20:
655:
make sure to assemble the critical mass correctly, as well as implementing instruments such as tampers or initiators in the design. A tamper is typically made of uranium and it holds the core together using its inertia. It is used to prevent the core from separating too soon to generate maximum fission, so as not to cause a "fizzle". The initiator is a source of neutrons either inside of the core, or on the outside of the bomb, and in this case it shoots neutrons at the core at the moment of detonation. It is essentially kick starting the reaction so the maximum fission reactions can occur to maximize yield.
521:
1843:
5263:
2615:
5251:
5275:
2063:, Taylor obtained that the yield was about 22 kilotonnes of TNT (90 TJ). This does not take into account the fact that the energy should only be about half this value for a hemispherical blast, but this very simple argument did agree to within 10% with the official value of the bomb's yield in 1950, which was 20 kilotons of TNT (84 TJ) (see G. I. Taylor,
1730:
of the blast wave. Since, at the time, there was no wind I could observe very distinctly and actually measure the displacement of the pieces of paper that were in the process of falling while the blast was passing. The shift was about 2 1/2 meters, which, at the time, I estimated to correspond to the blast that would be produced by ten thousand tonnes of TNT.
646:
over a roughly hemispherical blast volume, while the strategic target is distributed over a circular land area with limited height and depth. This effect more than makes up for the lessened yield/mass efficiency encountered if ballistic missile warheads are individually scaled down from the maximal size that could be carried by a single-warhead missile.
80:) has been estimated to six megatonnes of TNT per tonne of bomb mass (25 TJ/kg). Yields of 5.2 megatonnes/tonne and higher have been reported for large weapons constructed for single-warhead use in the early 1960s. Since then, the smaller warheads needed to achieve the increased net damage efficiency (bomb damage/bomb mass) of
633:, had a 500 kilotonne yield, which is probably in the range of the upper limit on such designs. Fusion boosting could likely raise the efficiency of such a weapon significantly, but eventually all fission-based weapons have an upper yield limit due to the difficulties of dealing with large critical masses. (The UK's
1729:
I was stationed at the Base Camp at
Trinity in a position about ten miles from the site of the explosion... About 40 seconds after the explosion the air blast reached me. I tried to estimate its strength by dropping from about six feet small pieces of paper before, during, and after the passage
574:
would give it a yield-to-mass ratio of 5.1 megatonnes of TNT per tonne. While this would require a far greater efficiency than any other current U.S. weapon (at least 40% efficiency in a fusion fuel of lithium deuteride), this was apparently attainable, probably by the use of higher than normal
1862:
and an estimation of the heat capacity for very hot air. Taylor had initially done this highly classified work in mid-1941 and published an article with an analysis of the
Trinity data fireball when the Trinity photograph data was declassified in 1950 (after the USSR had exploded its own version of
654:
The efficiency of an atomic bomb is the ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical maximum yield of the atomic bomb. Not all atomic bombs possess the same yield efficiency as each individual bombs design plays a large role in how efficient it can be. In order to maximize yield efficiency one must
645:
warheads, spread out over a pancake-shaped destructive area, are far more destructive for a given total yield, or unit of payload mass. This effect results from the fact that destructive power of a single warhead on land scales approximately only as the cube root of its yield, due to blast "wasted"
565:
The yield-to-mass ratio is the amount of weapon yield compared to the mass of the weapon. The highest achieved values are somewhat lower, and the value tends to be lower for smaller, lighter weapons, of the sort that are emphasized in today's arsenals, designed for efficient MIRV use or delivery by
598:
demonstrated a yield-to-mass ratio of 4.96 kt per kilogram of device mass, and very close to the predicted 5.1 kt/kg achievable in the highest yield-to-mass weapon ever built, the 25-megatonne B41. Unlike the B41, which was never proof-tested at full yield, the W56 demonstrated its
2686:
Such apparently small changes in values can be important when trying to use the data from these bombings as reflective of how other bombs would behave in combat, and also result in differing assessments of how many "Hiroshima bombs" other weapons are equivalent to (for example, the
606:
In 1963 DOE declassified statements that the U.S. had the technological capability of deploying a 35 Mt warhead on the Titan II, or a 50â60 Mt gravity bomb on B-52s. Neither weapon was pursued, but either would require yield-to-mass ratios superior to a 25 Mt
3369:
The effects of nuclear weapons. Credible nuclear deterrence, debunking "disarm or be annihilated". Realistic effects and credible nuclear weapon capabilities for deterring or stopping aggressive invasions and attacks which could escalate into major conventional or nuclear
2698:, whose yield was claimed between being "only" 50 megatonnes of TNT (210 PJ) or at a maximum of 57 megatonnes of TNT (240 PJ) by differing political figures, either as a way for hyping the power of the bomb or as an attempt to undercut it.
667:, the first nuclear test of a given weapon type for a country is included, as well as tests that were otherwise notable (such as the largest test ever). All yields (explosive power) are given in their estimated energy equivalents in kilotons of
1830:
blast wave of the
Trinity gadget. The paper is moved 2.5 meters by the wave, so the effect of the Trinity device is to displace a hemispherical shell of air of volume 2.5 m Ă 2Ï(16 km). Multiply by 1 atm to get an energy of
3236:
is emitted by means of the repulsive electrostatic energy between the 2 daughter nuclei, which takes the form of the "kinetic energy" of the fission fragments, this kinetic energy results in both later blast and thermal effects.
2908:
The maximum fireball radius presented on the computer is an average between that for air and surface bursts. Thus, the fireball radius for a surface burst is 13 percent larger than that indicated and for an air burst, 13 percent
1571:). Even under very controlled conditions, precise yields can be very hard to determine, and for less controlled conditions the margins of error can be quite large. For fission devices, the most precise yield value is found from "
622:, the yield was 2 megatonnes of TNT per tonne (deliberately reduced from about twice as much yield for the same weapon, so there is little doubt that this bomb as designed was capable of 4 megatonnes per tonne yield).
3420:, 3rd edn. (Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Defense/U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, 1977); provides information about the relationship of nuclear yields to other effects (radiation, damage, etc.).
2176:
2043:
is a constant in a given nuclear blast (especially between 0.38 ms, after the shock wave has formed, and 1.93 ms, before significant energy is lost by thermal radiation). Furthermore, he estimated a value for
1957:
2584:
524:
Comparative fireball radii for a selection of nuclear weapons. Contrary to the image, which may depict the initial fireball radius, the maximum average fireball radius of Castle Bravo, a 15-megatonne yield
436:
Most powerful US weapons ever: 25 megatonnes of TNT (100 PJ); the Mk-17 was also the largest by area square footage and mass cubic footage: about 20 short tons (18,000 kg). The Mk-41 or
2691:
hydrogen bomb was equivalent to either 867 or 578 Hiroshima weapons â a rhetorically quite substantial difference â depending on whether one uses the high or low figure for the calculation).
2021:
2185:
here is between the 1.67 of fully dissociated air molecules and the lower value for very hot diatomic air (1.2), and under conditions of an atomic fireball is (coincidentally) close to the
1640:
Alongside contemporary fundamental physics, data from nuclear testing resulted in the following total blast and thermal energy fractionation being observed for fission detonations near
1821:
4026:
57:
which, if detonated, would produce the same energy discharge), either in kilotonnes (ktâthousands of tonnes of TNT), in megatonnes (Mtâmillions of tonnes of TNT), or sometimes in
2671:
Where these data are not available, as in a number of cases, precise yields have been in dispute, especially when they are tied to questions of politics. The weapons used in the
4612:
1305:
1273:
529:, is 3.3 to 3.7 km (2.1 to 2.3 mi), and not the 1.42 km displayed in the image. Similarly the maximum average fireball radius of a 21-kilotonne low altitude
1775:
2325:
3182:
2522:
2482:
2379:
2095:
4806:
2502:
603:
in 1962, thus, from information available in the public domain, the W56 may hold the distinction of demonstrating the highest efficiency in a nuclear weapon to date.
440:
had a mass of 4800 kg and yield of 25 Mt; this equates to being the highest yield-to-weight weapon ever produced. All were gravity bombs carried by the
2868:
2455:
2417:
2278:
2925:
4214:
2675:, for example, were highly individual and very idiosyncratic designs, and gauging their yield retrospectively has been quite difficult. The Hiroshima bomb, "
554:
76:
The yield-to-weight ratio is the amount of weapon yield compared to the mass of the weapon. The practical maximum yield-to-weight ratio for fusion weapons (
69:
of the energy released by TNT has always been problematic, the conventional definition is that one kilotonne of TNT is held simply to be equivalent to 10
3741:
3217:
2059:
to be 1 kg/m (the measured value at
Trinity on the day of the test, as opposed to sea-level values of approximately 1.3 kg/m) and solving for
4036:
610:
For current smaller US weapons, yield is 600 to 2200 kilotonnes of TNT per tonne. By comparison, for the very small tactical devices such as the
81:
4917:
2103:
1567:
can be very hard to calculate, even using numbers as rough as in the kilotonne or megatonne range (much less down to the resolution of individual
5062:
2947:
3328:
3069:
3721:
1891:
637:
was a very large boosted fission bomb, with a yield of 800 kilotonnes.) However, there is no known upper yield limit for a fusion bomb.
4043:
3474:
827:, second detonation of a plutonium implosion device (the first being the Trinity Test), second and last use of a nuclear device in combat.
1510:
1472:
2679:", is estimated to have been between 12 and 18 kilotonnes of TNT (50 and 75 TJ) (a 20% margin of error), while the Nagasaki bomb, "
2530:
1127:
Largest boosted fission weapon ever tested. Intended as a fallback "in megaton range" in case
British thermonuclear development failed.
483:
USSR, most powerful nuclear weapon ever detonated, yield of 50 megatonnes, (50 million tonnes of TNT). In its "final" form (i.e. with a
3809:
4312:
3413:
2801:
2672:
816:
771:
664:
4551:
3205:, interact readily with matter. They transfer their energy quickly to the surrounding weapon materials, which rapidly become heated.
1435:
1246:
3-staged, the highest relative effectiveness and is the most efficient thermonuclear weapon in terms of total yield / mass ratio.
4762:
4602:
4541:
3140:
4682:
4507:
1337:
1188:
1154:
1122:
919:
542:
3443:
3294:
3105:
3736:
3280:
3189:
1403:
1371:
1054:
990:
958:
952:
886:
811:
766:
732:
1718:, in miles figures, he extrapolated backwards to estimate the yield of the Trinity device, which he found was about 10
4558:
2029:
Using the picture of the
Trinity test shown here (which had been publicly released by the U.S. government and published in
5279:
4475:
4021:
3986:
2897:"Nuclear Bomb Effects Computer Revised Edition 1962, Based on Data from The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, Revised Edition"
134:
tactical nuclear weaponâmass only 23 kg (51 lb), lightest ever deployed by the United States (same warhead as
5173:
4757:
3423:
3403:
3201:
of the fission energy is released as kinetic energy of the two large fission fragments. These fragments, being massive
2974:
Fission, Fusion and
Staging: A bird's view at the core concepts of nuclear weapon design and the curious ideas about it
1602:
analysis is often employed as the second most accurate method, with it having been used to determine the yield of both
135:
2972:
26:
comparing the yield (in kilotonnes) and mass (in kilograms) of various nuclear weapons developed by the United States.
3837:
3716:
3046:
2658:
2186:
1976:
2640:
5067:
4932:
3467:
384:
Was the most powerful US bomb in active service until 1997. 50 were retained as part of the "Hedge" portion of the
3383:
3364:
1826:
The blast wave, however, was likely assumed to grow out as the surface area of the approximately hemispheric near
5010:
4844:
4446:
4324:
3981:
3842:
5301:
5000:
4849:
4307:
2625:
1780:
1496:
1458:
611:
120:
3224:
4774:
4607:
4031:
3959:
2707:
42:
5117:
4854:
4563:
4317:
3814:
1966:
is a dimensionless constant having a value approximately equal to 1, since it is low-order function of the
1854:
A good approximation of the yield of the
Trinity test device was obtained in 1950 by the British physicist
676:
5306:
5267:
5180:
5152:
5109:
5074:
4912:
4739:
4677:
4502:
4406:
4292:
3760:
3460:
3157:
Estimating the yields of nuclear explosions. chapter 7. Seismic verification of nuclear testing treaties.
5101:
4960:
4639:
4157:
4114:
3966:
2683:", is estimated to be between 18 and 23 kilotonnes of TNT (75 and 96 TJ) (a 10% margin of error).
2204:
As it relates to fundamental dimensional analysis, if one expresses all the variables in terms of mass
1295:
1220:
1090:
1022:
854:
3077:
Reassessment of the Atomic Bomb
Radiation Dosimetry for Hiroshima and Nagasaki â Dosimetry System 2002
5255:
4937:
4546:
4329:
3339:
1408:
First potential fusion-boosted weapon test by India; first deployable fission weapon test by India.
5185:
5027:
4927:
4839:
4048:
3934:
3894:
3706:
3080:
2921:
2892:
2864:
2746:
1741:
5090:
5057:
5032:
4646:
4423:
4229:
4152:
4109:
4092:
4053:
3976:
2713:
2636:
1225:
Largest thermonuclear weapon ever testedâscaled down from its initial 100 Mt design by 50%.
487:
5015:
2286:
1882:
961:" thermonuclear weapon, with cryogenic fusion fuel, primarily a test device and not weaponized.
19:
4922:
4209:
3753:
1855:
1703:
1537:
1327:
1144:
550:
344:
2632:
5216:
4952:
4907:
4369:
4297:
4224:
4219:
4184:
3971:
3939:
3726:
3653:
3434:
3168:
2824:
2507:
2467:
2333:
2080:
1541:
546:
392:
replaced the B53 in the bunker busting role. The W53 warhead from the weapon was used on the
165:
3156:
2487:
5127:
4902:
4887:
4204:
4162:
3904:
3832:
2836:
2773:
1859:
1529:
876:
283:
77:
3365:"Analytical mathematics for physical understanding, versus abstract numerical computation"
2189:(standard) gamma for room-temperature air, which is 1.4. This gives the value of Taylor's
1694:
by dropping small pieces of paper in the air and measuring how far they were moved by the
782:, first detonation of a uranium gun-type device, first use of a nuclear device in combat.
8:
5226:
5037:
4822:
4416:
4284:
4262:
4087:
3944:
3711:
3673:
3506:
3000:
2425:
2387:
2182:
1967:
1588:
908:
576:
557:
are considerably smaller than even what are considered to be very small nuclear weapons.
2840:
2222:
549:, using a truck-based fertilizer bomb, was 0.002 kt. The estimated strength of the
324:
Most powerful US pure fission bomb, 60 kg uranium, implosion type. Never deployed.
5206:
4942:
4779:
4706:
4517:
4167:
4137:
4121:
4104:
3748:
3638:
3586:
3536:
3483:
3131:
2948:"Beirut's Devastating Explosion Equivalent to Several Hundred Tons of TNT, Experts Say"
2731:
1665:
1599:
1263:
820:
385:
1548:
and the tests by India and
Pakistan in 1998, are somewhat contested among specialists.
891:
First boosted nuclear weapon test, first weapon test to employ fusion in any measure.
537:, is .21 to .24 km (0.13 to 0.15 mi), and not the 0.1 km of the image.
4274:
4067:
3954:
3929:
3867:
3824:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3501:
2896:
1676:
1584:
1564:
600:
580:
520:
161:
3426:, discusses different methods used to determine the yields of the Indian 1998 tests.
3018:
204:
fission bomb (the first of the two nuclear weapons that have been used in warfare).
5122:
4177:
4142:
3899:
3889:
3777:
3765:
3606:
3601:
3591:
3581:
3576:
3440:
2849:
2844:
2778:
1233:
584:
571:
484:
452:
437:
424:
393:
389:
373:
355:
66:
23:
3068:
Kerr, George D.; Young, Robert W.; Cullings, Harry M.; Christy, Robert F. (2005).
614:
it was 0.4 to 40 kilotonnes of TNT per tonne. For historical comparison, for
5020:
4980:
4434:
4248:
4172:
4147:
3993:
3786:
3688:
3678:
3643:
3521:
3511:
3447:
3407:
3262:
2031:
1576:
1533:
1060:
668:
502:
257:
168:
54:
4512:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4715:
4622:
4591:
4573:
4097:
4003:
3949:
3914:
3847:
3794:
3648:
3541:
3526:
3516:
3042:
1847:
1617:
1580:
1572:
1360:
1177:
672:
131:
84:
have resulted in increases in the yield/mass ratio for single modern warheads.
62:
46:
39:
4995:
1885:
having compatible dimensions that can be constructed from these quantities is
1594:
For nuclear explosive devices where the fallout is not attainable or would be
5295:
5160:
4451:
3857:
3698:
2171:{\displaystyle S=\left({\frac {75(\gamma -1)}{8\pi }}\right)^{\frac {1}{5}}.}
1842:
1827:
1607:
1558:
1241:
1112:
680:
634:
588:
526:
332:
230:
139:
38:
released such as blast, thermal, and nuclear radiation, when that particular
3307:
2193:
constant to be 1.036 for the adiabatic hypershock region where the constant
1706:, using the deviation of the papers' fall away from the vertical as a crude
1310:
First "staged" thermonuclear weapon test by the People's Republic of China.
1159:
First (successful) "staged" thermonuclear weapon test by the United Kingdom
4726:
3862:
3804:
3731:
3683:
3553:
3400:
3079:. The Radiation Effects Research Foundation. pp. 42â43. Archived from
1735:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1595:
1095:
First "staged" thermonuclear weapon test by the Soviet Union (deployable).
1044:
720:
641:
Large single warheads are seldom a part of today's arsenals, since smaller
618:
the yield was only 4 kilotonnes of TNT per tonne, and for the largest
403:
188:
2589:
such that the left and right sides are dimensionally balanced in terms of
1063:
accident occurred. Largest nuclear detonation conducted by United States.
663:
The following list is of milestone nuclear explosions. In addition to the
5137:
4784:
4374:
3881:
3852:
3429:
3043:"Pakistan Nuclear Weapons: A Brief History of Pakistan's Nuclear Program"
1629:
305:
Twelve of these may be in a Trident II missile; treaty limited to eight.
201:
149:
4490:
2695:
2676:
2035:
magazine), using successive frames of the explosion, Taylor found that
1952:{\displaystyle R=S\left({\frac {Et^{2}}{\rho }}\right)^{\frac {1}{5}}.}
1695:
1625:
1621:
1603:
1545:
1393:
1210:
754:
619:
615:
471:
182:
2055:= 0.025 s and the blast radius being 140 metres, and taking
233:
fission bomb (the second of the two nuclear weapons used in warfare).
5132:
4495:
4485:
3613:
3566:
3531:
3452:
3232:. The various energies emitted per fission event are listed on p. 4:
1719:
1707:
1641:
1568:
1059:
First "staged" thermonuclear weapon using dry fusion fuel. A serious
775:
58:
4990:
2643:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
5221:
4864:
4859:
4799:
4468:
4396:
4379:
4364:
4339:
4082:
3571:
2688:
1610:
1425:
980:
942:
630:
530:
312:
174:
Total weight of nuclear material and bomb was 98.8 - 100.2 kg
92:
In order of increasing yield (most yield figures are approximate):
3338:. Los Alamos National Laboratory. 2005. p. 45. Archived from
2579:{\displaystyle E=\rho ^{\alpha }\cdot t^{\beta }\cdot r^{\gamma }}
366:
Variable yield weapon, most powerful US weapon in active service.
5190:
5142:
5005:
4985:
4384:
4359:
3799:
3630:
3618:
3596:
3561:
3308:"Trinity Test, July 16, 1945, Eyewitness Accounts â Enrico Fermi"
2680:
1516:
First "staged" thermonuclear weapon test claimed by North Korea.
799:
737:
First fission-device test, first plutonium implosion detonation.
534:
215:
70:
3295:
My Observations During the Explosion at Trinity on July 16, 1945
207:
64 kg of Uranium-235, about 1.38% of the uranium fissioned
4794:
4789:
4769:
4749:
4734:
4617:
4354:
4334:
4302:
1867:
1080:
1012:
388:
until completely dismantled in 2011. The Mod 11 variant of the
35:
3169:"Chapter 3 Effects of Nuclear Explosions, Section I â General"
2710:â goes into detail about different effects at different yields
1620:
ways, including scaling law calculations based on blast size,
5211:
5168:
4831:
4687:
4480:
4344:
3430:
Discusses some of the controversy over the Indian test yields
1690:
famously made a (very) rough calculation of the yield of the
1633:
1278:
First fission-weapon test by the People's Republic of China.
1027:
First fusion-weapon test by the Soviet Union (not "staged").
844:
824:
779:
61:(TJ). An explosive yield of one terajoule is equal to 0.239
2601:(i.e., each dimension has the same exponent on both sides).
1478:
First fission-weapon test by North Korea (plutonium-based).
4692:
4581:
4391:
4349:
2978:
642:
491:
441:
280:
254:
50:
4665:
4529:
3416:, Chapter 1 in Samuel Glasstone and Phillip Dolan, eds.,
3268:
595:
293:
267:
241:
3263:
Article featuring Jack Aeby talking about his photograph
3067:
2464:, in terms of the other variables, by finding values of
1873:
of the blast should initially depend only on the energy
236:
6.2 kg of Plutonium-239, about 1 kg fissioned
1575:/Fallout analysis"; that is, measuring the quantity of
1540:. For a more complete list of nuclear test series, see
1850:, was used by G. I. Taylor to estimate its yield.
1583:
in chemical reaction products can be measured after a
464:
The highest-yielding test series conducted by the US.
3106:"The Yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki Explosions"
2533:
2510:
2490:
2470:
2428:
2390:
2336:
2289:
2225:
2106:
2083:
1979:
1894:
1783:
1744:
1587:. The radiochemical analysis method was pioneered by
1552:
3435:"What are the real yields of India's nuclear tests?"
1881:
after the detonation, and the density Ï of the air.
87:
1342:First "staged" thermonuclear weapon test by France
4215:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
3253:in beta decay and gamma decay(residual radiation).
3241:is released in prompt or initial gamma radiation,
2802:"Castle Bravo: The Largest U.S. Nuclear Explosion"
2578:
2516:
2496:
2476:
2449:
2411:
2373:
2319:
2272:
2170:
2089:
2015:
1951:
1846:This photograph of the Trinity blast, captured by
1815:
1769:
1544:. Some exact yield estimates, such as that of the
514:Total energy expended during all nuclear testing.
2823:Norris, Robert S.; Arkin, William M. (May 1996).
1616:Yields can also be inferred in a number of other
925:First fission weapon test by the United Kingdom.
5293:
3424:"THE MAY 1998 POKHRAN TESTS: Scientific Aspects"
2694:Other disputed yields have included the massive
2604:
1440:First fission weapon (boosted) test by Pakistan
3441:High-Yield Nuclear Detonation Effects Simulator
3245:in prompt neutron radiation (99.36% of total),
3133:Operation Ivy Final Report Joint Task Force 132
3075:. In Young, Robert W.; Kerr, George D. (eds.).
2774:"Last Nuclear 'Monster Weapon' Gets Dismantled"
2741:
2739:
2016:{\displaystyle \gamma ={\frac {C_{P}}{C_{V}}},}
1376:First fission nuclear explosive test by India.
859:First fission-weapon test by the Soviet Union.
658:
3437:from Carey Sublette's NuclearWeaponArchive.org
3321:
4918:Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR)
3468:
3385:The Expansion of the Fireball of an Explosion
3223:. Technical University Vienna. Archived from
2283:(think of the expression for kinetic energy,
2026:which is approximately 1 for all conditions.
806:
396:until the system was decommissioned in 1987.
16:Energy released in nuclear weapons explosions
2736:
1504:
1466:
599:efficiency in the XW-56X2 Bluestone shot of
327:60 kg of Highly enriched uranium (HEU)
3401:"What was the yield of the Hiroshima bomb?"
2822:
2747:"Complete List of All U.S. Nuclear Weapons"
1528:"Staged" refers to whether it was a "true"
761:
727:
587:still retaining the record for the highest
3475:
3461:
3414:"General Principles of Nuclear Explosions"
2887:
2885:
2825:"Known Nuclear Tests Worldwide, 1945-1995"
2073:A good approximation to Taylor's constant
3279:sfn error: no target: CITEREFRhodes1986 (
3097:
3023:Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control
2848:
2673:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
2659:Learn how and when to remove this message
1816:{\displaystyle V={\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}}
995:Largest pure-fission weapon ever tested.
665:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
171:developed to intercept bomber squadrons.
4830:
3061:
2945:
2771:
2460:and then derive an expression for, say,
1841:
1698:of the explosion; that is, he found the
570:The 25 Mt yield option reported for the
519:
18:
3249:in delayed neutron energy (0.64%), and
3183:"Nuclear Events and their Consequences"
3161:
3129:
2970:
2964:
2882:
1702:at his distance from the detonation in
1636:), and the strength of the shock wave.
1579:generated, in much the same way as the
533:, which is the modern estimate for the
415:Most powerful US test. Never deployed.
5294:
4845:Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR)
3482:
3336:Nuclear Weapons Journal, Issue 2, 2005
3274:
3188:. The Borden Institute. Archived from
3035:
2920:
2891:
2863:
2772:Ackerman, Spencer (October 23, 2011).
543:GBU-43 Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb
541:In comparison, the blast yield of the
5087:
4850:Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE)
4259:
4246:
3456:
3103:
1193:First fission weapon test by France.
694:
494:) it would have been 100 megatonnes.
5274:
4247:
3146:from the original on March 11, 2014.
2799:
2608:
1536:configuration or simply a form of a
423:EC17/Mk-17, the EC24/Mk-24, and the
4855:Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR)
1738:(A) and volume (V) of a sphere are
649:
418:400 kg of Lithium-6 deuteride
13:
4664:
3815:Positron-emission tomography (PET)
1553:Calculating yields and controversy
545:is 0.011 kt, and that of the
136:Special Atomic Demolition Munition
14:
5318:
3838:Neutron capture therapy of cancer
3737:Radioisotope thermoelectric (RTG)
3394:
3047:Federation of American Scientists
2971:Cozzani, Franco (July 26, 2011).
2829:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
583:fusion fuel. This results in the
555:artificial non-nuclear explosions
88:Examples of nuclear weapon yields
5273:
5262:
5261:
5249:
4938:Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)
3111:. Los Alamos National Laboratory
2946:Pickrell, Ryan (6 August 2020).
2613:
4027:Historical stockpiles and tests
3376:
3357:
3300:
3287:
3256:
3210:
3175:
3150:
3123:
3011:
2993:
2926:"Nuclear Bomb Effects Computer"
2869:"Nuclear Bomb Effects Computer"
560:
551:explosion at the Port of Beirut
345:boosted fission missile warhead
4928:Energy Multiplier Module (EM2)
3810:Single-photon emission (SPECT)
3418:The Effects of Nuclear Weapons
3410:(excerpt from official report)
3218:"Nuclear Engineering Overview"
3104:Malik, John (September 1985).
2939:
2914:
2857:
2850:10.1080/00963402.1996.11456628
2816:
2793:
2765:
2725:
2441:
2435:
2403:
2397:
2365:
2343:
2267:
2232:
2136:
2124:
65:. Because the accuracy of any
1:
5256:Nuclear technology portal
2719:
2708:Effects of nuclear explosions
2605:Other methods and controversy
140:GAR-11 Nuclear Falcon missile
49:(the standardized equivalent
5118:Field-reversed configuration
4728:Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz
3388:. San José State University.
3203:and highly charged particles
2070:, pp. 235â247 (1950)).
1770:{\displaystyle A=4\pi r^{2}}
659:Milestone nuclear explosions
253:Twelve of these may be in a
7:
5075:Aircraft Reactor Experiment
4260:
4022:States with nuclear weapons
2701:
2639:the claims made and adding
1877:of the explosion, the time
350:117 kg of Uranium-235
260:; treaty limited to eight.
107:Weight of nuclear material
10:
5323:
5088:
4913:Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR)
4037:Tests in the United States
3005:The Nuclear Weapon Archive
2751:The Nuclear Weapon Archive
2320:{\displaystyle E=mv^{2}/2}
1556:
683:) have not been included.
444:bomber (retired by 1957).
5243:
5199:
5151:
5108:
5098:
5050:
5038:Stable Salt Reactor (SSR)
4951:
4933:Reduced-moderation (RMWR)
4898:
4881:
4821:
4748:
4740:Advanced gas-cooled (AGR)
4714:
4705:
4657:
4637:
4590:
4572:
4528:
4433:
4415:
4283:
4270:
4255:
4242:
4197:
4130:
4075:
4066:
4014:
3922:
3913:
3880:
3823:
3785:
3776:
3697:
3629:
3552:
3494:
3490:
3329:"Eyewitnesses to Trinity"
1710:, and then with pressure
106:
103:
100:
97:
45:, usually expressed as a
32:yield of a nuclear weapon
4943:Dual fluid reactor (DFR)
4559:Steam-generating (SGHWR)
3895:Electron-beam processing
3019:"Nuclear Weapons Primer"
2524:in the general relation
2065:Proc. Roy. Soc. London A
566:cruise missile systems.
343:Most powerful tested UK
82:multiple warhead systems
5058:Organic nuclear reactor
4230:Nuclear power phase-out
4153:Nuclear decommissioning
4093:Reactor-grade plutonium
3843:Targeted alpha-particle
3722:Accidents and incidents
2804:. Brookings Institution
2714:List of nuclear weapons
2517:{\displaystyle \gamma }
2477:{\displaystyle \alpha }
2374:{\displaystyle \rho =,}
2090:{\displaystyle \gamma }
1624:, fireball brightness (
629:bomb ever constructed,
490:instead of one made of
279:Ten of these were in a
2580:
2518:
2498:
2497:{\displaystyle \beta }
2478:
2451:
2413:
2375:
2321:
2274:
2172:
2091:
2017:
1953:
1866:Taylor noted that the
1851:
1817:
1771:
1732:
1725:Fermi later recalled:
1704:pounds per square inch
1613:'s respective yields.
1538:boosted fission weapon
538:
27:
5302:Nuclear weapon design
4220:Anti-nuclear movement
2581:
2519:
2499:
2479:
2452:
2414:
2376:
2322:
2275:
2173:
2092:
2018:
1954:
1845:
1818:
1772:
1727:
1708:blast gauge/barograph
1542:List of nuclear tests
591:weapon ever designed.
547:Oklahoma City bombing
523:
78:thermonuclear weapons
22:
5128:Reversed field pinch
4923:Traveling-wave (TWR)
4407:Supercritical (SCWR)
3905:Gemstone irradiation
2531:
2508:
2488:
2468:
2426:
2388:
2334:
2287:
2223:
2104:
2081:
1977:
1892:
1860:dimensional analysis
1781:
1742:
1714:in psi, at distance
1530:thermonuclear weapon
553:is 0.3-0.5 kt. Most
455:nuclear test series
284:LGM-118A Peacekeeper
4293:Aqueous homogeneous
4088:Reprocessed uranium
3761:Safety and security
3345:on 29 December 2018
3277:, pp. 674â677.
3001:"Operation Dominic"
2841:1996BuAtS..52c..61.
2450:{\displaystyle r=,}
2412:{\displaystyle t=,}
2183:heat capacity ratio
1970:or adiabatic index
1968:heat capacity ratio
1839:~ 100 kT TNT.
1644:
1589:Herbert L. Anderson
333:Orange Herald Small
5307:Energy measurement
5207:Dense plasma focus
4122:Actinide chemistry
3587:Isotope separation
3484:Nuclear technology
3446:2009-02-16 at the
3406:2017-09-13 at the
3049:. 11 December 2002
2800:Rowberry, Ariana.
2753:. October 14, 2006
2624:possibly contains
2576:
2514:
2494:
2474:
2447:
2409:
2371:
2317:
2273:{\displaystyle E=}
2270:
2168:
2087:
2048:numerically at 1.
2013:
1949:
1852:
1813:
1767:
1666:ionizing radiation
1639:
1600:neutron activation
1565:nuclear explosions
1490:September 3, 2017
1171:February 13, 1960
1075:November 22, 1955
579:enrichment in the
539:
386:Enduring Stockpile
258:Trident II missile
220:gravity bomb
121:Davy Crockett
28:
5289:
5288:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5186:Magnetized-target
5083:
5082:
5046:
5045:
4877:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4817:
4816:
4701:
4700:
4633:
4632:
4238:
4237:
4193:
4192:
4062:
4061:
4049:Weapon-free zones
3876:
3875:
3868:Radiopharmacology
3070:"Bomb Parameters"
2669:
2668:
2661:
2626:original research
2201:condition holds.
2181:The value of the
2162:
2148:
2097:below about 2 is
2008:
1943:
1929:
1883:The only equation
1798:
1722:of blast energy.
1685:
1684:
1677:fallout radiation
1585:chemical reaction
1532:of the so-called
1520:
1519:
1497:2017 nuclear test
1459:2006 nuclear test
1258:October 16, 1964
1205:October 31, 1961
1139:November 8, 1957
974:November 16, 1952
937:November 1, 1952
601:Operation Dominic
581:lithium deuteride
518:
517:
162:air-to-air rocket
63:kilotonnes of TNT
34:is the amount of
5314:
5277:
5276:
5265:
5264:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5164:
5123:Levitated dipole
5093:
5085:
5084:
5033:Helium gas (GFR)
4896:
4895:
4891:
4828:
4827:
4712:
4711:
4662:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4265:
4257:
4256:
4249:Nuclear reactors
4244:
4243:
4143:High-level (HLW)
4073:
4072:
3920:
3919:
3900:Food irradiation
3890:Atomic gardening
3783:
3782:
3766:Nuclear meltdown
3592:Nuclear material
3582:Fissile material
3577:Fertile material
3492:
3491:
3477:
3470:
3463:
3454:
3453:
3389:
3382:Thayer Watkins.
3380:
3374:
3373:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3344:
3333:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3304:
3298:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3231:
3230:on May 15, 2018.
3229:
3222:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3194:
3187:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3165:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3138:
3130:US Army (1952).
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3110:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3085:
3074:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3015:
3009:
3008:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2889:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2743:
2734:
2729:
2664:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2644:
2641:inline citations
2617:
2616:
2609:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2562:
2561:
2549:
2548:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2364:
2363:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2250:
2249:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2139:
2119:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2006:
1997:
1996:
1987:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1910:
1838:
1836:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1799:
1791:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1645:
1638:
1577:fission products
1513:
1506:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1452:October 9, 2006
1451:
1449:
1419:
1417:
1387:
1385:
1365:
1353:
1351:
1322:August 24, 1968
1321:
1319:
1289:
1287:
1257:
1255:
1204:
1202:
1182:
1170:
1168:
1138:
1136:
1106:
1104:
1074:
1072:
1038:
1036:
1007:August 12, 1953
1006:
1004:
975:
973:
971:
936:
934:
922:
903:October 3, 1952
902:
900:
870:
868:
839:August 29, 1949
838:
836:
808:
793:
791:
763:
748:
746:
729:
714:
712:
686:
685:
650:Yield efficiency
485:depleted uranium
453:Operation Castle
394:Titan II Missile
374:B53 nuclear bomb
356:B83 nuclear bomb
219:
191:
186:
95:
94:
5322:
5321:
5317:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5285:
5250:
5248:
5231:
5195:
5162:
5147:
5104:
5094:
5089:
5079:
5042:
4947:
4892:
4885:
4884:
4869:
4813:
4744:
4719:
4697:
4669:
4651:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4629:
4595:
4586:
4568:
4533:
4524:
4438:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4411:
4325:Natural fission
4279:
4278:
4266:
4261:
4251:
4234:
4210:Nuclear weapons
4189:
4148:Low-level (LLW)
4126:
4058:
4010:
3909:
3872:
3819:
3772:
3693:
3625:
3548:
3486:
3481:
3448:Wayback Machine
3408:Wayback Machine
3397:
3392:
3381:
3377:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3292:
3288:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3261:
3257:
3227:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3195:on 2017-01-25.
3192:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3155:
3151:
3143:
3136:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3098:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3072:
3066:
3062:
3052:
3050:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3027:
3025:
3017:
3016:
3012:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2983:
2981:
2969:
2965:
2956:
2954:
2944:
2940:
2931:
2929:
2919:
2915:
2902:
2900:
2890:
2883:
2874:
2872:
2862:
2858:
2821:
2817:
2807:
2805:
2798:
2794:
2784:
2782:
2770:
2766:
2756:
2754:
2745:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2704:
2665:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2630:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2570:
2566:
2557:
2553:
2544:
2540:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2356:
2352:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2309:
2303:
2299:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2258:
2254:
2245:
2241:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2154:
2140:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1935:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1834:
1832:
1807:
1803:
1790:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1761:
1757:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1561:
1555:
1509:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1471:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1415:
1413:
1383:
1381:
1357:
1349:
1347:
1317:
1315:
1285:
1283:
1253:
1251:
1200:
1198:
1174:
1166:
1164:
1134:
1132:
1102:
1100:
1070:
1068:
1061:nuclear fallout
1034:
1032:
1002:
1000:
969:
967:
966:
932:
930:
918:
898:
896:
866:
864:
834:
832:
794:August 9, 1945
789:
787:
749:August 6, 1945
744:
742:
710:
708:
697:
661:
652:
563:
503:nuclear testing
229:Implosion type
213:
187:
180:
169:nuclear warhead
90:
55:trinitrotoluene
17:
12:
11:
5:
5320:
5310:
5309:
5304:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5271:
5259:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5217:Muon-catalyzed
5214:
5209:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5166:
5157:
5155:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5114:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4957:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4908:Integral (IFR)
4905:
4899:
4893:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4836:
4834:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4772:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4754:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4674:
4672:
4667:
4659:
4652:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4599:
4597:
4593:
4588:
4587:
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4268:
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4232:
4227:
4225:Uranium mining
4222:
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4212:
4207:
4201:
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4128:
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4119:
4118:
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4107:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4098:Minor actinide
4095:
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4079:
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4070:
4064:
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3807:
3802:
3797:
3795:Autoradiograph
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3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
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3545:
3544:
3539:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3517:Atomic nucleus
3514:
3509:
3504:
3498:
3496:
3488:
3487:
3480:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3457:
3451:
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3432:
3427:
3421:
3411:
3396:
3395:External links
3393:
3391:
3390:
3375:
3356:
3320:
3299:
3286:
3267:
3255:
3209:
3197:approximately
3174:
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3010:
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2963:
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2913:
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2123:
2117:
2112:
2109:
2086:
2024:
2023:
2012:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1960:
1959:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1848:Berlyn Brixner
1823:respectively.
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1794:
1789:
1786:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1700:blast pressure
1683:
1682:
1679:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:Thermal energy
1653:
1652:
1649:
1618:remote sensing
1581:chemical yield
1554:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1507:
1502:
1491:
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1410:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1398:
1389:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1361:Smiling Buddha
1355:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1323:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1291:
1290:June 17, 1967
1280:
1279:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1259:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1230:July 30, 1963
1227:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1206:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1178:Gerboise Bleue
1172:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1155:United Kingdom
1152:
1149:
1140:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1123:United Kingdom
1120:
1117:
1108:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1076:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1040:
1039:March 1, 1954
1029:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1017:
1008:
997:
996:
993:
988:
985:
976:
963:
962:
955:
950:
947:
938:
927:
926:
923:
920:United Kingdom
916:
913:
904:
893:
892:
889:
884:
881:
872:
861:
860:
857:
852:
849:
840:
829:
828:
814:
809:
804:
795:
784:
783:
769:
764:
759:
750:
739:
738:
735:
730:
725:
716:
715:July 16, 1945
705:
704:
701:
698:
695:
693:
690:
677:Putative tests
673:TNT equivalent
660:
657:
651:
648:
639:
638:
623:
608:
604:
592:
562:
559:
516:
515:
512:
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481:
478:
475:
468:
467:
465:
462:
459:
456:
448:
447:
445:
434:
431:
428:
427: (Mk-41)
420:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
400:
399:
397:
382:
379:
376:
370:
369:
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271:
264:
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251:
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245:
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227:
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221:
209:
208:
205:
198:
195:
192:
176:
175:
172:
158:
155:
152:
146:
145:
143:
132:Variable yield
129:
126:
123:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
89:
86:
47:TNT equivalent
40:nuclear weapon
30:The explosive
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5319:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5282:
5281:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5246:
5245:
5242:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5198:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5175:
5174:electrostatic
5172:
5171:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5150:
5144:
5141:
5139:
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5129:
5126:
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5119:
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5107:
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5049:
5039:
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5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4953:Generation IV
4950:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4903:Breeder (FBR)
4901:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4889:
4880:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
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4808:
4805:
4801:
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4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4663:
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4656:
4653:
4648:
4641:
4636:
4624:
4621:
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4611:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4604:
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4596:
4589:
4583:
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4527:
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4509:
4506:
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4501:
4497:
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4487:
4484:
4483:
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4479:
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4470:
4467:
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4458:
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4454:
4453:
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4449:
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4432:
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4425:
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4405:
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4390:
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4383:
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4376:
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4361:
4358:
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4353:
4351:
4348:
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4336:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4328:
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4319:
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4309:
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4300:
4299:
4296:
4294:
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4286:
4282:
4277:
4276:
4269:
4264:
4258:
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4250:
4245:
4241:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4205:Nuclear power
4203:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4186:
4185:Transmutation
4183:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4005:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3982:high-altitude
3980:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3972:Proliferation
3970:
3968:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3858:Brachytherapy
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3654:Cross section
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3478:
3473:
3471:
3466:
3464:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3387:
3386:
3379:
3372:. 2006-03-29.
3371:
3366:
3360:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3324:
3309:
3303:
3296:
3290:
3282:
3276:
3271:
3264:
3259:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3226:
3219:
3213:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3191:
3184:
3178:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3153:
3142:
3135:
3134:
3126:
3107:
3100:
3086:on 2015-08-10
3082:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2967:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2927:
2924:(June 2005).
2923:
2917:
2910:
2898:
2895:(June 2005).
2894:
2888:
2886:
2870:
2867:(June 2005).
2866:
2860:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2803:
2796:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2768:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2733:
2732:The B-41 Bomb
2728:
2724:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2692:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2663:
2660:
2652:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2622:This article
2620:
2611:
2610:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2541:
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2534:
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2526:
2525:
2511:
2491:
2471:
2463:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2422:
2421:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2384:
2383:
2368:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2084:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2027:
2010:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1829:
1828:surface burst
1824:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1784:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1737:
1731:
1726:
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1709:
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1701:
1697:
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1663:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1630:seismographic
1627:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:thermonuclear
1605:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1573:radiochemical
1570:
1566:
1560:
1559:Fermi problem
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1501:
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1498:
1492:
1482:
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1477:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1454:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1420:May 28, 1998
1412:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1388:May 11, 1998
1380:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1354:May 18, 1974
1346:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1242:United States
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1113:Orange Herald
1109:
1107:May 31, 1957
1099:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1055:United States
1053:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1009:
999:
998:
994:
992:
991:United States
989:
986:
984:
983:
982:
977:
965:
964:
960:
956:
954:
953:United States
951:
948:
946:
945:
944:
939:
929:
928:
924:
921:
917:
914:
912:
911:
910:
905:
895:
894:
890:
888:
887:United States
885:
882:
880:
879:
878:
873:
863:
862:
858:
856:
853:
850:
848:
847:
846:
841:
831:
830:
826:
822:
818:
815:
813:
812:United States
810:
805:
803:
802:
801:
796:
786:
785:
781:
777:
773:
770:
768:
767:United States
765:
760:
758:
757:
756:
751:
741:
740:
736:
734:
733:United States
731:
726:
724:
723:
722:
717:
707:
706:
703:Significance
702:
699:
691:
688:
687:
684:
682:
681:Vela incident
678:
674:
670:
666:
656:
647:
644:
636:
635:Orange Herald
632:
628:
624:
621:
617:
613:
612:Davy Crockett
609:
605:
602:
597:
593:
590:
589:yield-to-mass
586:
582:
578:
573:
569:
568:
567:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
536:
532:
528:
527:surface burst
522:
513:
510:
507:
504:
500:
499:
496:
493:
489:
486:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
469:
466:
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457:
454:
450:
449:
446:
443:
439:
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429:
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414:
411:
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401:
398:
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391:
387:
383:
380:
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375:
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368:
365:
362:
359:
357:
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342:
339:
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331:
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326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
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307:
304:
301:
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288:
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282:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
265:
262:
259:
256:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
239:
235:
232:
231:plutonium-239
228:
225:
222:
217:
211:
210:
206:
203:
199:
196:
193:
190:
184:
178:
177:
173:
170:
167:
164:armed with a
163:
159:
156:
153:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
137:
133:
130:
127:
124:
122:
119:
118:
114:
111:
110:
96:
93:
85:
83:
79:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
41:
37:
33:
25:
21:
5278:
5266:
5247:
5227:Pyroelectric
5181:Laser-driven
4961:Sodium (SFR)
4888:fast-neutron
4727:
4273:
4163:Reprocessing
4044:WMD treaties
3998:
3863:Radiosurgery
3833:Fast-neutron
3805:Scintigraphy
3417:
3384:
3378:
3368:
3359:
3347:. Retrieved
3340:the original
3335:
3323:
3311:. Retrieved
3302:
3289:
3270:
3258:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3225:the original
3212:
3202:
3198:
3196:
3190:the original
3177:
3163:
3152:
3132:
3125:
3113:. Retrieved
3099:
3088:. Retrieved
3081:the original
3076:
3063:
3051:. Retrieved
3037:
3026:. Retrieved
3022:
3013:
3004:
2995:
2982:. Retrieved
2973:
2966:
2955:. Retrieved
2952:ScienceAlert
2951:
2941:
2930:. Retrieved
2922:Walker, John
2916:
2907:
2901:. Retrieved
2893:Walker, John
2873:. Retrieved
2865:Walker, John
2859:
2832:
2828:
2818:
2808:23 September
2806:. Retrieved
2795:
2783:. Retrieved
2777:
2767:
2755:. Retrieved
2750:
2727:
2693:
2685:
2670:
2655:
2646:
2623:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2588:
2461:
2459:
2282:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2074:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2025:
1963:
1961:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1863:this bomb).
1858:from simple
1856:G. I. Taylor
1853:
1825:
1736:surface area
1733:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1711:
1692:Trinity test
1688:Enrico Fermi
1686:
1615:
1593:
1562:
1494:
1493:
1456:
1455:
1424:
1423:
1392:
1391:
1359:
1358:
1326:
1325:
1294:
1293:
1262:
1261:
1221:Soviet Union
1209:
1208:
1176:
1175:
1143:
1142:
1111:
1110:
1091:Soviet Union
1079:
1078:
1045:Castle Bravo
1043:
1042:
1023:Soviet Union
1011:
1010:
979:
978:
941:
940:
907:
906:
875:
874:
871:May 8, 1951
855:Soviet Union
843:
842:
798:
797:
753:
752:
719:
718:
662:
653:
640:
627:pure-fission
626:
625:The largest
564:
561:Yield limits
540:
404:Castle Bravo
189:gravity bomb
179:Hiroshima's
160:An unguided
91:
75:
43:is detonated
31:
29:
24:Logâlog plot
5138:Stellarator
5102:confinement
4996:Superphénix
4823:Molten-salt
4775:VHTR (HTGR)
4552:HW BLWR 250
4518:R4 Marviken
4447:Pressurized
4417:Heavy water
4401:many others
4330:Pressurized
4285:Light water
3987:underground
3945:Disarmament
3853:Tomotherapy
3848:Proton-beam
3712:Power plant
3674:Temperature
3507:Engineering
3349:18 February
3313:November 4,
3275:Rhodes 1986
2984:February 3,
2928:. Fourmilab
2899:. Fourmilab
2871:. Fourmilab
2212:, and time
2051:Thus, with
1534:TellerâUlam
1511:North Korea
1473:North Korea
1234:B41 / Mk-41
505:as of 1996
451:The entire
212:Nagasaki's
202:uranium-235
150:AIR-2 Genie
67:measurement
5296:Categories
5163:(acoustic)
4780:PBR (PBMR)
4168:Spent fuel
4158:Repository
4138:Fuel cycle
4105:Activation
3882:Processing
3749:Propulsion
3707:by country
3639:Activation
3293:E. Fermi.
3090:2014-11-08
3053:30 October
3028:2023-04-28
2957:2020-08-06
2932:2009-11-22
2903:2009-11-22
2875:2009-11-22
2785:23 October
2757:August 29,
2720:References
2696:Tsar Bomba
2677:Little Boy
2649:March 2021
2633:improve it
1720:kilotonnes
1696:blast wave
1626:Bhangmeter
1622:infrasound
1604:Little Boy
1596:misleading
1569:terajoules
1563:Yields of
1557:See also:
1546:Tsar Bomba
1486:2017-09-03
1448:2006-10-09
1416:1998-05-28
1394:Pokhran-II
1384:1998-05-11
1350:1974-05-18
1318:1968-08-24
1296:Test No. 6
1286:1967-06-17
1254:1964-10-16
1211:Tsar Bomba
1201:1961-10-31
1167:1960-02-13
1135:1957-11-08
1103:1957-05-31
1071:1955-11-22
1035:1954-03-01
1003:1953-08-12
970:1952-11-16
933:1952-11-01
899:1952-10-03
867:1951-05-08
835:1949-08-29
790:1945-08-09
755:Little Boy
745:1945-08-06
711:1945-07-16
696:Yield (kt)
620:Tsar Bomba
616:Little Boy
511:2,135,000
472:Tsar Bomba
183:Little Boy
59:terajoules
5133:Spheromak
4832:Fluorides
4496:IPHWR-700
4491:IPHWR-540
4486:IPHWR-220
4275:Moderator
3955:Explosion
3930:Arms race
3717:Economics
3669:Reflector
3664:Radiation
3659:Generator
3614:Plutonium
3567:Deuterium
3532:Radiation
3502:Chemistry
3234:"167 MeV"
2835:(3): 63.
2637:verifying
2572:γ
2564:⋅
2559:β
2551:⋅
2546:α
2542:ρ
2512:γ
2492:β
2472:α
2358:−
2350:⋅
2338:ρ
2260:−
2252:⋅
2239:⋅
2208:, length
2145:π
2131:−
2128:γ
2085:γ
1981:γ
1927:ρ
1837:10 J
1801:π
1755:π
1675:Residual
1642:sea level
1145:Grapple X
909:Hurricane
776:Hiroshima
577:lithium-6
200:Gun type
5268:Category
5222:Polywell
5153:Inertial
5110:Magnetic
4865:TMSR-LF1
4860:TMSR-500
4840:Fuji MSR
4800:THTR-300
4640:Graphite
4503:PHWR KWU
4469:ACR-1000
4397:IPWR-900
4380:ACPR1000
4375:HPR-1000
4365:CPR-1000
4340:APR-1400
4131:Disposal
4083:Actinide
4076:Products
3935:Delivery
3778:Medicine
3607:depleted
3602:enriched
3572:Helium-3
3537:ionizing
3444:Archived
3404:Archived
3251:"13 MeV"
3141:Archived
3115:March 9,
2909:smaller.
2702:See also
2689:Ivy Mike
1664:Initial
1611:Ivy Mike
1436:Pakistan
1426:Chagai-I
981:Ivy King
943:Ivy Mike
821:Nagasaki
700:Country
631:Ivy King
531:airburst
508:510,300
480:210,000
461:202,000
433:100,000
313:Ivy King
296:warhead
270:warhead
244:warhead
71:calories
5280:Commons
5191:Z-pinch
5161:Bubble
5143:Tokamak
5006:FBR-600
4986:CFR-600
4981:BN-1200
4647:coolant
4574:Organic
4459:CANDU 9
4456:CANDU 6
4424:coolant
4385:ACP1000
4360:CAP1400
4298:Boiling
4263:Fission
4110:Fission
4054:Weapons
3994:Warfare
3977:Testing
3967:History
3960:effects
3915:Weapons
3825:Therapy
3800:RadBall
3787:Imaging
3679:Thermal
3644:Capture
3631:Neutron
3619:Thorium
3597:Uranium
3562:Tritium
3542:braking
3522:Fission
3512:Physics
3495:Science
3247:"7 MeV"
3243:"5 MeV"
3239:"5 MeV"
2837:Bibcode
2681:Fat Man
2631:Please
1505:200â300
1467:under 1
1328:Canopus
1238:25,000
1217:50,000
1051:15,000
957:First "
949:10,400
817:Bombing
800:Fat Man
772:Bombing
721:Trinity
535:Fat Man
477:50,000
474:device
458:48,200
430:25,000
412:63,000
409:15,000
406:device
381:38,000
315:device
216:Fat Man
112:kt TNT
5091:Fusion
5051:Others
4991:Phénix
4976:BN-800
4971:BN-600
4966:BN-350
4795:HTR-PM
4790:HTR-10
4770:UHTREX
4735:Magnox
4730:(UNGG)
4623:Lucens
4618:KS 150
4355:ATMEA1
4335:AP1000
4318:Kerena
4198:Debate
3950:Ethics
3940:Design
3923:Topics
3754:rocket
3732:Fusion
3727:Policy
3689:Fusion
3649:Poison
3527:Fusion
2597:, and
2504:, and
1868:radius
1632:data (
1400:45â50
1338:France
1334:2,600
1302:3,300
1189:France
1151:1,800
1087:1,600
1081:RDS-37
1013:RDS-6s
959:staged
877:George
679:(like
607:Mk-41.
488:tamper
378:9,000
363:5,000
360:1,200
340:3,300
321:2,100
302:1,990
281:MIRVed
276:1,300
255:MIRVed
226:79â96
223:19â23
197:54â75
194:13â18
128:0.084
104:Notes
101:Yield
36:energy
5212:Migma
5200:Other
5169:Fusor
5068:Piqua
5063:Arbus
5021:PRISM
4763:MHR-T
4758:GTMHR
4688:EGP-6
4683:AMB-X
4658:Water
4603:HWGCR
4542:HWLWR
4481:IPHWR
4452:CANDU
4313:ESBWR
4068:Waste
4032:Tests
4015:Lists
3999:Yield
3742:MMRTG
3699:Power
3343:(PDF)
3332:(PDF)
3228:(PDF)
3221:(PDF)
3193:(PDF)
3186:(PDF)
3144:(PDF)
3137:(PDF)
3109:(PDF)
3084:(PDF)
3073:(PDF)
2779:Wired
1962:Here
1648:Blast
1634:CTBTO
1404:India
1372:India
1306:China
1274:China
845:RDS-1
825:Japan
807:18â23
780:Japan
762:12â18
728:18â20
692:Name
689:Date
671:(see
125:0.02
98:Bomb
5028:Lead
5011:CEFR
5001:PFBR
4883:None
4693:RBMK
4678:AM-1
4608:EL-4
4582:WR-1
4564:AHWR
4508:MZFR
4476:CVTR
4465:AFCR
4392:VVER
4350:APWR
4345:APR+
4308:ABWR
4178:cask
4173:pool
4115:LLFP
4004:TNTe
3684:Fast
3554:Fuel
3370:wars
3351:2014
3315:2014
3281:help
3117:2014
3055:2019
2986:2017
2979:IERI
2810:2017
2787:2011
2759:2014
2077:for
2032:Life
1777:and
1734:The
1681:10%
1659:35%
1651:50%
1606:and
1523:Note
1119:720
1019:400
987:500
883:225
643:MIRV
594:The
501:All
492:lead
442:B-36
337:800
318:500
299:475
273:300
250:420
247:100
157:6.3
154:1.5
138:and
51:mass
5100:by
5016:PFR
4807:PMR
4785:AVR
4707:Gas
4645:by
4613:KKN
4547:ATR
4462:EC6
4422:by
4370:EPR
4303:BWR
3199:82%
2845:doi
2635:by
2327:),
2187:STP
2068:200
1833:4.1
1670:5%
1628:),
1432:40
1368:12
1270:22
1264:596
1185:70
915:25
851:22
819:of
774:of
675:).
669:TNT
596:W56
585:B41
572:B41
438:B41
425:B41
390:B61
294:W88
268:W87
242:W76
166:W25
142:).
115:TJ
53:of
5298::
4750:He
4716:CO
4592:CO
4513:R3
3367:.
3334:.
3139:.
3045:.
3021:.
3003:.
2977:.
2950:.
2906:.
2884:^
2843:.
2833:52
2831:.
2827:.
2776:.
2749:.
2738:^
2593:,
2484:,
2216::
2122:75
1598:,
1591:.
823:,
778:,
347:.
286:.
73:.
4890:)
4886:(
4718:2
4670:O
4668:2
4666:H
4594:2
4534:O
4532:2
4530:H
4439:O
4437:2
4435:D
3476:e
3469:t
3462:v
3353:.
3317:.
3297:.
3283:)
3265:.
3171:.
3119:.
3093:.
3057:.
3031:.
3007:.
2990:.
2988:.
2960:.
2935:.
2878:.
2853:.
2847::
2839::
2812:.
2789:.
2761:.
2662:)
2656:(
2651:)
2647:(
2629:.
2599:T
2595:L
2591:M
2568:r
2555:t
2538:=
2535:E
2462:E
2445:,
2442:]
2439:L
2436:[
2433:=
2430:r
2407:,
2404:]
2401:T
2398:[
2395:=
2392:t
2369:,
2366:]
2361:3
2354:L
2347:M
2344:[
2341:=
2315:2
2311:/
2305:2
2301:v
2297:m
2294:=
2291:E
2268:]
2263:2
2256:T
2247:2
2243:L
2236:M
2233:[
2230:=
2227:E
2214:T
2210:L
2206:M
2199:t
2197:/
2195:R
2191:S
2166:.
2160:5
2157:1
2151:)
2142:8
2137:)
2134:1
2125:(
2116:(
2111:=
2108:S
2075:S
2061:E
2057:Ï
2053:t
2046:S
2041:t
2039:/
2037:R
2011:,
2004:V
2000:C
1994:P
1990:C
1984:=
1964:S
1947:.
1941:5
1938:1
1932:)
1921:2
1917:t
1913:E
1907:(
1902:S
1899:=
1896:R
1879:t
1875:E
1871:R
1835:Ă
1809:3
1805:r
1796:3
1793:4
1788:=
1785:V
1763:2
1759:r
1752:4
1749:=
1746:A
1716:Y
1712:X
1488:)
1484:(
1450:)
1446:(
1418:)
1414:(
1386:)
1382:(
1352:)
1348:(
1320:)
1316:(
1288:)
1284:(
1256:)
1252:(
1203:)
1199:(
1169:)
1165:(
1137:)
1133:(
1105:)
1101:(
1073:)
1069:(
1037:)
1033:(
1005:)
1001:(
972:)
968:(
935:)
931:(
901:)
897:(
869:)
865:(
837:)
833:(
792:)
788:(
747:)
743:(
713:)
709:(
218:"
214:"
185:"
181:"
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