Kalam - Knowledge

1872:(d. 869), who wrote one of the first treatises on the kalam, praised the art of the kalam as a "precious jewel" (juhar tamīn), as "the treasure that never perishes" (al-kanz allaḏī lā yafnā wa-lā yablā) and as the "companion who does not bore and does not deceive". It is the standard for every other art, the rein for every expression, the scales with which one can clarify the lack or excess of every thing, and the filter with which one can recognize the purity or impurity of every thing. All scholars depend on it, and it is the tool and model for every acquisition. What could be more important than something without which one cannot prove the glory of God or prophethood, and without which one cannot distinguish the true argument from the false argument and the proof from the false proof. The kalam makes it possible to distinguish the community (jama'a) from the sect (firqa) and the 2988:

these names. Explaining the reason, Muhammad Ibrahim Al Hamad said, "Because the source of Ilmul Kalam is human intellect, which is based on Hindu and Greek philosophy. On the other hand, the main source of Tawheed is revelation. Moreover, Ilmul Kalam includes restlessness, imbalance, ignorance and doubt. That is why the Salaf Saleheen condemned Ilmul Kalam. And Tawheed is based on knowledge, conviction and faith,….. Another reason can be said that the foundation of philosophy is based on assumptions, false beliefs, imaginary thoughts and superstitious ideas". Imam Harawi wrote a 5-volume book called ذم الكلام وأهله and Imam Ghazali wrote a book called تهافت الفلاسفة. Besides, Imam Ibn Taymiyyah and Ibn al-Qayyim, among other Muslim scholars have discussed in detail that 'Ilmul Kalam' and 'Falsafa' do not represent the correct Islamic belief.

1305:(d. 1390) gives a total of eight explanations for the name Kalām in his commentary on the confession of an-Nasafī , including the one that this science takes place solely in discussion ( mubāḥaṯa ) and exchange of speech ( idārat al-kalām ) and thus differs from other sciences that can also be practiced in the form of reflection ( taʾammul ) and reading of books ( muṭālaʿat al-kutub ). Another possibility that he discusses is that this science was considered to be speech par excellence because of the strength of its evidence, just as one says of the stronger of two statements: "This is the speech". 2051:, and represented Ahl al-Sunnah (People of Prophetic ways). In the tenth and eleventh centuries, the Maturidites flourished in Khurasan and Central Asia, while the Ash'arites posed a threat to Mu'tazila hegemony in central Iraq and Iran. Both schools use kalam to defend what we now refer to as "orthodox Islam" or traditionalist Islamic theological doctrine. Mu'tazalism would eventually fall because of this. This is noted by Western historians, who label the Mu'tazila as a heterodox theological movement and extreme rationalists. The group would continue to exist and primarily follow 1880:. Al-Jahiz also compares the kalam to a border fortress, the defence of which requires great personal commitment. It is like a border fortress because all people are hostile towards its followers. Whoever gives this science its due can expect a corresponding reward. Al-Jāhiz praises the Mutakallimūn for remaining loyal to their discipline out of conviction of its high value, despite the rejection that their discipline experiences in society, and for even being willing to accept the sacrifice of poverty and lack of career opportunities as a 2904:, Ibn Taymiyyah wrote that although he recognized that al-Ghazali's intention are not inherently bad in his attempt to describe the limit of human's mind in metaphysical and esoterical concepts, as it was aimed to oppose the core idea of kalam scholars that everything must be grasped by logic; although he still held that such discourse are moot as it only distract al-Ghazali from the important aspect of literal meanings, while it kept al-Ghazali busy with irrelevant semantic argumentations. 9798: 1241:(d. 1283) even equated kalām science with the foundations of religion itself. The equation of ʿilm al-kalām and ʿilm uṣūl al-dīn is also found in the catalogue of the Ottoman Palace Library from the beginning of the 16th century, where the section containing the books on kalām was entitled "Section of the Books of the Science of the Foundations of Religion, i.e. the Science of Kalām". This classification probably also influenced the Ottoman scholars 2201: 9787: 2736: 656: 2119:(d. 1946), for example, complained that in his time there were very few people who really knew the Kalām problems and understood the Kalām riddles. There is hardly a Kalam scholar who understands more than the Kalam questions of a book, and the science of Kalam is limited to the study of the commentary on the ʿAqāʾid of Najm al-Dīn Abū Hafs an-Nasafī (d. 1142) and on the ʿAqāʾid of ʿAdud al-Dīn al-Īji (d. 1355). 1406:. During this period, Arab political discourse began to use religion as a mediator. The various parties sought religious legitimacy for their positions, which was the first step in the theoretical formation of what was later called the science of Kalam. Thus, in its historical reality, this science is not just a discourse on the doctrine of faith, but a "practice of politics in religion". 2111:. A West African biography collection reports that he was one of the famous Mutakallimūn and was constantly busy reading, copying and teaching Kalam books. The Kalām was also promoted among the Volga-Ural Tatars in Russia . At the end of the 18th century, it became an integral part of madrasa scholarship in villages and small towns, even if it was limited to commentaries and glosses. 65: 4547:

between the Muslims and those peoples; the emergence of the Zanadiqah in the Islamic world - who were totally against religion - as a result of the general freedom during the rule of the 'Abbasid Caliphs (as long as it did not interfere in the matters of state politics); the birth of philosophy in the Muslim world - which by itself gave birth to doubts and skeptical attitudes.

2946:, 19th century AD reformer of Islamics school; in his later years of life has perceived the Athari theology as more rational than Kalam and actively condemning Kalam, as he view the Athari methodology had stronger religious foundations of Islam. Furthermore, he also saw the Ash'arite theology as ineffective against philosophical doubts. 1892:

proof could not be distinguished from apparent proof. The art of the Kalam was preferable to every other art and education , which is why it was made the standard for all philosophical speculation and the basis of every syllogism . It was only held in such high esteem because every scholar needed it and could not do without it.

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Shawkänī, as was mentioned already, was opposed to kaläm, which he regarded as a science that led to more confusion than clarity for the believer. He admits that he felt confused by it (lam azdad bihā illā þpiratan) and he found it to consist of idle talk (khuza"balār)... Shawkānī appears to fit more

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stated that without the Kalam, there would be no religion for God and no one would be distinguished from the heretics . There would be no difference between falsehood and truth and no separation between a prophet and a mere pretender to prophethood. Argument could not be distinguished from deceit and

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used to hold a discussion group (maǧlis) at his place on Sundays, in which mutakallimūn from every sect (firqa) and religious community (milla) participated, who then debated with each other about their religions and put forward arguments against each other. This discussion group is also mentioned by

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theological discussions in the Middle Ages. After the Kalām science in the early modern period was essentially limited to the study of manuals and commentaries, from the late 19th century onwards various reform thinkers appeared in British India and the Ottoman Empire who called for the founding of a

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The Jama'at Ahl-e Hadith, an elitist politico religious movement aimed at islah (reform), has its origins in the early 1870s. Like other Sunni reform movements, it claims to continue the tradition of Shah Waliullah Dehlavi (1703–1762) whom it regards as the first modern Ahl-e Hadith member and draws

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reports that he openly professed the "People of Monotheism and Justice" (Ahl al-Tawhid wal 'Adl), that is, the Muʿtazila, attracted Mutakallimūn to his court and paid them maintenance so that their numbers increased. Each one, explains al-Yaʿqūbī, wrote books to defend his own doctrine and to refute

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The Mutaqallimin called the Aqeedah studies "Ilmul Kalam" and the philosophers called "Al-Falsafa al-Islamiyyah" or Islamic philosophy, "Al-Ilahiyat" and "Metaphysics" (supernaturalism). About the latter names, Dr. Nasser al-Aql and many others say that it is not pure to call the Islamic Aqeedah by

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were asked about one of the problems of this science, they replied: "That is that about which we are forbidden to speak". This happened repeatedly, so that after a time it was called "the science of (forbidden) speech", with the expression "forbidden" eventually being dropped; 3. Science was called

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The Indian scholar ʿAbd an-Nabī al-Ahmadnagarī (d. 1759) even believed that the value of the Kalam was limited to this apologetic function alone. The great Mutakallimūn, he explains in his encyclopedia Dustūr al-ʿulamā, never justified or authenticated their doctrines with arguments from the Kalam,

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would generally avoid kalam and philosophical talk all together, seeing it as an innovation, and only address it out of necessity. However, Ahmad ibn Hanbal also provided an episode of long feud of Mu'tazila Quran creationism doctrine opposed by the scripturalists (Atharism) doctrine that Quran as

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believed that the science of Kalam was no longer necessary for students of his time, because the heretics and innovators had since perished and it was sufficient to study what the Sunni imams had written to defend themselves against them. However, the science of Kalam experienced a revival in the

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These were: embracing of Islam by various nations who brought with them a series of (alien) ideas and notions; mixing and coexistence of the Muslims with people of various religions, such as, the Jews, the Christians, the Magians, and the Sabaeans, and the ensuing religious debates and disputes

2043:, also known as the Ahl al-Tawhid wal-'Adl, or the "People of Divine Unity and Justice," were originally the dominant school of kalam, but by the tenth century, two madhabs—the Ash'ariyya and the Maturidiyya—rose in fierce opposition to the Mu'tazila. Each school bore the names of its founders, 1030:"the knowledge of the decrees of divinity, the sending of messengers, their truthfulness in all their communications, and that on which any of them is specifically based, as well as the establishment of their proofs by a skill that is believed to avert doubts and resolve uncertainties" 1245:

and Saçaklızāde (d. 1732), who also equated kalām science and the "science of the foundations of religion" in their Arabic scientific encyclopedias. At-Tahānawī explains this equation by saying that the Kalām is the basis of the religious legal sciences and that they are based on it.

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Although seeking knowledge in Islam is considered a religious obligation, the study of kalam is considered by Muslim scholars to fall beyond the category of necessity and is usually the preserve of qualified scholars, eliciting limited interest from the masses or common people.

6402: 1178:(d. 992). The former sees it as a mental ability through which man can refute everything that contradicts the views and actions established by the founder of the religion, the latter as "the defence of religion with the tongue". In the definitions of the Ashʿarite scholar 1531:, with Wasil ibn Ata again playing the decisive role. However, neither Wasil ibn Ata nor any other persons mentioned here have recorded book titles or sayings that indicate that they themselves used the term kalām as a name for a particular science or knowledge culture. 1387:

According to Ibn Khaldūn (d. 1406), the science of kalam arose from the fact that disagreements about the details of the doctrines of faith arose in the period after the first Muslims. Most of these disagreements were, in his opinion, caused by ambiguous Quranic verses

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For a definition of 'ilm al-kalam, it is sufficient to say that, "It is a science which studies the basic doctrines of the Islamic faith (usul al-Din). It identifies the basic doctrines and seeks to prove their validity and answers any doubts which may be cast upon

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In fact, the origins of the kalām are obscure. This is also due to the fact that the specifically theological meaning of the words kalām and mutakallim was very slow to gain acceptance. Mutakallim initially only referred to a "speaker with a specific function".

1253:(d. 1355), kalām is "the science of proving religious dogmas by citing arguments and removing doubts." In a slightly modified form, this definition was also adopted by the Ottoman scholar Tashköprüzāde (d. 1561) and the Indian scholar at-Tahānawī (c. 1745). For 1349:

and M.-M. Anawati considered the first possibility of derivation mentioned by Ibn at-Tilimsānī to be the most likely and suspected that kalām initially meant "speech about..." and then, through antonomasia, became "discourse" per se (about the things of God).

3910: 1317:(d. 1979) stated the reason why the name originated from the habit of its scholars speaking (kalām), which is the opposite of silence and the Kalām scholars made statements on questions of faith where silence would have been necessary, imitating the 1635:

on the one hand and "divine justice" on the other (some asserting that to be punished for what is beyond someone's control is unjust). Also Kalam sought to make "a systematic attempt to bring the conflict in data of revelation (in the Quran and the

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Ibn at-Tilimsanī (d. 1260) considered three different possibilities: 1. the name Kalām comes from the fact that the Mutakallimūn began the chapters in their books with the phrase: "Chapter of speech about..." ( bāb al-kalām fī... ); 2. When the

941:"the knowledge of the evidence of divinity and divine messengership, as well as the things on which their knowledge depends, namely the possibility and temporal origin of the world and the refutation of everything that is incompatible with this" 1278:

In Arabic , the term Kalām generally means "speech, conversation, debate." There are different theories as to why this term came to be used to describe the discipline that deals with the rational justification of one's own religious doctrines:

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since the sole purpose of the Kalam was to silence the adversary and bring the stubborn to their knees. The great Mutakallimūn, on the other hand, drew their doctrines solely from the "lamp of prophethood". Such statements can also be found in

5954:[The correct 'Aqli (reason) argument will be in accordance with the authentic Naqli/Nash argument: Explanation of the Sixth Rule The correct aqli (reason) argument will be in accordance with the authentic Naqli/Nash argument]. 1487:

who was inclined towards Sumanīya, an Indian doctrine, and who made his house available to the group for their meetings. Since Wāsil died around 748, the Kalām must have existed in the late Umayyad period if this report is authentic.

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judged that the function of kalām as a defensive "apology" could not be overestimated. The view that the "fundamental character" of the Kalām consists of "defensive apology" is also the declared leitmotif of the French handbook

4999: 4931: 2169:; has used kalam to facilitate his socio-religious revival of moral spirit of the masses. As he formulate the revolutionary system on his states building, Khomeini's political thoughts was closely linked with kalam discourse. 1207:(The Jewels of the Qur'an ), he judged that the purpose of the science of kalam was "to protect the beliefs of the masses from disruption by innovators". On the other hand, this science was never about "revealing the truths". 1965:

and it became well-established in the city, which developed into the main hub of Shafi'ite learning in the East. Ash'arism swiftly proliferated throughout Iran's other Shafi'ite communities. It developed into the mainstream

6652: 2864:. He described the kalam scholars progression was at first "because they were exposed to foreign literatures about philosophy...", then in the end they established kalam, which in practice damaged their creed of Islam. 1186:(d. 1561) and the Indian scholar at-Tahānawī (around 1745), who worked in Iran, kalām has the task of averting doubts from religious dogmas or truths. Against the background of such definitions, the French orientalist 1154:ʿilmi ast ke darbāre-ye ʿaqāyed-e eslāmī yaʿnī ānče az naẓar-e eslām bāyad bedān moʿtaqed būd va īmān dāšt, baḥs̱ mīkonad be īn naḥw ke ānhā toużīḥ mīdehad va darbāre-ye ānhā estedlāl mīkonad va az ānhā defāʿ mīnamāyad 5196: 1734:

led by Ahmad ibn Abi Du'ad. The caliph also attempted to reconcile with Ahmad ibn Hanbal, and finally, in March 852, he ordered that all prisoners held on account of the innquisition against the Sunnis be released.

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Rashīd Riḍā presented these core ideas of Traditionalist Salafism, especially the purported interest in ḥadīth of the early generations of Muslims, as a remedy for correcting Islamic practice and belief during his

1706:, that Ahmad ibn Hanbal has instructed his students of total academic boycott against the scholars of kalam. Furthermore, Ahmad ibn Hanbal also recorded engaged in long debates against the leading Mu'tazilite and 1345:, on the other hand, rejected the view that the term kalām could have anything to do with logos or its derivatives in 1932, and argued that it had arisen "through the development of Arabic terminology itself". 4377:

The Beginnings of Islamic Theology" in JE Murdoch and ED Sylla: The Cultural Context of Medieval Learning: Proceedings of the First International Colloquium on Philosophy, Science, and Theology in the Middle

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when he wrote about the term mutakalli : "Undoubtedly this was once a derisive name, perhaps creating the image of people 'who talk forever.' Eventually, however, it became accepted as a neutral term."

1507:(d. 1328), on the other hand, believed that the special type of argumentation that characterizes the Kalam first appeared at the beginning of the second Islamic century with Jaʿd ibn Dirham (d. 724) and 2114:

However, the early modern period was a phase of "frozen conservatism" for Kalām science, as Louis Gardet writes. Muslim scholars also diagnosed a decline in this discipline. The Ottoman-Turkish scholar

2940:; has rejected kalam as he regards it as "full of speculations". It was stated by himself that his opposition towards kalam were influenced by the thoughts of Al-Shawkani, Al-San'ani and Ibn Taymiyya. 2095:, as a basis for teaching. The work contains an introductory chapter at the beginning in which the author discusses the definition, subject, utility, rank, problems and naming of the science of Kalām. 2785:

held that there should be a certain number of men trained in kalam to defend and purify the faith, but that it would be a great evil if their arguments should become known to the mass of the people.

1920:. The geographer Ibn Hauqal (d. 977) reports that members of the common people also practiced the Kalam method here and achieved such mastery that they could compete with scholars from other cities. 1290:. They called this science by this name either because the speech of God was the main question around which their disputations and controversies revolved, so that the whole science was called by it. 1627:, according to historian Majid Fakhry. One was how to rebut arguments "leveled at Islam by pagans, Christians and Jews". Another was how to deal with (what some saw as the conflict between) the 2792:

held the view that the science of kalam is not a personal duty on Muslims but a collective duty. Like al-Shafi'i, he discouraged the masses from studying it and that only the most able do so.

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on ideas of Syed Ahmed Barelvi (Ahmed Shaheed) (1786–1831), follower of Shah Abdul Aziz (1746–1824), the son of Shah Waliullah, and the Yemenite qadi Mohammad ibn Ali al Shawkani (1775–1839).

853:"a mental ability through which man can help the established views and actions expressed by the founder of a religion to triumph and can refute everything that contradicts them by statements" 1441:

However, there are reports that indicate that the culture of kalām existed before this. The Arab historian Abu Zakariya al-Azdi (d. 945) cites a report according to which the Umayyad caliph

1801:(d. after 905) reports that he loved kalam and discussion (Naẓar), and that in his days the mutakallimūn became numerous and they debated with each other and wrote books. Al-Yaʿqūbī cites 1034:

al-ʿilm bi-aḥkām al-ulūhīya wa-irsāl ar-rusul wa-ṣidqihā fī kull aḫbārihā wa-mā yatawaqqaf šaiʾ min ḏālik ʿalaihi ḫāṣṣan bihī wa-taqrīr adillatihā bi-qūwa hiya maẓinna li-radd aš-šubuhāt

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that he saw two porters in the city who were carrying heavy loads on their heads or backs and at the same time arguing about the interpretation of the Quran and questions of the Kalam.

1333:, the many explanations given by Arab scholars "clearly demonstrate the perplexity of native philologists and theologians when faced with the term kalām ". As for Western scholarship, 5952:"Dalil 'Aqli (Akal) Yang Benar Akan Sesuai Dengan Dalil Naqli/Nash Yang Shahih: Penjelasan Kaidah Keenam Dalil aqli (akal) yang benar akan sesuai dengan dalil Naqli/nash yang shahih" 1051:"a science that involves the disputation of religious dogmas with rational arguments and the refutation of innovators who deviate from the teachings of the ancients and the Sunnis." 1677:, whose kalam instead prioritised reason over revelation to the point where the Quran and hadith would only be accepted if it aligned with their interpretation of rationalism. The 6644: 1311:(d. 1406) suggested that the science of kalām was so called either because the fight against innovations did not require action, but was achieved solely through "speech" (kalām). 1299:ʿilm al-kalām because its learning is one of the most important means of bringing out the intellectual power of speech by which man is distinguished from other living beings. 1665:

would develop systems that would defend the core orthodox creedal points of Islam completely on rational grounds, and were open to engaging in kalam in accordance to the

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philosophy and elevated the "Kalām science" (ʿilm al-kalām) to the highest ranking science in Islam. Some of the arguments of the Mutakallimūn also found their way into

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al-Shawkani, Muhammad b. 'Ali (1760–1834)... dismissed speculative theology (kalām) and reason-based arguments as idle talk and was a staunch Salafi in matters of creed

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During the course of the 10th century, the Kalam also spread more widely to the eastern regions of the Islamic Empire. One of the early Kalam scholars representing the

1055:ʿilm yataḍamman al-ḥiǧāǧ ʿan al-ʿaqāʾid al-īmānīya bi-l-adilla al-ʿaqlīya wa-r-radd ʿalā l-mubtadiʿa al-munḥarifīn fī l-iʿtiqādāt ʿan maḏāhib as-salaf wa-ahl as-sunna 12064: 3973: 9547: 9429: 3342: 13978: 8797: 1150:"a science that discusses Islamic dogmas, i.e. what one must believe in from an Islamic point of view, in such a way that it explains, proves and defends them" 8174: 6485:

properly, though perhaps not entirely, in the Hanbalī tradition, which rejected outright many of the theological claims made by the various schools of kalām.

3015:; which contain the attribute of capability to perform any wills (yurīd). ʻUthmān views that kalam's doctrine omitted such attribute by human's logic only. 1640:) into some internal harmony". Other factors that might have led the establishment of kalam was an effort by some Islamic scholars to oppose the thoughs of 1568:

and to refute their arguments. The reason for this was that at that time writings of these groups had spread and were being translated from New Persian and

9861: 9414: 1426:, he sent mutakallimūn from his followers into the city to win the population over to their cause and make it clear to them that they were following the 13591: 4531: 1223:(d. 1099) defined it as "the explanation of those questions which constitute the fundamentals of religion, which it is an individual duty to learn." 9513: 7469: 7045: 5398: 1219:(d. 1023) described the science of kalām as "a way of contemplating the fundamentals of religion in which deliberation is based on reason alone." 857:

malaka yaqtadir bi-hā al-insān ʿalā nuṣrat al-ārā wa-l-afʿāl al-maḥdūda allatī ṣarraḥa bi-hā wāḍiḥ al-milla wa-tazyīf kull mā ḫālafa-hā bi-l-aqāwīl

2075:(d. 1355). It received a total of five commentaries and 32 supercommentaries and became part of the Dars al-Nizāmī curriculum in the South Asian 6370:

Islamic Theology, Philosophy and Law: Debating Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya Studien zur Geschichte und Kultur des islamischen Orients

2896:, and al-Shahrastani for their method in discourses by abandoning the scripturalism way. In general, Ibn Taymiyya has detailed his criticism in 7101: 5084: 6910:

Krawietz, birgit; Tamer, Georges, eds. (2013). "Screening Ṣiddīq Ḥasan Khān's Library: The Use of Ḥanbalī Literature in 19th-Century Bhopal".

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philosopher and mystic; has felt that he owed to the greek philosophy, for the development of kalam as Islamic discourse. Modern philosopher

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is said to have cursed ʿAmr ibn ʿUbaid for "opening the way for people to speak (kalām) about what it is not their business to speak about."

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as one of three main groups engaged in polemical disputes over sources of authority in Islamic law during the second century of Islam: the

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Bakr bin Abdullah Abu Zaid bin Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Bakr bin Othman bin Yahya bin Ghayhab bin Muhammad (1994). Abu Zaid, Bakr (ed.).

14033: 9444: 2020:. However, research shows that his students weren't the first to introduce Ash'arism as there were already known Ash'ari presence in the 10698: 7750: 5586:

Ilm al-kalām in Mauritania based on Moorish commentaries on the Iḍāʾat ad-duǧunna fī iʿtiqād ahl as-sunna by al-Maqqarī (st. 1041/1632)

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al-ʿilm bi-ṯubūt al-ilāhīya wa-r-risāla wa-mā yatawaqqaf maʿrifatuhumā ʿalaihi min ǧawāz al-ʿālam wa-ḥudūṯihī wa-ibṭāl mā yunāqiḍ ḏālik

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After Shah Wali Allah, the most powerful advocate of Ibn Taimiyya's ideology was Nawab Sayyid Muhammad Siddiq Hasan Khan (1832–1890)..

1398:(d. 2010) assumes that the Kalam arose in the middle of the 7th century, immediately after the arbitration that ended the war between 10340: 9518: 9434: 5636: 7858:

Ahmed ibn Hanbal and the Mihna: A Biography of the Imam Including An Account of the Mohammedan Inquisition Called the Mihna, 218-234

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has concluded that the term originally arose in Abū Muslim's army and referred to political and religious propagandists such as the

12968: 12715: 9972: 9535: 8239: 2289: 2210: 728:), proving their validity, or refuting doubts regarding them. Kalām was born out of the need to establish and defend the tenets of 2884:

Ibn Taymiyya, 14th AD Hanbali scholar; was notable for his bold stance against the doctrines of Mutakallimin in his works such as

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Al-Dhahabi, 14th AD Hanbali scholar and historian; has made his derogatory statement towards kalam scholar by comparing them with

2334: 12759: 10820: 9897: 9892: 9498: 9419: 7539: 4268: 439: 1376:(d. 1204) believed that the Kalām was actually of Christian origin and only later became known to Muslims through translations. 12191: 9439: 8387: 2800:

Despite the dominance of kalam as an intellectual tradition within Islam, some scholars were critical of its use. For example,

2870:, 13th AD Hanbali scholar; harshly criticized kalam as one of the worst of all heresies. He characterized their scholars, the 1170:

function: it serves to defend one's own religious views. This apologetic function is particularly evident in the philosophers

11931: 11340: 10830: 10812: 9967: 9944: 9449: 9406: 8328: 8313: 8220: 8074: 7946: 7889: 7821: 7717: 7616: 7575: 7524: 7477: 6963: 6919: 6856: 6825: 6800: 6700: 6675: 6627: 6602: 6577: 6549: 6508: 6477: 6449: 6378: 5979: 5864: 5836: 5770: 5736: 5699: 5560: 5350: 5236: 5172: 5140: 5043: 5024: 4799: 4699:

W. Williams (2002). "Aspects of the Creed of Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal: A Study of Anthropomorphism in Early Islamic Discourse".

4651: 4602: 4069: 4010: 3775: 3741: 3676: 3657: 3584: 3562: 3459: 3404: 3295: 3101: 326: 1977:

In the Maghreb and al-Andalus, on the other hand, the Kalam was not yet a topic of discussion until the early 11th century.

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Abu Isma'il Muslim al Atsari (2000). "Jangan Mengambil Ilmu dari Ahli Bid'ah (en. do not take knowledge from innovators)".

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contemporary; has expressed his view for literal theological interpretation and opposition to kalam (speculative theology)

1072:"the knowledge of the individual about the dogmas of the Islamic religion that are incumbent upon him through the evidence" 925:"the explanation of those questions which constitute the foundations of religion, which it is an individual duty to learn." 779:

held Kalām discussions with members of various religions and confessional groups in his house. Until the 10th century, the

10300: 2426: 11285: 3424:"Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period - Scripturalist and Traditionalist Theology" 2382: 1453:

as an indication that the specifically theological meaning of the kalām concept may have already developed at this time.

12602: 8269: 7561: 5301: 10274: 10208: 6425:

Ar-Radd 'ala al-Mantiqiyyin, pp. 45, 48, 50-53, 55-57, 61, 64, 68, 70, 72, 80-83, 101, 103-104, 113, 114, 117-119, 121.

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Several Muslim authors defined kalām by its relationship to the "fundamentals of religion" (Uṣūl al-Dīn). For example,

8299: 4979: 14275: 9301: 9255: 8915: 8909: 8210: 7653: 7391: 6750: 6725: 5928: 5490: 5457: 5425: 5382: 4761: 4625: 3511: 3491: 2979:

Salafi scholar and academic; has stated in his book "The Importance of Right Aqeedah in Reforming Society" edited by

2216: 2135:

has suspected the similarity between the unique cosmological kalam philosophy taught by Mulla Sadra with Hindu Vedic

2107:. A particularly zealous follower of the Kalam was the Ash'arite scholar Muhammad ibn 'Umar al-Bartallī (d. 1696) in 1623:(750–1258 CE), the discipline of Kalām arose in an "attempt to grapple" with several "complex problems" early in the 1449:." The fact that the verb kallama is used here for "to speak with", from which the word kalām is derived, is seen by 504: 13662: 13642: 9827: 9172: 9028: 8563: 8459: 4142: 2764: 2489: 2228: 1265:(d. 1979) "a science that discusses the Islamic dogmas in such a way that it explains, proves and defends them". 104: 12395: 12140: 7278: 7260: 5061: 13968: 13916: 13530: 12578: 12242: 11130: 11010: 10055: 9656: 9472: 7131: 3839: 2874:, as innovators and heretics who had betrayed and deviated from the simple and pious faith of the early Muslims. 2525: 2080: 686: 8252: 7153: 5658: 4577: 2116: 14210: 11958: 11936: 11250: 11215: 10691: 9721: 9279: 9177: 7881: 5260: 4194: 1445:(r. 717–720) is said to have said: "I have argued and spoken with the people. Indeed, I love to speak with the 1130:"a science by which one can prove religious dogmas to one's fellow men by citing arguments and averting doubts" 631: 10381: 12085: 11968: 11225: 11045: 10607: 10597: 10552: 10188: 9089: 8848: 8583: 6645:"Al Imam al-Shawkani (d. 1250H) on the Writings, Da'wah and Adversaries of Shaykh Muhammad Bin Abd Al-Wahhab" 6059: 4293:

Theology and Society in the 2nd and 3rd Centuries of the Hijra. A History of Religious Thought in Early Islam

375: 4399: 970:ʿilm yubḥaṯ fīhi ʿan ḏāt Allāh wa-ṣifātihī wa-aḥwāl al-mumkināt fī l-mubtadaʾ wa-l-maʿād ʿalā qānūn al-islām 14270: 14231: 13271: 12752: 12424: 12270: 12220: 11661: 11105: 9641: 9618: 9238: 9094: 9084: 8990: 8701: 8046:

Early Ibadi Theology: New Material on Rational Thought in Islam from the Pen of al-Fazārī (2nd/8th Century)

7081: 6980: 6352: 6033:

History of the People of Hadith: Determining the Saved Sect and That It Is the Sect of the People of Hadith

4955: 4356: 3614: 3012: 1818:

al-Masʿūdī . According to his report, many Islamic mutakallimūn participated in this discussion, including

1261:(d. 1406) "a science that includes the disputation of the dogmas of faith with rational arguments" and for 407: 17: 7353: 7206: 6766: 1233:

was the first to define kalām science as "the science of the foundations of religion" (ʿilm Uṣūl al-Dīn).

13899: 12789: 12653: 12001: 11315: 10825: 10802: 10797: 10707: 10160: 9952: 9934: 9887: 9866: 9820: 9743: 9608: 9424: 9192: 8985: 8420: 6303: 5947: 4471: 3127: 3122: 2507: 2421: 1523:(d. 1561), the spread of the Kalam began as early as the year 100 of the Hijra (= 718/19 AD) through the 454: 281: 11363: 8230: 6147: 5200: 1831: 1095:ʿilm yuqtadar maʿa-hū ʿalā iṯbāt al-ḥaqāʾiq ad-dīnīya, bi-īrād al-ḥuǧaǧ ʿalai-hā wa-dafʿ aš-šubah ʿan-hā 13308: 12903: 12889: 12628: 12373: 12147: 11629: 11260: 11220: 10955: 10872: 10726: 10452: 10233: 9503: 9386: 8903: 8380: 7982: 7288: 5449: 5110: 4832:] (in Indonesian). Translated by Muhammad Misbah. East Jakarta, Id: Pustaka Al-Kautsar. p. 235 4447: 4200: 4038: 3864: 3807: 3610: 3279: 3068: 3051: 2919: 1806: 1718:

and followers of Ahmad ibn Hanbal rarely mention about kalam in their teaching, as they consider it as

1091:"the science of proving religious truths by providing arguments for them and removing doubts from them" 951: 904:"a way of considering the foundations of religion, in which the deliberation is based on reason alone." 494: 7761:(1996). "Religious Policies of the Caliphs from al-Mutawakkil to al-Muqtadir: AH 232-295/AD 847-908". 6204: 5630: 4232: 3972:

Abdurrahman Atçıl (2019). "The Kalām (Rational Theology) Section in the Palace Library Inventory". In

2992:

Similar sentiment were also stated by ʻUthmān ibn Jumʻah Ḍumayrīyah, an Islamic theology professor of

2083:. The Ottoman scholar Sāčaqlızāde recommended it to scholars in the Kalām section of his encyclopedia 1377: 14221: 12855: 12573: 12224: 11986: 11210: 11115: 11090: 10940: 10684: 10657: 10467: 9583: 9284: 9113: 8809: 8589: 8552: 7686:"Al-Ṣāḥib Ibn ʿAbbād, Promoter of Rational Theology: Two Muʿtazilī kalām texts from the Cairo Geniza" 7548: 7032: 5417: 5342: 4564: 4513: 3063: 2980: 2560: 2183: 2025: 1318: 589: 301: 14133: 7242: 7003: 5195:[The role of Abu Dharr al-Harawi in the spread of Ash'ari theology in Morocco] (in Arabic). 1134:ʿilm yuqtadar maʿa-hū ʿalā iṯbāt al-ʿaqāʾid ad-dīnīya ʿalā l-ġair, bi-īrād al-ḥuǧaǧ wa-dafʿ aš-šubah 14236: 14226: 14216: 12986: 12506: 12120: 11739: 11310: 11240: 10647: 9998: 9738: 9467: 9291: 9064: 8602: 8248: 7349: 6113: 6079: 5132: 5102: 4560: 4395: 3934: 2340: 1917: 1835: 1461: 963: 521: 321: 5632:

Sufis and scholars in Tatarstan and Bashkiria, 1789–1889. The Islamic discourse under Russian rule

4236: 1908:. A very important center of the Kalam culture was the Muʿtazilite stronghold of ʿAskar Mukram in 722:). It can also be defined as the science that studies the fundamental doctrines of Islamic faith ( 14124: 14088: 12113: 12071: 11926: 11541: 11330: 11235: 11065: 11020: 10886: 10284: 10193: 10116: 9601: 8475: 7600: 7038:"Samāja sanskārē saṭhika ākīdāra gurutba" (The Importance of Right Aqeedah in Social Reformation) 5662: 5482: 3443: 3388: 2377: 2248: 2044: 1950: 1628: 116: 8629: 7672:. Trans. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. 5441: 4668: 3369:"Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period - Origins of Kalām" 13806: 13760: 13154: 12835: 12330: 11991: 11921: 11881: 11866: 11546: 11300: 11205: 11190: 11181: 11060: 11025: 10950: 10617: 10567: 10562: 10528: 10396: 10223: 10213: 10045: 9753: 9682: 9651: 9591: 8573: 8568: 8486: 7145: 7127: 5852: 4311: 4264: 4168: 4162: 3886: 3221: 3186: 2997: 2839: 2272: 2238: 2158: 2048: 1711: 1395: 1338: 1220: 1175: 914: 863: 570: 336: 31: 7992:

Evidence and Interpretation: Studies on Early Science and Medicine in Honor of John E. Murdoch

7172: 6289: 5288: 3423: 14029: 13688: 12860: 12777: 12523: 12493: 12050: 11946: 11493: 11320: 11070: 10980: 10652: 10401: 10320: 9699: 9677: 8496: 8373: 8359: 8215:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 7667: 7496: 7224: 6468:

Haykel, Bernard (2003). "The Absolute Interpreter and Renewer of the Thirteenth Century AH".

5374: 4190: 3705: 3451: 3396: 3368: 3263: 3259: 3083: 2993: 2965: 2416: 2255: 1938: 1782:

One of the most important promoters of kalam discussions in the early Abbasid period was the

1342: 1216: 1061: 988:"the science by which one can prove religious dogmas by citing arguments and averting doubts" 888: 771:

commissioned Mutakallimūn to write books against the followers of Iranian religions, and the

565: 390: 174: 129: 13729: 6530:

Ali, Mohamed Bin. "Salafis, salafism and modern salafism: what lies behind a term?." (2015).

6008:] (in Arabic) (2 ed.). مكتبة السوادي للتوزيع. pp. 40–41, 45–46. Archived from 5540: 5507: 13475: 12882: 12740: 12665: 12510: 12325: 12173: 12078: 12057: 11916: 11871: 11856: 11405: 11255: 11245: 11230: 11050: 11015: 11005: 11000: 10975: 10632: 10508: 10442: 10391: 10386: 10315: 10305: 9366: 9273: 9218: 7873: 7758: 7501:

Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ash'arism, and Political Sunnism

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Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam The Muslim Brotherhood, Ash'arism, and Political Sunnism

4984:. Vol. VI. Translated by Barbier de Meynard et Pavet de Courteille. pp. 368–375. 4792:

The Attitude of Ahlussunnah wal Jama'ah towards Heretics and Followers of Lust (Volume: 2)

2200: 1520: 1242: 1183: 1082: 8: 14142: 13909: 13709: 13480: 13211: 13088: 12727: 12027: 11953: 11295: 10945: 10759: 10592: 10523: 10503: 10462: 9939: 9904: 9596: 9477: 9371: 9187: 8684: 8481: 7877: 7608: 7149: 6169: 5879: 5224: 4341: 4028: 3954: 3233: 3198: 2243: 1986: 1839: 1802: 1540: 1238: 679: 575: 209: 109: 7856: 6570:

Saudi Arabia in Transition: Insights on Social, Political, Economic and Religious Change

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The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of Al-Bajuri

1850:, as well as representatives of other worldviews and faiths, including the Mobed of the 1823: 1483:, Salih ibn Abd al-Quddus and Abdul Karim bin Abi Al-Awja', and a man from the tribe of 992:ʿilm yuqtadar maʿa-hū ʿalā iṯbāt al-ʿaqāʾid ad-dīnīya, bi-īrād al-ḥuǧaǧ wa-dafʿ aš-šubah 14073: 12956: 12912: 12657: 12470: 12357: 12131: 12092: 12006: 11841: 11804: 11766: 11688: 11563: 11335: 11120: 10995: 10970: 10792: 10779: 10602: 10457: 10218: 9990: 9843: 9758: 9672: 9523: 9459: 9267: 9243: 8920: 8898: 8858: 8748: 8661: 8612: 8578: 8469: 8161: 8096: 8023: 7895: 7778: 7552: 7508: 7436: 7186: 7163: 7095: 6889: 6229: 5392: 5156: 5078: 4667:

Walid ibn Muhammad Nabih ibn Sayf an-Nashr (1996). ibn 'Ied al-Abbasi, Muhammad (ed.).

4568: 4476:. Vol. VIII. Translated by Barbier de Meynard et Pavet de Courteille. p. 293. 2233: 2166: 2128: 2072: 1909: 1351: 1257:(d. 1390), Kalām is "the knowledge of religious dogmas based on certain evidence", for 1250: 1179: 976: 749: 599: 556: 526: 509: 484: 429: 385: 97: 14049: 6912:

Islamic Theology, Philosophy and Law: Debating Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya

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A Sultanate that Endures, Oman in the World from Qaboos Bin Sa'id to Haitham Bin Tariq

2157:, Iranian Islamic revolutionary, politician, religious leader who served as the first 14099: 14065: 14009: 13252: 13191: 13098: 12806: 12670: 12519: 12465: 12361: 11996: 11963: 11891: 11886: 11846: 11834: 11819: 11799: 11700: 11676: 11502: 11325: 11165: 11100: 10518: 10437: 10361: 9733: 9728: 9633: 9623: 9613: 9296: 9182: 9134: 8977: 8888: 8649: 8639: 8634: 8624: 8619: 8452: 8324: 8309: 8279: 8216: 8165: 8153: 8100: 8088: 8080: 8070: 8031: 8015: 7968: 7960: 7952: 7942: 7903: 7885: 7843: 7835: 7827: 7817: 7731: 7723: 7713: 7649: 7630: 7622: 7612: 7571: 7520: 7483: 7473: 7387: 7327: 6959: 6915: 6852: 6821: 6796: 6746: 6721: 6696: 6671: 6623: 6598: 6573: 6545: 6504: 6473: 6445: 6374: 5985: 5975: 5924: 5860: 5832: 5766: 5732: 5722: 5695: 5584: 5556: 5486: 5453: 5421: 5378: 5366: 5346: 5319: 5315: 5256: 5232: 5168: 5136: 4795: 4787:

Sikap Ahlussunnah wal Jama'ah terhadap Ahli Bid'ah dan Pengikut Hawa Nafsu (Jilid: 2)

4757: 4647: 4644:

Development of Muslim Theology, Jurisprudence, and Constitutional Theory, Chapter=III

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arrived to teach in Khurasan at this time. Some of the prominent Shafi'i families in

1827: 1809:(d. 815) as examples of mutakallimīn of this period. According to a report quoted by 1620: 1480: 1399: 1334: 1314: 1262: 1141: 764: 760: 640: 604: 551: 464: 424: 286: 13257: 6935:

Olidort, Jacob (2015). "A New Curriculum: Rashīd Riḍā and Traditionalist Salafism".

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Jāmiʻ bayān al-ʻIlm wa-faḍlihi (A comprehensive scientific statement and its merits)

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Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs (Egypt) research team (2015). Artawijaya (ed.).

3987:

Treasures of Knowledge. An Inventory of the Ottoman Palace Library (1502/03–1503/04)

1076:

maʿrifat an-nafs mā ʿalaihā min al-ʿaqāʾid al-mansūba ilā dīn al-islām ʿan al-adilla

13067: 13041: 12744: 12417: 12320: 12161: 12043: 11896: 11876: 11861: 11426: 11085: 10853: 10642: 10612: 10587: 10572: 10432: 10198: 10033: 9763: 9748: 9508: 9213: 8935: 8873: 8863: 8853: 8838: 8644: 8547: 8519: 8407: 8336: 8186: 8143: 8135: 8131: 8062: 8058: 8007: 8003: 7934: 7930: 7899: 7809: 7805: 7770: 7705: 7701: 7681: 7677: 7604: 7512: 7428: 6881: 6182:] (in Arabic). Sa: دار ابن الجوزي. p. 217 (1st edition), 941 (2nd edition) 5640: 5594: 5548: 5474: 5311: 5276: 5164: 5124: 4708: 4590: 4586: 4372: 4288: 4173: 3991: 3812: 3447: 3427: 3392: 3372: 3283: 3107: 2805: 2399: 1905: 1814: 1786: 1691: 1682: 1624: 1450: 1330: 776: 449: 444: 395: 380: 365: 274: 153: 6074: 3287: 2968:. Al-Albani stated the notable example was the rejection of kalam scholars of the 14137: 14024: 13611: 12961: 12946: 12908: 12875: 12850: 12764: 12711: 12612: 12607: 12583: 12497: 12400: 12347: 12342: 11829: 11732: 11727: 11710: 11671: 11611: 11568: 11375: 11305: 11110: 10858: 10627: 10622: 10577: 10038: 10023: 10018: 9689: 9396: 9341: 9141: 8827: 8787: 8738: 8690: 8464: 8332: 8205: 8114: 8044: 7980:

Sabra, A. I. (January 2009). "The Simple Ontology of Kalām Atomism: An Outline".

7916: 7867: 7791: 7744: 7685: 7643: 7586: 6846: 6666:

Moussa, Mohammed (2016). "3: Renewal in the formation of the Islamic tradition".

6498: 6368: 6126:] (in Arabic). Damascus, Beirut: المكتب الإسلامي. p. 217. Archived from 6006:

Introduction to Islamic Doctrine Studies According to the Sunni School of Thought

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Defenders of Reason in Islam, Mu'tazililism from Medieval School to Modern Symbol

5218: 4823: 4785: 4751: 4727: 4419: 3212: 3177: 3142: 2915: 2892:. Ibn Taymiyya even further criticize Ash'arite rationalists such as al-Ghazali, 2808:

would generally avoid kalam and philosophical talk all together, seeing it as an

2750: 2700: 2555: 2460: 2352: 1990: 1895: 1794: 1768: 1748: 1589: 1508: 1492: 800: 584: 400: 360: 349: 331: 234: 179: 92: 13751: 7921:. Islamic History and Civilization. Vol. 100. Translated by Adem, Rodrigo. 7462:

A Historical Introduction to Islamic Theology: Muḥammad and the Classical Period

962:"a science that investigates the nature and attributes of God and the states of 14265: 14159: 14078: 13944: 13921: 13904: 13755: 13680: 13604: 13125: 13031: 12640: 12595: 12590: 12441: 12410: 12315: 12198: 12036: 11789: 11722: 11715: 11705: 11553: 11290: 11151: 11080: 11055: 10915: 10848: 10764: 10557: 10533: 10513: 10493: 10028: 9909: 9801: 9528: 9381: 9223: 8925: 8264: 8256: 8234: 7556: 7544: 6567: 6075: 6049: 5365: 5296: 5292: 5272: 4916:(in German). Vol. 1. Translated by Theodor Haarbrücker. Halle. p. 28. 4907: 4572: 4024: 3312: 3267: 2900:. Regarding al-Ghazali in particular, Through the seventh chapter of his book, 2878: 2801: 2710: 2655: 2584: 2535: 2495: 2411: 2308: 1819: 1756: 1744: 1715: 1695: 1678: 1598: 1569: 1469: 1283: 780: 672: 544: 531: 489: 434: 48: 14119: 13926: 13118: 8139: 8092: 7938: 7847: 7813: 7709: 7634: 6937:

In Defense of Tradition: Muhammad Nasir Al-Din Al-Albani and the Salafi Method

4712: 4337:

A Note on an Early Meaning of the Term Mutakallim in Israel Oriental Studies 1

2956:

and modern era Hadith scholar; considered kalam doctrine as misguided in the

1937:

in Khorasan was Abū al-Qāsim al-Balkhī (d. 931). Other Kalam scholars such as

14259: 14083: 14013: 13993: 13955: 13579: 13564: 13328:

Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥāmmad ibn Karrām ibn Arrāk ibn Huzāba ibn al-Barā’ as-Sijjī

13135: 13060: 12870: 12831: 12818: 12793: 12699: 12488: 12460: 12337: 12291: 12209: 11908: 11809: 11794: 11784: 11619: 11581: 11558: 11520: 11431: 11161: 11155: 11145: 11133: 10447: 10371: 10345: 10279: 9704: 9541: 9391: 8930: 8893: 8868: 8753: 8305: 8283: 8260: 8244: 8190: 8157: 8084: 8019: 8011: 7972: 7956: 7831: 7796:. Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science: Texts and Studies. Vol. 99. 7774: 7735: 7727: 7663: 7596: 7504: 7440: 7238: 7113: 6048:

Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab al-Aqil (2021). "1". In Al-Ansari, Hammad (ed.).

5989: 5590: 5323: 5284: 4443: 4423: 4404:. Vol. III. Translated by Ihsan Abbas; Ibrahim al-Sa'afrin; Bakr Abbas. 3977: 3930: 3439: 3384: 3147: 2782: 2695: 2613: 2600: 2589: 2296: 1971: 1913: 1772: 1764: 1727: 1604: 1516: 1512: 1496: 1476: 1472: 1403: 1355: 1234: 1019: 609: 514: 474: 14045: 7516: 7487: 6939:(Thesis). Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University. pp. 52–62. 5552: 2032:. Shortly after, the Ash'ari theology became the mainstream doctrine of the 14111: 14040: 13828:

Abū’l-Huzayl Muḥāmmad ibn al-Huzayl ibn Abdillāh al-Allāf al-Abdī al-Bāsrī

13768: 13746: 13737: 13637: 13114: 12930: 12865: 12558: 12455: 12446: 12352: 12106: 11774: 11693: 11624: 11488: 10985: 10925: 10900: 10881: 10637: 10582: 10406: 10335: 10091: 10076: 9914: 9791: 9716: 9376: 9228: 9106: 8822: 8726: 8714: 8428: 8301:

The Jurist and the Theologian: Speculative Theology in Shāfiʿī Legal Theory

8035: 7534: 7432: 7220: 7202: 6225: 5685: 5598: 4951: 4331: 3906: 3831: 3801: 3117: 2937: 2929: 2849: 2740: 2715: 2223: 2092: 2040: 1982: 1978: 1967: 1962: 1934: 1926: 1858: 1851: 1810: 1752: 1654: 1504: 1431: 1346: 1302: 1287: 1254: 1226: 1187: 998: 788: 660: 616: 353: 85: 74: 13778: 13276: 12896: 10269: 8066: 6885: 6405:[Al-Ghazali and Ibn Taymiyyah's views on the logical definition]. 5644: 4666: 3039: 2477: 1731: 1730:

changed the caliphate policy by restoring them to favor, while abandoning

1585: 1524: 1464:(d. 967), there were six representatives of the Kalam (aṣḥāb al-kalām) in 1210: 966:

entities in the beginning and at the return according to the law of Islam"

929:

bayān al-masāʾil allatī hiya uṣūl ad-dīn allatī hiya taʿallumuhā farḍ ʿain

14093: 13815: 13783: 13733: 13599: 13297: 13262: 13244: 13036: 12773: 12703: 12383: 12282: 11851: 11824: 11814: 11751: 11656: 11646: 11641: 11473: 11456: 11280: 11195: 11035: 10910: 10498: 10422: 10228: 9353: 8843: 8782: 8709: 8596: 8353: 7256: 6872:

Nizami, Khaliq AHmad (1990). "The Impact of Ibn Taymiyya on South Asia".

6026: 3882: 3112: 3073: 2943: 2907: 2867: 2720: 2705: 2530: 2099: 1847: 1726:

towards the Ahl a-Hadith since the time of his great-grandfather, caliph

1674: 1557: 1548:(r. 775–785) was the first ruler to commission Mutakallimūn representing 1308: 1258: 1125: 1040: 920: 796: 724: 716:, is the scholastic, speculative, or rational study of Islamic theology ( 412: 370: 294: 8148: 8027: 6893: 6816:

Meijer, Roel (2014). "Salafism In Pakistan: The Ahl-e Hadith Movement".

6196: 5414:

The Grey Falcon: The Life and Teaching of Shaykh ʿAbd Al-Qādir Al-Jīlānī

13742: 13539: 13320: 13266: 13164: 13102: 13053: 13019: 12972: 12893: 12826: 12813: 12731: 12707: 12636: 12541: 12483: 12405: 12308: 11681: 11445: 11441: 11275: 11200: 11176: 11141: 11095: 11030: 10990: 10965: 10920: 10905: 10895: 10427: 10330: 10249: 10164: 10008: 9646: 8743: 8718: 7782: 7345: 6109: 6047: 6025:

Ahmed ibn Muhammad ad-Dahlawi Al-Madani (1985). Hasan al-Halabi (ed.).

6024: 5942: 5940: 5857:

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being the other two. (Brown also describes the Muʿtazila as "the later

1565: 1500: 1419: 1389: 1373: 1322: 1200: 1167: 908:

bāb min al-iʿtibār fī uṣūl ad-dīn yadūr an-naẓar fīhi ʿalā maḥḍ al-ʿaql

792: 417: 11526:

Abū’l-Hūsayn Abdūrrāhīm ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Uthmān al-Hayyāt (Hayyātīyya)

11385:

Abū Abdirrahmān Bishr ibn Ghiyāth ibn Abī Karīma al-Marīsī al-Baghdādī

8348: 6503:. f Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية‎. pp. iii, 28, 31. 6211:(in Indonesian). Yayasan Lajnah Istiqomah (Lajnah Istiqomah institute) 3029: 2139:

philosophy. In retrospect, Muhammad Kamal from Islamic studies at the

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were considered the real "masters of the Kalām". Later, two important

13997: 13985: 13963: 13894: 13807:

Abū Abdi’l-Lāh Ahmad ibn Abī Du'ad Faraj ibn Carīr ibn Mâlik al-Iyādī

13798: 13704: 13649: 13574: 13228: 13223: 13149: 13093: 12839: 12694: 12687: 12563: 12474: 12388: 12368: 12213: 12154: 11666: 11634: 11589:

Abū ʿAbdillāh al-Husayn ibn Muḥāmmad ibn ʿAbdillāh an-Najjār ar-Rāzī

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Schmidtke, Sabine; El-Rouayheb, Khaled (2014). "Theology and Logic".

6668:

Politics of the Islamic Tradition: The thought of Muhammad al-Ghazali

6313: 6143: 5999: 4975: 4467: 4381: 4148: 3959:

Al-Risala al-Garre fi al-Farq Baina Nau'ai al-Ilm al-Ilahi wa-l-Kalam

3275: 3001: 2961: 2949: 2825: 2809: 2660: 2633: 2629: 2550: 2540: 2148: 2140: 1946: 1945:. In the late 10th century, the two renowned Ash'ari Kalam scholars, 1877: 1843: 1783: 1776: 1760: 1719: 1561: 1535: 1341:

suggested that the term kalām was derived from the Greek word logos.

1171: 957: 842: 808: 772: 316: 13988: 6556:

Shawkani .. is a prominent authority for the Salafi version of Islam

5937: 5472: 5190: 4620:

Jeffry R. Halverson, Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam, 2010: p 37.

4335: 3985: 1499:

is identified as the one who "invented these innovations of kalām".

14182: 14149: 14004: 13889: 13881: 13675: 13080: 13011: 12934: 12917: 12748: 12735: 12568: 12514: 12296: 11744: 11535: 11368: 10960: 10676: 10325: 10264: 10259: 10183: 10081: 9694: 9200: 9058: 9010: 8804: 8758: 8722: 8447: 8360:

Islamic Kalām: Rational Expressions of Medieval Theological Thought

7077: 6238:] (in Arabic). Damascus: دار القلم. p. 226. Archived from 6035:] (in Arabic). السعودية مكتبة الغرباء الأثرية. pp. 116–117 5888:

Encyclopedia of Schools and Schools of Thought in the Islamic World

5671: 5057: 3034: 2685: 2665: 2545: 2520: 2515: 2318: 2144: 2076: 2002: 1958: 1900:

Until the early 10th century, the Kalam was essentially limited to

1888: 1869: 1632: 1545: 1528: 1004: 873: 768: 626: 594: 308: 242: 7964: 7907: 7839: 7626: 6622:. New York, NY: Madinah Publishers and Distributors. p. 497. 6092:] (in Arabic). Beirut: العاشرة. pp. 17–18. Archived from 5611: 3856:

Gami al-Ulum fi Istilahat al-Funan, al-Mulaqqab bi-Dustur al-Ulama

3469: 3414: 1166:

According to several of the definitions given above, kalām has an

14187: 14167: 14128: 13973: 13820:

Abū Hāshīm Abdu’s-Salām ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb al-Jubbā'ī

13764: 13721: 13568: 13558: 13283: 13232: 13186: 13024: 12921: 12822: 12801: 12680: 12675: 12550: 12501: 12429: 12378: 12099: 11978: 11651: 11465: 11397: 10787: 10106: 10086: 9957: 9876: 9709: 9315: 9003: 8883: 8775: 8768: 8763: 8505: 8108:

Thiele, Jan (December 2018). "Recent Scholarship in the Field of

7331: 5891: 5795:"KHOMEINI'S POLITICAL-RELIGIOUS APPROACH OF THE 'IRANIAN NATION'" 5505: 3000:; that kalam science inherently contradicts the Islamic creed of 2832: 2817: 2691: 2650: 2645: 2625: 2440: 2392: 2387: 2262: 2108: 2021: 1954: 1642: 899: 869: 459: 136: 6544:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 484, 506. 6301: 6256: 6239: 6173: 4692: 1985:

within the Maliki circles in North Africa. One of his students,

1747:, the golden age of the science of kalam began with the caliphs 1418:, which dates from the eighth century, it is reported that when 14192: 14172: 14053: 14017: 13206: 13109: 13046: 12925: 12768: 12722: 12202: 11511:

Abū Mūsā Isā ibn Subeyh (Sabīh) al-Murdār al-Bāsrī (Murdārīyya)

11469: 11416: 10840: 10751: 10136: 9977: 9233: 9207: 9166: 9127: 9044: 8957: 8878: 8733: 8679: 8674: 8441: 8365: 8127: 8123: 8054: 8050: 7999: 7995: 7926: 7922: 7801: 7797: 7697: 7693: 7592: 7424: 7337: 7319: 7284: 7266: 7248: 7230: 7212: 7137: 6956:

The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century

6774: 6470:

Revival and Reform in Islam: The Legacy of Muhammad Al-Shawkani

6444:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 506–507. 6339: 6329: 6127: 6093: 6009: 5513: 5339:

The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century

5005: 4961: 4937: 4783: 4582: 4453: 4405: 4317: 4274: 4034: 3940: 3916: 3892: 3860: 3620: 3435: 3380: 3152: 3078: 2957: 2953: 2911: 2821: 2813: 2676: 2445: 2406: 2301: 2191: 2033: 1873: 1790: 1670: 1637: 1553: 1427: 1392:). They led to dispute, disputation and rational argumentation. 1295: 1112:"a theoretical skill with which one can prove religious dogmas" 983: 848: 804: 479: 469: 258: 226: 218: 203: 197: 81: 11376:

Abū Muḥrīz Jahm ibn Ṣafwān ar-Rāsibī as-Samarqāndī at-Tirmidhī

7918:

Al-Māturīdī and the Development of Sunnī Theology in Samarqand

7010:

The stability of the Salaf's creed and its safety from changes

2143:

institute has stated Mulla Sadra philosophy was influenced by

2067:

The most influential work of the post-classical Kalām was the

2012:, and who helped Ash'arism expand to their home countries are 1896:

10th and 11th centuries: Spread from Iraq to the east and west

1116:ṣināʿa naẓarīya yuqtadar bi-hā ʿalā iṯbāt al-ʿaqāʾid ad-dīnīya 820: 14177: 13218: 12843: 12644: 12632: 11434: 11409: 11380: 10141: 10131: 10126: 10096: 9261: 9249: 9051: 9037: 8996: 8669: 8526: 8512: 8433: 8396: 7178: 7159: 7119: 7087: 6597:. New York, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 120, 160. 6265:]. موقع الدرر السنية على الإنترنت dorar.net. p. 1446 5997: 5532: 5070: 4719: 4456:: Al-Risala al-Amm al-Idarat al-Buhut al-Ilmiya. p. 528. 4429: 4313:

Ahbar al-Daula al-Abbasiya wa-Fihi Ahbar al-Abbas wa-Waladihi

3715: 3561:

harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAbu_Hayyan_al-Tawhidi1993-4 (

3137: 3004: 2933: 2853: 2680: 2470: 2455: 2450: 2372: 2367: 2357: 2347: 2277: 2267: 2056: 2006: 1994: 1723: 1666: 1662: 1549: 1465: 1435: 1249:

Some later scholars defined the kalām science of dogmas. For

1067: 1046: 1025: 1009:"the knowledge of religious dogmas based on certain evidence" 795:. They positioned the Kalām particularly against the growing 784: 729: 718: 621: 499: 190: 148: 141: 64: 56: 38: 7427:: ULUM İslami İlimler Eğitim ve Araştırma Merkezi: 223–264. 6568:

Bernard Haykel; Thomas Hegghammer; Stéphane Lacroix (2015).

6366: 6028:تاريخ أهل الحديث تعيين الفرقة الناجية وأنها طائفة أهل الحديث 6001:المدخل لدراسات العقيدة الإسلامية على مذهب أهل السنة والجماعة 3583:

harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAbu_al-Yusr_al-Bazdawi2003 (

1380:

rejected this theory as implausible as early as 1840 in his

13871:

Abū’l-Kāsīm Abdullāh ibn Ahmad ibn Māhmūd al-Balhī al-Kā‘bī

11420: 11415:

Abū Muḥāmmad (Abū’l-Hākem) Heshām ibn Sālem al-Jawālikī al-

11345: 10472: 10366: 10121: 10111: 10101: 9924: 9148: 9120: 9070: 9017: 8962: 8533: 7793:

The Theology of Abū l-Qāsim al-Balkhī/al-Kaʿbī (d. 319/931)

7742: 7664:

Ibn Khallikan, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad

7465: 6978: 6740: 5946: 2881:, the reviled figure in Islam during the time of Muhammad. 2857: 2835: 2465: 2362: 2282: 2162: 2062: 2052: 2009: 1942: 1901: 1881: 1707: 1446: 1423: 1107: 895: 753: 250: 158: 13831:

Abū Ma‘n Sūmāma ibn Ashras an-Nūmayrī al-Bāsrī al-Baghdādī

6572:. New York, USA: Cambridge University Press. p. 158. 6472:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 104. 4744: 3852: 3609: 11779: 7304: 7012:] (in Arabic). Saudi Arabia: Najla Press. p. 113 6490: 3830: 1714:

regarding the said matter about the nature of Quran. The

1484: 11521:

Abū Alī Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb ibn Sallām al-Jubbā'ī

6914:. Berlin, Germany: Walter De Gruyter. pp. 195–196. 6461: 5255:, p 55. State University of New York Press, 1 Oct 2014. 4394: 4196:

The Muslim Creed. Its Genesis and Historical Development

1273: 1013:

al-ʿilm bi-l-ʿaqāʾid ad-dīnīya ʿan al-adilla al-yaqīnīya

6542:

The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought

6442:

The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought

6154:

The command to follow and the prohibition of innovation

4729:

Millenarian and Messianic Tendencies in Islamic History

4231: 4081: 4079: 3556: 1989:

was the first to introduce the Ash'ari doctrine to the

1211:

Kalām as the science of religious foundations or dogmas

7144: 7126: 6786: 6784: 6734: 6709: 6684: 6659: 6342:, Saudi Arabia: دار العاصمة للنشر والتوزيع. p. 39 5851: 4263: 3578: 3541: 1738: 11573:

Abū Amr Ḍirār ibn Amr al-Gatafānī al-Kūfī (Ḍirārīyya)

11536:

Abū Uthmān Amr ibn Bhār ibn Māhbūb al-Jāhiz al-Kinānī

7312:

al-Tahānawī (2011). Rafiq al-Agam, Ali Daḥrug (ed.).

6496: 5873: 4821: 4277:: The Centre: Journal of Arabic Studies. p. 347. 3704: 3272:

The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology

3264:"Part I: Historical perspectives - Qur'an and hadith" 2928:, 19th AD North Indian Salafi scholar, co-founder of 2890:

bayan muwafaqat al-'aql al-sarih li al-Naql as-Sahiha

13803:

Abū Sahl Bīshr ibn al-Mu‘tamīr al-Hilālī al-Baghdādī

11406:

Abu’l-Hassan Muqātil ibn Sulaymān ibn Bashīr al-Azdī

7295: 6790: 6254: 6168: 5657: 5440: 4822:

Musthafa Said Al-khin (2014). Zirzis, Achmad (ed.).

4794:] (in Indonesian). Darul Falah. pp. 96–97. 4677:] (in Arabic). Maktaba Ibn Taymiyyah. p. 50 4660: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4354: 4076: 3754: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3226: 3191: 2852:, 12th AD Hanbali scholar; has explained that that 1286:(d. 1153) suggested that the name was coined by the 8049:. Islamic History and Civilization. Vol. 182. 7869:

Islamic Theological Themes: A Primary Source Reader

7692:. Islamic History and Civilization. Vol. 132. 6958:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 46. 6928: 6781: 6056:

Imam Al-Shafi'i's approach to enumerating the creed

5678: 5538: 4906: 4552: 4309: 4238:

Essai sur les écoles philosophiques chez les arabes

3953: 3675:

harvnb error: no target: CITEREFIbn'Arafa2004 (

1861:also distinguished himself by promoting the Kalam. 1382:

Essai sur les écoles philosophiques chez les Arabes

13847:Abū Bakr Muḥāmmad ibn Abdillāh ibn Shabīb al-Basrī 13795:Abū Amr (Abū Mu‘tamīr) Muāmmar ibn Abbād as-Sūlamī 11514:Hīshām ibn Amr al-Fuwātī ash-Shaybānī (Hīshāmīyya) 8238: 7538: 7185: 6844: 6820:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 127. 6795:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 428. 6620:Biography and Mission of Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab 6316:, Indonesia: Lajnah Istiqomah Surakarta Foundation 5526: 5155: 4432:: Maktabat al-Guraba al-Atariya. pp. 116–221. 4161: 4125: 3740:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTaşköprüzade2001 ( 3636: 2005:pupils that Abu Dharr al-Harawi trained to become 1981:a Maliki jurist contributed to the propagation of 13340:Haisamīyya (Abū ʿAbdallāh Muhammad ibn al-Haisam) 8229: 7690:Al-Ṣāḥib Ibn ʿAbbād Promoter of Rational Theology 7676: 7588:Unsaying God: Negative Theology in Medieval Islam 7326: 6693:Routledge Handbook of Islamic Ritual and Practice 5799:Politics and Religion • Politologie des Religions 5721: 4886: 4496: 4068:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFal-Taftzani2014 ( 4009:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFal-Tahānawī1996 ( 3971: 3788: 3774:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFal-Tahānawī1996 ( 3722: 3656:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFal-Taftzani1998 ( 3011:chapter regarding the attribute of God's name as 1195:, co-authored by Gardet and M.M Anawati in 1948. 935:Sharaf al-Din Ibn al-Tilimsani al-Fihri (d. 1260) 732:against the philosophical doubters. A scholar of 14257: 12269: 11503:Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn Sayyār ibn Hāni’ an-Nazzām 10159: 7470:Pontifical Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies 7464:. Studi arabo-islamici del PISAI. Vol. 11. 7170: 5974:(in Indonesian). Pustaka Imam As-Syafi'i. 2006. 5916: 5792: 5728:Technic and Magic: The Reconstruction of Reality 5123: 4221:. Translated by Michael Friedländer. p. 19. 4185: 4183: 4051: 3688: 3686: 3597: 3252: 13667:Abū Abdillāh Mugīre ibn Sāīd al-ʿIjlī el-Bajalī 11517:Abū Sahl Abbād ibn Sulaimān (Salmān) as-Sāymarī 7669:Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. I 6818:Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement 5615:Fatḥ al-Sakur fi Maʿrifat aʿyan Ulama al-Takrur 5369:, Mark Woodward, Dwi S. Atmaja (3 March 2016). 4753:Pemikiran Islam di Malaysia: sejarah dan aliran 4641: 4480: 4418: 4355:Abu Zakariya al-Azdi (1967). Ali Habiba (ed.). 3647: 3645: 3632: 3630: 2812:. The same sentiments is also found within the 8204: 7383:Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought 7307:: Muʾassasat al-Imam al-Sadiq. pp. 41–73. 7237: 6400: 6263:The Methodology of Al-Hafiz Ibn Hajar in Creed 5822: 5820: 5805:(1). Bulgarian Academy of Sciences: 45, 47, 52 5758: 5628: 5336: 5042:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFal-Jahiz1979 ( 5023:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFal-Jahiz1979 ( 4974: 4894: 4862: 4489:Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought 4466: 4189: 4137: 4023: 3782: 3765: 3763: 3591: 3304: 2964:methodology, which consequently divesting the 763:, the Kalām experienced its rise in the early 12248:List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam 11598:Abū ʿAbdallāh Ibnū’z-Zā‘farānī (Zā‘farānīyya) 10692: 9828: 8381: 7662: 7233:: Dar Ihya al-Turat al-Arabi. pp. 22–24. 7171:Ibn al-Tilimsani (2010). Nizar Ḥamadi (ed.). 6979:Yusuf Abu Ubaidah as-Sidawy (13 March 2010). 6909: 6500:المذهب العارف ومذاهب أخرى (دائرة المعارف -8-) 5883:Ensiklopedi Aliran dan Madzhab Di Dunia Islam 4890: 4858: 4442: 4371: 4287: 4180: 3929: 3683: 3670: 3552: 3550: 3537: 3535: 3359: 2860:of his contemporary have considered kalam as 2758: 2122: 1325:, who had also remained silent on the matter. 680: 7645:The Formation of Hanbalism: Piety into Power 7273: 7219: 7201: 6670:. New York, USA: Routledge. pp. 56–59. 6224: 5684: 5582: 5397:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4998:(2019). Abdurahman Abdallah al-Saqir (ed.). 4950: 4930:(2019). Abdurahman Abdallah al-Saqir (ed.). 4756:(in Malay). Gema Insani. 1997. p. 137. 4701:International Journal of Middle East Studies 4330: 3905: 3748: 3735: 3718:: Al-Maṭbaʿa al-Mahmudiya, Cairo. p. 5. 3642: 3627: 3603: 3574: 3572: 3258: 2824:movements generally consider kalam to be an 2161:, founder of modern day Islamic Republic of 2079:. The book also played an important role in 1722:(heresy). After the longtime persecution of 13346:Ishāqīyya (Abū Yaʿqūb Ishāq ibn Mahmashādh) 8323:Harvard University Press, 1976, 779 pages, 7746:American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 7311: 7259:(2001). Ḫalil Sahada, Suhail Zakkar (ed.). 7255: 6851:. Cambridge University Press. p. 104. 6082:; ibn al-Muhsin al-Turki, Abdullah (eds.). 6078:; al-Adhra'i al-Salihi al-Dimashqi (1997). 5896:Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs (Egypt) 5829:The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies 5817: 5193:"دور أبي ذر الهروي في نشر الأشعرية بالمغرب" 5186: 5184: 4725: 4698: 4251: 4085: 4063: 4004: 3769: 3760: 3692: 3651: 3522: 3520: 3504:The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies 3482:Madeleine Pelner Cosman, Linda Gale Jones, 2172: 1584:or "Kalamites" essentially referred to the 821:Definitions of Kalām in chronological order 13367:Tarā'ifīyya (Ahmad ibn ʿAbdūs at-Tarā'ifī) 10719: 10699: 10685: 9835: 9821: 8388: 8374: 8270:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 7751:International Institute of Islamic Thought 7562:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 7344: 7100:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6743:Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy 6228:(2004). al-Masihi Suwaidan, Hassan (ed.). 6202: 6108: 5516:: Dar al-Basa'ir al-Islamiya. p. 149. 5506:Muḥammad ibn Abī-Bakr Sāčaqlızāde (1996). 5302:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5213: 5097: 5083:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4994: 4926: 4707:(3). Cambridge University Press: 441–463. 4646:. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. p. 187. 4213: 3877: 3613:(1985). Ahmad Abdurahman al-Sharif (ed.). 3547: 3532: 2765: 2751: 878:"the linguistic effort to defend religion" 687: 673: 8147: 8042: 7743:Mahdi Tourage, Ovamir Anjum, ed. (2017). 7494: 7358:(in Arabic). Beirut: Muʾassasat ar-Risāla 7330:(1991). Rafiq al-Agam, Ali Daḥrug (ed.). 7315:Kitab Kassaf Istilahat al-Funan wa al-Umm 7301:Sawariq al-Ilham fi Sharh Tagrid al-Kalam 7122:: Dar al-Fikr al-Arabi. pp. 107–113. 7108: 6998: 6715: 6403:"آراء الغزالي وابن تيمية في الحد المنطقي" 6285: 6172:(1994). Al-Zuhairi, Abu Al-Ashbal (ed.). 6090:Explanation of the Creed of al-Tahawiyyah 5674:: Evkaf-ı İslamiye Matbaası. p. 181. 5637:Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg 5479:The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Philosophy 5310:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 936–937. 4526: 4097: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3698: 3569: 3526: 3421: 3337: 1690:(attribution) of God which championed by 1367: 12969:Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah 11508:Abū Bakr Abdurrahmān ibn Kaysān al-Asāmm 8362:, Encyclopedia of Mediterranean Humanism 7789: 7757: 7076: 6981:"15 Alasan Kokohnya Aqidah Salaf Shalih" 6953: 6695:. New York, NY: Routledge. p. 128. 6617: 6539: 6439: 6149:الأمر بالاتباع والنهي عن الابتداع المؤلف 5971:Syarah Aqidah Ahl al-Sunna wa al-Jama'ah 5181: 5056: 5037: 5018: 4878: 4854: 3800: 3517: 2063:Post-classical period and “conservatism” 1546:Abbasid CaliphateAbbasid caliph al-Mahdi 1422:(d. 755) wanted to establish himself in 837:Arabischer bzw. persischer Originaltext 13192:Nafi ibn al-Azraq al-Hānafī al-Handhalī 7914: 7641: 7189:(1966). "Al-Mawaqif fi 'ilm al-Kalam". 6983:[Do You Know Where Allah Is?]. 6934: 6793:The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology 6720:. London, UK: Saqi Books. p. 146. 6373:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 276–277. 6367:Birgit Krawietz; Georges Tamer (2013). 6116:; Zuhair ash-Shawish, Muhammad (eds.). 5826: 5612:Muhammad ibn 'Umar al-Bartallī (1981). 3432:The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology 3377:The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology 3366: 2103:17th and 18th centuries in what is now 1616:were forerunners of the Muʿtazilites.) 1161: 759:After its first beginnings in the late 14: 14258: 12549: 12192:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity 9842: 8172: 8107: 7865: 7854: 7459: 7407: 6871: 6815: 6745:. London, UK: Routledge. p. 931. 6741:Carr Brian; Indira Mahalingam (1997). 6690: 6665: 6642: 6592: 6467: 5731:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 130. 5271: 5191:'Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Tahir. 5129:Religious Trends in Early Islamic Iran 4874: 4850: 4578:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 4558: 4507: 3936:Wafayat al-A'yan wa-Anba Abna al-Zaman 3819: 3484:Handbook to Life in the Medieval World 3452:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.025 3397:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.001 2888:(Refutation of the Rationalists), and 2846:where he criticized the use of kalam. 1767:(r. 847–861) and ended in the time of 1354:took a similar path of explanation to 748:), a role distinguished from those of 12268: 11341:Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar 10718: 10680: 10158: 9816: 9568: 9336: 8952: 8369: 7979: 7570:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 2–6. 7533: 7447:from the original on 27 November 2020 6759: 6207:[Philosophy damaging Aqida]. 6205:"Ilmu Filsafat, Perusak Akidah Islam" 6142: 5923:. 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"3". 5998:Othman Jum'a ad-Damiriyya (1996). 5765:. Routledge. pp. 42, 50, 52. 5229:Islamic Supreme Council of America 4630: 4611: 4559:Gardet, Louis (1978). "Kalām". In 4091: 3557:Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi & 1993-4 3313:"An Introduction to 'Ilm al-Kalam" 3102:Istihsan al-Khawd fi 'Ilm al-Kalam 2071:by the Iranian Shafi'i theologian 1575: 25: 14287: 13352:Muhājirīyya (Ibrāhīm ibn Muhājir) 8342: 7497:"The Doctrines of Sunni Theology" 7379: 7223:(2014). Salih Musa Sharaf (ed.). 7205:(1998). Salih Musa Sharaf (ed.). 7140:: Dar al-Asala. pp. 107–113. 7030: 6767:"Fatwa: What does 'family' mean?" 4532:"An Introduction to Ilm al-Kalam" 4486: 4449:Al-Muntaqa min Manahig al-i-Tidal 4310:Abd al-Aziz al-Duri, ed. (1971). 4103:"An Introduction to Ilm al-Kalam" 3343:"An Introduction to Ilm al-Kalam" 3319:. Translated by Qara'i, 'Ali Quli 2972:(Most highest) attribute of God. 882:al-muǧāhada ʿan ad-dīn bi-l-lisān 13370:Tūnīyya (Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbdallāh) 11592:Abū Amr (Abū Yahyā) Hāfs al-Fard 11464:Abū Marwān Gaylān ibn Mūslīm ad- 11142:Abū Ḥanīfah al-Nu'mān ibn Thābit 9797: 9796: 9785: 9316:Schools of islamic jurisprudence 8564:Timeline of the history of Islam 8395: 7408:Bulğen, Mehmet (December 2019). 7269:: Dar al-Fikr. pp. 580–591. 7152:, Ahmad Higazi as-Saqqa (ed.). 7024: 6972: 6947: 6903: 6865: 6838: 6809: 6636: 6611: 6586: 6561: 6533: 6524: 6433: 6394: 6360: 6295: 6279: 5910: 5859:. Macdonald Press. p. 197. 5845: 5547:. SpringerLink. pp. 33–57. 5541:"2: The Demise of 'Ilm al-Kalam" 5316:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3374 4954:(1991). Husain al-A'lami (ed.). 4732:. Publishers United. p. 118 4642:Black Macdonald, Duncan (2008). 4595:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0421 4151:: Frommann-Holzboog. p. 43. 3623:: Maktabat al-Falah. p. 66. 2734: 2199: 2098:At the end of the 14th century, 1970:in the Islamic world during the 1649:Later schools of Kalam like the 1534:According to a report quoted by 654: 63: 13917:United Submitters International 13201:Abu Bayhas al-Hāytham ibn Jābir 12579:Alid dynasties of northern Iran 11932:Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi 9657:List of ex-Muslim organisations 7241:(2014). Nizar al-Hamadi (ed.). 7193:. Translated by Josef van Ess. 6540:Bowering, Gerhard, ed. (2013). 6440:Bowering, Gerhard, ed. (2013). 5786: 5752: 5715: 5651: 5622: 5605: 5576: 5520: 5499: 5466: 5434: 5412:Malik, Hamza (2 October 2018). 5405: 5359: 5330: 5265: 5245: 5207: 5161:Islamic Philosophy and Theology 5149: 5117: 5091: 5050: 5031: 5012: 4988: 4968: 4944: 4920: 4900: 4868: 4844: 4777: 4520: 4510:A History of Islamic Philosophy 4460: 4446:(1993). Muhibb al-Hatib (ed.). 4436: 4412: 4388: 4365: 4348: 4324: 4303: 4281: 4257: 4245: 4225: 4207: 4155: 4131: 4119: 4057: 4045: 4017: 3998: 3965: 3947: 3923: 3899: 3895:: Dar Iḥya al-Ulum. p. 39. 3871: 3846: 3840:Librairie philosophique J. Vrin 3794: 3664: 2975:Manzoor Elahi, 21th century AD 2788:Similarly, the Islamic scholar 1182:(d. 1355), the Ottoman scholar 14211:Sunni schools of jurisprudence 13229:Abū Yazīd Mukhallad ibn Kayrād 11942:Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub 11937:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi 11595:Muḥāmmad ibn ʿĪsā (Burgūsīyya) 11216:Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari 7882:University of California Press 7386:. Cambridge University Press. 7181:: Dar al-Fatḥ. pp. 42–44. 6497:Ahmad Farid Al-Mazidi (2023). 6258:منهج الحافظ ابن حجر في العقيدة 5664:Muhassalu al-Kalam fi al-Hikme 4144:History of Philosophy in Islam 3496: 3476: 3331: 3206: 3203:'science of discourse' 3171: 1771:, who served as vizier of the 13: 1: 13643:al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi 11969:Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid 10608:Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani 10598:Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas 10189:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari 7495:Halverson, Jeffry R. (2010). 7064: 6997:concise reference text from: 6422:Al-Mustasfa, pp. 11-14, 19-24 6156:] (in Arabic). p. 70 6060:Islamic University of Madinah 5691:History Of Islamic Philosophy 5001:Musakalat al-Nas li-Zamanihim 4957:Musakalat al-Nas li-Zamanihim 4933:Musakalat al-Nas li-Zamanihim 4887:Zetterstéen & Pellat 1960 4512:(second ed.). New York: 3422:Abrahamov, Binyamin (2016) . 3288:10.1017/CCOL9780521780582.002 3238:'science of theology' 1268: 815: 13331:ʿĀbidīyya (ʿUthmān al-ʿĀbid) 13272:Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi 13253:'Abdullāh ibn Ibāḍ al-Tamimi 12271:Islamic schools and branches 11106:Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad 11011:Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam 10275:Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi 9642:Apostasy in Islam by country 9519:Liberalism and progressivism 8321:The Philosophy of the Kalam, 6643:ul Haq, Asim (August 2011). 5539:Jeffry R. Halverson (2010). 5220:Allah's Names and Attributes 3943:: Dar al-Sadir. p. 271. 3919:: Dar al-Sadir. p. 161. 3367:Treiger, Alexander (2016) . 3245: 2795: 1953:(d. 1027) having studied in 7: 13263:Abu Qudama Yazid ibn Fandin 11959:Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam 11316:Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi 11251:Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi 7226:Sharh al-Aqaʾid al-Nasafiya 7155:Al-Ilam bi-Manaqis al-Islam 7133:Al-Ilam bi-Manaqis al-Islam 7083:Risalah fi Sina'ah al-Kalam 7033:Zakariya, Abu Bakr Muhammad 6845:Sophie Gilliat-Ray (2010). 6718:The History of Saudi Arabia 5948:Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas 4320:: Dar al-Tali. p. 310. 4219:The Guide for the Perplexed 3933:(1978). Ihsan Abbas (ed.). 3912:Al-Lubab fi Tahḏib al-Ansab 3711:Al-Musayara fi Ilm al-Kalam 3579:Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi 2003 3542:Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri 1988 3227: 3192: 3159: 3128:Logic in Islamic philosophy 3123:Kalam cosmological argument 3093: 2898:Ar-Radd 'ala al-Mantiqiyyin 2886:ar-Radd 'ala al-mantiqiyyın 2165:and the main leader of the 1491:In two narrations cited by 1416:Aḫbār al-ʿAbbās wa-waladihī 1231:al-Lubāb fī Tahḏīb al-Ansāb 787:Kalām schools emerged: the 238:("Stories of the Prophets") 10: 14292: 14014:Bandagi Mian Syed Khundmir 13459:Muhammad ibn Ziyād al-Kūfī 13212:Najdah ibn 'Amir al-Hānafī 12890:Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani 12374:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 11630:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 11261:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi 11221:Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi 11046:Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi 10553:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei 10453:Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi 10367:Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi 9569: 7983:Early Science and Medicine 7866:Renard, John, ed. (2014). 7855:Patton, Walter M. (1897). 7251:: Dar al-Diya. p. 78. 6985:Yusuf Abu Ubaidah Official 6874:Journal of Islamic Studies 6716:Vassiliev, Alexei (1998). 5694:. Routledge. p. 256. 5450:Liverpool University Press 5111:Edinburgh University Press 5069:(in Arabic). Vol. 1. 4201:Cambridge University Press 3808:The Encyclopaedia of Islam 3611:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi 3280:Cambridge University Press 3018: 2920:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 2842:wrote a treatise entitled 2123:Modern attempts at revival 1702:has recorded in his work, 1362: 952:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi 36: 29: 27:Study of Islamic doctrines 14205: 14158: 14110: 14064: 13954: 13941: 13880: 13777: 13720: 13703: 13590: 13538: 13529: 13468: 13385: 13319: 13296: 13243: 13163: 13148: 13078: 12945: 12788: 12652: 12627: 12603:Extinct Zaydi Shi'a sects 12540: 12440: 12290: 12281: 12277: 12264: 12238: 12183: 12130: 12026: 12019: 11977: 11947:Tayyibi Ismā'īlī doctrine 11907: 11765: 11662:Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i 11610: 11580: 11487: 11455: 11396: 11354: 11175: 11129: 11116:Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki 11091:Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi 10941:Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani 10880: 10871: 10839: 10811: 10778: 10750: 10743: 10739: 10714: 10542: 10481: 10415: 10354: 10301:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī 10293: 10242: 10176: 10172: 10154: 10064: 9989: 9854: 9850: 9780: 9665: 9632: 9582: 9578: 9564: 9491: 9458: 9430:Geography and cartography 9405: 9352: 9348: 9332: 9158: 9080: 9027: 8976: 8972: 8948: 8818: 8700: 8660: 8543: 8495: 8419: 8415: 8404: 8140:10.1163/19585705-12341378 7939:10.1163/9789004261846_001 7814:10.1163/9789004259683_001 7710:10.1163/9789004323735_001 7410:"al-Māturīdī and Atomism" 7380:Brown, Daniel W. (1996). 7174:Sharḥ Maʿalim Usul al-Din 7031:Ilahi, Muhammad Manzoor. 6221:concise references from: 6124:Explanation of the Sunnah 5827:Bennett, Clinton (2012). 5793:Bogdana Todorova (2020). 5343:Columbia University Press 4713:10.1017/S0020743802003021 4514:Columbia University Press 4408:: Dar Sadir. p. 101. 3755:Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji 2011 2981:Abubakar Muhammad Zakaria 2781:The early Muslim scholar 2026:Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani 1319:Companions of the Prophet 14276:Arabic words and phrases 13632:Umayr ibn Bayān al-ʿIjlī 12507:Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi 12121:The Moderation in Belief 12002:Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya 11740:Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi 11311:Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri 11241:Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi 9739:Islamic view of miracles 8319:Wolfson, Harry Austryn, 8308:: Piscataway, NJ, 2017. 8211:The History of al-Ṭabarī 8191:10.1163/187783710X536671 8173:Turner, John P. (2010). 8012:10.1163/157338209X425506 7915:Rudolph, Ulrich (2015). 7790:el-Omari, Racha (2016). 7775:10.1163/1568519962599069 7642:Hurvitz, Nimrod (2002). 7289:Dar al-Kotob al-'Ilmiyya 6954:Lauziere, Henri (2016). 6618:Abualrab, Jalal (2013). 6236:Book of Hunting the Mind 5133:Iran Heritage Foundation 5103:Johannes Hendrik Kramers 5063:Risala fi nafy at-tasbih 4396:Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani 4270:Takwīn al-ʿaql al-ʿarabī 4039:Dar al-Kotob al-'Ilmiyya 3865:Dar al-Kotob al-'Ilmiyya 3164: 2983:says about Ilmul Kalam, 2862:"..useless discipline.." 2804:school and followers of 2434:Theology of the Ismailis 2400:Theology of the Twelvers 2173:As an Islamic discipline 2093:Saʿd ad-Dīn at-Taftāzānī 1997:. Among the hundreds of 1681:school and followers of 1462:Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani 327:Medieval Islamic science 37:Not to be confused with 14089:Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani 13485:Hammād ibn Abū Sūlaimān 13403:Yūnus ibn Awn an-Namīrī 13175:Abd al-Karīm ibn Adjrād 12114:Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi 12072:Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah 11927:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani 11331:Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi 11236:Akmal al-Din al-Babarti 11226:'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari 11066:Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani 11021:Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi 10956:Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini 10285:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani 10234:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani 10194:Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri 9504:Creationism (evolution) 7763:Islamic Law and Society 7753:(IIIT). pp. 13–15. 7648:. New York: Routledge. 7601:Oxford University Press 7517:10.1057/9780230106581_2 7460:Caspar, Robert (1998). 6691:Leaman, Oliver (2022). 6401:Zaid Al-Sharif (2015). 6312:] (in Indonesian). 5759:Muhammad Kamal (2016). 5629:Michael Kemper (1998). 5553:10.1057/9780230106581_3 5527:Adud al-Din al-Iji 1966 5483:Oxford University Press 5008:: Gadawil. p. 104. 4940:: Gadawil. p. 100. 4425:Dham al-Kalam wa-ahlihi 4233:Franz August Schmölders 4126:Adud al-Din al-Iji 1966 3637:Adud al-Din al-Iji 1966 3444:Oxford University Press 3389:Oxford University Press 2383:Forbidding what is evil 2378:Commanding what is just 2030:Abu al-Hassan al-Qabisi 1951:Abu Ishaq al-Isfarayini 1912:, the place of work of 1556:from the circle of the 1552:to write books against 1378:Franz August Schmölders 1321:and the Muslims of the 13761:Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu 13343:Hīdīyya (Hīd ibn Saif) 12836:Baha al-Din al-Muqtana 12331:Khwaja Abdullah Ansari 11992:Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd 11987:Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani 11922:Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani 11882:Agha Zia ol Din Araghi 11867:Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi 11547:Abu al-Husayn al-Basri 11542:Al-Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar 11301:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi 11211:Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi 11206:Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi 11191:Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi 11061:Jalal al-Din al-Dawani 11026:Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati 10951:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi 10618:Mohammed Abed al-Jabri 10568:Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr 10529:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi 10397:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi 10224:Abu Sulayman Sijistani 10046:Transcendent theosophy 9754:Persecution of Muslims 9652:List of former Muslims 8569:Succession to Muhammad 8175:"The End of the Mihna" 7861:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 7585:Kars, Aydogan (2019). 7433:10.5281/zenodo.3601654 7355:Siyar aʿlām an-nubalāʾ 7146:Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi 7128:Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri 6593:Orkaby, Asher (2021). 6353:Siyar A'lam al-Nubala' 5894:: Pustaka Al-Kautsar; 5853:Duncan Black MacDonald 5599:10.1515/asia-2018-0008 4861:, pp. 66, 69–70; 4830:History of Ushul Fiqih 4516:. pp. xvii–xviii. 4508:Fakhry, Majid (1983). 4265:Mohammed Abed al-Jabri 4169:Encyclopaedia of Islam 4167:"Ilm al-kalām" in The 4163:Duncan Black MacDonald 3834:, M.M Anawati (1981). 3789:Morteza Motahhari 1991 3260:Abdel-Haleem, M. A. S. 3013:omnipotent (al-Jabbār) 2998:Umm al-Qura University 2990: 2952:, prominent figure of 2910:, a 18th AD Atharism, 2840:Khwaja Abdullah Ansari 2828:and reject its usage. 2496:Theology of the Ibadis 2478:Theology of the Zaydis 2159:Supreme Leader of Iran 2049:Abu Mansur al-Maturidi 1673:. This was unlike the 1646:in the Islamic world. 1396:Mohammed Abed al-Jabri 1368:The question of origin 1339:Duncan Black MacDonald 1229:(d. 1233) in his book 1221:Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi 1176:Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri 915:Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi 864:Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri 337:Succession to Muhammad 32:Kalam (disambiguation) 14030:Wallace Fard Muhammad 12987:Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya 12494:Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi 12243:Early Muslim scholars 12051:Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq 11321:Rahmatullah Kairanawi 11071:Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi 10981:Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi 10402:Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi 9548:Conversion to mosques 9415:Alchemy and chemistry 8067:10.1163/9789004459571 7759:Melchert, Christopher 7244:Al-Muhtasar al-Kalami 6175:جامع بيانل علمي وفضله 6062:. pp. 74–75, 121 5645:10.1353/imp.2011.0085 5583:Gunhild Graf (2018). 5375:Oneworld Publications 5127:(22 September 1988). 4052:Ibn al-Tilimsani 2010 3706:Al-Kamal ibn al-Humam 3616:Al-Sahaʾif al-Ilahiya 3598:Ibn al-Tilimsani 2010 2994:University of Sharjah 2985: 2966:Names of God in Islam 2341:Basic Tenets of Faith 2256:Five Pillars of Islam 2127:Mulla Sadra, 17th AD 1961:took up the cause of 1941:(d. 1024) settled in 1939:Al-Qadi Abd al-Jabbar 1918:Abu Hashim al-Jubba'i 1832:Bishr ibn al-Muʿtamir 1538:(d. 956) in his work 1390:Muḥkam and Mutashabih 1217:Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi 1122:al-Tahānawī (d. 1745) 889:Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi 828:Autor mit Sterbedatum 710:, often shortened to 13681:‘Ulyanīyya/'Alyaīyya 13476:Al-Harith ibn Surayj 12666:Theology of Twelvers 12511:Rashid Ahmad Gangohi 12058:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal 11857:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 11256:Siraj al-Din al-Ushi 11246:Nur al-Din al-Sabuni 11231:Al-Sharif al-Jurjani 11051:Ibn Hajar al-Haytami 11016:Taqi al-Din al-Subki 11006:Sayf al-Din al-Amidi 11001:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi 10976:Abu al-Walid al-Baji 10633:Reza Davari Ardakani 10509:Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji 10443:Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki 10392:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi 10306:Afdal al-Din Kashani 9274:Ma malakat aymanukum 8849:Association football 8240:"Ahmad b. Abi Du'ad" 7297:Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji 7195:Franz Steiner Verlag 6085:شرح العقيدة الطحاوية 5950:(13 November 2012). 5659:İsmail Hakkı İzmirli 5473:Khaled El-Rouayheb, 5442:Joseph A. Kéchichian 5107:Book of Surat al-Ard 4913:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal 4897:, v. 34: pp. 116-19. 4726:Shaukat Ali (1993). 3446:. pp. 264–279. 3311:Mutahhari, Murtada. 3133:Logos (Christianity) 3057:Theology of Twelvers 2894:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi 2816:school.; The modern 2217:Six Articles of Iman 2117:İsmail Hakkı İzmirli 2087:, together with the 2045:Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari 2014:Abu al-Walid al-Baji 1924:reprots in his book 1887:In another writing, 1619:In the times of the 1580:In early Islam, the 1443:Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz 1203:. Thus, in his work 1162:Kalām as apologetics 1102:Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji 750:Islamic philosophers 736:is referred to as a 376:Association football 30:For other uses, see 14271:Islamic terminology 13910:Ghulam Ahmed Pervez 13657:Abū Mānsūr al-ʿIjlī 13629:ʿIjlīyya/Umayrīyya 13427:Abū Sawbān al-Murjī 13089:An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah 12396:Other Salafi trends 12225:Musta'li Isma'ilism 12141:Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya 11532:Ja'far ibn Mūbassīr 11296:Anwar Shah Kashmiri 10946:Zakariyya al-Ansari 10593:Seyyed Hossein Nasr 10514:Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani 10504:Mohsen Fayz Kashani 10463:Sayyid Haydar Amuli 9973:Medieval psychology 9945:Natural philosophy 8337:text at archive.org 8208:, ed. (1985–2007). 7900:10.1525/j.ctt6wqbpp 7350:al-Arna'ut, Shu'ayb 7291:. pp. 132–161. 7090:. pp. 241–250. 6886:10.1093/jis/1.1.120 6409:(in Arabic). لألوكة 6338:] (in Arabic). 6203:Abu Minhal (2010). 6114:al-Arna'ut, Shu'ayb 6080:al-Arna'ut, Shu'ayb 5444:(8 February 2023). 5225:Gibril Fouad Haddad 4895:Yarshater 1985–2007 4881:, pp. 325–26; 4863:Yarshater 1985–2007 4857:, pp. 321–25; 4825:Sejarah Ushul Fikih 4675:Principle of Sunnah 4528:Mutahhari, Murtadha 4342:Tel Aviv University 4203:. pp. 717–723. 4176:. pp. 717–723. 4099:Mutahhari, Murtadha 4030:al-Milal wa-n-niḥal 3994:. pp. 367–388. 3955:Siraj al-Din Urmavi 3420: • 3365: • 3339:Mutahhari, Murtadha 2932:movement, and also 2290:Schools of theology 1987:Abu Dharr al-Harawi 1840:Hisham ibn al-Hakam 1803:Hisham ibn al-Hakam 1712:Ahmad ibn Abi Du'ad 1541:The Meadows of Gold 1239:Siraj al-Din Urmavi 137:Profession of Faith 110:Day of Resurrection 14209:Other scholars of 14100:Islamic modernists 14074:Modernist Salafism 13730:Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar 13689:Abdullah ibn Saba' 13624:Muʿāmmar ibn Ahmar 13509:Ibrāhim ibn Yousūf 13497:Mūsā ibn Abū Kasīr 13488:Muhārīb ibn Dithār 13419:Abū Muāz at-Tūmanī 12741:Astarabadi (Naimi) 12471:Abdullah al-Harari 12425:Muhammad bin Dawud 12358:Syed Nazeer Husain 12093:Tabsirat al-Adilla 12007:Al-Mansur al-Qasim 11842:Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid 11689:Syed Nazeer Husain 11612:Salafi Theologians 11364:Al-Ja'd ibn Dirham 11336:Muhammad Abu Zahra 11121:Ahmad Zayni Dahlan 10971:Abdul Qadir Gilani 10603:Abdolkarim Soroush 10448:Aziz Mahmud Hudayi 10362:Hajji Bektash Wali 9898:medieval astronomy 9844:Islamic philosophy 9759:Quran and miracles 9673:Criticism of Islam 9387:Geometric patterns 9239:Gender segregation 8810:Non-denominational 8253:Lévi-Provençal, E. 8231:Zetterstéen, K. V. 7704:. pp. i–102. 7511:. pp. 12–31. 7509:Palgrave Macmillan 7187:Adud al-Din al-Iji 7164:Al-Azhar Al-Sharif 6336:Student's ornament 6310:As-Sunnah magazine 6242:on 31 January 2019 6130:on 27 October 2018 6096:on 27 October 2018 6012:on 18 January 2011 5920:Gods and Religions 5281:araf al-Qayrawānī" 5231:. pp. 17–18. 5157:W. Montgomery Watt 4891:Ibn Khallikan 1871 4877:, pp. 95–98; 4859:Ibn Khallikan 1871 4241:. Stuttgart et al. 3806:"Ilm al-kalām" in 3391:. pp. 27–43. 3282:. pp. 19–32. 3024:Sunni kalam school 2716:Atba-i-Malak Bohra 2244:The Last Judgement 2167:Iranian Revolution 2073:Adud al-Din al-Iji 1968:Shafi'ite ideology 1612:", suggesting the 1352:W. Montgomery Watt 1343:Arent Jan Wensinck 1251:Adud al-Din al-Iji 1180:Adud al-Din al-Iji 977:Adud al-Din al-Iji 14253: 14252: 14249: 14248: 14245: 14244: 14201: 14200: 14010:Muhammad Jaunpuri 13937: 13936: 13863:Sumāma ibn Ashras 13699: 13698: 13550:Dāwūd al-Jawāribî 13525: 13524: 13395:Gaylān ibn Marwān 13292: 13291: 13144: 13143: 12807:Abdallah al-Aftah 12623: 12622: 12536: 12535: 12520:Necmettin Erbakan 12362:Siddiq Hasan Khan 12326:Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la 12260: 12259: 12256: 12255: 12234: 12233: 12174:Tajrid al-I'tiqad 12168:Tashih al-I'tiqad 12079:Al-Sawad al-A'zam 12015: 12014: 11997:Al-Qasim al-Rassi 11964:Idris Imad al-Din 11917:Al-Qadi al-Nu'man 11892:Ruhollah Khomeini 11872:Zurarah ibn A'yan 11847:Sharif al-Murtaza 11835:Muhammad al-Mahdi 11820:Muhammad al-Jawad 11800:Muhammad al-Baqir 11701:Siddiq Hasan Khan 11677:Rabee al-Madkhali 11326:Murtada al-Zabidi 11101:Ibrahim al-Bajuri 10867: 10866: 10674: 10673: 10670: 10669: 10666: 10665: 10519:Rajab Ali Tabrizi 10458:Mahmud Shabistari 10438:Jalaladdin Davani 10387:Nasir al-Din Tusi 10209:Abu Hatim al-Razi 10150: 10149: 9810: 9809: 9776: 9775: 9772: 9771: 9744:Domestic violence 9734:Islamic terrorism 9729:Islamic extremism 9560: 9559: 9556: 9555: 9328: 9327: 9324: 9323: 9114:Marriage contract 8944: 8943: 8904:Political aspects 8691:Story of Prophets 8460:Prophets of Islam 8329:978-0-674-66580-4 8314:978-1-4632-0618-5 8222:978-0-7914-7249-1 8076:978-90-04-45957-1 7948:978-90-04-26184-6 7891:978-0-520-28189-9 7823:978-90-04-25968-3 7719:978-90-04-32373-5 7682:Schmidtke, Sabine 7678:Madelung, Wilferd 7618:978-0-19-094245-8 7577:978-90-04-09419-2 7526:978-0-230-10658-1 7479:978-88-85907-10-2 7373:Secondary sources 7328:Morteza Motahhari 7197:. pp. 30–60. 6965:978-0-231-17550-0 6921:978-3-11-028534-5 6858:978-0-521-83006-5 6827:978-0-19-933343-1 6802:978-0-19-969670-3 6702:978-0-367-49123-9 6677:978-1-138-84121-5 6629:978-0-9856326-9-4 6604:978-0-19-093226-8 6579:978-1-107-00629-4 6551:978-0-691-13484-0 6510:978-2-7451-8264-7 6479:978-0-521-52890-0 6451:978-0-691-13484-0 6380:978-3-11-028540-6 6305:Majalah as-Sunnah 5994:References from: 5981:978-979-3536-64-4 5866:978-1-58477-858-5 5838:978-1-4411-2788-4 5772:978-1-317-09370-1 5738:978-1-350-04403-6 5723:Federico Campagna 5701:978-1-135-19889-3 5562:978-0-230-10658-1 5367:Richard C. Martin 5352:978-0-231-54017-9 5238:978-1-930409-03-3 5174:978-1-4744-7347-7 5159:(8 August 2019). 5142:978-0-88706-701-3 4801:978-979-3036-74-8 4653:978-1-58477-858-5 4604:978-90-04-16121-4 4565:van Donzel, E. J. 4530:(12 March 2013). 4101:(12 March 2013). 3982:Cornell Fleischer 3888:Gawahir al-Qur'an 3736:Taşköprüzade 2001 3502:Clinton Bennett, 3461:978-0-19-969670-3 3428:Schmidtke, Sabine 3406:978-0-19-969670-3 3373:Schmidtke, Sabine 3341:(12 March 2013). 3317:Muslim Philosophy 3297:978-1-139-00181-6 3237: 3225: 3202: 3190: 3046:Shia kalam school 2926:Siddiq Hasan Khan 2775: 2774: 2155:Ruhollah Khomeini 2133:Federico Campagna 2018:Abu Imran al-Fasi 1828:Ibrahim al-Nazzam 1779:from 979 to 995. 1763:(r. 842–847) and 1694:, the founder of 1621:Abbasid Caliphate 1481:Bashshar ibn Burd 1414:In the anonymous 1400:Ali ibn Abi Talib 1323:second generation 1315:Morteza Motahhari 1263:Morteza Motahhari 1205:Jawahir al-Qur'an 1159: 1158: 1142:Morteza Motahhari 1088:Osmanisches Reich 767:period, when the 697: 696: 16:(Redirected from 14283: 13952: 13951: 13718: 13717: 13536: 13535: 13512:Nusayr ibn Yahyā 13494:Awn ibn Abdullāh 13481:Sa'id ibn Jubayr 13451:Ubayd al-Mūktaib 13317: 13316: 13161: 13160: 13130:ʿAjlan ibn Nawus 13099:Maḥmūd Pasīkhānī 13068:Khashabiyya Shia 13004:Bayān ibn Sam‘ān 12962:Abū ʿAmra Kaysān 12745:Imadaddin Nasimi 12650: 12649: 12547: 12546: 12418:Salafi Modernism 12321:Ahmad ibn Hanbal 12288: 12287: 12279: 12278: 12266: 12265: 12162:Awail Al Maqalat 12044:Al-Baz al-Ashhab 12024: 12023: 11954:Dhu'ayb ibn Musa 11909:Isma'ili Shi'ism 11897:Wilayat al-faqih 11877:Hisham ibn Hakam 11862:Allamah Al-Hilli 11086:Muhammad Mayyara 10878: 10877: 10748: 10747: 10741: 10740: 10716: 10715: 10708:Islamic theology 10701: 10694: 10687: 10678: 10677: 10648:Hasanzadeh Amoli 10643:Mostafa Malekian 10613:Taha Abdurrahman 10588:Ismail al-Faruqi 10546: 10468:Dawūd al-Qayṣarī 10199:Abu Bakr al-Razi 10174: 10173: 10156: 10155: 9981: 9968:Medieval science 9963: 9948: 9930: 9920: 9883: 9872: 9852: 9851: 9837: 9830: 9823: 9814: 9813: 9800: 9799: 9792:Islam portal 9790: 9789: 9788: 9580: 9579: 9572: 9566: 9565: 9407:Medieval science 9350: 9349: 9340: 9334: 9333: 8991:Economic history 8974: 8973: 8950: 8949: 8936:Islam by country 8769:Bektashi Alevism 8417: 8416: 8408:Outline of Islam 8390: 8383: 8376: 8367: 8366: 8298:Eissa, Mohamed. 8287: 8242: 8226: 8206:Yarshater, Ehsan 8201: 8199: 8197: 8169: 8151: 8132:Brill Publishers 8104: 8059:Brill Publishers 8039: 8004:Brill Publishers 7976: 7931:Brill Publishers 7911: 7862: 7851: 7806:Brill Publishers 7786: 7754: 7749:. Vol. 34. 7739: 7702:Brill Publishers 7673: 7659: 7638: 7581: 7553:Heinrichs, W. P. 7542: 7530: 7491: 7456: 7454: 7452: 7414: 7404: 7402: 7400: 7367: 7365: 7363: 7341: 7323: 7308: 7292: 7270: 7252: 7234: 7216: 7208:Sharh al-Maqasid 7198: 7182: 7167: 7150:Hans-Peter Linss 7141: 7123: 7105: 7099: 7091: 7086:. Vol. IV. 7058: 7057: 7055: 7053: 7048:. pp. 11–12 7043: 7028: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7017: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6976: 6970: 6969: 6951: 6945: 6944: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6907: 6901: 6900: 6869: 6863: 6862: 6842: 6836: 6835: 6813: 6807: 6806: 6788: 6779: 6778: 6773:. Archived from 6763: 6757: 6756: 6738: 6732: 6731: 6713: 6707: 6706: 6688: 6682: 6681: 6663: 6657: 6656: 6640: 6634: 6633: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6590: 6584: 6583: 6565: 6559: 6558: 6537: 6531: 6528: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6494: 6488: 6487: 6465: 6459: 6458: 6437: 6431: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6364: 6358: 6357: 6349: 6347: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6299: 6293: 6283: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6200: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6170:Ibn 'Abd al-Barr 6165: 6163: 6161: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6112:(1983). "1". In 6105: 6103: 6101: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6021: 6019: 6017: 5993: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5944: 5935: 5934: 5914: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5824: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5669: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5609: 5603: 5602: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5536: 5530: 5524: 5518: 5517: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5475:Sabine Schmidtke 5470: 5464: 5463: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5396: 5388: 5363: 5357: 5356: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5269: 5263: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5223:. Translated by 5211: 5205: 5204: 5199:. Archived from 5188: 5179: 5178: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5125:Wilferd Madelung 5121: 5115: 5114: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5082: 5074: 5068: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5016: 5010: 5009: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4904: 4898: 4885:, pp. 4–5; 4872: 4866: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4819: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4684: 4682: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4639: 4628: 4618: 4609: 4608: 4587:Brill Publishers 4569:Heinrichs, W. P. 4556: 4550: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4505: 4494: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4428:. Vol. IV. 4416: 4410: 4409: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4358:Tarikh al-Mausil 4352: 4346: 4345: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4261: 4255: 4252:Ibn Khaldun 2001 4249: 4243: 4242: 4229: 4223: 4222: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4187: 4178: 4177: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4113: 4095: 4089: 4086:Ibn Khaldun 2001 4083: 4074: 4073: 4064:al-Taftzani 2014 4061: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4021: 4015: 4014: 4005:al-Tahānawī 1996 4002: 3996: 3995: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3842:. pp. 6–20. 3828: 3817: 3816: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3770:al-Tahānawī 1996 3767: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3733: 3720: 3719: 3702: 3696: 3693:Ibn Khaldun 2001 3690: 3681: 3680: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3652:al-Taftzani 1998 3649: 3640: 3634: 3625: 3624: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3576: 3567: 3566: 3554: 3545: 3539: 3530: 3524: 3515: 3500: 3494: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3418: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3256: 3239: 3232: 3230: 3220: 3218: 3217:عِلْم ٱللَّاهُوت 3210: 3204: 3197: 3195: 3185: 3183: 3175: 3108:Al-Fiqh al-Akbar 2806:Ahmed Ibn Hanbal 2767: 2760: 2753: 2741:Islam portal 2739: 2738: 2737: 2203: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2177: 2176: 2089:Kitāb al-Maqāṣid 2069:Kitāb al-Mawāqif 1906:Greater Khorasan 1815:Yahya ibn Khalid 1789:, who served as 1787:Yahya ibn Khalid 1716:Hanbali scholars 1692:Ahmad ibn Hanbal 1683:Ahmed Ibn Hanbal 1661:representing as 1625:history of Islam 825: 824: 777:Yahya ibn Khalid 689: 682: 675: 661:Islam portal 659: 658: 657: 67: 44: 43: 21: 14291: 14290: 14286: 14285: 14284: 14282: 14281: 14280: 14256: 14255: 14254: 14241: 14197: 14154: 14125:Ahmed Raza Khan 14106: 14060: 14050:Fethullah Gülen 14025:Nation of Islam 13946: 13943: 13933: 13876: 13853:Ahmad ibn Hābīt 13781: 13773: 13711: 13707: 13695: 13616:Bāzīgh ibn Mūsā 13586: 13521: 13506:Hālaf ibn Ayyūb 13464: 13381: 13310: 13307: 13304: 13300: 13288: 13239: 13152: 13140: 13074: 12948: 12941: 12909:Hassan-i Sabbah 12792: 12784: 12656: 12643: 12639: 12635: 12631: 12619: 12584:Hasan al-Utrush 12532: 12498:Ahmed Raza Khan 12444: 12436: 12343:Dawud al-Zahiri 12294: 12273: 12252: 12230: 12179: 12126: 12086:Kitab al-Tawhid 12011: 11973: 11903: 11830:Hasan al-Askari 11805:Ja'far al-Sadiq 11767:Twelver Shi'ism 11761: 11733:Salafi Jihadism 11728:Osama bin Laden 11711:Safar Al-Hawali 11672:Saleh Al-Fawzan 11606: 11576: 11569:Sahib ibn Abbad 11564:Ibn Abi'l-Hadid 11529:Ja'far ibn Harb 11494:Wasil ibn 'Ata' 11491: 11483: 11451: 11412:ī (Muqātilīyya) 11392: 11350: 11306:Shah Abdul Aziz 11179: 11171: 11125: 11111:Ahmad al-Dardir 10996:Ahmad al-Rifa'i 10884: 10863: 10835: 10807: 10774: 10735: 10734: 10710: 10705: 10675: 10662: 10628:Fouad Zakariyya 10623:Mohammed Arkoun 10578:Frithjof Schuon 10544: 10538: 10524:Qazi Sa’id Qumi 10477: 10411: 10350: 10289: 10238: 10168: 10146: 10060: 10019:Illuminationism 9985: 9979: 9961: 9946: 9929:(jurisprudence) 9928: 9918: 9881: 9870: 9846: 9841: 9811: 9806: 9786: 9784: 9768: 9690:Cultural Muslim 9661: 9628: 9584:Other religions 9574: 9570: 9552: 9487: 9454: 9401: 9344: 9342:Islamic studies 9338: 9320: 9154: 9099: 9076: 9023: 8968: 8967: 8940: 8889:Moral teachings 8832: 8814: 8788:Nation of Islam 8749:Twelver Shi'ism 8696: 8662:Religious texts 8656: 8574:Early conquests 8557: 8539: 8491: 8411: 8400: 8394: 8354:Kalam and Islam 8345: 8295: 8293:Further reading 8290: 8223: 8195: 8193: 8115:Studia Islamica 8077: 7949: 7892: 7824: 7720: 7684:, eds. (2016). 7656: 7619: 7578: 7545:Bosworth, C. E. 7527: 7480: 7450: 7448: 7412: 7398: 7396: 7394: 7375: 7370: 7361: 7359: 7336:. Vol. 3. 7318:. Vol. 1. 7283:. Vol. 2. 7265:. Vol. 1. 7229:. Vol. 1. 7211:. Vol. 1. 7177:. Vol. 1. 7093: 7092: 7072: 7070:Primary sources 7067: 7062: 7061: 7051: 7049: 7041: 7029: 7025: 7015: 7013: 6990: 6988: 6987:(in Indonesian) 6977: 6973: 6966: 6952: 6948: 6933: 6929: 6922: 6908: 6904: 6870: 6866: 6859: 6843: 6839: 6828: 6814: 6810: 6803: 6789: 6782: 6765: 6764: 6760: 6753: 6739: 6735: 6728: 6714: 6710: 6703: 6689: 6685: 6678: 6664: 6660: 6641: 6637: 6630: 6616: 6612: 6605: 6591: 6587: 6580: 6566: 6562: 6552: 6538: 6534: 6529: 6525: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6495: 6491: 6480: 6466: 6462: 6452: 6438: 6434: 6412: 6410: 6399: 6395: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6365: 6361: 6345: 6343: 6331:حلية طالب العلم 6319: 6317: 6300: 6296: 6286:Halverson (2010 6284: 6280: 6268: 6266: 6245: 6243: 6231:كتاب صيد الخاطر 6214: 6212: 6201: 6197: 6185: 6183: 6159: 6157: 6133: 6131: 6099: 6097: 6065: 6063: 6038: 6036: 6015: 6013: 5982: 5968: 5960: 5958: 5945: 5938: 5931: 5915: 5911: 5901: 5899: 5878: 5874: 5867: 5850: 5846: 5839: 5825: 5818: 5808: 5806: 5791: 5787: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5757: 5753: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5720: 5716: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5683: 5679: 5667: 5656: 5652: 5639:. p. 221. 5627: 5623: 5610: 5606: 5593:. p. 757. 5581: 5577: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5537: 5533: 5529:, p. 37-60 5525: 5521: 5504: 5500: 5493: 5485:. p. 375. 5471: 5467: 5460: 5439: 5435: 5428: 5410: 5406: 5390: 5389: 5385: 5364: 5360: 5353: 5335: 5331: 5273:Pellat, Charles 5270: 5266: 5251:Aaron Spevack, 5250: 5246: 5239: 5212: 5208: 5203:on 13 Apr 2023. 5189: 5182: 5175: 5154: 5150: 5143: 5122: 5118: 5096: 5092: 5076: 5075: 5066: 5055: 5051: 5041: 5036: 5032: 5022: 5017: 5013: 4993: 4989: 4973: 4969: 4949: 4945: 4925: 4921: 4905: 4901: 4889:, p. 271; 4873: 4869: 4865:, v. 34: p. 75. 4849: 4845: 4835: 4833: 4820: 4816: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4782: 4778: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4750: 4749: 4745: 4735: 4733: 4724: 4720: 4697: 4693: 4680: 4678: 4665: 4661: 4654: 4640: 4631: 4619: 4612: 4605: 4581:. Vol. 4. 4561:Bosworth, C. E. 4557: 4553: 4540: 4538: 4525: 4521: 4506: 4497: 4485: 4481: 4465: 4461: 4441: 4437: 4420:Abdullah Ansari 4417: 4413: 4393: 4389: 4370: 4366: 4353: 4349: 4329: 4325: 4308: 4304: 4295:. Vol. 1. 4286: 4282: 4262: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4230: 4226: 4212: 4208: 4188: 4181: 4172:. Vol. 2. 4160: 4156: 4136: 4132: 4124: 4120: 4111: 4109: 4096: 4092: 4084: 4077: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4022: 4018: 4008: 4003: 3999: 3974:Gülrü Necipoğlu 3970: 3966: 3952: 3948: 3939:. Vol. 4. 3928: 3924: 3915:. Vol. 3. 3904: 3900: 3876: 3872: 3859:. Vol. 3. 3851: 3847: 3829: 3820: 3815:. p. 1142. 3811:. Vol. 3. 3799: 3795: 3787: 3783: 3773: 3768: 3761: 3753: 3749: 3739: 3734: 3723: 3703: 3699: 3691: 3684: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3655: 3650: 3643: 3635: 3628: 3608: 3604: 3596: 3592: 3582: 3577: 3570: 3560: 3555: 3548: 3540: 3533: 3525: 3518: 3501: 3497: 3481: 3477: 3462: 3419: 3407: 3364: 3360: 3347: 3345: 3336: 3332: 3322: 3320: 3309: 3305: 3298: 3268:Winter, Timothy 3257: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3242: 3211: 3207: 3182:عِلْم ٱلْكَلَام 3176: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3143:Qadr (doctrine) 3096: 3048: 3026: 3021: 2916:Salafi movement 2914:scholar, early 2798: 2771: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2701:Sulaymani Bohra 2670: 2639: 2610: 2594: 2576: 2567: 2566: 2565: 2556:Nation of Islam 2510: 2500: 2499: 2492: 2482: 2481: 2475: 2431: 2397: 2337: 2327: 2326: 2325: 2287: 2253: 2213: 2190: 2189: 2181: 2180: 2175: 2125: 2085:Tartīb al-ʿulūm 2081:Ottoman schools 2065: 1898: 1866:his opponents. 1795:Harun al-Rashid 1769:Sahib ibn Abbad 1749:Harun al-Rashid 1741: 1590:Daniel W. Brown 1578: 1576:Formative years 1509:Jahm bin Safwan 1493:Abdullah Ansari 1458:Kitab al-Aghani 1370: 1365: 1276: 1271: 1213: 1164: 823: 818: 769:Caliph al-Mahdi 693: 655: 653: 646: 645: 590:Other religions 585:Arabic language 547: 537: 536: 465:Moral teachings 356: 342: 341: 332:Spread of Islam 277: 267: 266: 254:(jurisprudence) 236:Qisas al-Anbiya 185: 184: 164: 163: 132: 122: 121: 77: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14289: 14279: 14278: 14273: 14268: 14251: 14250: 14247: 14246: 14243: 14242: 14240: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14206: 14203: 14202: 14199: 14198: 14196: 14195: 14190: 14185: 14180: 14175: 14170: 14164: 14162: 14156: 14155: 14153: 14152: 14147: 14146: 14145: 14140: 14131: 14116: 14114: 14108: 14107: 14105: 14104: 14103: 14102: 14096: 14091: 14086: 14081: 14079:Muhammad Abduh 14070: 14068: 14062: 14061: 14059: 14058: 14057: 14056: 14038: 14037: 14036: 14022: 14021: 14020: 14002: 14001: 14000: 13983: 13982: 13981: 13976: 13971: 13960: 13958: 13949: 13939: 13938: 13935: 13934: 13932: 13931: 13930: 13929: 13924: 13922:Rashad Khalifa 13914: 13913: 13912: 13907: 13905:Muhammad Iqbal 13897: 13892: 13886: 13884: 13878: 13877: 13875: 13874: 13873: 13872: 13866: 13865: 13864: 13858: 13857: 13856: 13855: 13854: 13848: 13845: 13839: 13836: 13835: 13834: 13833: 13832: 13823: 13822: 13821: 13813: 13812: 13811: 13810: 13809: 13804: 13796: 13789: 13787: 13775: 13774: 13772: 13771: 13758: 13756:Bektashi Order 13749: 13740: 13726: 13724: 13715: 13701: 13700: 13697: 13696: 13694: 13693: 13692: 13691: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13670: 13669: 13668: 13660: 13659: 13658: 13652: 13647: 13646: 13645: 13635: 13634: 13633: 13627: 13626: 13625: 13619: 13618: 13617: 13609: 13608: 13607: 13605:Abu al-Khattab 13596: 13594: 13588: 13587: 13585: 13584: 13583: 13582: 13577: 13572: 13563:Abū Hulmān al- 13556: 13553: 13552: 13551: 13544: 13542: 13533: 13527: 13526: 13523: 13522: 13520: 13519: 13518:Amr ibn Murrah 13516: 13515:Ahmad ibn Hārb 13513: 13510: 13507: 13504: 13503:Salm ibn Sālem 13501: 13498: 13495: 13492: 13489: 13486: 13483: 13478: 13472: 13470: 13466: 13465: 13463: 13462: 13461: 13460: 13454: 13453: 13452: 13446: 13445: 13444: 13438: 13437: 13436: 13435:Sāleh ibn Umar 13430: 13429: 13428: 13422: 13421: 13420: 13414: 13413: 13412: 13411:Gassān al-Kūfī 13406: 13405: 13404: 13398: 13397: 13396: 13389: 13387: 13383: 13382: 13380: 13379: 13378: 13377: 13374: 13371: 13368: 13365: 13362: 13359: 13356: 13353: 13350: 13347: 13344: 13341: 13338: 13335: 13332: 13325: 13323: 13314: 13294: 13293: 13290: 13289: 13287: 13286: 13281: 13280: 13279: 13269: 13260: 13258:Jābir ibn Zayd 13255: 13249: 13247: 13241: 13240: 13238: 13237: 13236: 13235: 13226: 13216: 13215: 13214: 13204: 13203: 13202: 13196: 13195: 13194: 13184: 13183: 13182: 13179: 13176: 13169: 13167: 13158: 13146: 13145: 13142: 13141: 13139: 13138: 13133: 13132: 13131: 13126:Tawussite Shia 13123: 13122: 13121: 13107: 13106: 13105: 13091: 13085: 13083: 13076: 13075: 13073: 13072: 13071: 13070: 13065: 13064: 13063: 13058: 13057: 13056: 13051: 13050: 13049: 13044: 13029: 13028: 13027: 13009: 13008: 13007: 13006: 13005: 12999: 12998: 12997: 12994: 12993: 12992: 12989: 12981: 12966: 12965: 12964: 12953: 12951: 12943: 12942: 12940: 12939: 12938: 12937: 12928: 12915: 12901: 12900: 12899: 12887: 12886: 12885: 12880: 12879: 12878: 12873: 12868: 12848: 12847: 12846: 12829: 12811: 12810: 12809: 12798: 12796: 12786: 12785: 12783: 12782: 12781: 12780: 12771: 12757: 12756: 12755: 12738: 12720: 12719: 12718: 12692: 12691: 12690: 12685: 12684: 12683: 12678: 12662: 12660: 12647: 12625: 12624: 12621: 12620: 12618: 12617: 12616: 12615: 12610: 12600: 12599: 12598: 12596:Imams of Yemen 12593: 12591:Yahya ibn Umar 12588: 12587: 12586: 12576: 12571: 12566: 12555: 12553: 12544: 12538: 12537: 12534: 12533: 12531: 12530: 12529: 12528: 12527: 12526: 12517: 12504: 12481: 12480: 12479: 12478: 12477: 12463: 12452: 12450: 12438: 12437: 12435: 12434: 12433: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12421: 12420: 12415: 12414: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12393: 12392: 12391: 12386: 12381: 12376: 12366: 12365: 12364: 12345: 12335: 12334: 12333: 12328: 12323: 12313: 12312: 12311: 12302: 12300: 12285: 12275: 12274: 12262: 12261: 12258: 12257: 12254: 12253: 12251: 12250: 12245: 12239: 12236: 12235: 12232: 12231: 12229: 12228: 12217: 12206: 12199:Kitab al-Majmu 12195: 12187: 12185: 12181: 12180: 12178: 12177: 12170: 12165: 12158: 12151: 12144: 12136: 12134: 12128: 12127: 12125: 12124: 12117: 12110: 12103: 12096: 12089: 12082: 12075: 12068: 12061: 12054: 12047: 12040: 12037:Asas al-Taqdis 12032: 12030: 12021: 12017: 12016: 12013: 12012: 12010: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11983: 11981: 11975: 11974: 11972: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11950: 11949: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11913: 11911: 11905: 11904: 11902: 11901: 11900: 11899: 11889: 11887:Ja'far Sobhani 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11838: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11790:Husayn ibn Ali 11787: 11782: 11771: 11769: 11763: 11762: 11760: 11759: 11758: 11757: 11749: 11748: 11747: 11737: 11736: 11735: 11725: 11723:Salman al-Ouda 11720: 11719: 11718: 11716:Sahwa movement 11708: 11706:Zubair Ali Zai 11703: 11698: 11697: 11696: 11686: 11685: 11684: 11674: 11669: 11664: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11644: 11639: 11638: 11637: 11627: 11622: 11616: 11614: 11608: 11607: 11605: 11604: 11603: 11602: 11599: 11596: 11593: 11586: 11584: 11578: 11577: 11575: 11574: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11554:Al-Zamakhshari 11551: 11550: 11549: 11539: 11533: 11530: 11527: 11524: 11518: 11515: 11512: 11509: 11506: 11499: 11497: 11485: 11484: 11482: 11481: 11461: 11459: 11453: 11452: 11450: 11449: 11439: 11438: 11437: 11429: 11413: 11402: 11400: 11394: 11393: 11391: 11390: 11389: 11388: 11387: 11386: 11373: 11372: 11371: 11360: 11358: 11352: 11351: 11349: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11291:Ahmad Sirhindi 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11187: 11185: 11173: 11172: 11170: 11169: 11159: 11152:Malik ibn Anas 11149: 11138: 11136: 11127: 11126: 11124: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10916:Al-Shahrastani 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10892: 10890: 10875: 10869: 10868: 10865: 10864: 10862: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10845: 10843: 10837: 10836: 10834: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10817: 10815: 10809: 10808: 10806: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10784: 10782: 10776: 10775: 10773: 10772: 10767: 10762: 10756: 10754: 10745: 10737: 10736: 10733: 10732: 10729: 10724: 10720: 10712: 10711: 10704: 10703: 10696: 10689: 10681: 10672: 10671: 10668: 10667: 10664: 10663: 10661: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10630: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10558:Muhammad Iqbal 10555: 10549: 10547: 10540: 10539: 10537: 10536: 10534:Hādī Sabzavārī 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10494:Mir Fendereski 10491: 10485: 10483: 10479: 10478: 10476: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10450: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10419: 10417: 10413: 10412: 10410: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10358: 10356: 10352: 10351: 10349: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10297: 10295: 10291: 10290: 10288: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10246: 10244: 10240: 10239: 10237: 10236: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10219:Ikhwan al-Safa 10216: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10180: 10178: 10170: 10169: 10152: 10151: 10148: 10147: 10145: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10068: 10066: 10062: 10061: 10059: 10058: 10053: 10051:Traditionalist 10048: 10043: 10042: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9995: 9993: 9987: 9986: 9984: 9983: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9955: 9950: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9922: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9901: 9900: 9895: 9885: 9874: 9864: 9858: 9856: 9848: 9847: 9840: 9839: 9832: 9825: 9817: 9808: 9807: 9805: 9804: 9794: 9781: 9778: 9777: 9774: 9773: 9770: 9769: 9767: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9725: 9724: 9714: 9713: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9692: 9687: 9686: 9685: 9680: 9669: 9667: 9666:Related topics 9663: 9662: 9660: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9638: 9636: 9630: 9629: 9627: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9605: 9604: 9599: 9588: 9586: 9576: 9575: 9562: 9561: 9558: 9557: 9554: 9553: 9551: 9550: 9545: 9538: 9533: 9532: 9531: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9495: 9493: 9489: 9488: 9486: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9464: 9462: 9456: 9455: 9453: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9411: 9409: 9403: 9402: 9400: 9399: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9358: 9356: 9346: 9345: 9330: 9329: 9326: 9325: 9322: 9321: 9319: 9318: 9313: 9312: 9311: 9299: 9297:Sources of law 9294: 9289: 9288: 9287: 9277: 9270: 9265: 9258: 9253: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9204: 9197: 9196: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9175: 9170: 9162: 9160: 9156: 9155: 9153: 9152: 9145: 9138: 9131: 9124: 9117: 9110: 9102: 9100: 9098: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9081: 9078: 9077: 9075: 9074: 9067: 9062: 9055: 9048: 9041: 9033: 9031: 9025: 9024: 9022: 9021: 9014: 9007: 9000: 8993: 8988: 8982: 8980: 8970: 8969: 8966: 8965: 8960: 8954: 8946: 8945: 8942: 8941: 8939: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8921:Social welfare 8918: 8913: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8835: 8833: 8831: 8830: 8825: 8819: 8816: 8815: 8813: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8801: 8800: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8779: 8778: 8773: 8772: 8771: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8730: 8729: 8706: 8704: 8698: 8697: 8695: 8694: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8666: 8664: 8658: 8657: 8655: 8654: 8653: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8605: 8600: 8593: 8586: 8584:Historiography 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8560: 8558: 8556: 8555: 8550: 8544: 8541: 8540: 8538: 8537: 8530: 8523: 8516: 8509: 8501: 8499: 8493: 8492: 8490: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8456: 8455: 8445: 8438: 8437: 8436: 8425: 8423: 8413: 8412: 8405: 8402: 8401: 8393: 8392: 8385: 8378: 8370: 8364: 8363: 8357: 8356:, Living Islam 8351: 8344: 8343:External links 8341: 8340: 8339: 8317: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8288: 8249:Kramers, J. H. 8245:Gibb, H. A. R. 8227: 8221: 8202: 8170: 8105: 8075: 8040: 7977: 7947: 7912: 7890: 7863: 7852: 7822: 7787: 7769:(3): 316–342. 7755: 7740: 7718: 7674: 7660: 7654: 7639: 7617: 7582: 7576: 7549:van Donzel, E. 7531: 7525: 7492: 7478: 7457: 7405: 7392: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7368: 7342: 7333:Magmuʿa-i Atar 7324: 7309: 7293: 7271: 7253: 7235: 7217: 7199: 7183: 7168: 7142: 7124: 7106: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7060: 7059: 7023: 6971: 6964: 6946: 6927: 6920: 6902: 6864: 6857: 6837: 6826: 6808: 6801: 6780: 6777:on 2006-05-01. 6758: 6751: 6733: 6726: 6708: 6701: 6683: 6676: 6658: 6649:'Wahhabis'.com 6635: 6628: 6610: 6603: 6585: 6578: 6560: 6550: 6532: 6523: 6509: 6489: 6478: 6460: 6450: 6432: 6430: 6429: 6426: 6423: 6393: 6379: 6359: 6294: 6278: 6276: 6275: 6252: 6195: 6193: 6192: 6166: 6140: 6106: 6076:Ibn Abi al-Izz 6072: 6045: 6022: 5980: 5967:Chapter 6 of= 5936: 5929: 5909: 5872: 5865: 5844: 5837: 5816: 5785: 5771: 5751: 5737: 5714: 5700: 5677: 5650: 5621: 5618:. p. 181. 5604: 5575: 5561: 5531: 5519: 5509:Tartib al-ulum 5498: 5491: 5465: 5458: 5452:. p. 26. 5433: 5426: 5420:. p. 51. 5404: 5383: 5358: 5351: 5329: 5264: 5244: 5237: 5206: 5180: 5173: 5167:. p. 76. 5148: 5141: 5135:. p. 28. 5116: 5113:. p. 255. 5090: 5073:. p. 285. 5049: 5030: 5011: 4987: 4967: 4943: 4919: 4908:Al-Shahrastani 4899: 4893:, p. 70; 4867: 4853:, p. 95; 4843: 4814: 4800: 4776: 4762: 4743: 4718: 4691: 4659: 4652: 4629: 4610: 4603: 4551: 4519: 4495: 4479: 4459: 4435: 4411: 4401:Kitab al-Agani 4387: 4364: 4347: 4344:. p. 225. 4323: 4302: 4280: 4256: 4244: 4224: 4206: 4191:A. J. Wensinck 4179: 4154: 4139:Tjitze de Boer 4130: 4118: 4090: 4075: 4056: 4044: 4025:Al-Shahrastani 4016: 3997: 3964: 3946: 3922: 3898: 3870: 3845: 3818: 3793: 3781: 3759: 3747: 3721: 3697: 3682: 3671:Ibn'Arafa 2004 3663: 3641: 3626: 3602: 3590: 3568: 3546: 3531: 3527:Al-Farabi 1949 3516: 3495: 3475: 3460: 3405: 3358: 3330: 3303: 3296: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3205: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3091: 3090: 3089: 3088: 3087: 3086: 3081: 3071: 3061: 3047: 3044: 3043: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 2902:Mi'yar Al-'Ilm 2844:Dhamm al-Kalam 2797: 2794: 2773: 2772: 2770: 2769: 2762: 2755: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2728: 2727: 2725: 2724: 2718: 2713: 2711:Hebtiahs Bohra 2708: 2703: 2698: 2689: 2683: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2637: 2622:Ja'fari school 2618: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2608: 2606:Shafi'i school 2603: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2592: 2587: 2585:Hanbali school 2581: 2578: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2508:Other variants 2506: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2493: 2488: 2487: 2484: 2483: 2474: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2437: 2430: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2403: 2396: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2333: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2316: 2306: 2305: 2304: 2293: 2286: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2259: 2252: 2251: 2249:Predestination 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2209: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2196: 2195: 2174: 2171: 2124: 2121: 2064: 2061: 1991:Holy Sanctuary 1897: 1894: 1759:(r. 833–842), 1755:(r. 813–833), 1751:(r. 786–809), 1745:Al-Shahrastani 1740: 1737: 1710:of caliphate, 1696:Hanbali school 1631:of sinners to 1629:predestination 1577: 1574: 1570:Middle Persian 1408: 1407: 1393: 1385: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1335:Tjitze de Boer 1327: 1326: 1312: 1306: 1300: 1291: 1284:Al-Shahrastani 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1237:(d. 1282) and 1212: 1209: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1138: 1137: 1131: 1128: 1123: 1119: 1118: 1113: 1110: 1105: 1098: 1097: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1070: 1065: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1049: 1044: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1028: 1023: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1007: 1002: 995: 994: 989: 986: 980: 973: 972: 967: 960: 955: 948: 947: 942: 939: 936: 932: 931: 926: 923: 918: 911: 910: 905: 902: 892: 885: 884: 879: 876: 867: 860: 859: 854: 851: 846: 839: 838: 835: 832: 829: 822: 819: 817: 814: 761:Umayyad period 695: 694: 692: 691: 684: 677: 669: 666: 665: 664: 663: 648: 647: 644: 643: 637: 636: 635: 634: 629: 619: 614: 613: 612: 607: 597: 592: 587: 581: 580: 579: 578: 573: 568: 560: 559: 554: 548: 545:Related topics 543: 542: 539: 538: 535: 534: 529: 527:Social welfare 524: 519: 518: 517: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 421: 420: 415: 405: 404: 403: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 357: 348: 347: 344: 343: 340: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 313: 312: 305: 298: 290: 289: 284: 278: 273: 272: 269: 268: 265: 264: 256: 247: 246: 240: 232: 224: 215: 214: 194: 186: 183: 182: 177: 171: 170: 169: 166: 165: 162: 161: 156: 151: 145: 144: 139: 133: 128: 127: 124: 123: 120: 119: 117:Predestination 113: 112: 107: 101: 100: 98:Revealed Books 95: 89: 88: 78: 73: 72: 69: 68: 60: 59: 53: 52: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14288: 14277: 14274: 14272: 14269: 14267: 14264: 14263: 14261: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14212: 14208: 14207: 14204: 14194: 14191: 14189: 14186: 14184: 14181: 14179: 14176: 14174: 14171: 14169: 14166: 14165: 14163: 14161: 14160:Other beliefs 14157: 14151: 14148: 14144: 14141: 14139: 14135: 14134:Hilmi Tunahan 14132: 14130: 14126: 14123: 14122: 14121: 14118: 14117: 14115: 14113: 14109: 14101: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14084:Muhammad Asad 14082: 14080: 14077: 14076: 14075: 14072: 14071: 14069: 14067: 14063: 14055: 14051: 14047: 14044: 14043: 14042: 14039: 14035: 14031: 14028: 14027: 14026: 14023: 14019: 14015: 14011: 14008: 14007: 14006: 14003: 13999: 13995: 13994:Sabbatai Zevi 13992: 13991: 13990: 13987: 13984: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13966: 13965: 13962: 13961: 13959: 13957: 13953: 13950: 13948: 13940: 13928: 13925: 13923: 13920: 13919: 13918: 13915: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13902: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13887: 13885: 13883: 13879: 13870: 13869: 13867: 13862: 13861: 13859: 13852: 13851: 13849: 13846: 13844:Ali al-Aswarī 13843: 13842: 13840: 13837: 13830: 13829: 13827: 13826: 13824: 13819: 13818: 13817: 13814: 13808: 13805: 13802: 13801: 13800: 13797: 13794: 13793: 13791: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13780: 13776: 13770: 13766: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13735: 13731: 13728: 13727: 13725: 13723: 13719: 13716: 13713: 13706: 13702: 13690: 13687: 13686: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13671: 13666: 13665: 13664: 13661: 13656: 13655: 13653: 13651: 13648: 13644: 13641: 13640: 13639: 13636: 13631: 13630: 13628: 13623: 13622: 13621:Muʿāmmarīyya 13620: 13615: 13614: 13613: 13610: 13606: 13603: 13602: 13601: 13598: 13597: 13595: 13593: 13589: 13581: 13578: 13576: 13573: 13570: 13566: 13562: 13561: 13560: 13557: 13554: 13549: 13548: 13546: 13545: 13543: 13541: 13537: 13534: 13532: 13528: 13517: 13514: 13511: 13508: 13505: 13502: 13499: 13496: 13493: 13490: 13487: 13484: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13473: 13471: 13467: 13458: 13457: 13455: 13450: 13449: 13447: 13442: 13441: 13439: 13434: 13433: 13431: 13426: 13425: 13423: 13418: 13417: 13415: 13410: 13409: 13407: 13402: 13401: 13399: 13394: 13393: 13391: 13390: 13388: 13384: 13375: 13372: 13369: 13366: 13363: 13360: 13357: 13354: 13351: 13348: 13345: 13342: 13339: 13336: 13333: 13330: 13329: 13327: 13326: 13324: 13322: 13318: 13315: 13312: 13306: 13299: 13295: 13285: 13282: 13278: 13275: 13274: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13250: 13248: 13246: 13242: 13234: 13230: 13227: 13225: 13222: 13221: 13220: 13217: 13213: 13210: 13209: 13208: 13205: 13200: 13199: 13197: 13193: 13190: 13189: 13188: 13185: 13180: 13177: 13174: 13173: 13171: 13170: 13168: 13166: 13162: 13159: 13156: 13151: 13147: 13137: 13136:Waqifite Shia 13134: 13129: 13128: 13127: 13124: 13120: 13116: 13113: 13112: 13111: 13108: 13104: 13100: 13097: 13096: 13095: 13092: 13090: 13087: 13086: 13084: 13082: 13077: 13069: 13066: 13062: 13061:Ishaq al-Turk 13059: 13055: 13052: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13039: 13038: 13035: 13034: 13033: 13030: 13026: 13023: 13022: 13021: 13018: 13017: 13015: 13014: 13013: 13010: 13003: 13002: 13000: 12995: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12978: 12976: 12975: 12974: 12970: 12967: 12963: 12960: 12959: 12958: 12955: 12954: 12952: 12950: 12944: 12936: 12932: 12929: 12927: 12923: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12910: 12907: 12906: 12905: 12902: 12898: 12895: 12891: 12888: 12884: 12881: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12867: 12864: 12863: 12862: 12859: 12858: 12857: 12854: 12853: 12852: 12849: 12845: 12841: 12837: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12824: 12820: 12819:Hamdan Qarmat 12817: 12816: 12815: 12812: 12808: 12805: 12804: 12803: 12800: 12799: 12797: 12795: 12791: 12787: 12779: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12766: 12763: 12762: 12761: 12758: 12754: 12750: 12746: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12733: 12729: 12726: 12725: 12724: 12721: 12717: 12716:Safavid Islam 12713: 12709: 12705: 12701: 12700:Sheikh Haydar 12698: 12697: 12696: 12693: 12689: 12686: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12673: 12672: 12669: 12668: 12667: 12664: 12663: 12661: 12659: 12655: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12642: 12638: 12634: 12630: 12626: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12605: 12604: 12601: 12597: 12594: 12592: 12589: 12585: 12582: 12581: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12561: 12560: 12557: 12556: 12554: 12552: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12539: 12525: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12512: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12499: 12495: 12492: 12491: 12490: 12487: 12486: 12485: 12482: 12476: 12472: 12469: 12468: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12458: 12457: 12454: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12443: 12439: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12419: 12416: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12398: 12397: 12394: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12372: 12371: 12370: 12367: 12363: 12359: 12356: 12355: 12354: 12351: 12350: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12340: 12339: 12336: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12318: 12317: 12314: 12310: 12307: 12306: 12304: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12293: 12292:Ahl al-Hadith 12289: 12286: 12284: 12280: 12276: 12272: 12267: 12263: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12240: 12237: 12227: 12226: 12222: 12218: 12216: 12215: 12211: 12207: 12205: 12204: 12200: 12196: 12194: 12193: 12189: 12188: 12186: 12182: 12176: 12175: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12163: 12159: 12157: 12156: 12152: 12150: 12149: 12145: 12143: 12142: 12138: 12137: 12135: 12133: 12129: 12123: 12122: 12118: 12116: 12115: 12111: 12109: 12108: 12104: 12102: 12101: 12097: 12095: 12094: 12090: 12088: 12087: 12083: 12081: 12080: 12076: 12074: 12073: 12069: 12067: 12066: 12062: 12060: 12059: 12055: 12053: 12052: 12048: 12046: 12045: 12041: 12039: 12038: 12034: 12033: 12031: 12029: 12025: 12022: 12018: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11984: 11982: 11980: 11979:Zaydi Shi'ism 11976: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11948: 11945: 11944: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11914: 11912: 11910: 11906: 11898: 11895: 11894: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11810:Musa al-Kazim 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11795:Ali al-Sajjad 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11785:Hasan ibn Ali 11783: 11781: 11778: 11777: 11776: 11773: 11772: 11770: 11768: 11764: 11756:Post-Salafism 11755: 11754: 11753: 11750: 11746: 11743: 11742: 11741: 11738: 11734: 11731: 11730: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11717: 11714: 11713: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11695: 11692: 11691: 11690: 11687: 11683: 11680: 11679: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11636: 11633: 11632: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11620:Ibn Taymiyyah 11618: 11617: 11615: 11613: 11609: 11601:Mustadrakīyya 11600: 11597: 11594: 11591: 11590: 11588: 11587: 11585: 11583: 11579: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11559:Amr ibn Ubayd 11557: 11555: 11552: 11548: 11545: 11544: 11543: 11540: 11537: 11534: 11531: 11528: 11525: 11522: 11519: 11516: 11513: 11510: 11507: 11504: 11501: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11490: 11486: 11479: 11475: 11471: 11467: 11463: 11462: 11460: 11458: 11454: 11447: 11443: 11440: 11436: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11424: 11422: 11418: 11414: 11411: 11407: 11404: 11403: 11401: 11399: 11395: 11384: 11383: 11382: 11379: 11378: 11377: 11374: 11370: 11367: 11366: 11365: 11362: 11361: 11359: 11357: 11353: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11178: 11174: 11167: 11163: 11160: 11157: 11153: 11150: 11147: 11143: 11140: 11139: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11128: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10883: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10870: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10846: 10844: 10842: 10838: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10818: 10816: 10814: 10810: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10785: 10783: 10781: 10777: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10757: 10755: 10753: 10749: 10746: 10742: 10738: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10722: 10721: 10717: 10713: 10709: 10702: 10697: 10695: 10690: 10688: 10683: 10682: 10679: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10550: 10548: 10541: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10486: 10484: 10480: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10420: 10418: 10414: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10359: 10357: 10353: 10347: 10346:Shams Tabrizi 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10298: 10296: 10292: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10280:Nasir Khusraw 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10255:Ibn Miskawayh 10253: 10251: 10248: 10247: 10245: 10241: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10181: 10179: 10175: 10171: 10166: 10162: 10157: 10153: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10069: 10067: 10063: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10026: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9996: 9994: 9992: 9988: 9982: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9960: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9921: 9917: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9890: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9880: 9875: 9873: 9869: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9859: 9857: 9853: 9849: 9845: 9838: 9833: 9831: 9826: 9824: 9819: 9818: 9815: 9803: 9795: 9793: 9783: 9782: 9779: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9723: 9720: 9719: 9718: 9715: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9705:Post-Islamism 9703: 9701: 9698: 9697: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9675: 9674: 9671: 9670: 9668: 9664: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9639: 9637: 9635: 9631: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9603: 9602:Protestantism 9600: 9598: 9595: 9594: 9593: 9590: 9589: 9587: 9585: 9581: 9577: 9567: 9563: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9543: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9530: 9527: 9526: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9496: 9494: 9490: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9465: 9463: 9461: 9457: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9445:Ophthalmology 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9412: 9410: 9408: 9404: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9359: 9357: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9343: 9335: 9331: 9317: 9314: 9310: 9309: 9305: 9304: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9286: 9283: 9282: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9275: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9263: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9251: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9209: 9205: 9203: 9202: 9198: 9194: 9193:Death penalty 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9180: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9168: 9164: 9163: 9161: 9159:Other aspects 9157: 9151: 9150: 9146: 9144: 9143: 9139: 9137: 9136: 9132: 9130: 9129: 9125: 9123: 9122: 9118: 9116: 9115: 9111: 9109: 9108: 9104: 9103: 9101: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9082: 9079: 9073: 9072: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9060: 9056: 9054: 9053: 9049: 9047: 9046: 9042: 9040: 9039: 9035: 9034: 9032: 9030: 9026: 9020: 9019: 9015: 9013: 9012: 9008: 9006: 9005: 9001: 8999: 8998: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8983: 8981: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8964: 8963:Jurisprudence 8961: 8959: 8956: 8955: 8951: 8947: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8911: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8836: 8834: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8820: 8817: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8799: 8796: 8795: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8777: 8774: 8770: 8767: 8766: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8746: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8728: 8724: 8720: 8716: 8713: 8712: 8711: 8708: 8707: 8705: 8703: 8702:Denominations 8699: 8693: 8692: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8667: 8665: 8663: 8659: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8615: 8611: 8610: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8598: 8594: 8592: 8591: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8561: 8559: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8545: 8542: 8536: 8535: 8531: 8529: 8528: 8524: 8522: 8521: 8517: 8515: 8514: 8510: 8508: 8507: 8503: 8502: 8500: 8498: 8494: 8488: 8487:Holiest sites 8485: 8483: 8482:Judgement Day 8480: 8478: 8477: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8454: 8451: 8450: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8443: 8439: 8435: 8432: 8431: 8430: 8427: 8426: 8424: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8409: 8403: 8398: 8391: 8386: 8384: 8379: 8377: 8372: 8371: 8368: 8361: 8358: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8346: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8315: 8311: 8307: 8306:Gorgias Press 8303: 8302: 8297: 8296: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8273: 8271: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8218: 8214: 8212: 8207: 8203: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8171: 8167: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8048: 8047: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7984: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7919: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7870: 7864: 7860: 7859: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7794: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7747: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7670: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7655:0-7007-1507-X 7651: 7647: 7646: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7589: 7583: 7579: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7563: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7458: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7411: 7406: 7395: 7393:0-521-57077-8 7389: 7385: 7384: 7378: 7377: 7357: 7356: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7334: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7316: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7281: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7263: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7245: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7227: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7209: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7175: 7169: 7166:. p. 66. 7165: 7161: 7157: 7156: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7134: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7116: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7097: 7089: 7085: 7084: 7079: 7075: 7074: 7047: 7040: 7039: 7034: 7027: 7011: 7007: 7006: 7005:Irwaul Ghalil 7002:(2003). "1". 7001: 6986: 6982: 6975: 6967: 6961: 6957: 6950: 6943: 6938: 6931: 6923: 6917: 6913: 6906: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6868: 6860: 6854: 6850: 6849: 6841: 6834: 6829: 6823: 6819: 6812: 6804: 6798: 6794: 6787: 6785: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6762: 6754: 6752:0-203-01350-6 6748: 6744: 6737: 6729: 6727:0-86356-399-6 6723: 6719: 6712: 6704: 6698: 6694: 6687: 6679: 6673: 6669: 6662: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6639: 6631: 6625: 6621: 6614: 6606: 6600: 6596: 6589: 6581: 6575: 6571: 6564: 6557: 6553: 6547: 6543: 6536: 6527: 6512: 6506: 6502: 6501: 6493: 6486: 6481: 6475: 6471: 6464: 6457: 6453: 6447: 6443: 6436: 6427: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6408: 6404: 6397: 6382: 6376: 6372: 6371: 6363: 6356: 6354: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6332: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6306: 6298: 6291: 6287: 6282: 6264: 6260: 6259: 6253: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6232: 6227: 6223: 6222: 6210: 6206: 6199: 6181: 6177: 6176: 6171: 6167: 6155: 6151: 6150: 6145: 6141: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6120: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6086: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6052: 6046: 6034: 6030: 6029: 6023: 6011: 6007: 6003: 6002: 5996: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5977: 5973: 5972: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5943: 5941: 5932: 5930:9798891004665 5926: 5922: 5921: 5913: 5898:. p. 664 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5884: 5876: 5868: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5848: 5840: 5834: 5830: 5823: 5821: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5789: 5774: 5768: 5764: 5763: 5755: 5740: 5734: 5730: 5729: 5724: 5718: 5703: 5697: 5693: 5692: 5687: 5681: 5673: 5666: 5665: 5660: 5654: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5633: 5625: 5617: 5616: 5608: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5591:Asian studies 5589:(in German). 5588: 5587: 5579: 5564: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5535: 5528: 5523: 5515: 5511: 5510: 5502: 5494: 5492:9780199917389 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5469: 5461: 5459:9781837643998 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5437: 5429: 5427:9789004383692 5423: 5419: 5415: 5408: 5400: 5394: 5386: 5384:9781786070241 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5362: 5354: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5333: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5303: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5289:Ménage, V. L. 5286: 5282: 5280: 5274: 5268: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5248: 5240: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5221: 5216: 5210: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5187: 5185: 5176: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5152: 5144: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5120: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5094: 5086: 5080: 5072: 5065: 5064: 5059: 5053: 5045: 5040:, p. 246 5039: 5038:al-Jahiz 1979 5034: 5026: 5021:, p. 244 5020: 5019:al-Jahiz 1979 5015: 5007: 5004:(in Arabic). 5003: 5002: 4997: 4991: 4983: 4982: 4978:(1861–1877). 4977: 4971: 4963: 4960:(in Arabic). 4959: 4958: 4953: 4947: 4939: 4936:(in Arabic). 4935: 4934: 4929: 4923: 4915: 4914: 4910:(1850–1851). 4909: 4903: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4879:Melchert 1996 4876: 4871: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4855:Melchert 1996 4852: 4847: 4831: 4827: 4826: 4818: 4803: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4788: 4780: 4765: 4763:979-561-430-4 4759: 4755: 4754: 4747: 4731: 4730: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4695: 4688: 4676: 4672: 4671: 4663: 4655: 4649: 4645: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4627: 4626:0-230-10658-7 4623: 4617: 4615: 4606: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4579: 4574: 4571:; Lewis, B.; 4570: 4566: 4562: 4555: 4548: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4492: 4490: 4483: 4475: 4474: 4470:(1861–1877). 4469: 4463: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4445: 4444:Ibn Taymiyyah 4439: 4431: 4427: 4426: 4421: 4415: 4407: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4391: 4384:. p. 89. 4383: 4379: 4374: 4373:Josef van Ess 4368: 4360: 4359: 4351: 4343: 4339: 4338: 4333: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4314: 4306: 4299:. p. 50. 4298: 4294: 4290: 4289:Josef van Ess 4284: 4276: 4272: 4271: 4266: 4260: 4254:, p. 586 4253: 4248: 4240: 4239: 4234: 4228: 4220: 4216: 4210: 4202: 4198: 4197: 4192: 4186: 4184: 4175: 4171: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4145: 4140: 4134: 4127: 4122: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4094: 4088:, p. 589 4087: 4082: 4080: 4071: 4065: 4060: 4053: 4048: 4041:. p. 23. 4040: 4036: 4032: 4031: 4026: 4020: 4012: 4006: 4001: 3993: 3989: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3978:Cemal Kafadar 3975: 3968: 3961:. p. 75. 3960: 3956: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3937: 3932: 3931:Ibn Khallikan 3926: 3918: 3914: 3913: 3908: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3889: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3867:. p. 95. 3866: 3862: 3858: 3857: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3814: 3810: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3790: 3785: 3777: 3771: 3766: 3764: 3756: 3751: 3743: 3738:, p. 148 3737: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3717: 3713: 3712: 3707: 3701: 3695:, p. 588 3694: 3689: 3687: 3678: 3672: 3667: 3659: 3654:, p. 163 3653: 3648: 3646: 3638: 3633: 3631: 3622: 3618: 3617: 3612: 3606: 3599: 3594: 3586: 3580: 3575: 3573: 3564: 3558: 3553: 3551: 3543: 3538: 3536: 3529:, p. 107 3528: 3523: 3521: 3513: 3512:1-4411-2788-7 3509: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3492:1-4381-0907-5 3489: 3485: 3479: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3362: 3355: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3318: 3314: 3307: 3299: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3255: 3251: 3235: 3229: 3228:ʿilm al-lāhūt 3223: 3214: 3209: 3200: 3194: 3193:ʿilm al-kalām 3188: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3148:Scholasticism 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3098: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3076: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3066: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3027: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2989: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2960:due to their 2959: 2958:Islamic creed 2955: 2951: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2939: 2936:(viceroy) of 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2880: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2834: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2793: 2791: 2786: 2784: 2779: 2768: 2763: 2761: 2756: 2754: 2749: 2748: 2746: 2745: 2742: 2732: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2696:Dawoodi Bohra 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2675: 2674: 2672: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2643: 2641: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2620: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2614:Hanafi school 2612: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2601:Maliki school 2599: 2598: 2596: 2591: 2590:Zahiri school 2588: 2586: 2583: 2582: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2570: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2503: 2498: 2497: 2491: 2486: 2485: 2480: 2479: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2436: 2435: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2402: 2401: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2342: 2336: 2331: 2330: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2311: 2310: 2307: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2298: 2297:Ahl al-Hadith 2295: 2294: 2292: 2291: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2258: 2257: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2221: 2219: 2218: 2212: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2197: 2193: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2120: 2118: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1893: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1824:Abu l-Hudhail 1821: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1807:Dirar ibn Amr 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1765:al-Mutawakkil 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1743:According to 1736: 1733: 1729: 1728:al-Mutawakkil 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1645: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1606: 1605:Ahl al-Hadith 1601: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1573: 1572:into Arabic. 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1517:Wasil ibn Ata 1514: 1513:Amr ibn Ubayd 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1497:Amr ibn Ubayd 1494: 1489: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1477:Wasil ibn Ata 1474: 1473:Amr ibn Ubayd 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1451:Josef van Ess 1448: 1444: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1360: 1357: 1356:Ibn Taymiyyah 1353: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1331:Josef van Ess 1329:According to 1324: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1235:Ibn Khallikan 1232: 1228: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1196: 1194: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1174:(d. 950) and 1173: 1169: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 996: 993: 990: 987: 985: 981: 978: 975: 974: 971: 968: 965: 961: 959: 956: 953: 950: 949: 946: 943: 940: 937: 934: 933: 930: 927: 924: 922: 919: 916: 913: 912: 909: 906: 903: 901: 897: 893: 890: 887: 886: 883: 880: 877: 875: 871: 868: 865: 862: 861: 858: 855: 852: 850: 847: 844: 841: 840: 836: 833: 830: 827: 826: 813: 812:"new Kalām". 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 757: 755: 751: 747: 746: 741: 740: 735: 731: 727: 726: 721: 720: 715: 714: 709: 708: 703: 702: 690: 685: 683: 678: 676: 671: 670: 668: 667: 662: 652: 651: 650: 649: 642: 639: 638: 633: 630: 628: 625: 624: 623: 620: 618: 615: 611: 608: 606: 603: 602: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 582: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 563: 562: 561: 558: 555: 553: 550: 549: 546: 541: 540: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 516: 513: 512: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 500:Proselytizing 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 419: 416: 414: 411: 410: 409: 408:Denominations 406: 402: 399: 398: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 358: 355: 351: 346: 345: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 314: 311: 310: 306: 304: 303: 299: 297: 296: 292: 291: 288: 285: 283: 280: 279: 276: 271: 270: 263: 261: 257: 255: 253: 249: 248: 244: 241: 239: 237: 233: 231: 229: 225: 223: 221: 217: 216: 212: 211: 206: 205: 200: 199: 195: 193: 192: 188: 187: 181: 178: 176: 173: 172: 168: 167: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 146: 143: 140: 138: 135: 134: 131: 126: 125: 118: 115: 114: 111: 108: 106: 103: 102: 99: 96: 94: 91: 90: 87: 83: 80: 79: 76: 71: 70: 66: 62: 61: 58: 55: 54: 50: 46: 45: 40: 33: 19: 14143:Other orders 14048: / 14041:Nur movement 14012: / 13969:Mirza Ghulam 13900:Tolu-e-Islam 13769:Galibi Order 13767: / 13752:Balım Sultan 13747:Babai revolt 13738:Qalandariyya 13736: / 13638:Mufaḍḍaliyya 13547:Jawārībīyya 13500:Umar ibn Zar 13469:Other Murjīs 13198:Bayhasīyyah 13115:Nuqta-yi Ula 12931:Pir Sadardin 12924: / 12838: / 12834: / 12751: / 12743: / 12730: / 12710: / 12706: / 12702: / 12559:Zayd ibn Ali 12509: / 12496: / 12447:Ilm al-Kalam 12360: / 12353:Ahl-i Hadith 12221:Umm al-kitab 12219: 12208: 12197: 12190: 12172: 12167: 12160: 12153: 12146: 12139: 12119: 12112: 12107:Fihi Ma Fihi 12105: 12098: 12091: 12084: 12077: 12070: 12063: 12056: 12049: 12042: 12035: 11775:Twelve Imams 11694:Ahl-i Hadith 11625:Ibnul Qayyim 11505:(Nazzāmīyya) 10986:Ibn al-Jawzi 10926:Al-Taftazani 10901:Al-Baqillani 10769: 10658:Partawi Shah 10653:Javadi Amoli 10638:Ahmad Fardid 10583:Martin Lings 10433:Hajji Bayram 10407:Ibn Taymiyya 10336:Omar Khayyám 10321:Ayn-al-Quzat 10316:Ahmad Yasavi 10229:Ibn Masarrah 10163:by century ( 10161:Philosophers 10056:Contemporary 9958: 9925: 9915: 9878: 9867: 9717:Islamophobia 9592:Christianity 9540: 9482: 9473:Contemporary 9367:Architecture 9307: 9306: 9272: 9260: 9248: 9206: 9199: 9165: 9147: 9142:Nikah mut'ah 9140: 9133: 9126: 9119: 9112: 9105: 9069: 9057: 9050: 9043: 9036: 9016: 9009: 9002: 8995: 8908: 8689: 8613: 8595: 8588: 8532: 8525: 8518: 8511: 8504: 8497:Five Pillars 8474: 8440: 8429:God in Islam 8406: 8333:Google Books 8320: 8300: 8275: 8268: 8209: 8194:. 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Retrieved 3333: 3321:. Retrieved 3316: 3306: 3271: 3254: 3208: 3173: 3118:Jewish Kalam 3100: 3054: 2991: 2986: 2974: 2969: 2948: 2942: 2938:Bhopal State 2930:Ahl-i Hadith 2924: 2918:figure, and 2906: 2901: 2897: 2889: 2885: 2883: 2876: 2872:mutakallimūn 2871: 2866: 2861: 2850:Ibn al-Jawzi 2848: 2843: 2830: 2799: 2787: 2780: 2776: 2730: 2573: 2572: 2561:Unaffiliated 2494: 2476: 2432: 2398: 2339: 2288: 2254: 2215: 2153: 2129:Twelver Shia 2126: 2113: 2097: 2088: 2084: 2068: 2066: 2038: 1979:Al-Baqillani 1976: 1932: 1927:Surat Al-Ard 1925: 1916:and his son 1899: 1886: 1868: 1856: 1852:Zoroastrians 1848:Murjite each 1820:Muʿtazilites 1811:Ibn Babawayh 1781: 1742: 1732:Mu'tazilites 1703: 1687: 1648: 1641: 1618: 1614:ahl al-Kalām 1613: 1610:ahl al-Kalām 1609: 1603: 1597: 1594:Ahl al-Kalām 1593: 1588:. Historian 1582:Ahl al-Kalām 1581: 1579: 1562:Bardesanites 1539: 1533: 1521:Taşköprüzade 1505:Ibn Taymiyya 1490: 1470:Muʿtazilites 1457: 1455: 1440: 1432:Shlomo Pines 1415: 1413: 1409: 1381: 1347:Louis Gardet 1328: 1303:Al-Taftazani 1277: 1255:al-Taftazani 1248: 1243:Taşköprüzade 1230: 1227:Ibn al-Athir 1225: 1214: 1204: 1197: 1192: 1188:Louis Gardet 1184:Taşköprüzade 1165: 1153: 1133: 1115: 1094: 1083:Taşköprüzade 1075: 1062:Ibn al-Humām 1054: 1033: 1012: 999:al-Taftazani 991: 969: 944: 928: 907: 881: 856: 801:Aristotelian 781:Muʿtazilites 758: 745:mutakallimun 744: 743: 738: 737: 733: 723: 717: 712: 711: 707:ilm al-lahut 706: 705: 701:Ilm al-kalam 700: 699: 698: 617:Islamophobia 396:Demographics 391:Circumcision 307: 300: 293: 259: 251: 235: 227: 219: 208: 202: 196: 189: 18:Motekallamin 14094:Rashid Rida 13942:Independent 13927:Edip Yüksel 13890:Ahle Qur'an 13841:Nazzāmīyya 13838:Ikhshīdiyya 13825:Huzaylīyya 13816:Bahshamiyya 13792:Mā’marīyya 13784:Rationalism 13734:Malamatiyya 13654:Mānsūrīyya 13600:Khaṭṭābiyya 13531:Mu'shabbiha 13491:Sābit Kutna 13424:Sawbānīyya 13408:Gassānīyya 13392:Gaylānīyya 13386:Other sects 13181:Sa'labīyyah 13178:Maymunīyyah 13155:Arbitration 13037:Khurramites 13001:Sam‘ānīyya 12774:Bābā Rexheb 12704:Shah Ismail 12524:Millî Görüş 12442:Ahl ar-Ra'y 12384:Al-Uthaymin 12305:Kullabiyya 12283:Sunni Islam 12184:Independent 12028:Sunni books 11852:Shaykh Tusi 11825:Ali al-Hadi 11815:Ali al-Rida 11752:Yasir Qadhi 11657:Al-Uthaymin 11647:Rashid Rida 11642:Al-Shawkani 11538:(Jāhizīyya) 11523:(Jubbāīyya) 11427:Jawālikīyya 11281:Ali al-Qari 11196:Al-Sarakhsi 11182:Al-Maturidi 11056:Al-Sha'rani 11036:Ibn Khaldun 10911:Al-Qushayri 10873:Theologians 10854:Metaphysics 10760:Eschatology 10727:Theologians 10573:René Guénon 10563:Gohar Shahi 10499:Mulla Sadra 10423:Ibn Khaldun 10034:metaphysics 9980:(mysticism) 9962:(education) 9940:Metaphysics 9919:(dialectic) 9905:Eschatology 9882:(intellect) 9492:Other areas 9483:Theological 9478:Eschatology 9435:Mathematics 9372:Calligraphy 9302:Theological 9256:Inheritance 9173:Cleanliness 8603:Shi'a Imams 8597:Ahl al-Bayt 8265:Pellat, Ch. 8257:Schacht, J. 8235:Pellat, Ch. 8134:: 223–243. 7566:Volume VII: 7557:Pellat, Ch. 7257:Ibn Khaldun 7052:23 November 5306:Volume III: 5297:Schacht, J. 5293:Pellat, Ch. 4875:Turner 2010 4851:Turner 2010 4687:Footnote 13 4573:Pellat, Ch. 3883:Rashid Rida 3113:Apologetics 2977:Bangladeshi 2944:Rashid Rida 2908:Al-Shawkani 2721:Qutbi Bohra 2706:Alavi Bohra 2309:Ahl al-Ra'y 2100:Ibn Khaldun 1857:The Caliph 1757:al-Mu'tasim 1675:Mutazilites 1663:Sunni Islam 1599:Ahl al-Ra'y 1566:Marcionites 1558:Manichaeans 1495:(d. 1089), 1479:, the poet 1309:Ibn Khaldun 1259:Ibn Khaldun 1126:North India 1041:Ibn Khaldun 921:Transoxiana 797:Neoplatonic 793:Maturidiyya 725:usul al-din 632:Laws of war 295:Ahl al-Bayt 180:Foundations 14260:Categories 14138:Süleymancı 14046:Said Nursî 14005:Mahdavīyya 13956:Messianism 13860:Sumamīyya 13850:Hābītīyya 13743:Baba Ishak 13685:Saba'īyya 13672:Mukhāmmīsa 13663:Mughīrīyya 13650:Ghurābīyya 13612:Bāzīghiyya 13580:Bārāq Bābā 13559:Hulmānīyya 13456:Ziyādīyya 13448:Ubaydīyya 13440:Shamrīyya 13432:Sālehīyya 13416:Tūmanīyya 13400:Yūnusīyya 13361:Sauwāqīyya 13337:Hakāiqīyya 13321:Karrāmīyya 13311:Hanafiyyah 13165:Kharijites 13103:Nuktawiyya 13054:al-Muqanna 13032:Muḥammirah 13020:Abu Muslim 13016:Rezāmīyya 12991:Hārithīyya 12983:Janāhiyya 12973:Hashimiyya 12947:Kaysanites 12894:Badakhshan 12827:Qarmatians 12814:Batiniyyah 12794:Isma'ilism 12765:Demir Bābā 12760:Baktāshism 12753:Bektashism 12732:ibn Nusayr 12728:al-Khaṣībī 12712:Kul Nesîmî 12708:Pir Sultan 12613:Khalafiyya 12608:Dukayniyya 12542:Shia Islam 12484:Maturidism 12406:Madkhalism 12309:Ibn Kullab 12132:Shia books 11682:Madkhalism 11582:Najjārīyya 11472:al-Qībtī ( 11446:Karramiyya 11442:Ibn Karram 11398:Mu'jassimā 11286:Al-Maydani 11276:Ali Qushji 11201:Al-Bazdawi 11177:Maturidism 11162:Al-Shafi'i 11031:Al-Baydawi 10991:Qadi Ayyad 10966:Ibn Tumart 10921:Al-Ghazali 10906:Al-Juwayni 10896:Al-Bayhaqi 10887:al-Ash'ari 10859:Philosophy 10780:Philosophy 10428:Yunus Emre 10372:Ibn Sab’in 10341:Suhrawardi 10331:Ibn Tufail 10250:Al-Ghazali 10204:Apharabius 10039:psychology 10009:Avicennism 9871:(theology) 9647:Ex-Muslims 9542:Shu'ubiyya 9536:Psychology 9524:Literature 9514:Inventions 9460:Philosophy 9268:Leadership 9244:Honorifics 8899:Philosophy 8754:Isma'ilism 8719:Maturidism 8608:Caliphates 8579:Golden Age 8470:Revelation 8185:: 89–106. 8093:1256592318 7965:2014034960 7908:2014005897 7848:1041077026 7840:2014034960 7635:1147875085 7627:2018048099 7451:19 January 7346:Al-Dhahabi 7239:Ibn 'Arafa 7065:References 6407:alukah.net 6288:, p. 6110:Al-Baghawi 5261:143845371X 5215:Al-Bayhaqi 5099:Ibn Hawqal 4996:Al-Yaʿqūbī 4928:Al-Yaʿqūbī 4883:Hinds 1993 4670:أصول السنة 4541:2023-10-31 4297:De Gruyter 4215:Maimonides 4112:2023-11-01 3879:Al-Ghazali 3506:, p. 119. 3486:, p. 391. 3470:2016935488 3415:2016935488 3348:2023-10-31 2868:Ibn Qudama 2826:innovation 2810:innovation 2790:al-Ghazali 2783:al-Shafi'i 2574:Including: 2526:Mujassimah 2234:Holy books 2137:Upanishads 2105:Mauritania 1972:Seljuk era 1922:Ibn Hawqal 1914:Al-Jubba'i 1863:Al-Yaʿqūbī 1799:Al-Yaʿqūbī 1700:Ibn Battah 1659:Matuiridis 1638:Traditions 1592:describes 1501:Abu Hanifa 1468:: the two 1420:Abu Muslim 1374:Maimonides 1269:Linguistic 1201:al-Ghazali 1168:apologetic 1020:Ibn 'Arafa 964:contingent 834:Kalām ist… 816:Definition 789:Ashʿariyya 739:mutakallim 485:Philosophy 222:(exegesis) 159:Pilgrimage 149:Almsgiving 14066:Modernism 13998:Sabbatean 13986:Kabbalist 13964:Ahmadiyya 13895:Kala Kato 13868:Kā‘bīyya 13799:Bishriyya 13779:Muʿtazila 13712:al-Juhani 13705:Qadariyah 13575:Kalandars 13555:Hāshwīyya 13443:Abū Shamr 13376:Zarībīyya 13373:Wāhidīyya 13364:Sūramīyya 13358:Razīnīyya 13334:Dhīmmīyya 13303:Hasan ibn 13277:Wahbiyyah 13224:Abu Qurra 13150:Muhakkima 13094:Hurufiyya 13081:Mahdiists 12996:Riyāhīyya 12977:Hārbīyya 12918:Aga Khans 12913:Assassins 12876:Sulaymani 12840:ad-Darazi 12778:Hārābātīs 12695:Qizilbash 12688:Shaykhism 12564:Jarudiyya 12475:Al-Ahbash 12456:Ash'arism 12389:Al-Albani 12369:Wahhabism 12214:Ahmadiyya 12155:Al-Khisal 12065:Al-Irshad 12020:Key books 11667:Al-Albani 11635:Wahhabism 11489:Mu'tazila 11478:Qadariyah 11356:Mu'attila 11271:Ibn Kemal 11266:Khidr Bey 11146:Hanafiyah 11081:Al-Bahūtī 11076:Ibn Ashir 11041:Ibn Arafa 10936:Ibn Furak 10931:Al-Maziri 10882:Ash'arism 10849:Cosmology 10826:Cosmology 10821:Astronomy 10793:Education 10489:Mir Damad 10482:17th–19th 10416:14th–16th 10382:al-Abharī 10377:Ibn Arabi 10311:Ahi Evren 10270:Bahmanyār 10029:cosmology 10014:Averroism 9947:(physics) 9893:astrology 9888:Cosmology 9764:Symbolism 9722:Incidents 9700:Criticism 9597:Mormonism 9499:Astrology 9425:Cosmology 9420:Astronomy 9362:Arabesque 9229:Etiquette 9188:Blasphemy 8978:Economics 8793:Ahmadiyya 8727:Mu'tazili 8715:Ash'arism 8284:495469456 8274:Volume I: 8261:Lewis, B. 8213:(40 vols) 8166:159335485 8158:1958-5705 8101:243595906 8085:0929-2403 8020:1573-3823 8006:: 68–78. 7973:900892852 7957:0929-2403 7832:0169-8729 7736:952470870 7728:0929-2403 7535:Hinds, M. 7441:2645-9132 7110:Al-Farabi 7096:cite book 7000:Al-Albani 6516:20 August 6413:25 August 6386:22 August 6346:23 August 6320:23 August 6269:13 August 6246:13 August 6215:13 August 6186:10 August 6160:10 August 6144:Al-Suyuti 6134:10 August 6119:شرح السنة 6100:10 August 6066:10 August 6039:10 August 6016:10 August 5990:949744119 5961:10 August 5902:14 August 5809:22 August 5778:23 August 5744:23 August 5707:22 August 5393:cite book 5324:495469525 5285:Lewis, B. 5079:cite book 4976:al-Masudi 4807:12 August 4468:al-Masudi 4382:D. Reidel 4149:Stuttgart 3276:Cambridge 3246:Citations 3222:romanized 3187:romanized 3040:Muʿtazila 3002:al-Burooj 2970:al-ʿAliyy 2950:Al-Albani 2796:Criticism 2661:Qizilbash 2551:Ahmadiyya 2546:Quraniyya 2541:Qadariyya 2536:Mu'tazila 2490:Muhakkima 2149:Ibn Arabi 2141:Melbourne 2041:Mu'tazila 1983:Ash'arism 1963:Ash'arism 1947:Ibn Furak 1935:Mu'tazila 1910:Khuzistan 1876:from the 1859:al-Ma'mun 1844:Kharijite 1761:al-Wathiq 1753:al-Ma'mun 1704:Al-Ibāna 1655:Asharites 1586:Muʿtazila 1536:al-Masudi 1525:Muʿtazila 1296:Zahirites 1288:Mu'tazila 1172:al-Farabi 1144:(d. 1979) 1104:(d. 1661) 1085:(d. 1561) 1064:(d. 1457) 1043:(d. 1406) 1022:(d. 1401) 1001:(d. 1390) 979:(d. 1355) 958:Samarkand 954:(d. 1303) 917:(d. 1099) 891:(d. 1023) 843:al-Farabi 809:Christian 605:terrorism 557:Criticism 510:Sexuality 480:Mysticism 450:Festivals 430:Education 425:Economics 361:Academics 317:Caliphate 130:Practices 14183:Tawakkul 14150:Tawassul 14112:Taṣawwuf 14034:doctrine 13882:Quranism 13676:Namiriya 13305:Muḥāmmad 13298:Murji'ah 13012:Rawendis 12935:Satpanth 12856:Musta'li 12851:Fatimids 12749:Hurufism 12736:Alawites 12641:Sects in 12633:Mahdiist 12569:Batriyya 12515:Deobandi 12466:Shafi'is 12401:Jihadism 12348:Salafism 12316:Hanbalis 12297:Atharism 12210:Malfūzāt 12148:Al-Amali 11745:Hazimism 11457:Murji'ah 11381:Jahmīyya 11369:Mu'jbira 10961:Ibn Aqil 10326:Averroes 10265:Ibn Hazm 10260:Avicenna 10214:Al Amiri 10184:Al-Kindi 10177:9th–10th 10087:ʼIjtihād 10072:ʻAṣabīya 10065:Concepts 10004:Farabism 9959:Madrasah 9802:Category 9695:Islamism 9678:Muhammad 9634:Apostasy 9609:Hinduism 9509:Feminism 9440:Medicine 9280:Military 9234:Gambling 9183:Apostasy 9178:Criminal 9090:Marriage 9059:Tayammum 9011:Murabaha 8884:Madrasas 8874:Holidays 8864:Clothing 8859:Children 8854:Calendar 8805:Quranism 8759:Alawites 8723:Atharism 8614:Rashidun 8453:In Islam 8448:Muhammad 8267:(eds.). 8237:(1960). 8196:29 March 8036:19831225 8028:20617778 7874:Berkeley 7666:(1871). 7597:New York 7559:(eds.). 7537:(1993). 7505:New York 7488:42577199 7445:Archived 7362:5 August 7348:(1996). 7277:(1985). 7148:(1985). 7130:(1988). 7112:(1949). 7080:(1979). 7078:Al-Jahiz 7016:9 August 6991:9 August 6894:26195671 6653:Archived 6209:Almanhaj 5956:Almanhaj 5855:(2008). 5725:(2018). 5688:(2014). 5672:Istanbul 5661:(1981). 5568:9 August 5477:(2017). 5299:(eds.). 5275:(1971). 5217:(1999). 5101:(1967). 5058:Al-Jahiz 4836:9 August 4769:9 August 4736:9 August 4681:9 August 4398:(2008). 4375:(1975). 4334:(1971). 4291:(1991). 4267:(2002). 4235:(1985). 4217:(1974). 4193:(1932). 4141:(1901). 3984:(eds.). 3957:(2012). 3909:(1980). 3881:(2000). 3708:(1929). 3440:New York 3385:New York 3323:29 March 3262:(2008). 3160:Appendix 3094:See also 3074:Musta'li 3064:Ismāʿīlī 3035:Maturidi 2954:Salafism 2879:Abu Jahl 2686:Satpanth 2656:Bektashi 2516:Jabriyya 2417:Prophecy 2319:Maturidi 2229:Prophets 2184:a series 2182:Part of 2145:Avicenna 2077:madrasas 2036:school. 2024:such as 2003:Maghrebi 1999:Andalusi 1959:Nishapur 1889:al-Jahiz 1870:Al-Jahiz 1846:and one 1838:such as 1836:Imamites 1822:such as 1784:Barmakid 1651:Kullabis 1529:Qadariya 1527:and the 1404:Mu'awiya 1005:Taftazan 982:Īj near 894:Bagdad, 874:Nishapur 866:(d. 992) 845:(d. 950) 791:and the 773:Barmakid 742:(plural 641:Glossary 627:Jihadism 600:Violence 595:Islamism 566:Muhammad 552:Apostasy 495:Politics 445:Feminism 440:Exorcism 401:Diaspora 386:Children 381:Calendar 309:Rashidun 287:Muhammad 282:Timeline 243:Mathnawi 105:Prophets 49:a series 47:Part of 14232:Shafi'i 14222:Hanbali 14188:Tewafuq 14168:Sadaqah 14129:Barelvi 14120:Ṭarīqah 13974:Qadiani 13947:beliefs 13722:Alevism 13569:Dimashq 13355:Nūnīyya 13349:Maʿīyya 13309:ibn al- 13284:Azzabas 13245:Ibadism 13233:Nukkari 13187:Azariqa 13172:Ajardi 13119:Bábīyya 13025:Sunpadh 12957:Mukhtār 12922:Nizaris 12897:Alevism 12871:Dawoodi 12861:Tayyibi 12823:Sevener 12802:Fathite 12676:Akhbari 12671:Ja'fari 12658:Twelver 12637:Shi'ite 12574:Imamate 12551:Zaydism 12502:Barelvi 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