission bomb was kept secret by the British government until the end of the 1698:, who became Chief of the Air Staff in 1950, wrote that year that the Soviet superiority in European forces was so great that even "an ultimatum by Russia within the next two to three years" might cause Western Europe to surrender without a war. He feared that the United Kingdom might also do so "unless we can make ourselves far less defenceless than we are now." By 1952, the 1624:, the unsuccessful fusion boosting was omitted, and it used Green Bamboo's 72-lens implosion system instead of Orange Herald's 32. This allowed the amount of highly enriched uranium to be reduced from 120 to 75 kg. Its yield was estimated at 0.5 megatonnes of TNT (2.1 PJ). For use in the V bombers, it was placed in a Blue Danube casing to become 3901:, explained that the highest level of safeguard was against a prime minister ordering a launch without due cause. The constitutional structure of the United Kingdom provided some protection against such an occurrence, as while the Prime Minister is the chief executive and so practically commands the armed services, the formal commander-in-chief is the 2437:, and in the aftermath of that war it was decided to stockpile them ashore in peacetime. When the US withdrew its theatre nuclear weapons from Europe, the British government followed suit. The nuclear depth bombs were withdrawn from service in 1992, followed by the WE.177 free-fall bombs on 31 March 1998, and all were dismantled by the end of August. 1628:. Road transport of the weapon was hazardous. As a safety measure 120,000 steel ball bearings were used to fill a cavity inside the core and keep the fissile components apart. In an accident, the steel bung was removed and the ball bearings spilled on the floor of an aircraft hangar, leaving the bomb armed and dangerous. About ten were delivered. 2541:, determined that other delivery systems were progressing better than expected, and a further expensive system was surplus to US requirements. In London, over one hundred Conservative members of Parliament, nearly one third of the parliamentary party, signed a motion urging Macmillan to ensure that Britain remained an independent nuclear power. 1762:, on 4 October 1957, came as a tremendous shock to the American public, who had trusted that American technological superiority ensured their invulnerability. Now, suddenly, there was incontrovertible proof that, in some areas at least, the Soviet Union was actually ahead. In the widespread calls for action in response to the 1632:

rather than off Malden Island, just 20 nautical miles (37 km; 23 mi) from the airfield where 3,000 men were based. This time the yield of 1.8 megatonnes of TNT (7.5 PJ) exceeded expectations. Round A was a true hydrogen bomb, but it used a relatively large quantity of expensive highly enriched uranium.

1413:. The warhead was contained within a bomb casing measuring 62 inches (1,600 mm) diameter and 24 feet (7.3 m) long, and it weighed approximately 4.5 tonnes (4.4 long tons), of which about 2.5 tonnes (2.5 long tons) was high explosive. The first Blue Danube bombs were delivered to the Royal Air Force (RAF) 1316:

uranium-enrichment plant they would send most of their scientists to work in the US, and swap plutonium from Windscale for enriched uranium from the US. While Britain would not formally give up building or researching its own weapons, the US would manufacture all the bombs and allocate some to Britain.

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confirmed that the UK would use nuclear weapons in a pre-emptive nuclear strike under "the most extreme circumstances". Until 1998 the aircraft-delivered, free-fall WE.177 bombs provided a sub-strategic option in addition to their designed function as tactical battlefield weapons. With the retirement

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minor trials were also carried out between June 1955 and April 1963. While the major tests had been carried out with some publicity, the minor tests were carried out in absolute secrecy. The "Kitten" tests tested bomb components, while "Tims" and "Rats" were early subcritical hydronuclear tests. The

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With the tactical nuclear weapons having been withdrawn from service, Trident was the UK's only remaining nuclear weapons system. By this time, possession of nuclear weapons had become an important part of Britain's national identity. Not renewing Trident meant that Britain would become a non-nuclear

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The Trident system cost £12.6 billion to build (at 1996 prices) and £280m a year to maintain. Options for replacing Trident ranged from £5 billion for the missiles alone to £20 to £30 billion for missiles, submarines and research facilities. At a minimum, for the system to continue after around 2020,

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Each submarine could carry up to 16 missiles, each of which can each carry up to 8 warheads. However, when the decision to purchase Trident II was announced, it was stressed that British Trident boats would carry no more than 128 warheads—the same number as Polaris. In November 1993, the Secretary of

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on 1 January 1955. The last trials at Orford Ness were conducted on 9 June 1971, and the site was closed on 1 October 1971. Cardiff closed in 1997, and Foulness by the end of that year. In 1989, the government announced its intention to find a private company to run AWE, with the government retaining

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was used to set yield and burst height. Currently, British Trident missile commanders are able to launch their missiles without authorisation, whereas their American counterparts cannot. At the end of the Cold War the US Fail Safe Commission recommended installing devices to prevent rogue commanders

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Gaitskell's Labour party ceased supporting an independent deterrent in 1960 via its new "Policy for Peace", after the cancellation of Blue Streak made nuclear independence less likely. Labour also adopted a resolution favouring unilateral disarmament. Although Gaitskell opposed the resolution and it

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within a so-called "fall-out room" at home, sanitation, limiting fire hazards, and descriptions of the audio signals for attack warning, fall-out warning and all clear. It was anticipated that families might need to stay in their fall-out room for up to 14 days after an attack almost without leaving

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told MPs it would be "unwise and dangerous" for the UK to give up its nuclear weapons. He outlined plans to spend up to £20bn on a new generation of ballistic missile submarines. The new boats would continue to carry the Trident II D-5 missiles, but submarine numbers might be cut from four to three,

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Under the Project E MOU, US personnel had custody of the weapons. This meant they performed all the tasks related to their storage, maintenance and readiness. The bombs were stored in Secure Storage Areas (SSAs) on the same bases as the bombers which British staff were not permitted to enter. It was

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The MDA has been renewed or amended many times. Most amendments merely extended the treaty for another five or ten years; others added definitions and made minor changes. As of 2018, the most recent renewal was on 22 July 2014, extending the treaty to 31 December 2024. A 1974 US proliferation report

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had abandoned the concept of a conventional defence of Western Europe. The hydrogen bomb increased the threat to Britain. In 1957, a government study stated that although RAF fighters would "unquestionably be able to take a heavy toll of enemy bombers, a proportion would inevitably get through. Even

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The scientists at Aldermaston had not yet mastered the design of thermonuclear weapons. They produced a new design, called Round A. Another trial was scheduled, known as Grapple X. Round A was dropped on 8 November 1957. To save time and money, the target was off the southern tip of Christmas Island

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Cherokee test on 21 May 1956. Short Granite's yield was estimated at 300 kilotonnes of TNT (1,300 TJ), far below its designed capability. Despite its failure, the test was hailed as a successful thermonuclear explosion, and the government did not confirm or deny reports that the UK had become a

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and Klaus Fuchs, had attended the conference there on the Super (as it was then called) in April 1946, and Chadwick had written a secret report on it in May 1946, but the design was found to be unworkable. Some intelligence about Joe 4 was derived from its debris, which was provided to Britain under

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in August 1949 was embarrassing to the British (who had not expected a Soviet atomic weapon until 1954) for having been beaten, it was for the Americans another reason for cooperation. Although they would soon have their own nuclear capability, the British proposed that instead of building their own

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Penney worked on means to assess the effects of a nuclear explosion, and wrote a paper on what height the bombs should be detonated at for maximum effect in attacks on Germany and Japan. He served as a member of the target committee established by Groves to select Japanese cities for atomic bombing,

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A submarine's load of warheads was reduced from 96 to 48. This reduced the explosive power of the warheads on a Vanguard class Trident submarine to "one third less than a Polaris submarine armed with Chevaline". However, 48 warheads per Trident submarine represents a 50% increase on the 32 warheads

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is permanently sited near Faslane naval base, and has been occupied continuously, albeit in different locations, since 12 June 1982. In 2005, there were many protests about the government's proposal to replace the ageing Trident. The largest protest had 100,000 participants and, according to polls,

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was a combined communications and civil defence exercise planned for September and October 1982. It assumed a conventional war in Europe lasting two to three days, during which the UK would be attacked with conventional weapons, then a limited nuclear exchange, with 54 nuclear warheads used against

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on 6 May and 19 June 1956. In the 1980s there emerged a claim that the second Mosaic test was of a significantly higher explosive yield than suggested by available figures—98 kilotonnes of TNT (410 TJ) as compared to the official figure of 60 kilotonnes of TNT (250 TJ)—but this claim does

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developed for Polaris. The British wanted to use Red Snow, partly for safety reasons and partly because it was not certain that the advanced M47 design would be made available without strings attached. The technical problem was that Red Snow was 1,000 pounds (450 kg) heavier, and therefore the

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Production of British nuclear weapons was slow and Britain had only ten atomic bombs on hand in 1955 and just fourteen in 1956. At the three-power Bermuda Conference with Eisenhower in December 1953, Churchill suggested that the United States allow Britain to have access to American nuclear weapons

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towards nuclear disarmament. The UK remains committed to these steps and is making progress on them. We have been disarming. Since the Cold War ended, we have withdrawn and dismantled our tactical maritime and airborne nuclear capabilities. We have terminated our nuclear capable Lance missiles and

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Article VI of the NPT imposes an obligation on all states: "to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a Treaty on general and complete disarmament". The NPT Review Conference held in

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authentication code which could be verified at Northwood. The Prime Minister would then broadcast a firing order to the SSBN submarines via the Very Low Frequency radio station at Rugby. The UK has not deployed control equipment requiring codes to be sent before weapons can be used, such as the US

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of the Royal Navy. Both the Prime Minister and the SSBN Control Officer would be able to see each other on their monitors when the command was given. If the link failed – for instance during a nuclear attack or when the Prime Minister was away from Downing Street – the Prime Minister would send an

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The precise details of how a British Prime Minister would authorise a nuclear strike remain secret, although the principles of the Trident missile control system are believed to be based on the plan set up for Polaris in 1968, which has now been declassified. A closed-circuit television system was

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adopted a platform calling for the removal of the GLCMs, the scrapping of Polaris and the cancellation of Trident. This was reaffirmed by the 1986 conference. While the party was given little chance of winning the 1983 election in the aftermath of the Falklands War, polls had shown Labour ahead of

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was launched in September 1966, and commenced its first deterrent patrol in June 1968. The annual running costs of the Polaris boats came to around two per cent of the defence budget, and they came to be seen as a credible deterrent that enhanced Britain's international status. British politicians

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Red Snow was far more economical in its use of fissile material than the Green Grass warhead in the Yellow Sun Mk.1 bomb, Britain's first production hydrogen bomb. A Yellow Sun Mk.2 with Red Snow, therefore, cost £500,000 compared to £1.2 million for the Mk.1. RAF Bomber Command wanted Violet Club

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with the Soviet Union, the United States withdrew its surface naval nuclear weapons and short-range nuclear forces. The GLCMs were withdrawn from the UK in 1991, and the Polaris submarine base at Holy Loch was closed in 1992. The US continued to store tactical nuclear weapons in the UK until 2008,

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Independent targeting was vital. The Chiefs of Staff believed that—contrary to Tizard's view—once the Soviet Union became able to attack the United States itself with nuclear weapons in the late 1950s, America might not risk its own cities to defend Europe, or not emphasise targets that endangered

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Eisenhower, now US president, on 22 August 1958 announced a moratorium on nuclear testing. This did not mean an immediate end to testing; on the contrary, the United States, the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom all rushed to perform as much testing as possible before the deadline. A new British

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Most leading scientists and politicians of all parties were determined that Britain should have its own nuclear weapons. Their motives included national defence, a vision of a civil programme for nuclear power, and a desire that a British voice should be as powerful as any in international debate.

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Believing that the United Kingdom was extremely vulnerable to a nuclear attack to which defence was impossible, the Chiefs of Staff and the RAF first advocated a British nuclear deterrence—not just nuclear weapons—in 1945: "It is our opinion that our only chance of securing a quick decision is by

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in which he referred to themselves as "heads of the Governments which have control of this great force". But Roosevelt had died on 12 April 1945, and the Hyde Park Agreement was not binding on subsequent administrations. In fact, it was physically lost. When Wilson raised the matter in a Combined

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The next meeting of the Combined Policy Committee on 15 April 1946 produced no accord on collaboration, and resulted in an exchange of cables between Truman and Attlee. Truman cabled on 20 April that he did not see the communiqué he had signed as obligating the United States to assist Britain in

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demonstrated that Britain was no longer a great power, but increased the value to Britain of an independent nuclear deterrent that would give it greater influence with the US and USSR. While the military target of British nuclear weapons was the Soviet Union, the political target was the United

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The subsequent vote was won overwhelmingly, including unanimous support from the opposition Conservative Party. The Government's position remained that it was abiding by the NPT in renewing Trident, and Britain has the right to possess nuclear weapons, a position reiterated by Tony Blair on 21

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Since 1972, the Prime Minister has also written four letters of last resort, one for each SSBN commander. The Prime Minister writes these letters when they take office and they set out what the commander should do in the event of a nuclear attack that kills the Prime Minister and their nuclear

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in October 1992. Because Britain did not test as often as the United States for financial and political reasons, and did not have the Americans' state-of-the-art computer facilities, British weapons design depended more on theoretical understanding, with potential for both greater advances and

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warhead. It would be the first UK-designed warhead in thirty years, since the Holbrook, an Anglicised version of the US W76. However, the US Congress was reluctant to authorise the US$ 32 million in funding for the first phase of design of the new aeroshell. Meanwhile, construction of the £634

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agreed "that the renewal of Trident should be scrutinised to ensure value for money. Liberal Democrats will continue to make the case for alternatives." Research and development work continued, but the final decision to proceed with building a replacement was scheduled for 2016, after the next

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The end of atmospheric nuclear testing, internal squabbles, and activists focusing their energies on other causes led to a rapid decline, but it revived in the early 1980s in the wake of the Thatcher government's December 1979 decision to deploy US GLCMs in the UK, and the announcement of its

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over the years. One of the most prominent anti-nuclear groups in the UK is the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND). This national movement was founded in the late 1950s, initially in opposition to nuclear testing. It reached its peak around 1960, by which time it had evolved into a broader

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in London. It directed an intensive research effort, and in July 1941, produced two comprehensive reports that reached the conclusion that an atomic bomb was not only technically feasible, but could be produced before the war ended, perhaps in as little as two years. The Committee unanimously

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The same interview pointed out that while the Prime Minister would have the constitutional authority to fire the Chief of the Defence Staff, he could not appoint a replacement as the position is appointed by the monarch. The programme also addressed the workings of the system; detailing that

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third thermonuclear power. When documents on the series began to be declassified in the 1990s, the Grapple X tests were denounced as a hoax. The reports would not have fooled the American observers into thinking they were thermonuclear explosions, as they were involved in their analysis.

1471:, so-called because they all had names starting with a "V". The three strategic bombers, known collectively as the V class, comprised the United Kingdom's strategic nuclear strike force during the 1950s and 1960s, which was known as V force of the Main Force. The three V bombers were the 3779:

per submarine of Chevaline. Total explosive power has been in decline for decades as the accuracy of missiles has improved, therefore requiring less power to destroy each target. Trident can destroy 48 targets per submarine, as opposed to 32 targets that could be destroyed by Chevaline.

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bombs. Problems encountered in the development of Red Beard meant that the replacement of kiloton weapons took longer than anticipated. The Air Ministry decided to replace the Canberras with Valiants as the long-range Vulcan and Victor V bombers became available. A Valiant squadron at

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decision to purchase Trident in July 1980. Membership leapt from 3,000 in 1980 to 50,000 a year later, and rallies for unilateral nuclear disarmament in London in October 1981 and June 1982 attracted 250,000 marchers, the largest ever mass demonstrations in the UK up to that time.

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million Pegasus enriched uranium facility was suspended in 2018, the £1,806 million Mensa warhead assembly facility was still under construction, and the proposed Hydrus facility for hydrodynamic weapons testing was cancelled in favour of using the French Teutates-Epur facility in

4094:, a binding agreement for negotiations for the total elimination of nuclear weapons, supported by more than 120 nations. None of the nine countries known or believed at the time to possess nuclear weapons supported the treaty, nor did any of the 30 countries of the NATO alliance. 3857:

persuading their crews to launch unauthorised nuclear attacks. This was endorsed by the Nuclear Posture Review and Trident missile Coded Control Devices were fitted to all US SSBNs by 1997. These devices were designed to prevent an attack until a launch code had been sent by the

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bombers became regular visitors to the United Kingdom, turning up at bases such as RAF Greenham Common and also taking part in RAF Bomber competitions, but were deployed to NATO on an individual basis, not as groups or wings. In 1962 there were one or two visits each month.

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No. 25 prohibited the publication of details on the design, construction or location of atomic weapons. The project was given the cover name "High Explosive Research". As Chief Superintendent Armament Research (CSAR, pronounced "Caesar"), Penney directed bomb design from

856:) was smaller than the British, and not as far advanced. The British and American projects exchanged information, but did not initially combine their efforts. British officials did not reply to an August 1941 American offer to create a combined project. In November 1941, 1166:, the wartime Chief of the Air Staff, was appointed the Controller of Production, Atomic Energy (CPAE) in March 1946. The Gen 75 Committee considered the proposal in October 1946. In October 1946, Attlee called a meeting to discuss building a gaseous diffusion plant for 3665:, and many left-wing newspapers supported the reliance on nuclear deterrence and nuclear weapons, but in their view considered that of the United States would suffice, and that of the costs of the "nuclear umbrella" was best left to be borne by the United States alone. 2295:

replaced as soon as possible, so 37 Yellow Sun Mk.1s were delivered by the end of 1959. Deliveries of the Yellow Sun Mk.2 commenced in January 1961, and 43 were delivered by the end of the year. In November 1958. Red Snow also replaced Green Grass as the warhead in the

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was held on 18 July 2016 in the House of Commons; the motion passed with a significant majority, extending the programme's life until at least the 2060s. Although 48 Labour MPs voted against it, 41 did not vote, and 140 Labour votes were cast in favour of the motion.

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Churchill stated in a 1955 speech that deterrence would be "the parents of disarmament" and that, unless Britain contributed to Western deterrence with its own weapons, during a war the targets that threatened it the most might not be prioritised. The Prime Minister,

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The government decided on 27 July 1954 to begin development of a thermonuclear bomb, and announced its plans in February 1955. British knowledge of thermonuclear weapons was based on the work done at the Los Alamos Laboratory during the war. Two British scientists,

3824:, the Secretary of State for Defence and "alternate decision-taker" under Harold Wilson, said that in the event of Soviet nuclear weapons attacking the United Kingdom and the Prime Minister had been killed or incapacitated, he would not have ordered a retaliation. 1766:, officials in the United States and Britain seized an opportunity to mend the relationship with Britain that had been damaged by the Suez Crisis. Macmillan wrote to Eisenhower on 10 October urging that the two countries pool their resources to meet the challenge. 1444:, but all service models were modified to use a composite core which used both uranium-235 and plutonium. The bomb had a nominal yield of 15 kilotonnes of TNT (63 TJ). The cores were stored separately from the high explosive components in concrete "igloos" at 2638:, in what was known as a Penetration Aid Carrier (PAC). It was the most technically complex defence project ever undertaken in the United Kingdom. Chevaline's existence, along with its formerly secret codename, was revealed by the Secretary of State for Defence, 1605:. Penney cancelled the planned Green Granite test, and substituted Purple Granite, a Short Granite with some minor modifications. Its yield was a very disappointing 300 kilotonnes of TNT (1,300 TJ), even less than Short Granite; the changes had not worked. 3736:, have taken part in blockades of the Faslane base. In the House of Commons vote in 2007, the majority of Scottish members of parliament voted against upgrading the system, while a substantial majority of English, Welsh and Northern Irish MPs voted in favour. 1265:

Uranium ore was stockpiled at Springfields. As the American nuclear programme expanded, its requirements became greater than the production of the existing mines. To gain access to the stockpile, they reopened negotiations in 1947. This resulted in the 1948

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Under the MDA, 5.37 tonnes of UK-produced plutonium was sent to the US in exchange for 6.7 kg of tritium and 7.5 tonnes of HEU between 1960 and 1979. Much of the HEU supplied by the US was used not for weapons, but as fuel for the growing fleet of UK

909:, saying: "We must face the fact that ... pioneering work ... is a dwindling asset and that, unless we capitalise it quickly, we shall be outstripped. We now have a real contribution to make to a 'merger.' Soon we shall have little or none." 1975:, but Project E offered a quicker, simpler and cheaper alternative. The US supplied 100 W7 warheads, which had to be drawn from US Army storage sites in southern Germany until arrangements were made for local storage in August 1959. A British missile, 1319:

By agreeing to subsume its own weapons programme within the American one, the plan would have given Britain nuclear weapons much sooner than its own target date of late 1952. Although Truman supported the proposal, several key officials, including the

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Although one submarine would always be on patrol it will operate on a "reduced day-to-day alert state". A major factor in maintaining a constant patrol is to avoid "misunderstanding or escalation if a Trident submarine were to sail during a period of

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later claimed the Ministry of Defence insisted on having a veto over proposed targets in the exercise and several were removed to make them politically more acceptable; for example, the nuclear submarine base at Faslane was removed from the target

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system, but missile defence was not a significant political issue within the UK. The ballistic missile threat was perceived to be less severe, and consequently less of a priority, than other threats to its security. Fylingdales was enhanced to an

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British information security, or the lack thereof, no longer seemed so important now that the Soviet Union was apparently ahead, and British scientists had demonstrated that they understood how to build a hydrogen bomb with a different form of the

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if it were only a dozen, they could with megaton bombs inflict widespread devastation." Although disarmament remained a British goal, "the only existing safeguard against major aggression is the power to threaten retaliation with nuclear weapons."

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the missiles would need to be replaced. By 2016, the price of replacement of submarine had risen to £31 billion and it was estimated by Ministry of Defence that the cost of Trident replacement programme for 30 years would be £167 billion.

1332:, did not. Their opposition, along with security concerns raised by the arrest of Fuchs, who was working at Harwell, ended the negotiations in January 1950. After Britain developed nuclear weapons through its own efforts, the engineer Sir 941:

to coordinate their efforts, and specified that the weapons could only be used if both the US and UK governments agreed. The 19 September 1944 Hyde Park Agreement extended both commercial and military cooperation into the post-war period.

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test on 31 May 1957, claimed to be Britain's first H-bomb test at the time, as reported by Universal International Newsreel a few days later. In fact, it was a large fusion-boosted fission weapon test, but the fusion boosting worked very

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military targets in the UK. 250,000 people protested against the exercise and 24 councils refused to participate. The limited scenario still assumed casualties of 7.9 million dead and 5 million injured. The scenario was ridiculed by the

3677:'s incumbent Conservatives stated that the British independent deterrent was necessary for independence from the Americans and maintaining British world influence, and that it was "working for peace" in such cases as the passage of the 1667:

and external boosting with layers of lithium deuteride were successfully tested, allowing a smaller, lighter two-stage devices. The international moratorium commenced on 31 October 1958, and Britain ceased atmospheric testing for good.

3419:(DSP) satellites for warning of a nuclear attack. Both of these systems are owned and controlled by the United States, although the UK has joint control over UK-based systems. One of the four component radars for the BMEWS is based at 3685:, Labour emphasized domestic economic issues and decried the "Tory Nuclear Pretense" as neither independent nor a deterrent. The populace's greater interest in domestic over foreign policy likely contributed more to Labour's victory. 2594:

was signed on 6 April 1963. The UK retained its deterrent force, although its control passed from the RAF to the Royal Navy. The Polaris missiles were equipped with British warheads. A base was developed for the Polaris submarines at

4078:

artillery. We have the smallest nuclear capability of any recognised nuclear weapon state accounting for less than one per cent of the global inventory. And we are the only nuclear weapon state that relies on a single nuclear system.

900:

The United Kingdom did not have the manpower or resources of the United States, and despite its early and promising start, Tube Alloys fell behind its American counterpart and was dwarfed by it. On 30 July 1942, Anderson advised the

10387: 2948:

The Australian government prohibited hydrogen bomb tests in Australia, so Britain had to look for another test site for its hydrogen bombs. The first British hydrogen bombs were tested during Operation Grapple at Malden Island and

1012:

as a special consultant. Because the Quebec Agreement specified that nuclear weapons would not be used against another country without mutual consent, British authorisation was required for their use. On 4 July 1945, Field Marshal

5750: 6511: 2138:

could do so. Their first deployment was in April 1949. Ninety sets of bomb assemblies—atomic bombs without the fissile cores—were stored in the UK by July 1950, and authority to deploy the cores as well was given in April 1954.

1109:, who had worked in the Montreal Laboratory, in February 1946, while the legislation was being debated. It was but the first of a series of spy scandals. The arrest of Klaus Fuchs in January 1950, and the June 1951 defection of 1073:

between Britain and the United States "became very much less special". The British government had trusted that America would share nuclear technology, which it considered a joint discovery. On 8 August 1945, the Prime Minister,

3708:

59 per cent of the public opposed the replacement. In 2006, a year-long protest at Faslane aimed to blockade the base every day for a year. Over a thousand people were arrested. Pro-independence Scottish political parties—the

3861:

on behalf of the President. The UK took a decision not to install Trident CCDs or their equivalent on the grounds that an aggressor might be able to wipe out the British chain of command before a launch order had been sent.

4083:

February 2007. Only the United Kingdom has expressed its opposition to the establishment of a new legally binding treaty to prevent the threat or use of nuclear weapons against non-nuclear states, through its vote in the

2587:(EEC), so a face-saving compromise was reached: the US agreed to provide the UK with Polaris missiles, which would be assigned to NATO, and could be used independently only when "supreme national interests" intervened. 912:

The British considered producing an atomic bomb without American help, but it would require overwhelming priority, would disrupt other wartime projects, and was unlikely to be ready in time to affect the outcome of the

6314:"Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland for Cooperation on the uses of Atomic Energy for Mutual Defence Purposes" 3645:

was a reason for having more than one Western nuclear nation. When France developed its own nuclear weapons, British politicians contended that Europe required an independent deterrent other than that of France. The

3669:

was reversed in 1961 in favour of continuing support of a general Western nuclear deterrent, the party's opposition to a British deterrent remained and became more prominent. This became a campaign issue during the

2808:

and the number of nuclear warheads would reduced by 20% to 160. He said although the Cold War had ended, the UK needed nuclear weapons, as no-one could be sure another nuclear threat would not emerge in the future.

2708:, announced that each boat would deploy no more than 96 warheads. In 2010, this was reduced to a maximum of 40 warheads, split between eight missiles. The missiles have a range of 12,000 kilometres (7,500 mi). 1956:, rendered this expertise of dubious value. An Air Council meeting on 31 May 1962 decided that Project Emily should be terminated by the end of 1963, and the last Thor squadrons were inactivated on 23 August 1963. 3995:(and subsequent premiers) appointed to the role have not yet been released. The practice of appointing nuclear deputies apparently fell out of practice between the end of the Cold War and 2001 when, following the 14135: 10477: 1908:

The Air Council decided on 7 July 1960 that Project E weapons would be phased out by December 1962, by which time it was anticipated that there would be sufficient British megaton weapons to equip the entire

10446: 3361:

grimly estimated that an attack on the UK with just ten 10-megaton weapons would kill 12 million people and seriously injure another 4 million even before the country was blanketed with radioactive fallout.

3893:, providing new information on the manner in which the United Kingdom could launch its nuclear weapons, particularly relating to safeguards against a rogue launch. The former Chief of the Defence Staff and 3652:

and other newspapers critical of the Conservative government supported the British deterrent, although it criticised the government for relying on bombers rather than missiles to deliver nuclear weapons.

1663:

test series, known as Grapple Z, commenced on 22 August. It explored new technologies such as the use of external neutron initiators, which had first been tried out with Orange Herald. Core boosting using

4021:

During the Cold War, if a nuclear attack had taken place and the Prime Minister and their deputies could not be reached, then Royal Air Force Strike Command had standing delegated authority to retaliate.

3923:

to authenticate each stage of the process before launching, with the submarine captain only able to access the firing trigger after two safes have been opened with keys held by the ship's executive and

1500: 2850:

The government released a written statement on 25 February 2020, outlining that the UK nuclear warheads will be replaced and will match the US Trident II SLBM and related systems. The commander of the

2732:, 14 in 1997, leaving the remaining missile tubes empty. Although the UK designed, manufactured and owns the warheads, there is evidence that the warhead design is similar to, or even based on, the US 814:

recommended pursuing the development of an atomic bomb as a matter of urgency, although it recognised that the resources required might be beyond those available to Britain. A new directorate known as

7185: 2010:

A maritime version of Project E, known as Project N supplied US Navy weapons. Providing American atomic bombs for Royal Navy ships would have involved similar dual key arrangements and detachments of

10173: 2995:, Emu Field and Maralinga in Australia, on Christmas and Malden Islands in Kiribati, and at the Nevada Test Site in the United States. The 45 tests included 21 tests carried out in the atmosphere. 2889:

The UK's first nuclear test, Operation Hurricane, was in the Montebello Islands of Western Australia. It was followed by the first nuclear tests on the Australian mainland, which were conducted at

2306:. Technical problems delayed its introduction into service, but over 100 were delivered by the end of 1961. Up to 48 Red Beards were secretly stowed in a highly secured weapons storage facility at 8212: 786:, and found that instead of tons, as everyone had assumed, as little as 1 to 10 kilograms (2.2 to 22.0 lb) would suffice, which would explode with the power of thousands of tons of dynamite. 4035: 3701:, despite his own unilateralist convictions, moved to drop the party's disarmament policy, which he saw as a contributing factor in its defeat. The party formally voted to do so in October 1989. 8926: 2929:

in South Australia was selected for this purpose. The new site was announced in May 1955. It was developed as a joint, co-funded facility between the British and Australian governments. Seven

8625:

The Successor class is the proposed replacement for the Vanguard class ballistic missile submarines. They will carry Trident D-5 missiles, the vehicle for delivering the UK's nuclear weapons.

2941:"Vixen" tests involved safety testing of nuclear weapons—assuring that the core would not accidentally undergo criticality in the event of a fire or crash. These minor tests left a legacy of 2668:

in the United States. The US would maintain and support the missiles, while the UK would manufacture its own submarines and warheads. The warheads and missiles would be mated in the UK. Four

12665: 10379: 2622:(ABM) defences, but the Royal Navy had to ensure that its small Polaris force operating alone, and often with only one submarine on patrol, could penetrate the ABM screen around Moscow. The 1987:

warheads were supplied in 1960, enough to equip three artillery regiments. Blue Water was cancelled in July 1962, and Honest John remained in service until 1977, when it was replaced by the

4052:(NPT). As of 2018, nine countries have nuclear weapons. After the UK government announced its plans to refurbish its Trident missiles and build new submarines to carry them, it published a 1831:

discussing British nuclear and missile development noted that "In many cases, it is based on technology received from the US and could not legitimately be passed on without US permission."

5742: 14128: 11732: 8987: 8712: 2387:

instead. Macmillan met with Eisenhower in March 1960, and secured permission to buy Skybolt without strings attached. In return, the Americans were given permission to base the US Navy's

10417: 3940:

The Prime Minister appoints nuclear deputies in case they are out of reach or indisposed during an emergency. Such appointments are made on a personal basis rather than according to the

8454: 6503: 2459:, which was converted to nuclear weapons research, design and development establishment, and opened on 1 April 1950. In 1954, the AWRE took control of the nearby 225-acre (91 ha) 14154: 9704: 6542: 10606: 10346: 8861: 8341: 11269: 9471: 3987:

as his nuclear deputies in 1970. In 1974, Wilson made Callaghan first deputy and Healey second deputy. When Callaghan became Prime Minister in 1976, he made Healey first deputy and

1922:

was assigned to SACEUR on 1 January 1961, followed by two more in July. The UK-based Canberra squadrons were then disbanded. Each of the 24 Valiants was equipped with two Project E

1159: 3944:. In 1961, the Prime Minister was advised for the first time to appoint a first deputy and second deputy to authorise nuclear retaliation if they were not immediately available. 14121: 2287:

The MDA made fully developed and tested American designs available quickly and cheaply. The first of these was the Mark 28, which was "Anglicised" and manufactured in the UK as

10142: 9076: 6369: 1885:

bases. There were also four squadrons of nuclear-armed Canberras based in the UK, which were capable of carrying either the Mark 7 or Red Beard. They too were assigned to the

10331:

Jeremy Corbyn has been heckled and accused of lying by his own MPs and told he was "defending the countries' enemies" as he announced he would vote against renewing Trident.

8815:

Jeremy Corbyn has been heckled and accused of lying by his own MPs and told he was "defending the countries' enemies" as he announced he would vote against renewing Trident.

1711:, advanced the position that nuclear weapons would give Britain influence over targeting and American policy, and would affect strategy in the Middle East and Far East. His 11036: 3728:

political organisation also opposes nuclear weapons and the Trident nuclear weapons programme. Some members and ex-members of the aforementioned political parties, such as

9045: 3477:) with an average of 1.5 megatons per bomb. The exercise was criticised as unrealistic as an actual exchange may be much larger or smaller, and did not include targets in 10546: 14588: 10235: 8771: 8510: 3626:

temporarily dissenting in 1958. Despite opposition from its left wing the Labour party supported British nuclear weapons but opposed tests, and Labour Opposition Leader

2862:

hearing that the UK was already working to replace its warheads. The new UK warhead was planned to fit inside the future US Mk7 aeroshell that would house the future US

1113:, who had served as a British member of the Combined Policy Committee from January 1947 to August 1948, left Americans with a distrust of British security arrangements. 10731: 2828:-class submarines was held on 18 July 2016. The Trident renewal programme motion passed with a significant majority with 472 MPs voting in favour and 117 against. The 9648: 9014: 8956: 2836:, and 47 other Labour MPs had voted against it; 41 did not vote but 140 Labour votes were cast in favour of the motion. The Successor class was officially named the 2198:

In fulfilment of NATO's plans to halt a Soviet invasion of Western Europe using tactical nuclear weapons, the 3rd Air Force received its own nuclear weapons when the

2056:

155 mm nuclear artillery shells. The last Project E warheads, including the Mark 57 nuclear depth bombs and those used by the BAOR, were withdrawn in July 1992.

10469: 8612: 2985: 1292:

The United States feared the USSR obtaining British atomic technology after conquering the United Kingdom in an invasion of western Europe. In February 1949 General

10442: 3451:

During the Cold War, a significant effort by government and academia was made to assess the effects of a nuclear attack on the UK. There were four major exercises:

2747:

described in 1980 as, "effectively invulnerable to pre-emptive attack". In the Strategic Defence Review published in July 1998, the government stated that once the

15310: 12426: 8086: 3799:

announced that the number of nuclear warheads in the UK stockpile would be increased to 260. This reversed the long-term trend of steadily reducing the stockpile.

2451:

The Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE), Aldermaston, formerly the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment (AWRE), is situated on a 750-acre (300 ha) site near

1034:. He also formed part of the Manhattan Project's post-war scientific mission to Hiroshima and Nagasaki that assessed the extent of the damage caused by the bombs. 10865: 2112:

Obtaining British permission was easy thanks to the wartime comradeship between the RAF and the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). Bypassing the politicians,

11003: 10204: 3606:

movement calling for Britain to unilaterally give up nuclear weapons, withdraw from NATO, and end the basing of US bombers armed with nuclear weapons in the UK.

1893:

were supplied for the V-bombers. When the MDA came into force, the US agreed to supply the V-bombers with megaton weapons in place of the Mark 5, in the form of

1183: 1136:(known informally by Attlee as the "Atomic Bomb Committee"), on 10 August 1945 to examine the feasibility of an independent British nuclear weapons programme. A 3485:. Even so, the effect of the limited attack in Square Leg was estimated to be 29 million dead (53 per cent of the population) and 6.4 million seriously injured. 555:

and artillery shells until 1992. Nuclear-capable American aircraft had been based in the UK since 1949, but the last US nuclear weapons were withdrawn in 2008.

14103: 10503: 8540: 1555:, an interim thermonuclear design similar to the Soviet Layer Cake used in Joe 4 and the American Alarm Clock; and Green Granite, a true thermonuclear design. 17: 2980:, which restricted it to underground nuclear tests by outlawing testing in the atmosphere, underwater, or in outer space, on 5 August 1963. The UK signed the 2126:, in June and July 1946. Work began on extended and strengthened runways at RAF airbases in East Anglia to receive the B-29s. In June 1947, nine B-29s of the 11107: 11063: 7224:"Cold War's End Chills Town in Scotland: Economy: An American submarine base will be shut down and thousands of jobs and millions of dollars will go with it" 7181: 5645: 4007:

in 1995 as one of the two nuclear deputies "to act on his behalf in the event of either his death or incapacity at a time of grave crisis for this country."

8874:

The £40 billion construction of a new fleet, Successor, could begin this year and be operational by 2028 while the current fleet will be phased out by 2032.

7609: 1272:, which allowed for consultation on the use of nuclear weapons, and limited sharing of technical information between the United States, Britain and Canada. 12715: 10165: 10068: 9678: 4045: 2109:

bombers could do this. Overseas bases were therefore required, and the need for bases in the UK was a feature of American war planning for over a decade.

426: 11085:

Ross, Eleanor (6 January 2016). "The nine countries that have nuclear weapons. Only five countries out of nine have legally recognised nuclear weapons".

10702: 9996: 8208: 7432: 2642:, during a debate in the House of Commons on 24 January 1980. By this time the project had gone on for a decade. The final cost reached £1,025 million. 1483:, which entered service in November 1957. The V Bomber force reached its peak in June 1964, when 50 Valiants, 70 Vulcans and 39 Victors were in service. 13430: 10410: 8741: 1336:

stated that "the McMahon Act was probably one of the best things that happened ... as it made us work and think for ourselves along independent lines."

14578: 8648: 4049: 3928:

officers. Another (albeit partly challenged) explanation is that while the Prime Minister can give an authorisation, only commissioned officers of the

2676: 589: 430: 292: 8916: 8151: 12121: 9228: 2984:, ending all nuclear testing, on 24 September 1996, and ratified it on 6 April 1998, having passed the necessary legislation on 18 March 1998 as the 1358:

Churchill, now again prime minister, announced on 17 February 1952 that the first British weapon test would occur before the end of the year. During

1163: 1855:. The agreement was confirmed by Eisenhower and Macmillan, who was now the Prime Minister, during their March 1957 meeting in Bermuda, and a formal 1304:. Whether the McMahon Act would have permitted the transaction is unclear, but Britain refused because of its intention to develop its own weapons. 11243: 7338: 1144:

considered the issue in July 1946, and recommended that Britain acquire nuclear weapons. They estimated that 200 bombs would be required by 1957.

12638: 10038: 5517: 5218: 4060:, in which it stated that the renewal is fully compatible with the United Kingdom's treaty commitments and international law. At the start of the 3812:

The Prime Minister authorises the use of nuclear weapons. All former prime ministers have supported an "independent nuclear deterrent", including

14078: 2957:. Nine tests were conducted there in 1957, 1958 and 1959, ultimately demonstrating that the UK had developed expertise in thermonuclear weapons. 2318: 1972: 1889:

in October 1960. The planned V-bomber force was reduced to 144 aircraft, and it was intended to equip half of them with Project E weapons, so 72

364: 12856: 8979: 8704: 3641:

From 1955 the government chose to emphasise the nuclear deterrent and de-emphasise conventional forces. In 1962, it stated that the forthcoming

2816:

election. There was already some urgency to move ahead because some experts predicted it could take 17 years to develop the replacement for the

1774:

design to the Americans. The opposition that had derailed previous attempts was now absent. The McMahon Act was amended, paving the way for the

1301: 15305: 14613: 13974:

Hill, Christopher Robert (2019). "Britain, West Africa and 'The new nuclear imperialism': decolonisation and development during French tests".

8831: 4575: 2357: 8446: 8272: 1202:

The decision to proceed was formally made on 8 January 1947 at a meeting of Gen 163, a subcommittee of the Gen 75 Committee consisting of six

15154: 14535: 11101:"The Future of the UK's Strategic Nuclear Deterrent: the White Paper: Government Response to the Committee's Ninth Report of Session 2006–07" 10636: 9194: 8366: 3898: 2430: 2345: 2065: 1460:. Some casings were stored elsewhere in the UK and in Cyprus for "second strike" use. It remained in service until 1962, and was replaced by 993:, who was later revealed to be a Soviet spy. As overall head of the British Mission, Chadwick forged a close and successful partnership with 868:, who demurred, ostensibly over concerns about American security. Ironically, it was the British project that had already been penetrated by 861: 843: 445: 298: 12615: 10598: 9700: 7231: 6534: 2105:, all of which lacked the range to reach targets in the Soviet Union from bases in the continental United States. Only the small number of 456:(McMahon Act) restricted other countries, including the UK, from access to information about nuclear weapons. Fearing the loss of Britain's 14068: 8853: 4091: 3287: 2884: 2630:

in June 1967, and without such a commitment, the Americans were unwilling to share information about warhead vulnerability. The result was

2615:

did not like to talk about "dependence" on the United States, preferring to describe the Special Relationship as one of "interdependence".

1227: 359: 11265: 11136: 7694: 6452: 1140:

and plutonium-processing facility was approved by the Gen 75 committee on 18 December 1945 "with the highest urgency and importance". The

14573: 10669: 3894: 3886: 3572: 3159: 2069: 1581:

on 11 October 1956, and the first of a thermonuclear weapon. The United States had not attempted an airdrop of a hydrogen bomb until the

1574: 1258:. The two Windscale reactors became operational in October 1950 and June 1951. The gaseous diffusion plant at Capenhurst began producing 348: 10783: 10099: 8420: 8183: 4667: 3199: 2803:

power and strike at Britain's status as a great power. A decision on the renewal of Trident was made on 4 December 2006. Prime Minister

2222:. US Navy Polaris ballistic missile submarines were based at Holy Loch in Scotland from March 1961. During the 1980s nuclear armed USAF 2166:

was formed in 1949 to control the deployments of B-29s to the UK. It was soon upgraded to the status of a major command, and became the

1620:. This was revised in November 1955, with "megaton" replacing "thermonuclear". Orange Herald could then meet the requirement. Codenamed 14650: 13031: 11879: 9468: 6481: 3845:, which if installed would preclude the possibility that military officers could launch British nuclear weapons without authorisation. 3634:

agreed with Sandys on the importance of reducing dependence on the American deterrent. Bevan told his colleagues that their demand for

3430:

In 2003, the UK government stated that it would consent to a request from the US to upgrade the radar at Fylingdales for use in the US

369: 12055: 2411:

range of the Skybolt would be reduced from 1,000 to 650 miles (1,610 to 1,050 km). A megaton design known as RE.179 based on the

1311:

in July a "full partnership" with Britain in exchange for uranium; negotiations between the two countries began that month. While the

852:'s John Cockcroft briefed American scientists on British developments. He discovered that the American S-1 Project (later renamed the 15099: 10134: 8581: 7635: 2988:. Subcritical nuclear tests continued to occur, most notably the Etna test in February 2002, and the Krakatau test in February 2006. 2829: 2014:

on board Royal Navy ships, which was deemed impractical even for ships and weapons dedicated to use in European waters. However, RAF

400: 12532: 11693: 9868: 6577: 6380: 2190:, ending nearly 12 years' of continual B-47 deployments, and the 7th Air Division on 30 June 1964. During the later Cold War years, 15179: 7691:"Atomic Weapons Research Establishment and Atomic Weapons Establishment: Administration of the Aldermaston Site: Files and Reports" 3972: 2812: 2242: 805:

was established to investigate further. It held its first meeting on 10 April 1940, in the ground-floor main committee room of the

343: 9603: 9294: 7864: 2130:

deployed to RAF Marham, where they were greeted by Tedder. This was merely a test; the bombers were not nuclear-capable. Only the

2007:. The British Army deployed more US nuclear weapons than the RAF and Royal Navy combined, peaking at 327 out of 392 in 1976–1978. 1017:

agreed that the use of nuclear weapons against Japan would be recorded as a decision of the Combined Policy Committee. Along with

766:, were tasked with carrying out a series of experiments on uranium. Oliphant delegated the task to two German refugee scientists, 14618: 11026: 9326: 9159: 7749: 5719: 2623: 1775: 1426: 1187: 917:. The unanimous response was that before embarking on this, another effort should be made to secure American cooperation. At the 496: 14087: 10575: 9037: 7719: 5495: 523:

in 1960. Instead, it purchased US delivery systems for UK use, fitting them with warheads designed and manufactured by the UK's

14668: 13559: 12696:. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. 12646:. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. 8388: 3440: 3412: 3402: 3386: 2821: 2479: 2348:, based on Red Beard. The development of the even smaller and lighter US ADMs led to its cancellation as well in 1961. The US 1321: 313: 303: 13344: 10727: 10227: 8763: 8502: 6478:"Disarmament Documentation: Amendment to the 1958 US-UK Mutual Defence Agreement (on nuclear weapons' cooperation), June 2004" 2925:

from the previous tests at Emu Field and the site's inadequate infrastructure and water supply, the recently surveyed site at

2583:(NATO). In the end, Kennedy did not wish to see Macmillan's government collapse, which would imperil Britain's entry into the 1819:

that used uranium enriched to between 93 and 97 per cent uranium-235. Reactor technology was transferred from Westinghouse to

14887: 14043: 13918: 13808: 13781: 13722: 13695: 13668: 13641: 13614: 13572: 13495: 13369: 13313: 13286: 13259: 13178: 13151: 13121: 12951:

MacDonald, Fraser (March 2006). "Geopolitics and 'The Vision Thing': Regarding Britain and America's First Nuclear Missile".

12933: 12800: 12773: 12743: 12701: 12651: 12601: 12566: 12484: 12454: 12396: 12362: 12247: 12225: 11967: 11937: 11892: 11868: 11789: 11760: 11591: 11508:

Baylis, John; Stoddart, Kristan (December 2003). "Britain and the Chevaline Project: The Hidden Nuclear Programme, 1967–82".

11498: 11442: 11380: 11348: 10353: 10261: 9490: 9128: 8338: 3984: 2991:

Altogether forty-five nuclear tests were carried out by the United Kingdom between 3 October 1952 to 26 November 1991 at the

2744: 2572: 329: 318: 14093: 11162: 10291: 9812: 9445: 8890: 8238: 5743:"Britain's H-bomb triumph a hoax: Patriotic scientists created an elaborate and highly secret bluff to disguise dud weapons" 1971:

from the United States in 1954. It was intended that they would be equipped with British warheads under a project codenamed

1162:

to the Ministry of Supply effective 1 November 1945. To coordinate the atomic energy effort, Marshal of the Royal Air Force

14635: 14558: 11295:

Aldrich, Richard J. (July 1998). "British Intelligence and the Anglo-American 'Special Relationship' during the Cold War".

10535: 9842: 9652: 9010: 8948: 8313: 7554: 3963:

instead of Lloyd was considered before this) as his first and second nuclear deputies, respectively. In 1965, Wilson chose

3694: 3670: 3577: 3527:

programmes aimed to prepare civilian and local government infrastructure for a nuclear strike on the UK. A series of seven

2575:. These represented more advanced technology than Skybolt, and the US was not inclined to provide them except as part of a 1937: 1464:, a smaller tactical nuclear weapon. The Blue Danube cores were recycled, and the plutonium used in other nuclear weapons. 902: 819: 414: 233: 11803: 10817: 10318: 8802: 8681: 8604: 7661: 1562:

test series, Grapple 1. The bomb was dropped from a height of 45,000 feet (14,000 m) by a Vickers Valiant piloted by

15089: 15068: 14959: 11266:"United Nations' nuclear weapons ban treaty enters into force, but US, Russia and China among those who won't support it" 8078: 2847:

submarines were expected to come into operation in the early 2030s, with the programme lasting until at least the 2060s.

1745: 282: 41: 13449:

Scott, Len (March 2012). "Selling or Selling Out Nuclear Disarmament? Labour, the Bomb, and the 1987 General Election".

12415: 9628: 9511: 9254: 4609: 15109: 14737: 14658: 14630: 14563: 14036:

Secrecy, Public Relations and the British Nuclear Debate: How the UK Government Learned to Talk about the Bomb, 1970–83

13513:

Spinardi, Graham (August 1997). "Aldermaston and British Nuclear Weapons Development: Testing the 'Zuckerman Thesis'".

10855: 10761: 9083: 7754: 7304: 2930: 2880: 2779: 2736:

warhead fitted in some US Navy Trident missiles, with design data being supplied by the United States through the MDA.

2580: 2534: 2179: 2171: 1430: 477: 473: 11545:

Baylis, John (June 2008). "The 1958 Anglo-American Mutual Defence Agreement: The Search for Nuclear Interdependence".

10995: 10196: 3865: 1307:

By that year, international control of atomic weapons seemed almost impossible to achieve, and Truman proposed to the

14997: 14812: 14757: 14528: 13012: 12146: 8276: 7300: 7030: 6448: 3531:

films were produced in 1964, and in the 1980s the most famous such programme was probably the series of booklets and

2349: 994: 14098: 10499: 7361: 6320: 5898: 15032: 14603: 8725:

Parliament will decide on Monday if the UK's nuclear submarine fleet will be replaced at an estimated cost of £41bn

7750:"Orford Ness: the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment test buildings and associated structures, Orford (1416933)" 6507: 4103: 4039: 3586: 3547: 3494: 2211: 1308: 1129: 1059: 914: 136: 11159:"Blair wins Trident vote after telling UK Parliament that the NPT gives Britain the Right to have nuclear weapons" 11059: 5638: 1417:

in November 1953, although the bombers to deliver them did not become available until 1955. On 11 October 1956, a

1300:

American atomic weapons if the British programme ended. Britain would have used the weapons with its own aircraft

15037: 15027: 14892: 14645: 11370: 11210: 11183: 8532: 7601: 4084: 2123: 2052:

When the Cold War ended in 1991, the BAOR still had about 85 Lance missiles, and more than 70 W33 eight-inch and

1492: 484: 12688: 10064: 9674: 8637: 6237: 15199: 15002: 14987: 14421: 14350: 13096: 11460:

Baylis, John (Summer 1994). "The Development of Britain's Thermonuclear Capability 1954–61: Myth or Reality?".

11100: 9992: 3635: 2665: 2651: 2634:, an Improved Front End (IFE) that replaced one of the three warheads with multiple decoys and other defensive 2524: 2317:

The availability of US weapons and designs under the MDA led to the cancellation of several research projects.

2223: 2120: 1953: 1712: 1613: 922: 567: 10698: 7446: 2921:

The British government formally requested a permanent test facility on 30 October 1953. Due to concerns about

2739:

Since 1969, the United Kingdom has always had at least one ballistic-missile submarine on patrol, giving it a

2379:

based on the Chiefs of Staff's conclusion that it was too vulnerable to attack and thus was only useful for a

1786:. Under the MDA, the US supplied the UK with not just nuclear submarine propulsion technology, but a complete 1000:, the director of the Manhattan Project. He ensured that British participation was complete and wholehearted. 570:

has been the only operational nuclear weapons system in British service. The delivery system consists of four

14695: 14598: 14593: 14278: 13801:

RAF Strategic Nuclear Deterrent Forces, Their Origins, Roles and Deployment, 1946–1969. A Documentary History

13423: 12795:. The Official History of the UK Strategic Nuclear Deterrent. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. 8737: 7861:"John F. Kennedy: Joint Statement Following Discussions With Prime Minister Macmillan – The Nassau Agreement" 3725: 3638:

would send a future Labour government "naked into the conference chamber" during international negotiations.

3618:

There was little dissent in the House of Commons from the government's nuclear weapons policy; it had almost

2981: 2407: 1621: 1203: 954: 887: 823: 790: 649: 393: 211: 6504:"UK/US: Amendment to the Agreement for Cooperation on the Uses of Atomic Energy for Mutual Defense Purposes" 2218:

in 1970. In the 1970s, up to 60 F-111s based in the UK were on quick reaction alert, each carrying multiple

2182:, the need for a SAC presence in the UK diminished, On 3 April 1964, the last SAC aircraft, a B-47 from the 1182:

arrived late and said "We've got to have this thing. I don't mind it for myself, but I don't want any other

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The anti-nuclear movement in the United Kingdom consists of groups who oppose nuclear technologies such as

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in Singapore between 1962 and 1971 for possible use by V bombers and for Britain's military commitment to

2037:

maritime patrol aircraft from 1965 to 1971 under Project N. These were later replaced by the more capable

15174: 15164: 15149: 14922: 14897: 14685: 14447: 14237: 14113: 6573: 2837: 2584: 2392: 2280: 2263: 1914: 1856: 519:. The UK has not had a programme to develop an independent delivery system since the cancellation of the 374: 13713:

Wade, Troy E. II (2008). "Nuclear Testing: A US Perspective". In Mackby, Jenifer; Cornish, Paul (eds.).

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Jones, Matthew (June 2003). "Up the Garden Path? Britain's Nuclear History in the Far East, 1954–1962".

11235: 10380:"Theresa May would fire UK's nuclear weapons as a 'first strike', says Defence Secretary Michael Fallon" 7330: 7223: 5210: 3546:

it at all. The government also prepared a recorded announcement which was to have been broadcast by the

15234: 15184: 14882: 14762: 14732: 14367: 14232: 10030: 9293:. Vol. 30, no. 8, 772. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 16 February 1956. p. 1. 5513: 2926: 2380: 2341: 2267: 2235: 2191: 1733: 1598: 1461: 958: 938: 848:

In July 1940, Britain had offered to give the United States access to its scientific research, and the

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Gibbs, W. J. (May 1999). "A Very Special Family: Memories of the Bureau of Meteorology 1946 to 1962".

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to control the nuclear bomber deployments. With the introduction to service of long-range bombers and

15272: 15119: 13869:(Spring 2007). "A Most Special Relationship: The Origins of Anglo-American Nuclear Strike Planning". 12873: 8345: 2942: 2098: 2094: 1992: 1874: 1866: 1808: 1790: 1141: 1099: 934: 544: 453: 8827: 4571: 3869:

Weapons Engineer Officer's Tactical Trigger used to launch a Trident Missile. Taken in 2012 aboard

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shot which took place on 26 November 1991. British nuclear testing was abruptly halted by President

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Wheeler, N. J. (Winter 1985–1986). "British Nuclear Weapons and Anglo-American Relations 1945–54".

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is also required to launch a nuclear attack. In December 2008, BBC Radio 4 made a programme titled

3849: 3761: 3717: 3431: 3406: 2792: 2669: 2512: 1794: 1434: 1410: 1087: 763: 645: 571: 386: 199: 11819:

Bronk, Justin (2014). "Britain's 'Independent' V-Bomber Force and US Nuclear Weapons, 1957–1962".

10632: 9186: 8358: 5718:. Vol. 31, no. 9, 171. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 17 May 1957. p. 1. 2571:. Macmillan rejected offers of other systems, and insisted that the UK needed to purchase Polaris 2142: 1429:

became the first British aircraft to drop a live atomic bomb when a Blue Danube was exploded over

1194:. We've got to have this thing over here, whatever it costs ... We've got to have the bloody 15144: 15104: 14992: 14807: 14782: 14639: 12921: 12588: 12389:

Independence and Deterrence: Britain and Atomic Energy, 1945–1952, Volume 2, Policy and Execution

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on 3 October 1952. Britain thereby became the third country to develop and test nuclear weapons.

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Leonard, Zeb (22 May 2014). "Tampering with history: varied understanding of Operation Mosaic".

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in North Yorkshire is a UK-controlled early warning station and part of the American-controlled

15194: 15063: 14982: 14902: 11132: 7690: 6441: 6376: 5639:"Individual History Vickers Valiant B (K) Mk.I XD818/7894M Museum Accession Number 1994/1352/A" 4016: 3842: 3837: 3642: 3528: 2619: 2530: 2329: 2215: 2183: 2127: 2079: 2034: 1801: 1531: 1231: 504: 13829:(January 2007). "US 'Atomic Capability' and the British Forward Bases in the Early Cold War". 12924:(2008). "The Role of Nuclear Submarine Propulsion". In Mackby, Jenifer; Cornish, Paul (eds.). 11985:

Chalmers, Malcolm (1 March 1999). "Bombs Away? Britain and Nuclear Weapons under New Labour".

10665: 10091: 3724:—opposed the basing of the Trident system in Scotland, and supported nuclear disarmament. The 1719:, considered that nuclear weapons reduced Britain's dependence on the United States. The 1956 740:

could be created. The term was already familiar to the British public through the writings of

452:. The British government considered nuclear weapons to be a joint discovery, but the American 15300: 15248: 15223: 15189: 15129: 15114: 14802: 14302: 9321: 4663: 3858: 3721: 3602: 2894: 2353: 2333: 2151: 2102: 2090: 2026: 1996: 1617: 1563: 1297: 1014: 982: 966: 890: 520: 268: 253: 189: 13040: 12046:(Report). Research Department Report Series 13-2009. Eastney, Portsmouth: English Heritage. 11906: 8348:, Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Defence, George Robertson, July 1998 6477: 3693:

the Conservatives in 1986 and 1987. In the wake of Labour's unsuccessful performance in the

2905:

on 14 and 26 October 1953. Two further tests were held on the Montebello Islands as part of

1736:

became head of RAF Bomber Command in 1955 he similarly insisted on targeting Soviet cities.

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Toward Nuclear Abolition: A History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement, 1971–Present

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was conducted in 1980. The scenario involved around 130 warheads with a total yield of 205

3026: 3016: 2851: 2719: 2686: 2608: 2603:, not far from the US Navy's base at Holy Loch. It was served by a weapons store at nearby 2322: 2147: 1976: 1945: 1898: 1894: 1816: 1759: 1749: 1573:

in the Pacific on 15 May 1957. It was Britain's second airdrop of a nuclear bomb after the

1523: 1441: 1293: 1110: 1070: 751: 664: 500: 488: 216: 204: 13717:. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies Press. pp. 200–211. 13488:

British Foreign and Defence Policy since 1945: Challenges and Dilemmas in a Changing World

13114:

Nuclear Illusion, Nuclear Reality: Britain, the United States and Nuclear Weapons, 1958–64

12928:. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies Press. pp. 247–258. 12690:

Atoms for Peace and War, Volume III, 1953–1961 Eisenhower and the Atomic Energy Commission

12502:

Harrison, Kevin (1982). "From Independence to Dependence: , Skybolt, Nassau and Polaris".

12355:

Independence and Deterrence: Britain and Atomic Energy, 1945–1952, Volume 1, Policy Making

11612:(June 1976). "The Uneasy Alliance: Roosevelt, Churchill, and the Atomic Bomb, 1940–1945". 9163: 8577: 7631: 6564: 4122: 3848:

Until 1998, when it was withdrawn from service, the WE.177 bomb was armed with a standard

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The next test was Grapple 2, of Orange Herald, the first British weapon to incorporate an

8: 15022: 14938: 14792: 14583: 14189: 13769: 12543: 11195: 10060: 9864: 4659: 3941: 3925: 3648: 3619: 3537: 3518: 3394: 3040: 2937: 2752: 2488: 2423: 2418:

At the same time, work was in progress on a Red Beard replacement for use with the RAF's

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and therefore lacked the necessary security clearance. In March 1940 they calculated the

641: 499:, the US and the UK have cooperated extensively on nuclear security matters. The nuclear 469: 465: 258: 13607:

Losing an Empire and Finding a Role: Britain, the USA, NATO and Nuclear Weapons, 1964–70

13213: 12964: 12071:

Dawson, R.; Rosecrance, R. (1966). "Theory and Reality in the Anglo-American Alliance".

11712: 11657: 11400:"First Waltz: Development and Deployment of Blue Danube, Britain's Post-War Atomic Bomb" 11222: 10536:"The Finger on the Button: The Authority to Use Nuclear Weapons in Nuclear-Armed States" 5413: 3782:

Submarines' missiles would not be targeted, but rather at several days "notice to fire".

969:

was headed by Chadwick, and later Peierls. It included distinguished scientists such as

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Churchill's Bomb: How the United States Overtook Britain in the First Nuclear Arms Race

12214: 12197: 12189: 12096: 12088: 12010: 11844: 11677: 11629: 11570: 11533: 11320: 11312: 9399: 9289: 7860: 7442: 5714: 5382: 3960: 3870: 3704: 3623: 3134: 3056: 2992: 2855: 2759: 2726: 2712: 2661: 2576: 2552: 2452: 2296: 2251: 2022: 1979:, with an Indigo Hammer warhead, was developed to replace Corporal. The US offered the 1812: 1640: 1167: 926: 857: 746: 559: 128: 13936:

Zimmerman, David (1995). "The Tizard Mission and the Development of the Atomic Bomb".

10411:"Securing Britain in an Age of Uncertainty: The Strategic Defence and Security Review" 864:(OSRD), raised the issue of cooperation and exchange of information with Anderson and 14844: 14714: 14049: 14039: 13997: 13957: 13924: 13914: 13886: 13858: 13814: 13804: 13787: 13777: 13728: 13718: 13701: 13691: 13674: 13664: 13647: 13637: 13620: 13610: 13586: 13578: 13568: 13550: 13530: 13501: 13491: 13478: 13466: 13410: 13375: 13365: 13336: 13319: 13309: 13292: 13282: 13265: 13255: 13239: 13227: 13184: 13174: 13157: 13147: 13144:

The Nassau Connection: The Organisation and Management of the British Polaris Project

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Goldberg, Alfred (July 1964). "The Atomic Origins of the British Nuclear Deterrent".

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as an interim replacement. The offer was accepted, and 120 Honest John missiles with

1783: 1691: 1648: 1582: 1559: 1377: 1329: 946: 906: 894: 853: 726: 600: 597: 536: 495:

nuclear tests in the Pacific, and led to the amendment of the McMahon Act. Since the

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The Tizard Mission: The Top-Secret Operation that Changed the Course of World War II

13092: 11416: 11399: 2119:, the commander of the USAAF, came to an agreement with the Chief of the Air Staff, 1680: 1647:

Aldermaston had plenty of ideas about how to follow up Grapple X. A new design used

1558:

The Green Granite prototype, known as Short Granite, was tested in the first of the

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The final batch of missile bodies would not be purchased, limiting the fleet to 58.

3558:

were also to be used to warn the public. The system was mostly dismantled in 1992.

3358: 3302: 3119: 2961: 2906: 2627: 2568: 2219: 2203: 2187: 2175: 2163: 2046: 2038: 1927: 1923: 1910: 1708: 1453: 1207: 1154:, Chief Superintendent Armament Research, was in charge of atomic bomb development. 1133: 1030: 1021: 997: 986: 950: 930: 810: 798: 770:

and Frisch, who ironically could not work on the university's secret projects like

721: 692: 508: 14025: 14006: 13989: 13405: 13388: 12831: 11521: 10283: 10257: 9487: 9122: 8886: 2976:

The United Kingdom, along with the United States and the Soviet Union, signed the

2302:

The kiloton Red Beard was developed for use by the Canberras and the Royal Navy's

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Facing Down the Soviet Union: Britain, the USA, NATO and Nuclear Weapons, 1976–83

13462: 12905: 12761: 12380: 12346: 12326: 12164:

Epstein, L. D. (1966). "The Nuclear Deterrent and the British Election of 1964".

12022: 11832: 11158: 9816: 9494: 9475: 9452: 8921: 8234: 4000: 3817: 3740: 3598: 3542: 3424: 3420: 3398: 3382: 3082: 2922: 2902: 2898: 2705: 2564: 2548: 2538: 2504: 2456: 2384: 2238:, under which NATO countries agreed to modernise the alliance's nuclear weapons. 2167: 2030: 2015: 1566: 1472: 1440:

About fifty-eight Blue Danube bombs were produced. The first bombs had plutonium

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designing, constructing and operating an atomic energy plant. The passing of the

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Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume 5: British, French, and Chinese Nuclear Weapons

11998: 10470:"Boris Johnson plans to increase nuclear warheads in post-Brexit Global Britain" 10314: 9838: 8917:"Theresa May warns threat of nuclear attack has increased ahead of Trident vote" 8794: 8673: 7546: 2544: 1959: 1635: 14797: 14787: 14386: 14210: 14145: 13949: 13634:

The Sword and the Shield: Britain, America, NATO and Nuclear Weapons, 1970–1976

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In the early years of the Cold War, the majority of the bomber force of the US

2083: 1968: 1949: 1800:

submarines. This was used in the Royal Navy's first nuclear-powered submarine,

1763: 1539: 1414: 1402: 1171: 1151: 1091: 1075: 1055: 1051: 933:, which merged the two national projects. The Quebec Agreement established the 883: 849: 802: 767: 716: 672: 660: 627: 273: 221: 151: 85: 14053: 13076: 12810: 12753: 12576: 12515: 11947: 11665: 11558: 11473: 11308: 10809: 9555: 9553: 9551: 9549: 9547: 9545: 9543: 9541: 9507: 9469:

House of Commons Debate, Nuclear Explosions (Prohibition and Inspections) Bill

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Sources give slightly varying dates for the request and selection of the site.

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The Real Meaning of the Words: a Pedantic Glossary of British Nuclear Weapons

13928: 13890: 13842: 13791: 13732: 13678: 13651: 13624: 13534: 13505: 13470: 13414: 13379: 13340: 13323: 13269: 13247: 13231: 13222: 13197: 13188: 13161: 13131: 13084: 12980: 12943: 12839: 12783: 12611: 12523: 12464: 12406: 12372: 12257: 12185: 12156: 12051: 12006: 11840: 11770: 11728: 11673: 11644:(March 2010). "John von Neumann and Klaus Fuchs: An Unlikely Collaboration". 11601: 11566: 11529: 11481: 11452: 11425: 11358: 10860: 9497:, British American Security Information Council, last updated on 14 June 2001 9316: 8419:. The Future of the United Kingdom's Nuclear Deterrent. Ministry of Defence. 8302: 8182:. The Future of the United Kingdom's Nuclear Deterrent. Ministry of Defence. 5709: 4613: 3813: 3796: 3682: 3661: 3655: 3631: 3594: 3524: 3514: 3499: 3297: 3258: 2965: 2954: 2833: 2604: 2434: 2303: 2042: 2004: 2000: 1941: 1716: 1570: 1548: 1510: 1406: 1325: 1268: 1216: 1106: 1018: 974: 879: 865: 827: 806: 779: 759: 696: 676: 558:

In 1982, the Polaris Sales Agreement was amended to allow the UK to purchase

13882: 13818: 13705: 13582: 13296: 12869: 12711: 12494: 11977: 11902: 11799: 11390: 10757: 7293: 2344:(ADMs) based on Blue Danube, was cancelled in 1958 in favour of the lighter 14859: 14854: 14849: 14544: 14492: 14273: 13139: 12661: 12384: 12350: 12338: 12294: 11366: 11332: 9538: 3976: 3968: 3952: 3920: 3909: 3821: 3733: 3698: 3582: 3555: 3551: 3478: 3470: 3375: 2484: 2337: 2155: 1988: 1699: 1695: 1552: 1457: 1333: 1243: 1179: 1079: 1047: 970: 953:

in New York. Another, led by Oliphant, who acted as deputy director at the

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The discovery of fission raised the possibility that an extremely powerful

708: 552: 14143: 14007:"Social and cultural histories of British nuclear mobilisation since 1945" 13022: 12139:

A Special Relationship: Anglo-American Relations from the Cold War to Iraq

12034: 12027:

The Birth of the Bomb: Britain's Part in the Weapon that Changed the World

11753:

The Long Wait: the Forging of the Anglo-American Nuclear Alliance, 1945–58

11584:

The British Nuclear Experience: The Roles of Beliefs, Culture and Identity

9231:. Australian Department of Education, Science and Training. Archived from 7026: 1147: 14917: 14831: 14263: 14184: 11404:

The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology

10784:"King Charles III: A look at the Commander-in-Chief's time in the forces" 10694: 8854:"Everything you need to know about Trident – Britain's nuclear deterrent" 6313: 5890: 4612:. The Manhattan Project Heritage Preservation Association. Archived from 4053: 3964: 3913: 2763: 2679:(MIRV) capability, which was needed to overcome the Soviet ABM defences. 2639: 2472: 2468: 2131: 2116: 2019: 1934: 1882: 1771: 1729: 1720: 1684: 1643:

was the aircraft that dropped the bomb in the Grapple 1 test in May 1957.

1625: 1476: 1445: 990: 815: 783: 775: 741: 737: 712: 631: 512: 457: 437: 15255: 13850: 11316: 4036:

Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons

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This partly resulted from the arrest for espionage of British physicist

1083:

Policy Committee meeting in June, the American copy could not be found.

14943: 14568: 13911:

The American Bomb in Britain: US Air Forces' Strategic Presence 1946–64

13761: 13424:"The UK Naval Nuclear Propulsion Programme and Highly Enriched Uranium" 12988: 12766:

Dropping Britain's first H-bomb: The Story of Operation Grapple 1957/58

12472: 12318: 12286: 12092: 9446:"Inventory of International Nonproliferation Organizations and Regimes" 7027:"Nuclear Warships and Naval Nuclear Weapons 1990: A Complete Inventory" 4004: 3948: 3462: 3254: 2950: 2804: 2697: 2307: 2011: 1919: 1851:

to make up the shortfall. The provision on American weapons was called

1251: 1239: 1235: 1195: 1042: 978: 581: 13542: 13362:

Nuclear Weapons-Free World?: Britain, Trident and the Challenges Ahead

13169:

Norris, Robert S.; Burrows, Andrew S.; Fieldhouse, Richard W. (1994).

12596:. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. 12193: 11720: 11633: 11372:

Britain, Australia and the Bomb: The Nuclear Tests and Their Aftermath

9736: 9127:. Metarch Papers. Vol. 13 (Web ed.). Bureau of Meteorology. 4068:, the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, stated: 3772:

The stockpile of "operationally available warheads" was reduced to 225

14407: 13906: 13866: 13826: 12044:

Atomic Weapons Research Establishment Foulness, Essex – Survey Report

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set up between 10 Downing Street and the SSBN Control Officer at the

3827: 3482: 3474: 3214: 3209: 3174: 3169: 3129: 3092: 3050: 2890: 2859: 2631: 2556: 2419: 2396: 2074: 1852: 1845: 1755: 1656: 1652: 1578: 1468: 1275: 1247: 688: 577: 548: 516: 13753: 13060: 12793:

Volume I: From the V-Bomber Era to the Arrival of Polaris, 1945–1964

12310: 12297:(April 1963). "The Evolution of the Independent British Deterrent". 12278: 12084: 10500:"Britain to expand nuclear warhead stockpile as global threats rise" 8830:(Press release). Government of the United Kingdom. 21 October 2016. 5414:"Britain's Nuclear Weapons - History of the British Nuclear Arsenal" 3876:

during a test launch of an unarmed Trident ballistic missile at sea.

2913: 1178:

The meeting was about to decide against it on grounds of cost, when

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British Scientists and the Manhattan Project: The Los Alamos Years

10689: 10687: 6984: 6982: 5777: 4733: 4640: 4488: 4452: 3959:

in 1962. In 1964, Douglas-Home appointed Butler and Lloyd (though

2917:

Site of Totem 1, the first nuclear test on the Australian mainland

2487:

arrangement. In 1993, the contract was awarded to a consortium of

2471:. Components for nuclear weapons were also produced at the former 12864:. Washington, DC: United States Army Center of Military History. 11881:

Secrecy and Dependence: The UK Trident System in the 21st Century

11236:"122 countries adopt 'historic' UN treaty to ban nuclear weapons" 10999: 10880: 9633: 7685: 7683: 7681: 7679: 7182:"Heritage: 20th Fighter Wing first tactical nuclear unit in '50s" 6037: 6035: 5962: 5960: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5692: 5690: 5257: 3020: 2788: 2596: 2276: 1930:

in early 1963. The Valiants were withdrawn from service in 1965.

1664: 1547:. Penney established three megaton bomb projects at Aldermaston: 1467:

Being so big and heavy, Blue Danube could only be carried by the

1449: 1363: 1255: 1024:, sent by Wilson as a British representative, Penney watched the 700: 680: 656: 11755:. Contributions in Military Studies. New York: Greenwood Press. 10751: 10749: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6930: 5395: 5393: 5346: 5190: 5178: 5166: 5132: 5120: 5096: 5072: 5024: 5012: 4988: 4853: 4829: 4293: 2718:, collected a full load of 16 missiles in 1994, but the second, 413:

In 1952, the United Kingdom became the third country (after the

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The Bomber in British Strategy: Britain's World Role, 1945–1960

10684: 9888: 9886: 9209: 8980:"Trident Pentagon reveals deal with Britain to replace Trident" 8525: 8447:"UK nuclear weapons convoys 'have had 180 mishaps in 16 years'" 7433:"Britain Kept Secret Nuclear Weapons in Singapore & Cyprus" 6979: 6059: 4906: 4904: 2868: 2751:

submarines became fully operational (the fourth and final one,

2368: 2271: 1886: 1280: 1005: 704: 684: 563: 10599:"Theresa May calls for urgent go-ahead on Trident replacement" 10166:"Radicals threaten Salmond and Scottish independence campaign" 9963: 9961: 9365: 8705:"Trident: what you need to know before the parliamentary vote" 8071: 8011: 7676: 7547:"Nuclear Weapons: A Guide to British Nuclear Weapons Projects" 6855: 6191: 6095: 6071: 6032: 6020: 6008: 5996: 5984: 5972: 5957: 5925: 5687: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5048: 4976: 4769: 4757: 4440: 3601:. Many different groups and individuals have been involved in 3550:

if a nuclear attack ever did occur. Sirens left over from the

3357:

Britain was extremely vulnerable to nuclear weapons. The 1955

2696:

class ballistic missile submarines of the Royal Navy, departs

2664:. These operated as part of a shared pool of weapons based at 2321:

and the smaller Pixie were warheads intended for use with the

1940:(IRBMs) that were operated by the RAF from 1959 to 1963 under 1612:(OR1142) was issued in 1955 for a thermonuclear warhead for a 1401:

free-fall bomb. It had a 60-inch (1,500 mm) diameter, 32

1397:

This led to the development of the first deployed weapon, the

1226:

Production facilities were constructed under the direction of

945:

A British mission led by Akers assisted in the development of

671:

in February 1932, and in April 1932, his Cavendish colleagues

562:

missiles. Since 1998, when the UK decommissioned its tactical

14072: 13333:"Trident and British Identity: Letting Go of Nuclear Weapons" 10746: 10197:"Scotland's Rise alliance ready to challenge SNP in Holyrood" 9753: 9751: 9341: 8169: 8101: 8059: 8047: 8035: 7769: 7258: 7006: 6927: 5947: 5945: 5824: 5822: 5809: 5807: 5390: 4332: 3885:

There appears to be a debate over whether concurrence of the

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Beginning in December 1962, the UK conducted 24 tests at the

2933:

were conducted between 27 September 1956 and 9 October 1957.

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The Atomic Weapons Research Establishment became part of the

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members, including Attlee, and was publicly announced in the

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process. Cockcroft became the director of the Anglo-Canadian

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Vanguard to Trident; British Naval Policy since World War II

11491:

Ambiguity and Deterrence: British Nuclear Strategy 1945–1964

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was a British artillery warhead that was cancelled in 1958.

476:

were carried out over the following decade, including seven

14082: 10114: 9958: 9508:"Nuclear Explosions (Prohibition and Inspections) Act 1998" 9101: 8125: 6903: 6713: 6711: 5834: 5595: 5561: 5559: 5298: 5269: 5084: 4889: 4781: 4694: 2500: 2499:. In 1999, the contract was transferred to a consortium of 1824: 592:(MIRVs). With at least one submarine always on patrol, the 13279:

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In addition to the major tests involving explosions, many

2415:

warhead used in American ICBMs was developed for Skybolt.

2402:

The Americans initially intended to pair Skybolt with the

2210:

fighters and Mark 7 nuclear bombs. It reequipped with the

13061:"Anglo-American Nuclear Weapons Cooperation After Nassau" 12736:

Strategic Air Command in the UK: SAC Operations 1946–1992

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made reductions from the plans announced by the previous

2986:

Nuclear Explosions (Prohibition and Inspections) Act 1998

2863: 2766:. The accidents have been more frequent in recent years. 2733: 2675:

submarines were designed and built. Trident missiles had

2511:. In 2008, the British government sold the BNFL share to 2412: 2403: 2371:

A sectioned instructional example of an operational round

2053: 1984: 1787: 1250:, and a gaseous diffusion uranium enrichment facility at 10976: 10964: 10952: 10940: 10928: 10904: 10892: 10660: 9038:"Britain's Nuclear Projects: Less Bang and More Whimper" 9011:"Will America Help Britain Build a New Nuclear Warhead?" 8503:"Trident renewal: would £205bn be a price worth paying?" 8113: 8023: 7891: 7602:"Falklands warships carried nuclear weapons, MoD admits" 7362:"U.S. Nuclear Weapons Withdrawn From the United Kingdom" 7200: 7134: 6879: 6831: 6795: 6771: 6708: 6619: 6607: 5913: 5556: 5452: 5152:"Britain's Nuclear Weapons – British Nuclear Facilities" 4817: 4512: 4500: 4416: 2463:, where warheads were assembled, and the test ranges at 1839: 860:, the head of the London liaison office of the American 584:

in Scotland. Each submarine is armed with up to sixteen

464:. On 3 October 1952, it detonated an atomic bomb in the 436:

The UK initiated a nuclear weapons programme, codenamed

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Test of Greatness: Britain's Struggle for the Atom Bomb

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Project E nuclear warheads were also used on the sixty

1246:, nuclear reactors and a plutonium processing plant at 1116: 744:, with a continuously exploding bomb in his 1913 novel 503:

between the two countries has involved the exchange of

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Prospects for Further Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

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status, the UK resumed its own project, now codenamed

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in Berkshire. It was built on the site of the former

2440: 1158:

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Total country yield is 1.7% of all nuclear testing.

2406:

warhead, an innovative light-weight design from the

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for discussions about nuclear weapons, November 1945

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multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles

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Archived from 12683: 12107: 11778:Bowie, Christopher J.; Platt, Alan (1984). 11365: 10856:"The role and powers of the Prime Minister" 9215: 9152: 8605:"British parliament votes to renew Trident" 8381: 8359:"Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance" 7179: 6576:. 23 August 1974. p. 40. SNIE 4-1-74. 6065: 5840: 5631: 4566: 3912:, the role of Commander-in-Chief passed to 3573:Anti-nuclear movement in the United Kingdom 2618:Polaris had not been designed to penetrate 2070:Strategic Air Command in the United Kingdom 1999:that equipped four batteries of eight-inch 1671: 818:was created to coordinate this effort. Sir 15155:Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps 14536: 14522: 14136: 14122: 13198:"The British nuclear stockpile, 1953–2013" 12042:Cocroft, Wayne D.; Newsome, Sarah (2009). 11777: 11331: 10666:"Nuclear weapons security – MoD statement" 10315:"MPs vote to renew Trident weapons system" 10312: 9940: 9892: 9371: 9359: 9347: 9337:– via National Library of Australia. 9305:– via National Library of Australia. 9113: 9071: 9069: 9067: 9065: 9063: 8795:"MPs vote to renew Trident weapons system" 8792: 8351: 7599: 7359: 7331:"US removes its nuclear arms from Britain" 7291: 6572:. Special National Intelligence Estimate. 6303: 6273: 6149: 6089: 6077: 6041: 6014: 6002: 5990: 5936: 5828: 5730:– via National Library of Australia. 5696: 5681: 5669: 5625: 5613: 5589: 5538: 5144: 4652: 3852:(as used on bicycle locks) and a standard 3802: 3458:Exercise Scrum Half was conducted in 1978. 2257: 2093:(SAC) was made up of World War II vintage 2060:US nuclear weapons in US service in the UK 1242:. These included a uranium metal plant at 1190:as I have just been in my discussion with 527:(AWE) and its predecessor. Under the 1963 487:demonstrated Britain's ability to produce 401: 387: 158: 15100:Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers 14024: 13935: 13658: 13631: 13404: 13250:; Steadman, Philip; Greene, Owen (1983). 13221: 12995: 12950: 11863:. London: Jane's Publishing Company Ltd. 11688: 11640: 11608: 11415: 11024: 10807: 10621: 10225: 10163: 9928: 9255:"Maralinga: Nuclear Testing in Australia" 9221: 8738:"Defence Secretary welcomes vote on CASD" 8572: 8570: 8537:Select Committee on Defence Eighth Report 8500: 8211:. 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UK Hansard. 25 February 2020. 8941: 8908: 8879: 8846: 8828:"New Successor Submarines Named" 8820: 8786: 8756: 8730: 8696: 8666: 8630: 8603:Allison, George (18 July 2016). 8596: 8501:MacAskill, Ewen (17 July 2016). 8494: 8469: 8445:Evans, Rob (22 September 2016). 8438: 8406: 8331: 8295: 8265: 8227: 8137: 7853: 7738: 7650: 7624: 7593: 7431:Rhodes, Tom (31 December 2000). 7424: 7353: 7322: 7173: 7018: 6526: 6470: 6434: 6243:. The Defence Council. July 1980 5741:Pringle, Peter (24 March 1994). 5734: 5702: 5506: 4123:"Status of World Nuclear Forces" 4104:List of V Bomber dispersal bases 4040:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 3991:second deputy. The files on who 3947:In 1961, Harold Macmillan chose 3790:In April 2017 Defence Secretary 3587:Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament 3508: 3495:Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament 3296: 3248: 3208: 3168: 3128: 3091: 3049: 2874: 2433:caused complications during the 2212:North American F-100 Super Sabre 1309:Joint Committee on Atomic Energy 40: 15028:Special Reconnaissance Regiment 14589:Current serving senior officers 13831:Journal of Contemporary History 13422:Ritchie, Nick (February 2015). 12734:Hopkins, Robert S. III (2019). 12531:Hawkings, David (Summer 2002). 12110:"Britain's Thermonuclear Bluff" 11614:The Western Political Quarterly 11417:10.1179/1758120614Z.00000000054 11297:Review of International Studies 11211:United Nations General Assembly 11184:United Nations General Assembly 10808:Rosenbaum, Ron (January 2009). 10449:from the original on 6 May 2016 10238:from the original on 5 May 2018 10092:"170 held at last Faslane demo" 9634:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 9261:. 2 August 1995. Archived from 8237:. BBC News. 23 September 2009. 7329:Borger, Julian (26 June 2008). 5405: 5370: 4560: 4085:United Nations General Assembly 3681:. Led by Gaitskell's successor 2234:, as a consequence of the 1979 2224:Ground Launched Cruise Missiles 2003:. These were later replaced by 1967:The British Army purchased 113 1493:British hydrogen bomb programme 485:British hydrogen bomb programme 65:First thermonuclear weapon test 15200:Military Provost Guard Service 15003:Falkland Islands Defence Force 14988:Royal Montserrat Defence Force 14758:1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards 12391:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 12108:Dombey, N.; Grove, E. (1992). 10758:"Whose hand is on the button?" 10633:"Finger on the nuclear button" 10409:HM Government (October 2010). 10378:Merrick, Rob (24 April 2017). 9036:Plant, Tom (22 January 2020). 8647:. British Pugwash. July 2011. 8414:"Fact sheet 4: Current system" 8177:"Fact sheet 4: Current system" 8079:"Written Answers to Questions" 7294:U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe 4115: 3636:unilateral nuclear disarmament 2666:Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay 2652:Trident (UK nuclear programme) 2525:Polaris (UK nuclear programme) 2332:; a British version of the US 2206:in Essex on 1 June 1952, with 2121:Marshal of the Royal Air Force 1954:air-launched ballistic missile 1614:medium-range ballistic missile 1078:, sent a message to President 923:President of the United States 715:, determined that the uranium 621: 531:, the US supplied the UK with 13: 1: 14599:Structure of the British Army 14493:Blue Peacock nuclear landmine 14026:10.1080/13619462.2018.1519425 13990:10.1080/13619462.2018.1519426 13686:Szasz, Ferenc Morton (1992). 13558:Stocker, Jeremy (July 2004). 13406:10.1080/10736700.2017.1345517 12894:Journal of Australian Studies 12832:10.1080/07075332.2003.9640998 12587:; Anderson, Oscar E. 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The British mission to the 955:Berkeley Radiation Laboratory 893:(right), the director of the 824:Lord President of the Council 782:of a metallic sphere of pure 725:in 1939. By analogy with the 15074:Honourable Artillery Company 14893:Duke of Lancaster's Regiment 14012:Contemporary British History 13977:Contemporary British History 13463:10.1080/07075332.2012.620242 12906:10.1080/14443058.2014.895956 11833:10.1080/01402390.2013.770736 11821:Journal of Strategic Studies 11781:British Nuclear Policymaking 8273:"Britain's Next Nuclear Era" 7029:. Greenpeace International. 6989:Norris & Kristensen 2013 5580:, pp. 160–163, 179–185. 5416:. The Nuclear Weapon Archive 5264:Dawson & Rosecrance 1966 4497:, pp. 226–227, 256–258. 3921:two individuals are required 3754:collapse of the Soviet Union 3437:Upgraded Early Warning Radar 3075:First British nuclear test. 2447:Atomic Weapons Establishment 2393:ballistic missile submarines 2241:Under the terms of the 1987 2208:Republic F-84F Thunderstreak 1740:Renewed American partnership 1372:anchored in a lagoon in the 1350:Blue Danube (nuclear weapon) 1340:First test and early systems 832:Imperial Chemical Industries 789:Oliphant took the resulting 727:division of biological cells 525:Atomic Weapons Establishment 7: 15175:Staff and Personnel Support 15150:Royal Army Veterinary Corps 14898:Royal Regiment of Fusiliers 14614:Weapons of mass destruction 13871:Journal of Cold War Studies 13659:Stoddart, Kristan (2014b). 13632:Stoddart, Kristan (2014a). 13393:The Nonproliferation Review 13254:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 13065:Journal of Cold War Studies 13003:Riding the Storm: 1956–1959 12764:; Simmons, Michael (2008). 11999:10.1177/0967010699030001005 11701:American Journal of Physics 11493:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 11027:"The Letter of Last Resort" 10810:"The Letter of Last Resort" 10260:. BBC News. 14 March 2007. 9841:. 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The US also supplied the 1857:Memorandum of Understanding 1038:End of American cooperation 1028:from the observation plane 547:with nuclear weapons under 10: 15327: 15185:Army Legal Services Branch 14883:Royal Regiment of Scotland 14763:Royal Scots Dragoon Guards 14733:Household Cavalry Regiment 14574:Chief of the General Staff 14034:Salisbury, Daniel (2020). 13950:10.1177/096834459500200302 13605:Stoddart, Kristan (2012). 13527:10.1177/030631297027004001 13277:Paul, Septimus H. (2000). 12637:; Duncan, Francis (1969). 12449:. London: Frances Pinter. 12166:Journal of British Studies 11751:Botti, Timothy J. (1987). 11135:. Hansard. 14 March 2007. 10574:. BBC News. 21 June 2006. 10502:. Reuters. 16 March 2021. 10347:"Strategic Defence Review" 9124:Federation and Meteorology 8915:Peck, Tom (18 July 2016). 8889:. 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Royal Air Force Museum. 4911:Baylis & Stoddart 2015 4046:five nuclear-weapon states 4033: 4014: 3895:Chief of the General Staff 3887:Chief of the Defence Staff 3808:Role of the Prime Minister 3614:End of cross-party support 3570: 3512: 3392: 2910:not stand up to scrutiny. 2878: 2777: 2649: 2645: 2522: 2518: 2444: 2342:atomic demolition munition 2268:Red Beard (nuclear weapon) 2261: 2236:NATO Double-Track Decision 2192:Boeing B-52 Stratofortress 2063: 2041:, which was stockpiled at 1843: 1743: 1651:that was less enriched in 1599:external neutron initiator 1490: 1431:Maralinga, South Australia 1343: 1120: 959:electromagnetic separation 939:Combined Development Trust 841: 729:, they named the process " 625: 617:History of nuclear weapons 614: 610: 427:five nuclear-weapon states 49:Nuclear program start date 15216: 15163: 15128: 15120:Royal Corps of Army Music 15082: 15046: 15015: 14968: 14952: 14931: 14873: 14830: 14821: 14746: 14713: 14704: 14669:other ranks rank insignia 14551: 14501: 14480: 14460: 14431: 14420: 14395: 14379: 14360: 14349: 14329: 14312: 14301: 14251: 14220: 14198: 14172: 14161: 14152: 13515:Social Studies of Science 13077:10.1162/15203970051032318 13030:McIntyre, Donald (2006). 12516:10.1080/03071848208523423 12220:. 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(1989). 12640:Atomic Shield, 1947–1952 12590:The New World, 1939–1946 12445:Groom, A. J. R. (1974). 10889:, pp. 191, 277–278. 10662:Ministry of Defence (UK) 9510:. UK National Archives. 9493:27 November 2008 at the 9285:"No Hydrogen Bomb Tests" 8764:"UK's Nuclear Deterrent" 8580:. BBC. 4 December 2006. 8477:"Trident: the done deal" 8363:Arms Control Association 8339:Strategic Defence Review 7634:. Imperial War Museums. 5516:. UK National Archives. 5402:, pp. 112–113, 256. 5154:. Nuclear Weapon Archive 4572:"The Height of the Bomb" 4109: 3967:as his first deputy and 3850:tubular pin tumbler lock 3762:Strategic Defence Review 3718:Scottish Socialist Party 3533:public information films 3432:National Missile Defense 3407:National Missile Defense 3305:, Nevada, United States 2830:Leader of the Opposition 2791:Naval Base, home of the 2711:The first Trident boat, 2513:Jacobs Engineering Group 1672:An independent deterrent 1655:(and therefore had more 1405:implosion system with a 1088:Prime Minister of Canada 1050:and the prime ministers 764:University of Birmingham 695:at Hahn's laboratory in 646:University of Birmingham 644:Physics building at the 15145:Royal Army Dental Corps 15105:Small Arms School Corps 14993:Cayman Islands Regiment 13883:10.1162/jcws.2007.9.2.5 13799:Wynn, Humphrey (1997). 13112:Moore, Richard (2010). 12855:Jones, Vincent (1985). 12791:Jones, Jeffrey (2017). 12137:Dumbrell, John (2006). 11962:. London: John Murray. 9474:19 January 2017 at the 9216:Arnold & Smith 2006 9187:"Maralinga's afterlife" 8344:26 October 2012 at the 8310:US Department of Energy 7184:. Shaw Air Force Base. 6104:, pp. 48, 397–398. 6066:Hewlett & Holl 1989 5841:Dombey & Grove 1992 3908:Following the death of 3803:Nuclear weapons control 3710:Scottish National Party 3690:Labour Party Conference 3679:Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 3417:Defense Support Program 2978:Partial Test Ban Treaty 2662:Trident II D-5 missiles 2592:Polaris Sales Agreement 2330:surface-to-air missiles 2258:British nuclear weapons 2254:aircraft were removed. 2250:for deployment by USAF 2136:509th Bombardment Group 2107:Convair B-36 Peacemaker 1815:in 1963. The S5W had a 1610:Operational Requirement 1296:offered to General Sir 1260:highly enriched uranium 1123:High Explosive Research 756:Imperial College London 711:, who, with her nephew 683:atoms with accelerated 669:University of Cambridge 529:Polaris Sales Agreement 462:High Explosive Research 444:in August 1943, it was 15195:Military Provost Staff 15064:Royal Corps of Signals 14983:Royal Bermuda Regiment 14903:Royal Anglian Regiment 14088:British Nuclear Policy 13387:Ritchie, Nick (2016). 13360:Ritchie, Nick (2014). 13331:Ritchie, Nick (2008). 12114:London Review of Books 11646:Physics in Perspective 11369:; Smith, Mark (2006). 11341:Britain and the H-bomb 9941:Arnold & Pyne 2001 9893:Bowie & Platt 1984 9372:Arnold & Pyne 2001 9360:Arnold & Pyne 2001 9348:Arnold & Pyne 2001 6876:, pp. 48, 99–100. 6377:UK Ministry of Defence 6274:Arnold & Pyne 2001 6150:Bowie & Platt 1984 6090:Arnold & Pyne 2001 6078:Arnold & Pyne 2001 6042:Arnold & Pyne 2001 6015:Arnold & Pyne 2001 6003:Arnold & Pyne 2001 5991:Arnold & Pyne 2001 5937:Arnold & Pyne 2001 5829:Arnold & Pyne 2001 5697:Arnold & Pyne 2001 5682:Arnold & Pyne 2001 5670:Arnold & Pyne 2001 5626:Arnold & Pyne 2001 5614:Arnold & Pyne 2001 5590:Arnold & Pyne 2001 5539:Arnold & Pyne 2001 5057:, pp. 24, 48, 57. 4080: 4017:Letters of last resort 4011:Letters of last resort 3971:as his second deputy. 3877: 3843:Permissive Action Link 3838:Northwood Headquarters 3832: 3643:Chinese nuclear weapon 3590: 3529:Civil Defence Bulletin 3390: 2918: 2799: 2700: 2620:anti-ballistic missile 2560: 2531:Kennedy administration 2372: 2356:was acquired instead. 2284: 2216:General Dynamics F-111 2184:380th Bombardment Wing 2174:. SAC then formed the 2159: 2128:97th Bombardment Group 2086: 2080:494th Fighter Squadron 2035:Hawker Siddeley Nimrod 1964: 1870: 1688: 1644: 1594: 1532:boosted fission weapon 1515: 1394: 1289: 1288:, in Australia in 1952 1232:Royal Ordnance Factory 1200: 1198:flying on top of it." 1155: 1066: 897: 797:, the chairman of the 652: 472:. Eleven more British 421:) to develop and test 15190:Royal Military Police 15115:General Service Corps 14803:Royal Wessex Yeomanry 14773:Queen's Royal Hussars 14659:officer rank insignia 14106:25 March 2009 at the 14077:Video archive of the 13742:International Affairs 13486:Self, Robert (2010). 13007:. London: Macmillan. 12357:. London: Macmillan. 12333:. London: Macmillan. 12299:International Affairs 12267:International Affairs 11489:Baylis, John (1995). 11213: Session 53 11186: Session 53 9813:"Protect and Survive" 9322:The Argus (Melbourne) 8953:hansard.parliament.uk 8680:. BBC. 18 July 2016. 7722:. AWE. Archived from 6480:. Acronym Institute. 6116:, pp. 71, 78–79. 4070: 4034:Further information: 3868: 3859:Joint Chiefs of Staff 3830: 3671:1964 general election 3580: 3567:Anti-nuclear movement 3393:Further information: 3373: 2916: 2895:Great Victoria Desert 2787: 2778:Further information: 2685: 2547: 2422:and the Royal Navy's 2366: 2279: 2262:Further information: 2152:28th Bombardment Wing 2145: 2103:Boeing B-47 Stratojet 2091:Strategic Air Command 2077: 1962: 1928:Mark 43 nuclear bombs 1924:Mark 28 nuclear bombs 1899:Mark 39 nuclear bombs 1865: 1683: 1638: 1592: 1508: 1386: 1298:William Duthie Morgan 1283: 1176: 1150: 1130:cabinet sub-committee 1045: 1015:Henry Maitland Wilson 967:Los Alamos Laboratory 891:Leslie R. Groves, Jr. 882: 639: 615:Further information: 603:role and also have a 489:thermonuclear weapons 124:Maximum missile range 15095:Royal Logistic Corps 14923:Royal Irish Regiment 14808:Queen's Own Yeomanry 14783:King's Royal Hussars 14768:Royal Dragoon Guards 14681:National Army Museum 14387:Polaris A3T and A3TK 14079:UK's Nuclear Testing 13770:Wittner, Lawrence S. 11610:Bernstein, Barton J. 11433:Ball, S. J. (1995). 10664:(15 November 2007). 10543:nonproliferation.org 10061:Wittner, Lawrence S. 9013:. 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In December 1938, 665:Cavendish Laboratory 507:scientific data and 501:Special Relationship 425:, and is one of the 283:Nuclear-armed states 111:520 warheads (1970s) 15047:Combat Support Arms 15023:Special Air Service 14939:Royal Gurkha Rifles 14793:Royal Tank Regiment 14604:Order of precedence 14584:Army Sergeant Major 14559:Ministry of Defence 14190:Handley Page Victor 13214:2013BuAtS..69d..69N 12965:2006TrIBG..31...53M 12685:Hewlett, Richard G. 12635:Hewlett, Richard G. 12585:Hewlett, Richard G. 11713:2011AmJPh..79..440B 11658:2010PhP....12...36B 11462:Contemporary Record 10841:, pp. 356–359. 10728:"BBC press release" 10474:The Washington Post 10123:, pp. 658–659. 10063:(7 December 2007). 10035:The Herald Scotland 9982:, pp. 116–118. 9970:, pp. 146–156. 9955:, pp. 131–154. 9799:, pp. 124–130. 9562:, pp. 402–404. 9435:, pp. 558–559. 9374:, pp. 195–196. 9218:, pp. 215–225. 9110:, pp. 210–214. 8949:"Nuclear Deterrent" 8110:, pp. 197–202. 8085:. 27 October 2005. 8068:, pp. 97, 105. 8056:, pp. 102–105. 8044:, pp. 100–101. 8008:, pp. 128–131. 7996:, pp. 153–160. 7924:, pp. 413–415. 7912:, pp. 236–239. 7850:, pp. 380–381. 7838:, pp. 366–368. 7814:, pp. 372–379. 7790:, pp. 168–169. 7578:, pp. 218–220. 7530:, pp. 118–120. 7506:, pp. 286–288. 7470:, pp. 320–322. 7409:, pp. 113–116. 7397:, pp. 104–106. 7267:, pp. 211–217. 7143:, pp. 626–627. 7095:, pp. 123–124. 7083:, pp. 120–122. 7071:, pp. 118–119. 7003:, pp. 221–222. 6964:, pp. 132–133. 6888:, pp. 358–360. 6840:, pp. 371–372. 6828:, pp. 213–214. 6804:, pp. 266–267. 6780:, pp. 262–263. 6756:, pp. 978–980. 6720:, pp. 264–265. 6628:, pp. 254–256. 6616:, pp. 200–201. 6510:. 16 October 2014. 6442:"Treaties in Force" 6386:on 13 December 2006 6300:, pp. 234–236. 6288:, pp. 224–225. 6264:, pp. 199–201. 6212:, pp. 110–114. 6188:, pp. 185–187. 6128:, pp. 429–430. 6080:, pp. 177–182. 6068:, pp. 547–548. 6044:, pp. 173–174. 6017:, pp. 165–167. 6005:, pp. 160–162. 5993:, pp. 160–161. 5939:, pp. 149–153. 5922:, pp. 242–243. 5879:, pp. 103–105. 5855:, pp. 167–168. 5789:, pp. 142–146. 5699:, pp. 145–146. 5553:, pp. 554–555. 5367:, pp. 170–173. 5355:, pp. 234–235. 5307:, pp. 138–140. 5283:, pp. 409–429. 5254:, pp. 333–339. 5199:, pp. 281–283. 5187:, pp. 245–254. 5175:, pp. 358–360. 5141:, pp. 413–420. 5129:, pp. 430–433. 5105:, pp. 370–371. 5081:, pp. 194–196. 5033:, pp. 211–213. 5021:, pp. 181–184. 4997:, pp. 176–179. 4862:, pp. 105–108. 4838:, pp. 106–108. 4826:, pp. 576–578. 4742:, pp. 457–458. 4660:Laurence, William L 4649:, pp. 372–373. 4574:. Restricted Data. 4545:, pp. 236–239. 4533:, pp. 260–268. 4521:, pp. 148–151. 4509:, pp. 246–247. 4485:, pp. 250–256. 4473:, pp. 340–342. 4461:, pp. 285–286. 4437:, pp. 162–165. 4413:, pp. 206–208. 4389:, pp. 206–207. 4377:, pp. 266–267. 4365:, pp. 126–128. 4353:, pp. 108–111. 4329:, pp. 282–283. 4278:, pp. 440–446. 3983:, Douglas-Home and 3942:ministerial ranking 3926:weapons engineering 3649:Manchester Guardian 3585:was originally the 3538:Protect and Survive 3519:Protect and Survive 3395:Four-minute warning 3055:Trimouille Island, 3000: 2704:State for Defence, 2658:Thatcher government 2489:Hunting Engineering 2424:Blackburn Buccaneer 2377:Blue Streak missile 2299:stand-off missile. 2228:RAF Greenham Common 2027:W34 nuclear warhead 2023:nuclear depth bombs 1981:Honest John missile 1713:Minister of Defence 1569:, off the shore of 1481:Handley Page Victor 1423:No. 49 Squadron RAF 1374:Monte Bello Islands 1360:Operation Hurricane 1346:Operation Hurricane 1302:for its own targets 1286:Operation Hurricane 1026:bombing of Nagasaki 963:Montreal Laboratory 586:Trident II missiles 470:Operation Hurricane 466:Monte Bello Islands 119:225 warheads (2024) 15273:Nuclear technology 15069:Intelligence Corps 14960:Parachute Regiment 14488:Blue Water missile 12549:on 5 October 2007. 12425:. pp. 58–62. 12423:Air Force Magazine 12236:Freedman, Lawrence 10925:, p. 286–287. 10545:. pp. 13–14. 10359:on 18 October 2012 9655:on 19 January 2017 9350:, pp. 96–102. 9290:The Canberra Times 9089:on 26 October 2012 8609:UK Defence Journal 8283:on 6 February 2007 7936:, pp. 91, 96. 7443:News International 7441:. United Kingdom: 5715:The Canberra Times 5461:, p. ix, 177. 5383:The London Gazette 4616:on 17 October 2013 4075:13 practical steps 3961:Peter Thorneycroft 3910:Queen Elizabeth II 3878: 3833: 3760:government's 1998 3705:Faslane Peace Camp 3591: 3391: 3217:, South Australia 3177:, South Australia 3135:Montebello Islands 3057:Montebello Islands 2998: 2993:Montebello Islands 2919: 2856:Charles A. Richard 2800: 2743:that is, what the 2701: 2577:Multilateral Force 2561: 2553:RAF Museum Cosford 2373: 2285: 2252:F-15E Strike Eagle 2160: 2087: 1965: 1873:Four squadrons of 1871: 1784:nuclear submarines 1689: 1645: 1641:RAF Museum Cosford 1595: 1516: 1395: 1290: 1228:Christopher Hinton 1168:uranium enrichment 1156: 1067: 949:technology at the 927:Franklin Roosevelt 898: 858:Frederick L. Hovde 774:because they were 747:The World Set Free 659:was discovered by 653: 480:in 1956 and 1957. 448:with the American 129:UGM-133 Trident II 81:Largest yield test 15230: 15229: 15212: 15211: 15208: 15207: 15016:Other Combat Arms 15011: 15010: 14845:Coldstream Guards 14715:Household Cavalry 14564:Army Headquarters 14511: 14510: 14476: 14475: 14416: 14415: 14408:Chevaline upgrade 14345: 14344: 14306:(1960, cancelled) 14297: 14296: 14073:History in Pieces 14045:978-0-367-35117-5 13920:978-0-7190-8675-5 13810:978-0-11-772833-2 13783:978-0-8047-4862-9 13724:978-0-89206-530-1 13697:978-0-312-06167-8 13670:978-1-137-44031-0 13643:978-0-230-30093-4 13616:978-1-349-33656-2 13574:978-1-58487-163-7 13497:978-0-230-22080-5 13371:978-1-349-33185-7 13315:978-1-59416-116-2 13288:978-0-8142-0852-6 13261:978-0-631-13394-0 13180:978-0-8133-1611-6 13153:978-0-11-772526-3 13123:978-0-230-23067-5 12997:Macmillan, Harold 12935:978-0-89206-530-1 12879:on 7 October 2014 12802:978-1-138-67493-6 12775:978-1-84415-747-1 12745:978-1-902109-58-9 12703:978-0-520-06018-0 12653:978-0-520-07187-2 12603:978-0-520-07186-5 12568:978-0-14-104469-9 12486:978-0-87021-552-0 12456:978-0-903804-01-1 12398:978-0-333-16695-6 12364:978-0-333-15781-7 12249:978-1-349-14959-9 12227:978-0-465-02195-6 11987:Security Dialogue 11969:978-0-7195-5225-0 11939:978-0-586-08479-3 11894:978-1-874533-44-3 11870:978-0-7106-0238-1 11791:978-0-8330-0534-2 11762:978-0-313-25902-9 11721:10.1119/1.3533426 11690:Bernstein, Jeremy 11642:Bernstein, Jeremy 11593:978-0-19-870202-3 11500:978-0-19-828012-5 11444:978-0-8133-8934-9 11382:978-1-4039-2102-4 11350:978-0-230-59977-2 11002:. 14 March 2007. 10701:. BBC Newsnight. 10697:(November 2007). 10668:. BBC Newsnight. 10445:. UK Parliament. 9895:, pp. 63–70. 9760:, pp. 53–54. 9589:, pp. 13–16. 9458:on 25 March 2009. 9265:on 8 October 2007 8145:Duff-Mason Report 8134:, pp. 61–63. 7984:, pp. 69–70. 7518:, pp. 64–68. 7494:, pp. 42–43. 7385:, pp. 89–90. 7228:Los Angeles Times 7170:, pp. 58–62. 7155:, pp. 68–69. 7059:, pp. 14–16. 6912:, pp. 59–60. 6852:, pp. 98–99. 6693:, pp. 98–99. 6200:, pp. 81–84. 6198:Wheeler 1985–1986 5954:, pp. 34–36. 5867:, pp. 26–27. 5816:, pp. 29–30. 5628:, pp. 84–87. 5604:, pp. 43–46. 5568:, pp. 86–87. 5541:, pp. 27–30. 5437:, pp. 49–50. 5412:Sublette, Carey. 5343:, pp. 55–56. 5266:, pp. 28–29. 5242:, pp. 75–76. 5069:, pp. 39–43. 5045:, pp. 88–89. 4985:, pp. 40–41. 4937:, pp. 16–18. 4925:, pp. 11–12. 4886:, pp. 74–75. 4802:, pp. 80–83. 4766:, pp. 73–77. 4730:, pp. 72–73. 4570:(8 August 2012). 4568:Wellerstein, Alex 4302:, pp. 39–40. 4290:, pp. 54–56. 4266:, pp. 39–41. 4242:, pp. 37–39. 4230:, pp. 15–24. 4218:, pp. 23–29. 4158:, pp. 17–18. 3993:Margaret Thatcher 3981:Reginald Maudling 3957:Alec Douglas-Home 3675:Alec Douglas-Home 3581:The now-familiar 3374:This solid-state 3350: 3349: 2970:George H. W. Bush 2796:-class submarines 2741:nuclear deterrent 2628:Poseidon missiles 2624:Wilson government 2567:and brokered the 2220:B61 nuclear bombs 2214:in 1957, and the 2200:20th Fighter Wing 1969:Corporal missiles 1692:Air Chief Marshal 1649:lithium deuteride 1583:Operation Redwing 1575:Operation Buffalo 1560:Operation Grapple 1506: 1435:Operation Buffalo 1378:Western Australia 1330:Arthur Vandenberg 1184:Foreign Secretary 995:Brigadier General 947:gaseous diffusion 919:Quebec Conference 907:Winston Churchill 895:Manhattan Project 854:Manhattan Project 838:Manhattan Project 537:nuclear submarine 509:fissile materials 493:Operation Grapple 468:in Australia in 450:Manhattan Project 442:Quebec Conference 411: 410: 175:Nuclear explosion 146: 145: 116:Current stockpile 73:Last nuclear test 16:(Redirected from 15318: 15283: 15282: 15281: 15271: 15270: 15269: 15259: 15258: 15247: 15246: 15245: 15238: 15222: 15221: 15126: 15125: 14913:Mercian Regiment 14840:Grenadier Guards 14828: 14827: 14728:Blues and Royals 14711: 14710: 14538: 14531: 14524: 14515: 14514: 14451:-class submarine 14442:-class submarine 14432:launch platforms 14429: 14428: 14371:-class submarine 14358: 14357: 14310: 14309: 14170: 14169: 14138: 14131: 14124: 14115: 14114: 14057: 14030: 14028: 14001: 13961: 13932: 13902: 13862: 13822: 13795: 13765: 13736: 13709: 13682: 13655: 13628: 13601: 13599: 13597: 13591: 13585:. Archived from 13566: 13554: 13509: 13482: 13445: 13443: 13441: 13435: 13428: 13418: 13408: 13399:(5–6): 653–675. 13383: 13356: 13354: 13352: 13327: 13300: 13273: 13243: 13225: 13192: 13165: 13135: 13108: 13106: 13104: 13055: 13053: 13051: 13046:on 22 April 2021 13045: 13038: 13026: 13006: 12992: 12947: 12917: 12888: 12886: 12884: 12878: 12872:. Archived from 12863: 12851: 12814: 12787: 12762:Hubbard, Kenneth 12757: 12730: 12728: 12726: 12720: 12695: 12680: 12678: 12676: 12670: 12645: 12630: 12628: 12626: 12620: 12595: 12580: 12550: 12548: 12537: 12527: 12504:The RUSI Journal 12498: 12468: 12441: 12439: 12437: 12431: 12420: 12410: 12381:Gowing, Margaret 12376: 12347:Gowing, Margaret 12342: 12327:Gowing, Margaret 12322: 12290: 12261: 12231: 12219: 12205: 12160: 12133: 12131: 12129: 12104: 12067: 12065: 12063: 12038: 12023:Clark, Ronald W. 12018: 11981: 11951: 11926:Campbell, Duncan 11921: 11919: 11917: 11911: 11886: 11874: 11852: 11827:(6–7): 974–997. 11815: 11813: 11811: 11774: 11747: 11745: 11743: 11737: 11698: 11685: 11637: 11605: 11578: 11541: 11504: 11485: 11456: 11429: 11419: 11394: 11362: 11328: 11282: 11281: 11279: 11277: 11262: 11256: 11255: 11253: 11251: 11232: 11226: 11208: 11202: 11199: A/RES/53/77 11181: 11175: 11174: 11172: 11170: 11155: 11149: 11148: 11146: 11144: 11129: 11123: 11122: 11120: 11118: 11112: 11105: 11097: 11091: 11090: 11082: 11076: 11075: 11073: 11071: 11055: 11049: 11048: 11046: 11044: 11022: 11016: 11015: 11013: 11011: 10992: 10986: 10980: 10974: 10968: 10962: 10956: 10950: 10944: 10938: 10932: 10926: 10920: 10914: 10908: 10902: 10896: 10890: 10884: 10878: 10877: 10875: 10873: 10854:(7 March 2011). 10848: 10842: 10836: 10830: 10829: 10827: 10825: 10805: 10799: 10798: 10796: 10794: 10780: 10774: 10773: 10771: 10769: 10753: 10744: 10743: 10741: 10739: 10724: 10715: 10714: 10712: 10710: 10691: 10682: 10681: 10679: 10677: 10658: 10649: 10648: 10646: 10644: 10628: 10619: 10618: 10616: 10614: 10594: 10588: 10587: 10585: 10583: 10568: 10562: 10561: 10559: 10557: 10551: 10540: 10531: 10516: 10515: 10513: 10511: 10496: 10490: 10489: 10487: 10485: 10465: 10459: 10458: 10456: 10454: 10439: 10433: 10432: 10430: 10428: 10422: 10415: 10406: 10400: 10399: 10397: 10395: 10375: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10364: 10358: 10351: 10343: 10334: 10333: 10328: 10326: 10310: 10304: 10303: 10301: 10299: 10290:. 18 July 2016. 10280: 10274: 10273: 10271: 10269: 10254: 10248: 10247: 10245: 10243: 10223: 10217: 10216: 10214: 10212: 10192: 10186: 10185: 10183: 10181: 10161: 10155: 10154: 10152: 10150: 10130: 10124: 10118: 10112: 10111: 10109: 10107: 10087: 10081: 10080: 10078: 10076: 10057: 10051: 10050: 10048: 10046: 10027: 10021: 10015: 10009: 10008: 10006: 10004: 9989: 9983: 9977: 9971: 9965: 9956: 9950: 9944: 9938: 9932: 9926: 9920: 9914: 9908: 9902: 9896: 9890: 9881: 9880: 9878: 9876: 9861: 9855: 9854: 9852: 9850: 9835: 9829: 9828: 9826: 9824: 9809: 9800: 9794: 9788: 9787: 9779: 9773: 9767: 9761: 9755: 9746: 9740: 9734: 9728: 9717: 9716: 9714: 9712: 9697: 9691: 9690: 9688: 9686: 9671: 9665: 9664: 9662: 9660: 9651:. Archived from 9646: 9644: 9642: 9625: 9619: 9618: 9616: 9614: 9600:Historic England 9596: 9590: 9584: 9575: 9569: 9563: 9557: 9536: 9530: 9524: 9523: 9521: 9519: 9504: 9498: 9485: 9479: 9466: 9460: 9459: 9457: 9450: 9442: 9436: 9430: 9424: 9418: 9412: 9411: 9409: 9407: 9396: 9390: 9384: 9375: 9369: 9363: 9357: 9351: 9345: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9334: 9313: 9307: 9306: 9304: 9302: 9281: 9275: 9274: 9272: 9270: 9251: 9245: 9244: 9242: 9240: 9225: 9219: 9213: 9207: 9206: 9204: 9202: 9182: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9171: 9166:on 27 April 2013 9162:. Archived from 9156: 9150: 9147: 9141: 9140: 9138: 9136: 9117: 9111: 9105: 9099: 9098: 9096: 9094: 9088: 9081: 9073: 9058: 9057: 9055: 9053: 9033: 9027: 9026: 9024: 9022: 9006: 9000: 8999: 8997: 8995: 8975: 8969: 8968: 8966: 8964: 8945: 8939: 8938: 8936: 8934: 8912: 8906: 8905: 8900: 8898: 8883: 8877: 8876: 8871: 8869: 8850: 8844: 8843: 8841: 8839: 8824: 8818: 8817: 8812: 8810: 8790: 8784: 8783: 8781: 8779: 8770:. 18 July 2016. 8760: 8754: 8753: 8751: 8749: 8734: 8728: 8727: 8722: 8720: 8700: 8694: 8693: 8691: 8689: 8670: 8664: 8663: 8661: 8659: 8653: 8642: 8634: 8628: 8627: 8622: 8620: 8600: 8594: 8593: 8591: 8589: 8574: 8565: 8559: 8553: 8552: 8550: 8548: 8529: 8523: 8522: 8520: 8518: 8498: 8492: 8491: 8489: 8487: 8473: 8467: 8466: 8464: 8462: 8442: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8431: 8425: 8418: 8410: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8399: 8385: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8355: 8349: 8335: 8329: 8328: 8326: 8324: 8318: 8307: 8299: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8288: 8269: 8263: 8257: 8251: 8250: 8248: 8246: 8231: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8220: 8205: 8199: 8198: 8196: 8194: 8188: 8181: 8173: 8167: 8166: 8164: 8162: 8156: 8149: 8141: 8135: 8129: 8123: 8117: 8111: 8105: 8099: 8098: 8096: 8094: 8075: 8069: 8063: 8057: 8051: 8045: 8039: 8033: 8027: 8021: 8015: 8009: 8003: 7997: 7991: 7985: 7979: 7973: 7967: 7961: 7955: 7949: 7943: 7937: 7931: 7925: 7919: 7913: 7907: 7901: 7895: 7889: 7883: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7872: 7857: 7851: 7845: 7839: 7833: 7827: 7821: 7815: 7809: 7803: 7797: 7791: 7785: 7779: 7773: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7762: 7746:Historic England 7742: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7731: 7716: 7707: 7706: 7704: 7702: 7687: 7674: 7673: 7671: 7669: 7654: 7648: 7647: 7645: 7643: 7628: 7622: 7621: 7619: 7617: 7597: 7591: 7585: 7579: 7573: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7562: 7545:Burnell, Brian. 7542: 7531: 7525: 7519: 7513: 7507: 7501: 7495: 7489: 7483: 7477: 7471: 7465: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7454: 7445:. Archived from 7438:The Sunday Times 7428: 7422: 7416: 7410: 7404: 7398: 7392: 7386: 7380: 7374: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7357: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7326: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7315: 7309: 7298: 7289: 7283: 7277: 7268: 7262: 7256: 7250: 7244: 7243: 7241: 7239: 7219: 7210: 7204: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7193: 7177: 7171: 7165: 7156: 7150: 7144: 7138: 7132: 7126: 7120: 7114: 7108: 7102: 7096: 7090: 7084: 7078: 7072: 7066: 7060: 7054: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7022: 7016: 7010: 7004: 6998: 6992: 6986: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6959: 6946: 6940: 6925: 6919: 6913: 6907: 6901: 6895: 6889: 6883: 6877: 6871: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6829: 6823: 6817: 6811: 6805: 6799: 6793: 6787: 6781: 6775: 6769: 6763: 6757: 6751: 6745: 6739: 6733: 6727: 6721: 6715: 6706: 6700: 6694: 6688: 6677: 6671: 6665: 6659: 6653: 6647: 6641: 6635: 6629: 6623: 6617: 6611: 6605: 6599: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6582: 6571: 6561: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6530: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6500: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6474: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6457: 6446: 6438: 6432: 6426: 6420: 6414: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6385: 6374: 6366: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6325: 6318: 6310: 6301: 6295: 6289: 6283: 6277: 6271: 6265: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6242: 6234: 6225: 6219: 6213: 6207: 6201: 6195: 6189: 6183: 6177: 6171: 6165: 6159: 6153: 6147: 6141: 6135: 6129: 6123: 6117: 6111: 6105: 6099: 6093: 6087: 6081: 6075: 6069: 6063: 6057: 6051: 6045: 6039: 6030: 6024: 6018: 6012: 6006: 6000: 5994: 5988: 5982: 5976: 5970: 5964: 5955: 5949: 5940: 5934: 5923: 5917: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5889:Burnell, Brian. 5886: 5880: 5874: 5868: 5862: 5856: 5850: 5844: 5838: 5832: 5826: 5817: 5811: 5802: 5796: 5790: 5784: 5775: 5769: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5706: 5700: 5694: 5685: 5679: 5673: 5667: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5650: 5643: 5635: 5629: 5623: 5617: 5611: 5605: 5599: 5593: 5587: 5581: 5575: 5569: 5563: 5554: 5548: 5542: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5492: 5486: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5462: 5456: 5450: 5444: 5438: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5409: 5403: 5397: 5388: 5387: 5374: 5368: 5362: 5356: 5350: 5344: 5338: 5332: 5326: 5320: 5314: 5308: 5302: 5296: 5290: 5284: 5278: 5267: 5261: 5255: 5249: 5243: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5148: 5142: 5136: 5130: 5124: 5118: 5112: 5106: 5100: 5094: 5088: 5082: 5076: 5070: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4980: 4974: 4968: 4962: 4956: 4950: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4899: 4893: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4851: 4845: 4839: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4809: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4213: 4207: 4201: 4195: 4189: 4183: 4177: 4171: 4165: 4159: 4153: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4119: 4066:Margaret Beckett 4062:House of Commons 3936:Nuclear deputies 3914:King Charles III 3891:The Human Button 3447:Attack scenarios 3443:system in 2011. 3359:Strath Committee 3318: 3310: 3303:Nevada Test Site 3301: 3300: 3277: 3269: 3253: 3252: 3230: 3222: 3213: 3212: 3190: 3182: 3173: 3172: 3150: 3142: 3133: 3132: 3110: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3072: 3064: 3054: 3053: 3001: 2997: 2962:Nevada Test Site 2951:Christmas Island 2907:Operation Mosaic 2822:House of Commons 2569:Nassau Agreement 2204:RAF Wethersfield 2188:RAF Brize Norton 2176:7th Air Division 2164:3rd Air Division 2047:RAF Machrihanish 1911:strategic bomber 1709:Harold Macmillan 1507: 1454:RAF Faldingworth 1210:on 12 May 1948. 1208:House of Commons 1134:Gen 75 Committee 1128:Attlee set up a 1022:Leonard Cheshire 998:Leslie R. Groves 987:Ernest Titterton 951:SAM Laboratories 931:Quebec Agreement 811:Burlington House 799:Tizard Committee 693:Fritz Strassmann 533:Polaris missiles 403: 396: 389: 340: 234:Target selection 162: 148: 147: 95: 76:26 November 1991 44: 32: 31: 21: 15326: 15325: 15321: 15320: 15319: 15317: 15316: 15315: 15291: 15290: 15289: 15279: 15277: 15267: 15265: 15253: 15243: 15241: 15233: 15231: 15226: 15204: 15167:General's Corps 15166: 15159: 15131: 15124: 15083:Combat Services 15078: 15059:Royal Engineers 15054:Royal Artillery 15042: 15033:Ranger Regiment 15007: 14970: 14964: 14948: 14927: 14875: 14869: 14817: 14749: 14742: 14706: 14700: 14547: 14542: 14512: 14507: 14497: 14472: 14456: 14424: 14412: 14391: 14375: 14361:Launch platform 14353: 14341: 14325: 14305: 14293: 14247: 14216: 14194: 14180:Vickers Valiant 14165: 14157: 14148: 14142: 14108:Wayback Machine 14065: 14060: 14046: 14033: 14004: 13973: 13969: 13967:Further reading 13964: 13921: 13811: 13784: 13754:10.2307/2618068 13725: 13698: 13671: 13644: 13617: 13595: 13593: 13589: 13575: 13564: 13498: 13439: 13437: 13433: 13426: 13372: 13350: 13348: 13316: 13289: 13262: 13181: 13154: 13124: 13102: 13100: 13049: 13047: 13043: 13036: 13015: 12936: 12882: 12880: 12876: 12861: 12803: 12776: 12746: 12724: 12722: 12718: 12704: 12693: 12674: 12672: 12668: 12654: 12643: 12624: 12622: 12618: 12604: 12593: 12569: 12555:Hennessy, Peter 12546: 12535: 12487: 12457: 12435: 12433: 12429: 12418: 12399: 12365: 12311:10.2307/2611300 12279:10.2307/2610825 12250: 12228: 12210:Farmelo, Graham 12149: 12127: 12125: 12085:10.2307/2009841 12061: 12059: 11970: 11956:Cathcart, Brian 11940: 11915: 11913: 11912:on 13 July 2018 11909: 11895: 11884: 11871: 11857:Brookes, Andrew 11809: 11807: 11792: 11763: 11741: 11739: 11735: 11696: 11594: 11501: 11445: 11383: 11351: 11337:Pyne, Katherine 11290: 11285: 11275: 11273: 11264: 11263: 11259: 11249: 11247: 11242:. 7 July 2017. 11234: 11233: 11229: 11215:Verbotim Report 11209: 11205: 11182: 11178: 11168: 11166: 11157: 11156: 11152: 11142: 11140: 11131: 11130: 11126: 11116: 11114: 11110: 11103: 11099: 11098: 11094: 11087:The Independent 11083: 11079: 11069: 11067: 11056: 11052: 11042: 11040: 11023: 11019: 11009: 11007: 10994: 10993: 10989: 10981: 10977: 10969: 10965: 10957: 10953: 10945: 10941: 10933: 10929: 10921: 10917: 10913:, pp. 283. 10909: 10905: 10897: 10893: 10885: 10881: 10871: 10869: 10852:Hennessy, Peter 10849: 10845: 10837: 10833: 10823: 10821: 10806: 10802: 10792: 10790: 10782: 10781: 10777: 10767: 10765: 10754: 10747: 10737: 10735: 10726: 10725: 10718: 10708: 10706: 10692: 10685: 10675: 10673: 10659: 10652: 10642: 10640: 10629: 10622: 10612: 10610: 10595: 10591: 10581: 10579: 10570: 10569: 10565: 10555: 10553: 10549: 10538: 10532: 10519: 10509: 10507: 10498: 10497: 10493: 10483: 10481: 10466: 10462: 10452: 10450: 10441: 10440: 10436: 10426: 10424: 10420: 10413: 10407: 10403: 10393: 10391: 10384:The Independent 10376: 10372: 10362: 10360: 10356: 10349: 10345: 10344: 10337: 10324: 10322: 10311: 10307: 10297: 10295: 10282: 10281: 10277: 10267: 10265: 10256: 10255: 10251: 10241: 10239: 10224: 10220: 10210: 10208: 10193: 10189: 10179: 10177: 10170:The Independent 10162: 10158: 10148: 10146: 10131: 10127: 10119: 10115: 10105: 10103: 10088: 10084: 10074: 10072: 10058: 10054: 10044: 10042: 10037:. 17 May 2017. 10029: 10028: 10024: 10016: 10012: 10002: 10000: 9991: 9990: 9986: 9978: 9974: 9966: 9959: 9951: 9947: 9939: 9935: 9927: 9923: 9915: 9911: 9903: 9899: 9891: 9884: 9874: 9872: 9863: 9862: 9858: 9848: 9846: 9837: 9836: 9832: 9822: 9820: 9819:on 13 June 2006 9811: 9810: 9803: 9795: 9791: 9781: 9780: 9776: 9768: 9764: 9756: 9749: 9741: 9737: 9729: 9720: 9710: 9708: 9699: 9698: 9694: 9684: 9682: 9673: 9672: 9668: 9658: 9656: 9647: 9640: 9638: 9627: 9626: 9622: 9612: 9610: 9597: 9593: 9585: 9578: 9570: 9566: 9558: 9539: 9531: 9527: 9517: 9515: 9506: 9505: 9501: 9495:Wayback Machine 9486: 9482: 9476:Wayback Machine 9467: 9463: 9455: 9448: 9444: 9443: 9439: 9431: 9427: 9419: 9415: 9405: 9403: 9398: 9397: 9393: 9385: 9378: 9370: 9366: 9358: 9354: 9346: 9342: 9332: 9330: 9315: 9314: 9310: 9300: 9298: 9283: 9282: 9278: 9268: 9266: 9253: 9252: 9248: 9238: 9236: 9235:on 19 July 2008 9227: 9226: 9222: 9214: 9210: 9200: 9198: 9183: 9179: 9169: 9167: 9158: 9157: 9153: 9148: 9144: 9134: 9132: 9118: 9114: 9106: 9102: 9092: 9090: 9086: 9079: 9075: 9074: 9061: 9051: 9049: 9034: 9030: 9020: 9018: 9007: 9003: 8993: 8991: 8976: 8972: 8962: 8960: 8947: 8946: 8942: 8932: 8930: 8922:The Independent 8913: 8909: 8896: 8894: 8885: 8884: 8880: 8867: 8865: 8852: 8851: 8847: 8837: 8835: 8826: 8825: 8821: 8808: 8806: 8791: 8787: 8777: 8775: 8762: 8761: 8757: 8747: 8745: 8736: 8735: 8731: 8718: 8716: 8701: 8697: 8687: 8685: 8672: 8671: 8667: 8657: 8655: 8651: 8640: 8636: 8635: 8631: 8618: 8616: 8601: 8597: 8587: 8585: 8576: 8575: 8568: 8564:, pp. 1–5. 8560: 8556: 8546: 8544: 8531: 8530: 8526: 8516: 8514: 8499: 8495: 8485: 8483: 8475: 8474: 8470: 8460: 8458: 8443: 8439: 8429: 8427: 8423: 8416: 8412: 8411: 8407: 8397: 8395: 8387: 8386: 8382: 8372: 8370: 8357: 8356: 8352: 8336: 8332: 8322: 8320: 8316: 8305: 8301: 8300: 8296: 8286: 8284: 8271: 8270: 8266: 8258: 8254: 8244: 8242: 8233: 8232: 8228: 8218: 8216: 8207: 8206: 8202: 8192: 8190: 8186: 8179: 8175: 8174: 8170: 8160: 8158: 8154: 8147: 8143: 8142: 8138: 8130: 8126: 8118: 8114: 8106: 8102: 8092: 8090: 8077: 8076: 8072: 8064: 8060: 8052: 8048: 8040: 8036: 8028: 8024: 8016: 8012: 8004: 8000: 7992: 7988: 7980: 7976: 7968: 7964: 7956: 7952: 7944: 7940: 7932: 7928: 7920: 7916: 7908: 7904: 7896: 7892: 7884: 7880: 7870: 7868: 7859: 7858: 7854: 7846: 7842: 7834: 7830: 7822: 7818: 7810: 7806: 7798: 7794: 7786: 7782: 7774: 7770: 7760: 7758: 7743: 7739: 7729: 7727: 7726:on 12 June 2018 7718: 7717: 7710: 7700: 7698: 7689: 7688: 7677: 7667: 7665: 7656: 7655: 7651: 7641: 7639: 7630: 7629: 7625: 7615: 7613: 7598: 7594: 7586: 7582: 7574: 7570: 7560: 7558: 7543: 7534: 7526: 7522: 7514: 7510: 7502: 7498: 7490: 7486: 7478: 7474: 7466: 7462: 7452: 7450: 7449:on 10 June 2001 7429: 7425: 7417: 7413: 7405: 7401: 7393: 7389: 7381: 7377: 7367: 7365: 7358: 7354: 7344: 7342: 7327: 7323: 7313: 7311: 7307: 7296: 7290: 7286: 7278: 7271: 7263: 7259: 7251: 7247: 7237: 7235: 7220: 7213: 7205: 7201: 7191: 7189: 7178: 7174: 7166: 7159: 7151: 7147: 7139: 7135: 7127: 7123: 7115: 7111: 7103: 7099: 7091: 7087: 7079: 7075: 7067: 7063: 7055: 7046: 7036: 7034: 7023: 7019: 7011: 7007: 6999: 6995: 6987: 6980: 6972: 6968: 6960: 6949: 6941: 6928: 6920: 6916: 6908: 6904: 6896: 6892: 6884: 6880: 6872: 6868: 6860: 6856: 6848: 6844: 6836: 6832: 6824: 6820: 6812: 6808: 6800: 6796: 6788: 6784: 6776: 6772: 6764: 6760: 6752: 6748: 6740: 6736: 6728: 6724: 6716: 6709: 6701: 6697: 6689: 6680: 6672: 6668: 6660: 6656: 6648: 6644: 6636: 6632: 6624: 6620: 6612: 6608: 6600: 6596: 6586: 6584: 6580: 6569: 6563: 6562: 6558: 6548: 6546: 6531: 6527: 6517: 6515: 6502: 6501: 6497: 6487: 6485: 6476: 6475: 6471: 6461: 6459: 6455: 6444: 6440: 6439: 6435: 6427: 6423: 6415: 6411: 6403: 6399: 6389: 6387: 6383: 6372: 6368: 6367: 6363: 6355: 6351: 6343: 6339: 6329: 6327: 6323: 6316: 6312: 6311: 6304: 6296: 6292: 6284: 6280: 6272: 6268: 6260: 6256: 6246: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6235: 6228: 6220: 6216: 6208: 6204: 6196: 6192: 6184: 6180: 6172: 6168: 6160: 6156: 6148: 6144: 6136: 6132: 6124: 6120: 6112: 6108: 6100: 6096: 6088: 6084: 6076: 6072: 6064: 6060: 6052: 6048: 6040: 6033: 6025: 6021: 6013: 6009: 6001: 5997: 5989: 5985: 5977: 5973: 5965: 5958: 5950: 5943: 5935: 5926: 5918: 5914: 5904: 5902: 5887: 5883: 5875: 5871: 5863: 5859: 5851: 5847: 5843:, pp. 8–9. 5839: 5835: 5827: 5820: 5812: 5805: 5797: 5793: 5785: 5778: 5770: 5766: 5756: 5754: 5747:The Independent 5739: 5735: 5725: 5723: 5708: 5707: 5703: 5695: 5688: 5680: 5676: 5668: 5664: 5654: 5652: 5648: 5641: 5637: 5636: 5632: 5624: 5620: 5612: 5608: 5600: 5596: 5588: 5584: 5576: 5572: 5564: 5557: 5549: 5545: 5537: 5533: 5523: 5521: 5512: 5511: 5507: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5481: 5477: 5469: 5465: 5457: 5453: 5445: 5441: 5433: 5429: 5419: 5417: 5410: 5406: 5398: 5391: 5375: 5371: 5363: 5359: 5351: 5347: 5339: 5335: 5327: 5323: 5315: 5311: 5303: 5299: 5291: 5287: 5279: 5270: 5262: 5258: 5250: 5246: 5238: 5234: 5224: 5222: 5215:The Independent 5207: 5203: 5195: 5191: 5183: 5179: 5171: 5167: 5157: 5155: 5150: 5149: 5145: 5137: 5133: 5125: 5121: 5113: 5109: 5101: 5097: 5089: 5085: 5077: 5073: 5065: 5061: 5053: 5049: 5041: 5037: 5029: 5025: 5017: 5013: 5005: 5001: 4993: 4989: 4981: 4977: 4969: 4965: 4957: 4953: 4945: 4941: 4933: 4929: 4921: 4917: 4909: 4902: 4894: 4890: 4882: 4878: 4870: 4866: 4858: 4854: 4846: 4842: 4834: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4810: 4806: 4798: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4774: 4770: 4762: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4738: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4714: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4687: 4683: 4673: 4671: 4657: 4653: 4645: 4641: 4633: 4629: 4619: 4617: 4608: 4607: 4603: 4595: 4591: 4581: 4579: 4565: 4561: 4553: 4549: 4541: 4537: 4529: 4525: 4517: 4513: 4505: 4501: 4493: 4489: 4481: 4477: 4469: 4465: 4457: 4453: 4445: 4441: 4433: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4409: 4405: 4397: 4393: 4385: 4381: 4373: 4369: 4361: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4325: 4318: 4310: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4286: 4282: 4274: 4270: 4262: 4258: 4254:, pp. 3–5. 4250: 4246: 4238: 4234: 4226: 4222: 4214: 4210: 4202: 4198: 4190: 4186: 4178: 4174: 4166: 4162: 4154: 4150: 4142: 4138: 4128: 4126: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4100: 4042: 4032: 4019: 4013: 4001:Malcolm Rifkind 3985:Lord Carrington 3973:Michael Stewart 3938: 3883: 3818:James Callaghan 3810: 3805: 3750: 3748:Nuclear posture 3741:Successor class 3616: 3599:nuclear weapons 3575: 3569: 3564: 3521: 3513:Main articles: 3511: 3449: 3425:North Yorkshire 3421:RAF Fylingdales 3409: 3399:RAF Fylingdales 3383:RAF Fylingdales 3368: 3366:Warning systems 3355: 3353:Nuclear defence 3295: 3247: 3207: 3167: 3127: 3090: 3048: 2923:nuclear fallout 2903:Operation Totem 2899:South Australia 2887: 2879:Main articles: 2877: 2782: 2776: 2774:Trident renewal 2745:Defence Council 2706:Malcolm Rifkind 2654: 2648: 2636:countermeasures 2565:John F. Kennedy 2549:Polaris missile 2539:Robert McNamara 2527: 2521: 2505:Lockheed Martin 2457:RAF Aldermaston 2449: 2443: 2385:Skybolt missile 2274: 2260: 2168:Third Air Force 2072: 2064:Main articles: 2062: 2031:Avro Shackleton 2016:Coastal Command 1995:(BAOR) with 36 1963:Skybolt missile 1848: 1842: 1837: 1835:Weapons systems 1752: 1744:Main articles: 1742: 1674: 1616:, which became 1567:Kenneth Hubbard 1497: 1495: 1489: 1473:Vickers Valiant 1419:Vickers Valiant 1356: 1344:Main articles: 1342: 1278: 1138:nuclear reactor 1125: 1119: 1040: 1010:Project Alberta 971:Geoffrey Taylor 846: 840: 634: 626:Main articles: 624: 619: 613: 541:Royal Air Force 423:nuclear weapons 407: 358: 338: 328: 297: 152:Nuclear weapons 94:(28 April 1958) 93: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15324: 15314: 15313: 15308: 15303: 15288: 15287: 15275: 15263: 15251: 15249:United Kingdom 15228: 15227: 15217: 15214: 15213: 15210: 15209: 15206: 15205: 15203: 15202: 15197: 15192: 15187: 15182: 15177: 15171: 15169: 15161: 15160: 15158: 15157: 15152: 15147: 15142: 15136: 15134: 15123: 15122: 15117: 15112: 15107: 15102: 15097: 15092: 15086: 15084: 15080: 15079: 15077: 15076: 15071: 15066: 15061: 15056: 15050: 15048: 15044: 15043: 15041: 15040: 15038:Army Air Corps 15035: 15030: 15025: 15019: 15017: 15013: 15012: 15009: 15008: 15006: 15005: 15000: 14995: 14990: 14985: 14980: 14974: 14972: 14966: 14965: 14963: 14962: 14956: 14954: 14950: 14949: 14947: 14946: 14941: 14935: 14933: 14929: 14928: 14926: 14925: 14920: 14915: 14910: 14905: 14900: 14895: 14890: 14885: 14879: 14877: 14871: 14870: 14868: 14867: 14862: 14857: 14852: 14847: 14842: 14836: 14834: 14825: 14819: 14818: 14816: 14815: 14810: 14805: 14800: 14798:Royal Yeomanry 14795: 14790: 14788:Light Dragoons 14785: 14780: 14775: 14770: 14765: 14760: 14754: 14752: 14750:Armoured Corps 14744: 14743: 14741: 14740: 14735: 14730: 14725: 14719: 14717: 14708: 14702: 14701: 14699: 14698: 14693: 14688: 14683: 14678: 14673: 14672: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14653: 14648: 14643: 14633: 14628: 14627: 14626: 14621: 14611: 14606: 14601: 14596: 14594:Future Soldier 14591: 14586: 14581: 14576: 14571: 14566: 14561: 14555: 14553: 14549: 14548: 14541: 14540: 14533: 14526: 14518: 14509: 14508: 14502: 14499: 14498: 14496: 14495: 14490: 14484: 14482: 14478: 14477: 14474: 14473: 14471: 14470: 14464: 14462: 14458: 14457: 14455: 14454: 14445: 14444:(1994–present) 14435: 14433: 14426: 14425:(1994–present) 14418: 14417: 14414: 14413: 14411: 14410: 14405: 14399: 14397: 14393: 14392: 14390: 14389: 14383: 14381: 14377: 14376: 14374: 14373: 14364: 14362: 14355: 14347: 14346: 14343: 14342: 14340: 14339: 14333: 14331: 14327: 14326: 14324: 14323: 14316: 14314: 14307: 14299: 14298: 14295: 14294: 14292: 14291: 14286: 14281: 14276: 14271: 14266: 14261: 14259:Mk.1 atom bomb 14255: 14253: 14249: 14248: 14246: 14245: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14224: 14222: 14218: 14217: 14215: 14214: 14208: 14202: 14200: 14196: 14195: 14193: 14192: 14187: 14182: 14176: 14174: 14167: 14163:V bomber force 14159: 14158: 14153: 14150: 14149: 14146:United Kingdom 14141: 14140: 14133: 14126: 14118: 14112: 14111: 14096: 14091: 14085: 14075: 14064: 14063:External links 14061: 14059: 14058: 14044: 14031: 14019:(2): 161–169. 14002: 13984:(2): 274–289. 13970: 13968: 13965: 13963: 13962: 13944:(3): 259–273. 13938:War in History 13933: 13919: 13903: 13863: 13837:(1): 117–136. 13823: 13809: 13796: 13782: 13766: 13737: 13723: 13710: 13696: 13683: 13669: 13656: 13642: 13629: 13615: 13602: 13573: 13555: 13521:(4): 547–582. 13510: 13496: 13483: 13457:(1): 115–137. 13446: 13419: 13384: 13370: 13357: 13328: 13314: 13301: 13287: 13274: 13260: 13248:Openshaw, Stan 13244: 13193: 13179: 13166: 13152: 13136: 13122: 13109: 13056: 13027: 13013: 12993: 12948: 12934: 12918: 12900:(2): 205–219. 12889: 12852: 12826:(2): 306–333. 12815: 12801: 12788: 12774: 12758: 12744: 12731: 12702: 12681: 12652: 12631: 12602: 12581: 12567: 12551: 12528: 12499: 12485: 12473:Grove, Eric J. 12469: 12455: 12442: 12416:"Victor Alert" 12411: 12397: 12377: 12363: 12343: 12323: 12305:(2): 238–252. 12291: 12273:(3): 409–429. 12262: 12248: 12232: 12226: 12206: 12178:10.1086/385523 12172:(2): 139–163. 12161: 12147: 12134: 12105: 12073:World Politics 12068: 12039: 12019: 11982: 11968: 11952: 11938: 11922: 11893: 11875: 11869: 11853: 11816: 11790: 11775: 11761: 11748: 11707:(5): 440–446. 11686: 11638: 11626:10.2307/448105 11620:(2): 202–230. 11606: 11592: 11579: 11553:(3): 425–466. 11542: 11516:(4): 124–155. 11505: 11499: 11486: 11468:(1): 159–174. 11457: 11443: 11430: 11395: 11381: 11363: 11349: 11329: 11303:(3): 331–351. 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11283: 11257: 11227: 11203: 11201: page 42. 11176: 11150: 11124: 11092: 11077: 11050: 11017: 10987: 10985:, p. 369. 10975: 10973:, p. 319. 10963: 10961:, p. 307. 10951: 10949:, p. 292. 10939: 10937:, p. 290. 10927: 10915: 10903: 10901:, p. 278. 10891: 10879: 10843: 10831: 10814:Slate Magazine 10800: 10788:Forces Network 10775: 10745: 10716: 10683: 10650: 10620: 10589: 10563: 10517: 10491: 10460: 10434: 10401: 10370: 10335: 10305: 10275: 10249: 10218: 10187: 10156: 10125: 10113: 10082: 10052: 10022: 10010: 9984: 9972: 9957: 9945: 9933: 9931:, p. 195. 9929:Stoddart 2014b 9921: 9919:, p. 140. 9909: 9907:, p. 145. 9897: 9882: 9856: 9830: 9801: 9789: 9774: 9772:, p. 294. 9762: 9747: 9745:, p. 105. 9735: 9718: 9692: 9666: 9620: 9591: 9576: 9574:, p. 201. 9564: 9537: 9535:, p. 210. 9525: 9499: 9480: 9461: 9437: 9425: 9423:, p. 462. 9413: 9391: 9389:, p. 209. 9376: 9364: 9362:, p. 236. 9352: 9340: 9308: 9276: 9246: 9220: 9208: 9177: 9151: 9142: 9112: 9100: 9059: 9028: 9001: 8970: 8940: 8907: 8878: 8845: 8819: 8785: 8755: 8729: 8695: 8665: 8629: 8595: 8566: 8554: 8524: 8493: 8468: 8437: 8405: 8380: 8350: 8330: 8312:. April 1998. 8294: 8264: 8252: 8226: 8200: 8168: 8136: 8132:Stoddart 2014b 8124: 8120:Stoddart 2014b 8112: 8108:Stoddart 2014b 8100: 8070: 8066:Stoddart 2014b 8058: 8054:Stoddart 2014b 8046: 8042:Stoddart 2014a 8034: 8030:Stoddart 2014a 8022: 8020:, p. 128. 8010: 7998: 7986: 7974: 7962: 7960:, p. 257. 7950: 7948:, p. 243. 7938: 7926: 7914: 7902: 7900:, p. 174. 7890: 7878: 7852: 7840: 7828: 7816: 7804: 7802:, p. 371. 7792: 7780: 7768: 7737: 7708: 7675: 7658:"Our location" 7649: 7623: 7592: 7590:, p. 384. 7580: 7568: 7532: 7520: 7508: 7496: 7484: 7482:, p. 126. 7472: 7460: 7423: 7421:, p. 217. 7411: 7399: 7387: 7375: 7352: 7321: 7284: 7269: 7265:Stoddart 2014b 7257: 7255:, p. 236. 7253:Stoddart 2014b 7245: 7211: 7209:, p. 133. 7199: 7172: 7157: 7145: 7133: 7121: 7119:, p. 133. 7109: 7107:, p. 130. 7097: 7085: 7073: 7061: 7044: 7017: 7005: 6993: 6978: 6976:, p. 162. 6966: 6947: 6926: 6924:, p. 130. 6914: 6910:MacDonald 2006 6902: 6900:, p. 362. 6890: 6878: 6866: 6864:, p. 221. 6854: 6842: 6830: 6818: 6806: 6794: 6792:, p. 994. 6782: 6770: 6768:, p. 985. 6758: 6746: 6744:, p. 212. 6734: 6722: 6707: 6705:, p. 980. 6695: 6678: 6676:, p. 114. 6666: 6664:, p. 259. 6654: 6652:, p. 258. 6642: 6640:, p. 258. 6630: 6618: 6606: 6604:, p. 201. 6594: 6556: 6525: 6495: 6469: 6433: 6421: 6409: 6397: 6361: 6359:, p. 323. 6357:Macmillan 1971 6349: 6347:, p. 238. 6337: 6302: 6290: 6278: 6276:, p. 199. 6266: 6254: 6226: 6214: 6202: 6190: 6178: 6166: 6164:, p. 141. 6154: 6142: 6140:, p. 248. 6130: 6118: 6106: 6094: 6092:, p. 191. 6082: 6070: 6058: 6056:, p. 170. 6046: 6031: 6029:, p. 170. 6019: 6007: 5995: 5983: 5981:, p. 162. 5971: 5969:, p. 157. 5956: 5941: 5924: 5912: 5881: 5869: 5857: 5845: 5833: 5831:, p. 147. 5818: 5803: 5791: 5776: 5774:, p. 171. 5764: 5733: 5701: 5686: 5674: 5672:, p. 139. 5662: 5630: 5618: 5606: 5602:Bernstein 2010 5594: 5582: 5570: 5555: 5543: 5531: 5505: 5487: 5485:, p. 115. 5475: 5463: 5451: 5439: 5427: 5404: 5389: 5369: 5357: 5345: 5333: 5321: 5309: 5297: 5295:, p. 498. 5285: 5268: 5256: 5244: 5232: 5201: 5189: 5177: 5165: 5143: 5131: 5119: 5117:, p. 386. 5107: 5095: 5083: 5071: 5059: 5047: 5035: 5023: 5011: 4999: 4987: 4975: 4973:, p. 417. 4963: 4961:, p. 216. 4951: 4949:, p. 174. 4939: 4927: 4915: 4900: 4888: 4876: 4864: 4852: 4850:, p. 322. 4840: 4828: 4816: 4804: 4792: 4780: 4778:, p. 468. 4768: 4756: 4754:, p. 240. 4744: 4732: 4720: 4718:, p. 410. 4705: 4693: 4681: 4651: 4639: 4637:, p. 372. 4627: 4601: 4599:, p. 528. 4589: 4559: 4557:, p. 242. 4547: 4535: 4523: 4511: 4499: 4487: 4475: 4463: 4451: 4449:, p. 277. 4439: 4427: 4425:, p. 208. 4423:Bernstein 1976 4415: 4411:Bernstein 1976 4403: 4391: 4387:Bernstein 1976 4379: 4375:Zimmerman 1995 4367: 4355: 4343: 4331: 4316: 4304: 4292: 4280: 4276:Bernstein 2011 4268: 4256: 4244: 4232: 4220: 4208: 4206:, p. 262. 4204:Zimmerman 1995 4196: 4194:, p. 240. 4192:Bernstein 2011 4184: 4172: 4160: 4148: 4136: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4107: 4106: 4099: 4096: 4031: 4028: 4015:Main article: 4012: 4009: 3937: 3934: 3882: 3879: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3792:Michael Fallon 3788: 3787: 3783: 3780: 3776: 3773: 3749: 3746: 3730:Tommy Sheridan 3628:Hugh Gaitskell 3615: 3612: 3571:Main article: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3543:nuclear refuge 3510: 3507: 3506: 3505: 3486: 3459: 3456: 3448: 3445: 3367: 3364: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3314: 3311: 3306: 3293: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3273: 3270: 3265: 3245: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3226: 3223: 3218: 3205: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3186: 3183: 3178: 3165: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3146: 3143: 3138: 3125: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3106: 3103: 3098: 3088: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3068: 3065: 3060: 3046: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3024: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3005: 2945:at Maralinga. 2876: 2873: 2775: 2772: 2692:, one of four 2650:Main article: 2647: 2644: 2601:Firth of Clyde 2523:Main article: 2520: 2517: 2497:AEA Technology 2493:Brown and Root 2461:ROF Burghfield 2445:Main article: 2442: 2439: 2259: 2256: 2248:RAF Lakenheath 2232:RAF Molesworth 2084:RAF Lakenheath 2078:USAF F-15E of 2061: 2058: 2005:M110 howitzers 2001:M115 howitzers 1844:Main article: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1764:Sputnik crisis 1741: 1738: 1673: 1670: 1564:Wing Commander 1540:Egon Bretscher 1520:America tested 1491:Main article: 1488: 1485: 1415:Bomber Command 1403:explosive lens 1341: 1338: 1277: 1274: 1223:in Berkshire. 1172:Michael Perrin 1152:William Penney 1121:Main article: 1118: 1115: 1111:Donald Maclean 1092:Mackenzie King 1076:Clement Attlee 1056:Mackenzie King 1052:Clement Attlee 1039: 1036: 983:William Penney 884:James Chadwick 850:Tizard Mission 842:Main article: 839: 836: 803:MAUD Committee 768:Rudolf Peierls 673:John Cockcroft 661:James Chadwick 628:MAUD Committee 623: 620: 612: 609: 409: 408: 406: 405: 398: 391: 383: 380: 379: 378: 377: 372: 367: 362: 352: 351: 346: 341: 332: 322: 321: 316: 311: 309:United Kingdom 306: 301: 286: 285: 279: 278: 277: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 225: 224: 219: 214: 208: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 169: 168: 164: 163: 155: 154: 144: 143: 140: 133: 132: 125: 121: 120: 117: 113: 112: 109: 108:Peak stockpile 105: 104: 103:45 detonations 101: 97: 96: 82: 78: 77: 74: 70: 69: 66: 62: 61: 60:3 October 1952 58: 54: 53: 50: 46: 45: 37: 36: 35:United Kingdom 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15323: 15312: 15309: 15307: 15304: 15302: 15299: 15298: 15296: 15286: 15276: 15274: 15264: 15262: 15257: 15252: 15250: 15240: 15239: 15236: 15225: 15215: 15201: 15198: 15196: 15193: 15191: 15188: 15186: 15183: 15181: 15178: 15176: 15173: 15172: 15170: 15168: 15162: 15156: 15153: 15151: 15148: 15146: 15143: 15141: 15138: 15137: 15135: 15133: 15127: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15103: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15088: 15087: 15085: 15081: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15051: 15049: 15045: 15039: 15036: 15034: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15020: 15018: 15014: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14996: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14976: 14975: 14973: 14967: 14961: 14958: 14957: 14955: 14951: 14945: 14942: 14940: 14937: 14936: 14934: 14930: 14924: 14921: 14919: 14916: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14880: 14878: 14872: 14866: 14865:London Guards 14863: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14853: 14851: 14848: 14846: 14843: 14841: 14838: 14837: 14835: 14833: 14829: 14826: 14824: 14820: 14814: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14796: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14778:Royal Lancers 14776: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14755: 14753: 14751: 14745: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14720: 14718: 14716: 14712: 14709: 14703: 14697: 14694: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14684: 14682: 14679: 14677: 14674: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14656: 14654: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14644: 14641: 14637: 14634: 14632: 14631:Installations 14629: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14616: 14615: 14612: 14610: 14607: 14605: 14602: 14600: 14597: 14595: 14592: 14590: 14587: 14585: 14582: 14580: 14577: 14575: 14572: 14570: 14567: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14557: 14556: 14554: 14550: 14546: 14539: 14534: 14532: 14527: 14525: 14520: 14519: 14516: 14506: 14500: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14485: 14483: 14479: 14469: 14468:Trident II D5 14466: 14465: 14463: 14459: 14453:(replacement) 14452: 14450: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14437: 14436: 14434: 14430: 14427: 14423: 14419: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14400: 14398: 14394: 14388: 14385: 14384: 14382: 14378: 14372: 14370: 14366: 14365: 14363: 14359: 14356: 14352: 14348: 14338: 14335: 14334: 14332: 14328: 14322: 14321:RAF Spadeadam 14318: 14317: 14315: 14311: 14308: 14304: 14300: 14290: 14287: 14285: 14282: 14280: 14277: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14269:Orange Herald 14267: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14257: 14256: 14254: 14250: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14225: 14223: 14219: 14212: 14209: 14207: 14204: 14203: 14201: 14197: 14191: 14188: 14186: 14183: 14181: 14178: 14177: 14175: 14171: 14168: 14164: 14160: 14156: 14151: 14147: 14139: 14134: 14132: 14127: 14125: 14120: 14119: 14116: 14109: 14105: 14102: 14101: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14089: 14086: 14084: 14083:sonicbomb.com 14080: 14076: 14074: 14070: 14067: 14066: 14055: 14051: 14047: 14041: 14037: 14032: 14027: 14022: 14018: 14014: 14013: 14008: 14003: 13999: 13995: 13991: 13987: 13983: 13979: 13978: 13972: 13971: 13959: 13955: 13951: 13947: 13943: 13939: 13934: 13930: 13926: 13922: 13916: 13912: 13908: 13904: 13900: 13896: 13892: 13888: 13884: 13880: 13876: 13872: 13868: 13864: 13860: 13856: 13852: 13848: 13844: 13840: 13836: 13832: 13828: 13824: 13820: 13816: 13812: 13806: 13802: 13797: 13793: 13789: 13785: 13779: 13775: 13771: 13767: 13763: 13759: 13755: 13751: 13747: 13743: 13738: 13734: 13730: 13726: 13720: 13716: 13711: 13707: 13703: 13699: 13693: 13689: 13684: 13680: 13676: 13672: 13666: 13662: 13657: 13653: 13649: 13645: 13639: 13635: 13630: 13626: 13622: 13618: 13612: 13608: 13603: 13592:on 2 May 2017 13588: 13584: 13580: 13576: 13570: 13563: 13562: 13556: 13552: 13548: 13544: 13540: 13536: 13532: 13528: 13524: 13520: 13516: 13511: 13507: 13503: 13499: 13493: 13489: 13484: 13480: 13476: 13472: 13468: 13464: 13460: 13456: 13452: 13447: 13432: 13425: 13420: 13416: 13412: 13407: 13402: 13398: 13394: 13390: 13385: 13381: 13377: 13373: 13367: 13363: 13358: 13346: 13342: 13338: 13334: 13329: 13325: 13321: 13317: 13311: 13307: 13302: 13298: 13294: 13290: 13284: 13280: 13275: 13271: 13267: 13263: 13257: 13253: 13249: 13245: 13241: 13237: 13233: 13229: 13224: 13219: 13215: 13211: 13207: 13203: 13199: 13194: 13190: 13186: 13182: 13176: 13172: 13167: 13163: 13159: 13155: 13149: 13145: 13141: 13140:Nailor, Peter 13137: 13133: 13129: 13125: 13119: 13115: 13110: 13098: 13094: 13090: 13086: 13082: 13078: 13074: 13070: 13066: 13062: 13057: 13042: 13035: 13034: 13028: 13024: 13020: 13016: 13014:9780333103104 13010: 13005: 13004: 12998: 12994: 12990: 12986: 12982: 12978: 12974: 12970: 12966: 12962: 12958: 12954: 12949: 12945: 12941: 12937: 12931: 12927: 12923: 12922:Ludlam, Steve 12919: 12915: 12911: 12907: 12903: 12899: 12895: 12890: 12875: 12871: 12867: 12860: 12859: 12853: 12849: 12845: 12841: 12837: 12833: 12829: 12825: 12821: 12816: 12812: 12808: 12804: 12798: 12794: 12789: 12785: 12781: 12777: 12771: 12767: 12763: 12759: 12755: 12751: 12747: 12741: 12737: 12732: 12717: 12713: 12709: 12705: 12699: 12692: 12691: 12686: 12682: 12667: 12663: 12659: 12655: 12649: 12642: 12641: 12636: 12632: 12617: 12613: 12609: 12605: 12599: 12592: 12591: 12586: 12582: 12578: 12574: 12570: 12564: 12560: 12556: 12552: 12545: 12541: 12534: 12529: 12525: 12521: 12517: 12513: 12509: 12505: 12500: 12496: 12492: 12488: 12482: 12478: 12474: 12470: 12466: 12462: 12458: 12452: 12448: 12443: 12428: 12424: 12417: 12412: 12408: 12404: 12400: 12394: 12390: 12386: 12385:Arnold, Lorna 12382: 12378: 12374: 12370: 12366: 12360: 12356: 12352: 12351:Arnold, Lorna 12348: 12344: 12340: 12336: 12332: 12328: 12324: 12320: 12316: 12312: 12308: 12304: 12300: 12296: 12295:Gott, Richard 12292: 12288: 12284: 12280: 12276: 12272: 12268: 12263: 12259: 12255: 12251: 12245: 12241: 12237: 12233: 12229: 12223: 12218: 12217: 12211: 12207: 12203: 12199: 12195: 12191: 12187: 12183: 12179: 12175: 12171: 12167: 12162: 12158: 12154: 12150: 12148:9781403987747 12144: 12140: 12135: 12123: 12119: 12115: 12111: 12106: 12102: 12098: 12094: 12090: 12086: 12082: 12078: 12074: 12069: 12057: 12053: 12049: 12045: 12040: 12036: 12032: 12028: 12024: 12020: 12016: 12012: 12008: 12004: 12000: 11996: 11992: 11988: 11983: 11979: 11975: 11971: 11965: 11961: 11957: 11953: 11949: 11945: 11941: 11935: 11931: 11927: 11923: 11908: 11904: 11900: 11896: 11890: 11883: 11882: 11876: 11872: 11866: 11862: 11858: 11854: 11850: 11846: 11842: 11838: 11834: 11830: 11826: 11822: 11817: 11805: 11801: 11797: 11793: 11787: 11783: 11782: 11776: 11772: 11768: 11764: 11758: 11754: 11749: 11734: 11730: 11726: 11722: 11718: 11714: 11710: 11706: 11702: 11695: 11691: 11687: 11683: 11679: 11675: 11671: 11667: 11663: 11659: 11655: 11651: 11647: 11643: 11639: 11635: 11631: 11627: 11623: 11619: 11615: 11611: 11607: 11603: 11599: 11595: 11589: 11585: 11580: 11576: 11572: 11568: 11564: 11560: 11556: 11552: 11548: 11543: 11539: 11535: 11531: 11527: 11523: 11519: 11515: 11511: 11506: 11502: 11496: 11492: 11487: 11483: 11479: 11475: 11471: 11467: 11463: 11458: 11454: 11450: 11446: 11440: 11436: 11431: 11427: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11409: 11405: 11401: 11396: 11392: 11388: 11384: 11378: 11374: 11373: 11368: 11367:Arnold, Lorna 11364: 11360: 11356: 11352: 11346: 11342: 11338: 11334: 11333:Arnold, Lorna 11330: 11326: 11322: 11318: 11314: 11310: 11306: 11302: 11298: 11293: 11292: 11271: 11267: 11261: 11245: 11241: 11237: 11231: 11224: 11220: 11216: 11212: 11207: 11200: 11198: 11193: 11189: 11185: 11180: 11164: 11160: 11154: 11138: 11134: 11128: 11109: 11102: 11096: 11088: 11081: 11065: 11061: 11054: 11038: 11034: 11033: 11028: 11021: 11005: 11001: 10997: 10991: 10984: 10983:Hennessy 2010 10979: 10972: 10971:Hennessy 2010 10967: 10960: 10959:Hennessy 2010 10955: 10948: 10947:Hennessy 2010 10943: 10936: 10935:Hennessy 2010 10931: 10924: 10923:Hennessy 2010 10919: 10912: 10911:Hennessy 2010 10907: 10900: 10899:Hennessy 2010 10895: 10888: 10887:Hennessy 2010 10883: 10867: 10863: 10862: 10861:parliament.uk 10857: 10853: 10847: 10840: 10839:Hennessy 2010 10835: 10819: 10815: 10811: 10804: 10789: 10785: 10779: 10763: 10759: 10752: 10750: 10733: 10729: 10723: 10721: 10704: 10700: 10696: 10690: 10688: 10671: 10667: 10663: 10657: 10655: 10638: 10634: 10627: 10625: 10608: 10604: 10603:The Telegraph 10600: 10593: 10577: 10573: 10567: 10548: 10544: 10537: 10530: 10528: 10526: 10524: 10522: 10505: 10501: 10495: 10479: 10475: 10471: 10464: 10448: 10444: 10438: 10419: 10412: 10405: 10389: 10385: 10381: 10374: 10355: 10348: 10342: 10340: 10332: 10320: 10316: 10309: 10293: 10289: 10285: 10279: 10263: 10259: 10253: 10237: 10233: 10232:The Telegraph 10229: 10222: 10206: 10202: 10198: 10191: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10160: 10144: 10140: 10136: 10129: 10122: 10117: 10101: 10097: 10093: 10086: 10070: 10066: 10062: 10056: 10040: 10036: 10032: 10026: 10020:, p. 62. 10019: 10018:Chalmers 1999 10014: 9998: 9994: 9993:"Politics 97" 9988: 9981: 9976: 9969: 9964: 9962: 9954: 9949: 9943:, p. 65. 9942: 9937: 9930: 9925: 9918: 9913: 9906: 9901: 9894: 9889: 9887: 9870: 9866: 9860: 9844: 9840: 9834: 9818: 9814: 9808: 9806: 9798: 9797:Campbell 1982 9793: 9785: 9784:New Statesman 9778: 9771: 9766: 9759: 9758:Campbell 1982 9754: 9752: 9744: 9739: 9733:, p. 22. 9732: 9731:Campbell 1982 9727: 9725: 9723: 9706: 9702: 9696: 9680: 9676: 9670: 9654: 9650: 9636: 9635: 9630: 9624: 9609: 9605: 9601: 9595: 9588: 9583: 9581: 9573: 9568: 9561: 9556: 9554: 9552: 9550: 9548: 9546: 9544: 9542: 9534: 9529: 9513: 9509: 9503: 9496: 9492: 9489: 9484: 9477: 9473: 9470: 9465: 9454: 9447: 9441: 9434: 9433:Spinardi 1997 9429: 9422: 9417: 9401: 9395: 9388: 9383: 9381: 9373: 9368: 9361: 9356: 9349: 9344: 9328: 9324: 9323: 9318: 9312: 9296: 9292: 9291: 9286: 9280: 9264: 9260: 9256: 9250: 9234: 9230: 9224: 9217: 9212: 9196: 9192: 9188: 9181: 9165: 9161: 9155: 9146: 9130: 9126: 9125: 9116: 9109: 9104: 9085: 9078: 9072: 9070: 9068: 9066: 9064: 9047: 9043: 9039: 9032: 9016: 9012: 9005: 8989: 8985: 8981: 8974: 8958: 8954: 8950: 8944: 8928: 8924: 8923: 8918: 8911: 8904: 8892: 8888: 8882: 8875: 8863: 8859: 8855: 8849: 8833: 8829: 8823: 8816: 8804: 8800: 8796: 8789: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8759: 8743: 8739: 8733: 8726: 8714: 8710: 8706: 8699: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8669: 8650: 8646: 8639: 8633: 8626: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8599: 8583: 8579: 8573: 8571: 8563: 8558: 8542: 8538: 8534: 8528: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8497: 8482: 8481:New Statesman 8478: 8472: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8441: 8422: 8415: 8409: 8394: 8390: 8384: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8354: 8347: 8343: 8340: 8334: 8315: 8311: 8304: 8298: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8268: 8262:, p. 10. 8261: 8256: 8240: 8236: 8230: 8214: 8210: 8204: 8185: 8178: 8172: 8153: 8146: 8140: 8133: 8128: 8122:, p. 52. 8121: 8116: 8109: 8104: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8074: 8067: 8062: 8055: 8050: 8043: 8038: 8032:, p. 94. 8031: 8026: 8019: 8014: 8007: 8006:Stoddart 2012 8002: 7995: 7994:Stoddart 2012 7990: 7983: 7978: 7972:, p. 34. 7971: 7970:Stoddart 2012 7966: 7959: 7954: 7947: 7942: 7935: 7930: 7923: 7918: 7911: 7906: 7899: 7898:Dumbrell 2006 7894: 7888:, p. 76. 7887: 7882: 7866: 7862: 7856: 7849: 7844: 7837: 7832: 7826:, p. 30. 7825: 7824:Harrison 1982 7820: 7813: 7808: 7801: 7796: 7789: 7784: 7778:, p. 25. 7777: 7772: 7757: 7756: 7751: 7747: 7741: 7725: 7721: 7720:"Our history" 7715: 7713: 7696: 7692: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7680: 7663: 7659: 7653: 7637: 7633: 7627: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7596: 7589: 7584: 7577: 7572: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7541: 7539: 7537: 7529: 7524: 7517: 7512: 7505: 7500: 7493: 7492:Hawkings 2002 7488: 7481: 7476: 7469: 7464: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7439: 7434: 7427: 7420: 7415: 7408: 7403: 7396: 7391: 7384: 7379: 7363: 7356: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7325: 7306: 7302: 7295: 7288: 7282:, p. 63. 7281: 7280:Chalmers 1999 7276: 7274: 7266: 7261: 7254: 7249: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7218: 7216: 7208: 7207:Freedman 1999 7203: 7187: 7183: 7176: 7169: 7164: 7162: 7154: 7149: 7142: 7137: 7131:, p. 58. 7130: 7125: 7118: 7113: 7106: 7101: 7094: 7089: 7082: 7077: 7070: 7065: 7058: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7032: 7028: 7021: 7014: 7013:Stoddart 2012 7009: 7002: 6997: 6991:, p. 73. 6990: 6985: 6983: 6975: 6970: 6963: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6944: 6943:Stoddart 2012 6939: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6923: 6918: 6911: 6906: 6899: 6894: 6887: 6882: 6875: 6870: 6863: 6858: 6851: 6846: 6839: 6834: 6827: 6822: 6815: 6810: 6803: 6798: 6791: 6786: 6779: 6774: 6767: 6762: 6755: 6750: 6743: 6738: 6731: 6726: 6719: 6714: 6712: 6704: 6699: 6692: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6675: 6670: 6663: 6658: 6651: 6646: 6639: 6634: 6627: 6622: 6615: 6610: 6603: 6598: 6579: 6575: 6568: 6567: 6560: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6529: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6499: 6483: 6479: 6473: 6454: 6450: 6443: 6437: 6430: 6425: 6419:, p. 35. 6418: 6413: 6406: 6401: 6382: 6378: 6371: 6365: 6358: 6353: 6346: 6341: 6322: 6315: 6309: 6307: 6299: 6294: 6287: 6282: 6275: 6270: 6263: 6258: 6239: 6233: 6231: 6224:, p. 11. 6223: 6218: 6211: 6206: 6199: 6194: 6187: 6182: 6176:, p. 28. 6175: 6170: 6163: 6158: 6152:, p. 43. 6151: 6146: 6139: 6134: 6127: 6122: 6115: 6110: 6103: 6098: 6091: 6086: 6079: 6074: 6067: 6062: 6055: 6050: 6043: 6038: 6036: 6028: 6023: 6016: 6011: 6004: 5999: 5992: 5987: 5980: 5975: 5968: 5963: 5961: 5953: 5952:McIntyre 2006 5948: 5946: 5938: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5921: 5916: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5891:"Violet Club" 5885: 5878: 5873: 5866: 5865:McIntyre 2006 5861: 5854: 5849: 5842: 5837: 5830: 5825: 5823: 5815: 5814:McIntyre 2006 5810: 5808: 5801:, p. 28. 5800: 5799:McIntyre 2006 5795: 5788: 5783: 5781: 5773: 5768: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5737: 5721: 5717: 5716: 5711: 5705: 5698: 5693: 5691: 5684:, p. 21. 5683: 5678: 5671: 5666: 5647: 5640: 5634: 5627: 5622: 5616:, p. 39. 5615: 5610: 5603: 5598: 5592:, p. 38. 5591: 5586: 5579: 5574: 5567: 5562: 5560: 5552: 5551:Spinardi 1997 5547: 5540: 5535: 5519: 5515: 5509: 5501: 5497: 5491: 5484: 5479: 5472: 5467: 5460: 5455: 5449:, p. 56. 5448: 5443: 5436: 5431: 5415: 5408: 5401: 5396: 5394: 5385: 5384: 5379: 5373: 5366: 5361: 5354: 5349: 5342: 5337: 5331:, p. 92. 5330: 5325: 5319:, p. 35. 5318: 5313: 5306: 5305:Cathcart 1995 5301: 5294: 5289: 5282: 5281:Goldberg 1964 5277: 5275: 5273: 5265: 5260: 5253: 5248: 5241: 5236: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5205: 5198: 5193: 5186: 5181: 5174: 5169: 5153: 5147: 5140: 5135: 5128: 5123: 5116: 5111: 5104: 5099: 5093:, p. 41. 5092: 5087: 5080: 5075: 5068: 5067:Cathcart 1995 5063: 5056: 5055:Cathcart 1995 5051: 5044: 5043:Cathcart 1995 5039: 5032: 5027: 5020: 5015: 5009:, p. 21. 5008: 5007:Cathcart 1995 5003: 4996: 4991: 4984: 4979: 4972: 4971:Goldberg 1964 4967: 4960: 4955: 4948: 4943: 4936: 4931: 4924: 4919: 4913:, p. 32. 4912: 4907: 4905: 4898:, p. 21. 4897: 4892: 4885: 4880: 4874:, p. 61. 4873: 4868: 4861: 4856: 4849: 4844: 4837: 4832: 4825: 4820: 4814:, p. 88. 4813: 4808: 4801: 4796: 4790:, p. 92. 4789: 4784: 4777: 4772: 4765: 4760: 4753: 4748: 4741: 4736: 4729: 4724: 4717: 4716:Goldberg 1964 4712: 4710: 4703:, p. 93. 4702: 4697: 4691:, p. 64. 4690: 4685: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4655: 4648: 4643: 4636: 4631: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4598: 4593: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4563: 4556: 4551: 4544: 4539: 4532: 4527: 4520: 4515: 4508: 4503: 4496: 4491: 4484: 4479: 4472: 4467: 4460: 4455: 4448: 4443: 4436: 4431: 4424: 4419: 4412: 4407: 4401:, p. 26. 4400: 4395: 4388: 4383: 4376: 4371: 4364: 4359: 4352: 4347: 4341:, p. 42. 4340: 4335: 4328: 4323: 4321: 4314:, p. 65. 4313: 4308: 4301: 4296: 4289: 4284: 4277: 4272: 4265: 4260: 4253: 4248: 4241: 4236: 4229: 4224: 4217: 4212: 4205: 4200: 4193: 4188: 4182:, p. 11. 4181: 4176: 4169: 4164: 4157: 4152: 4145: 4140: 4124: 4118: 4114: 4105: 4102: 4101: 4095: 4093: 4088: 4086: 4079: 4076: 4069: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4041: 4037: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3945: 3943: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3911: 3906: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3875: 3874: 3867: 3863: 3860: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3844: 3839: 3829: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3814:David Cameron 3800: 3798: 3797:Boris Johnson 3793: 3784: 3781: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3745: 3742: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3695:1987 election 3691: 3686: 3684: 3683:Harold Wilson 3680: 3676: 3672: 3666: 3664: 3663: 3662:New Statesman 3658: 3657: 3656:The Economist 3651: 3650: 3644: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3632:Aneurin Bevan 3629: 3625: 3621: 3611: 3607: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3595:nuclear power 3588: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3559: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3525:civil defence 3520: 3516: 3515:Civil defence 3509:Civil defence 3502: 3501: 3500:New Statesman 3496: 3491: 3487: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3453: 3452: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3377: 3372: 3363: 3360: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3315: 3312: 3307: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3274: 3271: 3266: 3264: 3260: 3259:Malden Island 3256: 3251: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3227: 3224: 3219: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3187: 3184: 3179: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3147: 3144: 3139: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3107: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3069: 3066: 3061: 3058: 3052: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3002: 2996: 2994: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2971: 2967: 2966:Julin Bristol 2963: 2958: 2956: 2955:Pacific Ocean 2952: 2946: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2915: 2911: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2886: 2882: 2875:Nuclear tests 2872: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2840: 2835: 2834:Jeremy Corbyn 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2806: 2797: 2795: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2771: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2756: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2709: 2707: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2684: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2656:In 1982, the 2653: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2526: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2448: 2438: 2436: 2435:Falklands War 2432: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2399:in Scotland. 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2319:Indigo Hammer 2315: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2304:Fleet Air Arm 2300: 2298: 2292: 2290: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2140: 2137: 2134:B-29s of the 2133: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2118: 2115: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2085: 2082:stationed at 2081: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2057: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2043:RAF St Mawgan 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1989:Lance missile 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1973:Violet Vision 1970: 1961: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1944:. During the 1943: 1942:Project Emily 1939: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1906: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1847: 1832: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1805: 1799: 1797: 1792: 1789: 1785: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1751: 1747: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1717:Duncan Sandys 1714: 1710: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1669: 1666: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1642: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1591: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1571:Malden Island 1568: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1549:Orange Herald 1546: 1545:Modus Vivendi 1541: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1512: 1511:Orange Herald 1494: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1427:Edwin Flavell 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1407:levitated pit 1404: 1400: 1392: 1391: 1385: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1326:Lewis Strauss 1323: 1317: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1287: 1282: 1273: 1271: 1270: 1269:Modus Vivendi 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1217:Fort Halstead 1213: 1209: 1205: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1124: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1107:Alan Nunn May 1103: 1101: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1064: 1063: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1035: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1023: 1020: 1019:Group Captain 1016: 1011: 1007: 1001: 999: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 943: 940: 936: 932: 929:, signed the 928: 924: 920: 916: 915:war in Europe 910: 908: 904: 896: 892: 889: 888:Major General 885: 881: 877: 875: 871: 867: 866:Lord Cherwell 863: 859: 855: 851: 845: 835: 833: 829: 828:Wallace Akers 825: 821: 820:John Anderson 817: 812: 808: 807:Royal Society 804: 800: 796: 792: 787: 785: 781: 780:critical mass 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 760:Mark Oliphant 757: 753: 749: 748: 743: 739: 734: 732: 728: 724: 723: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 697:Berlin-Dahlem 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 677:Ernest Walton 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 651: 647: 643: 638: 633: 629: 618: 608: 606: 605:sub-strategic 602: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 576: 574: 569: 565: 561: 556: 554: 553:depth charges 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 481: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 434: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 415:United States 404: 399: 397: 392: 390: 385: 384: 382: 381: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 357: 354: 353: 350: 347: 345: 342: 336: 333: 331: 327: 324: 323: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 299:United States 296: 294: 290: 289: 288: 287: 284: 281: 280: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 254:Proliferation 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 226: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 209: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 172: 171: 170: 166: 165: 161: 157: 156: 153: 150: 149: 141: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 52:10 April 1940 51: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 15301:British Army 15130:Army Medical 14860:Welsh Guards 14855:Irish Guards 14850:Scots Guards 14696:Army Reserve 14623: 14545:British Army 14504: 14503:part of the 14448: 14439: 14368: 14274:Green Bamboo 14221:bomb casings 14099: 14035: 14016: 14010: 13981: 13975: 13941: 13937: 13910: 13874: 13870: 13834: 13830: 13800: 13773: 13748:(1): 71–86. 13745: 13741: 13714: 13687: 13660: 13633: 13606: 13594:. 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Retrieved 5508: 5500:the original 5490: 5478: 5471:Brookes 1982 5466: 5454: 5442: 5430: 5420:11 September 5418:. Retrieved 5407: 5381: 5372: 5360: 5348: 5336: 5324: 5312: 5300: 5288: 5259: 5252:Aldrich 1998 5247: 5235: 5223:. Retrieved 5214: 5204: 5192: 5180: 5168: 5156:. Retrieved 5146: 5134: 5122: 5110: 5098: 5086: 5074: 5062: 5050: 5038: 5026: 5014: 5002: 4990: 4978: 4966: 4954: 4942: 4930: 4918: 4891: 4879: 4867: 4855: 4848:Farmelo 2013 4843: 4831: 4819: 4807: 4795: 4783: 4771: 4759: 4747: 4735: 4723: 4696: 4684: 4672:. Retrieved 4654: 4642: 4630: 4618:. Retrieved 4614:the original 4604: 4592: 4580:. Retrieved 4562: 4550: 4538: 4526: 4514: 4502: 4490: 4478: 4466: 4454: 4442: 4430: 4418: 4406: 4394: 4382: 4370: 4358: 4346: 4334: 4307: 4295: 4283: 4271: 4259: 4247: 4235: 4228:Farmelo 2013 4223: 4211: 4199: 4187: 4175: 4170:, p. 5. 4163: 4151: 4146:, p. 9. 4139: 4127:. Retrieved 4117: 4089: 4081: 4071: 4057: 4043: 4024: 4020: 3977:Edward Heath 3969:Denis Healey 3953:Selwyn Lloyd 3946: 3939: 3930:armed forces 3917: 3907: 3890: 3884: 3872: 3847: 3834: 3822:Denis Healey 3816:. Only one, 3811: 3789: 3768:government: 3766:Conservative 3751: 3738: 3734:Lloyd Quinan 3703: 3699:Neil Kinnock 3687: 3667: 3660: 3654: 3647: 3640: 3617: 3608: 3592: 3583:peace symbol 3556:World War II 3552:London Blitz 3536: 3522: 3498: 3479:Inner London 3471:ground burst 3450: 3429: 3410: 3376:phased array 3356: 3272:24 to 3,000 2990: 2975: 2959: 2947: 2935: 2920: 2888: 2849: 2844: 2838: 2825: 2817: 2810: 2801: 2793: 2768: 2754: 2748: 2738: 2728: 2721: 2714: 2710: 2702: 2693: 2688: 2670: 2655: 2617: 2610: 2589: 2562: 2528: 2485:golden share 2477: 2450: 2428: 2417: 2401: 2381:first strike 2374: 2358:Yellow Anvil 2338:Blue Peacock 2316: 2301: 2293: 2286: 2240: 2202:deployed to 2197: 2161: 2156:RAF Fairford 2111: 2088: 2051: 2009: 1966: 1932: 1907: 1903: 1872: 1849: 1829: 1813:commissioned 1811:in 1960 and 1807:, which was 1803: 1795: 1780: 1768: 1753: 1734:George Mills 1726: 1705: 1700:Air Ministry 1696:John Slessor 1690: 1675: 1661: 1646: 1630: 1607: 1596: 1557: 1553:Green Bamboo 1544: 1536: 1517: 1466: 1458:Lincolnshire 1439: 1396: 1388: 1368: 1357: 1334:Leonard Owen 1328:and Senator 1318: 1306: 1291: 1267: 1264: 1244:Springfields 1225: 1201: 1177: 1157: 1126: 1104: 1096: 1085: 1080:Harry Truman 1068: 1061: 1048:Harry Truman 1029: 1002: 944: 911: 899: 874:Soviet Union 870:atomic spies 847: 795:Henry Tizard 788: 776:enemy aliens 745: 735: 720: 709:Lise Meitner 654: 607:capability. 593: 572: 557: 482: 435: 419:Soviet Union 412: 360:South Africa 355: 339:(undeclared) 325: 308: 291: 29: 14918:Royal Welsh 14832:Foot Guards 14723:Life Guards 14664:other ranks 14646:Recruitment 14449:Dreadnought 14354:(1968–1996) 14313:launch site 14303:Blue Streak 14279:Green Grass 14264:Violet Club 14228:Blue Danube 14213:(cancelled) 14185:Avro Vulcan 14166:(1955–1993) 13877:(2): 5–31. 12120:(20): 8–9. 11930:War Plan UK 9613:30 November 9421:Baylis 2008 8994:26 February 8963:26 February 8658:31 December 8430:21 November 7958:Ludlam 2008 7934:Nailor 1988 7504:Baylis 1995 7345:9 September 7117:Young 2007a 7105:Young 2007a 7093:Young 2007a 7081:Young 2007a 7069:Young 2007a 6650:Baylis 1995 6549:8 September 6462:8 September 6222:Young 2007b 6210:Baylis 1995 6186:Baylis 1995 6126:Baylis 1995 6102:Baylis 1995 6054:Baylis 1994 5853:Baylis 1994 5772:Baylis 1994 5655:20 November 5578:Baylis 1995 5566:Baylis 1995 5378:"No. 40960" 5240:Baylis 1995 5225:19 February 4635:Gowing 1964 4555:Gowing 1964 4543:Gowing 1964 4531:Gowing 1964 4495:Gowing 1964 4483:Gowing 1964 4471:Gowing 1964 4435:Gowing 1964 4363:Phelps 2010 4351:Gowing 1964 4327:Phelps 2010 4264:Gowing 1964 4240:Gowing 1964 4216:Gowing 1964 4156:Gowing 1964 4054:white paper 3965:Bert Bowden 3338:0 to 3,000 3035:References 3029:(kilotons) 3027:Total yield 3017:Yield range 2938:subcritical 2901:as part of 2845:Dreadnought 2839:Dreadnought 2764:M6 motorway 2640:Francis Pym 2579:within the 2473:ROF Cardiff 2469:Orford Ness 2346:Violet Mist 2132:Silverplate 2124:Lord Tedder 2117:Carl Spaatz 2020:Mk 101 Lulu 1883:RAF Germany 1821:Rolls-Royce 1804:Dreadnought 1772:Teller-Ulam 1730:Air Marshal 1721:Suez Crisis 1685:Avro Vulcan 1626:Violet Club 1622:Green Grass 1618:Blue Streak 1477:Avro Vulcan 1446:RAF Barnham 1425:piloted by 1399:Blue Danube 1390:Blue Danube 1221:Aldermaston 1164:Lord Portal 991:Klaus Fuchs 816:Tube Alloys 784:uranium-235 742:H. G. Wells 738:atomic bomb 713:Otto Frisch 632:Tube Alloys 622:Tube Alloys 566:bombs, the 521:Blue Streak 513:uranium-235 458:great power 438:Tube Alloys 349:North Korea 259:Disarmament 100:Total tests 68:15 May 1957 15295:Categories 14944:The Rifles 14609:War crimes 14569:Army Board 14369:Resolution 14238:Yellow Sun 14206:Blue Steel 14054:1124777618 13907:Young, Ken 13867:Young, Ken 13827:Young, Ken 13103:5 November 12811:1005663721 12754:1149748553 12577:1242324904 11948:1027281129 11288:References 11223:A/53/PV.79 11188:Resolution 10427:14 January 10139:The Herald 9980:Scott 2012 9953:Groom 1974 9269:2 December 9259:Green Left 9239:2 December 9201:2 December 9052:24 October 9021:24 October 8838:21 October 8768:UK Hansard 8337:Point 64, 7946:Grove 1987 7922:Jones 2017 7910:Moore 2010 7871:5 November 7848:Jones 2017 7836:Jones 2017 7812:Jones 2017 7800:Jones 2017 7788:Moore 2010 7588:Grove 1987 7576:Moore 2010 7528:Moore 2010 7516:Moore 2010 7480:Moore 2010 7468:Jones 2003 7419:Moore 2010 7407:Moore 2010 7395:Moore 2010 7383:Moore 2010 7299:(Report). 7168:Grant 2011 7129:Young 2016 7001:Moore 2010 6974:Moore 2010 6962:Moore 2010 6922:Moore 2010 6874:Moore 2010 6850:Young 2016 6826:Young 2016 6814:Moore 2010 6790:Bronk 2014 6766:Bronk 2014 6754:Bronk 2014 6742:Young 2016 6730:Moore 2010 6703:Bronk 2014 6691:Moore 2010 6674:Moore 2010 6602:Young 2016 6587:20 January 6417:Moore 2010 6345:Botti 1987 6298:Botti 1987 6286:Botti 1987 6262:Botti 1987 6174:Moore 2010 5877:Moore 2010 5435:Aylen 2015 5400:Moore 2010 5317:Aylen 2015 4884:Botti 1987 4872:Botti 1987 4824:Jones 1985 4689:Szasz 1992 4597:Jones 1985 4519:Szasz 1992 4507:Jones 1985 4312:Clark 1961 4288:Clark 1961 4252:Szasz 1992 4180:Clark 1961 4168:Clark 1961 4144:Clark 1961 4005:John Major 3949:Rab Butler 3897:, General 3722:Solidarity 3720:(SSP) and 3620:bipartisan 3463:Square Leg 3330:1952–1991 3292:1961–1991 3288:NTS series 3255:Kiritimati 3244:1957–1958 2854:, Admiral 2805:Tony Blair 2722:Victorious 2698:HMNB Clyde 2689:Victorious 2611:Resolution 2391:-equipped 2323:Red Duster 2308:RAF Tengah 2297:Blue Steel 2281:Yellow Sun 2029:) for its 2025:(with the 2012:US Marines 1977:Blue Water 1920:RAF Marham 1915:Yellow Sun 1881:stored at 1522:the first 1252:Capenhurst 1240:Lancashire 1236:ROF Risley 1196:Union Jack 1046:President 985:, Frisch, 979:Niels Bohr 975:James Tuck 801:, and the 699:bombarded 601:deterrence 596:perform a 582:HMNB Clyde 578:submarines 560:Trident II 505:classified 429:under the 370:Kazakhstan 295:recognized 269:Opposition 167:Background 14971:regiments 14707:and Corps 14705:Regiments 14636:Equipment 14233:Red Beard 13998:149516886 13958:161470713 13929:942707047 13891:1520-3972 13859:159815831 13792:249977055 13733:845346116 13679:900698250 13652:870285634 13625:951512907 13551:108446840 13535:0306-3127 13506:875770247 13479:154319694 13471:0707-5332 13415:1073-6700 13380:951512317 13341:682883281 13324:642846903 13270:470911157 13240:143549443 13232:0096-3402 13189:311858583 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1997 6614:Paul 2000 6138:Gott 1963 6114:Ball 1995 5920:Wynn 1997 5483:Wynn 1997 5459:Wynn 1997 5447:Wynn 1997 5365:Wynn 1997 5341:Wynn 1997 5329:Wynn 1997 4935:Wynn 1997 4923:Wynn 1997 4812:Paul 2000 4800:Paul 2000 4752:Gott 1963 4728:Paul 2000 4582:2 January 4399:Paul 2000 4087:in 1998. 3989:Roy Mason 3854:allen key 3688:The 1982 3535:entitled 3490:Hard Rock 3488:Exercise 3483:Whitehall 3475:air burst 3461:Exercise 3313:0 to 140 3215:Maralinga 3175:Maralinga 3145:15 to 60 3041:Hurricane 3010:Location 2927:Maralinga 2891:Emu Field 2860:US Senate 2858:, told a 2755:Vengeance 2753:HMS 2727:HMS 2720:HMS 2713:HMS 2687:HMS 2632:Chevaline 2609:HMS 2557:Chevaline 2420:BAC TSR-2 2397:Holy Loch 2352:with the 2018:acquired 1853:Project E 1846:Project E 1802:HMS 1756:Sputnik 1 1657:lithium-7 1653:lithium-6 1579:Maralinga 1543:the 1948 1469:V bombers 1462:Red Beard 1367:HMS 1262:in 1954. 1248:Windscale 1234:(ROF) at 1192:Mr Byrnes 1060:USS 1058:boarding 1031:Big Stink 689:Otto Hahn 598:strategic 594:Vanguards 580:based at 549:Project E 517:plutonium 264:Terrorism 249:Espionage 244:Blackmail 239:Arms race 88:(13 15285:Aviation 15261:Politics 15224:Category 15165:Adjutant 15132:Services 14969:Overseas 14953:Airborne 14876:Infantry 14823:Infantry 14691:Timeline 14676:Uniforms 14651:Training 14619:Chemical 14440:Vanguard 14396:warheads 14380:missiles 14330:warheads 14284:Red Snow 14252:warheads 14199:missiles 14173:Aircraft 14155:Timeline 14104:Archived 13909:(2016). 13899:57563082 13851:30036432 13819:39225127 13772:(2003). 13706:23901666 13583:56021256 13431:Archived 13345:Archived 13297:43615254 13146:. HMSO. 13142:(1988). 13097:Archived 13093:57562517 12999:(1971). 12870:10913875 12716:Archived 12712:82275622 12666:Archived 12625:26 March 12616:Archived 12557:(2010). 12495:15081825 12475:(1987). 12427:Archived 12329:(1964). 12238:(1999). 12212:(2013). 12122:Archived 12062:2 August 12056:Archived 12025:(1961). 11978:31241690 11958:(1995). 11928:(1982). 11903:78965689 11859:(1982). 11804:Archived 11800:29212035 11733:Archived 11692:(2011). 11391:70673342 11339:(2001). 11317:20097530 11270:Archived 11250:9 August 11244:Archived 11240:CBC News 11163:Archived 11137:Archived 11108:Archived 11070:26 March 11064:Archived 11037:Archived 11004:Archived 10866:Archived 10818:Archived 10793:17 April 10762:Archived 10732:Archived 10703:Archived 10670:Archived 10637:Archived 10607:Archived 10576:Archived 10547:Archived 10504:Archived 10478:Archived 10453:1 August 10447:Archived 10418:Archived 10394:24 April 10388:Archived 10363:2 August 10319:Archived 10292:Archived 10288:BBC News 10262:Archived 10236:Archived 10205:Archived 10174:Archived 10143:Archived 10106:28 March 10100:Archived 10069:Archived 10039:Archived 9997:Archived 9869:Archived 9843:Archived 9705:Archived 9679:Archived 9512:Archived 9491:Archived 9472:Archived 9327:Archived 9295:Archived 9195:Archived 9129:Archived 9046:Archived 9044:. RUSI. 9015:Archived 8988:Archived 8957:Archived 8927:Archived 8891:Archived 8862:Archived 8858:ITV News 8832:Archived 8803:Archived 8799:BBC News 8772:Archived 8742:Archived 8713:Archived 8682:Archived 8678:BBC News 8649:Archived 8613:Archived 8582:Archived 8541:Archived 8511:Archived 8455:Archived 8421:Archived 8367:Archived 8342:Archived 8323:15 March 8314:Archived 8287:15 March 8239:Archived 8213:Archived 8193:24 March 8184:Archived 8161:27 March 8152:Archived 8087:Archived 7865:Archived 7761:2 August 7730:2 August 7701:2 August 7695:Archived 7668:2 August 7662:Archived 7636:Archived 7610:Archived 7555:Archived 7339:Archived 7305:Archived 7232:Archived 7186:Archived 7031:Archived 6578:Archived 6543:Archived 6518:22 March 6512:Archived 6482:Archived 6453:Archived 6390:15 March 6321:Archived 5899:Archived 5751:Archived 5720:Archived 5646:Archived 5518:Archived 5219:Archived 5158:23 March 4674:18 March 4668:Archived 4576:Archived 4098:See also 4030:Legality 3873:Vigilant 3786:crisis". 3624:Liberals 3562:Politics 3481:such as 3467:megatons 3263:Kiribati 3225:1 to 27 3185:2 to 15 3105:8 to 10 3021:kilotons 2826:Vanguard 2818:Vanguard 2794:Vanguard 2760:tailback 2749:Vanguard 2729:Vigilant 2715:Vanguard 2694:Vanguard 2671:Vanguard 2605:Coulport 2465:Foulness 2289:Red Snow 2101:and the 1809:launched 1796:Skipjack 1724:States. 1603:Cold War 1577:test at 1354:V bomber 1212:D notice 937:and the 872:for the 642:Poynting 573:Vanguard 511:such as 417:and the 365:Belarus 344:Pakistan 229:Arsenals 200:Delivery 15235:Portals 14686:History 14624:Nuclear 14552:General 14461:missile 14422:Trident 14351:Polaris 14337:Ulysses 14211:Skybolt 14090:, BASIC 13762:2618068 13596:29 July 13351:14 July 13210:Bibcode 12989:3804419 12961:Bibcode 12725:23 July 12675:7 March 12662:3717478 12436:31 July 12339:3195209 12319:2611300 12287:2610825 12093:2009841 11916:13 July 11810:10 July 11709:Bibcode 11654:Bibcode 11221:. 11194:. 11169:29 July 11143:29 July 11117:29 July 11043:14 July 11010:14 July 11000:Hansard 10872:14 July 10738:30 July 10613:16 July 10556:14 July 10325:19 July 10317:. BBC. 10298:18 July 10268:1 March 10045:31 July 10003:13 July 9995:. BBC. 9875:29 July 9849:30 July 9823:29 July 9711:29 July 9685:29 July 9641:29 July 9518:29 July 9406:29 July 9191:The Age 9170:27 June 9135:27 June 9093:27 June 8933:18 July 8897:18 July 8868:20 July 8809:19 July 8801:. BBC. 8778:20 July 8748:16 July 8719:20 July 8688:20 July 8619:20 July 8588:29 July 8517:30 July 8486:30 July 8365:. ACA. 8219:1 March 8083:Hansard 7660:. AWE. 7642:13 July 7616:13 July 7561:13 July 7238:29 July 7192:31 July 7037:5 March 5905:23 July 5524:22 July 4620:8 March 4129:10 July 3903:monarch 3712:(SNP), 3554:during 3327:Totals 3240:Grapple 3160:Buffalo 3004:Series 2953:in the 2893:in the 2789:Faslane 2762:on the 2646:Trident 2599:on the 2597:Faslane 2551:at the 2519:Polaris 2453:Reading 2389:Polaris 2327:Seaslug 2186:, left 2158:in 2004 2150:of the 2114:General 2039:Mark 57 1950:Skybolt 1895:Mark 15 1687:bombers 1665:tritium 1514:poorly. 1450:Suffolk 1433:during 1364:frigate 1256:Chester 1254:, near 1204:Cabinet 1062:Sequoia 1004:and on 793:to Sir 731:fission 717:nucleus 701:uranium 685:protons 681:lithium 667:at the 663:at the 657:neutron 611:History 568:Trident 491:in the 375:Ukraine 217:Workers 212:Effects 195:Testing 185:Warfare 180:History 84:3 14932:Rifles 14655:Ranks 14640:Rifles 14403:ET.317 14289:WE.177 14243:WE.177 14052: 14042: 13996: 13956: 13927: 13917: 13897: 13889: 13857: 13849: 13817: 13807: 13790: 13780: 13760: 13731: 13721: 13704: 13694: 13677: 13667: 13650: 13640: 13623: 13613: 13581: 13571: 13549: 13543:285558 13541: 13533: 13504: 13494: 13477: 13469: 13413: 13378: 13368: 13339: 13322: 13312: 13295: 13285: 13268: 13258: 13238: 13230: 13187: 13177: 13160: 13150: 13130: 13120: 13091: 13083: 13050:29 May 13023:198741 13021: 13011: 12987: 12979: 12942: 12932: 12912: 12883:8 June 12868: 12846: 12838: 12809: 12799: 12782: 12772: 12752: 12742: 12710: 12700: 12660: 12650: 12610: 12600: 12575: 12565: 12522: 12493: 12483: 12463: 12453: 12405: 12395: 12371: 12361: 12337: 12317: 12285: 12256: 12246: 12224: 12200: 12194:175321 12192: 12184: 12155: 12145: 12128:15 May 12099: 12091: 12050: 12035:824335 12033: 12013: 12005: 11976: 11966: 11946: 11936: 11901: 11891: 11867: 11847: 11839: 11798: 11788: 11769: 11759: 11727: 11680: 11672: 11634:448105 11632: 11600: 11590: 11573: 11565: 11536: 11528: 11497: 11480: 11451: 11441: 11424: 11389: 11379: 11357: 11347: 11323: 11315: 11276:17 May 11217: 11190: 10824:18 May 10768:20 May 10709:19 May 10676:19 May 10643:20 May 10582:20 May 10510:17 May 10484:17 May 9333:28 May 9301:28 May 8547:20 May 8245:11 May 8093:22 May 7314:23 May 6330:1 June 6247:17 May 5757:30 May 5726:29 May 3979:chose 3758:Labour 3756:. 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