25:
425:
based on Latin roots were introduced, and some scholars modified the spelling of French words to bring them into conformity with their Latin roots, sometimes erroneously. That often produced a radical difference between a word's spelling and pronunciation. Nevertheless, Middle French spelling was
426:
overall fairly close to the pronunciation; unlike Modern French, word-final consonants were still pronounced though they were optionally lost when they preceded another consonant that started the next word.
604:
At the beginning of the 17th century, French would see the continued unification of French, the suppression of certain forms, and the prescription of rules, leading to
Classical French.
1411:
1233:
1258:, was a worthy language for literary expression and promulgated a program of linguistic production and purification, including the imitation of Latin genres.
1404:
4000:
3962:
2032:
1397:
594:, who developed a phonetic spelling system and introduced new typographic signs (1550), but his attempt at spelling reform was not followed.
2073:
3990:
2524:
1284:
390:
Among the elites, Latin was still the language of education, administration, and bureaucracy. That changed in 1539, with the
2456:
2259:
2254:
2198:
2086:
2359:
2249:
2474:
3313:
391:
3373:
2661:
2266:
2066:
285:
that covers the period from the mid-14th to the early 17th centuries. It is a period of transition during which:
586:
Spelling and punctuation were extremely variable. The introduction of printing in 1470 highlighted the need for
3461:
3362:
3332:
3269:
2947:
1638:
587:
228:
1856:
3396:
2799:
1948:
1809:
1563:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1014:
1009:
1004:
993:
988:
983:
960:
955:
950:
939:
934:
929:
906:
901:
896:
885:
880:
875:
852:
847:
842:
831:
826:
821:
798:
793:
788:
777:
772:
767:
744:
736:
725:
720:
715:
692:
687:
682:
671:
666:
661:
407:
3995:
3837:
3275:
2244:
2173:
1608:
1558:
1618:
1196:
3558:
3130:
2565:
2123:
2059:
1702:
1687:
3145:
3057:
2666:
2507:
2222:
2151:
2133:
2116:
2111:
2101:
133:
118:
1850:
3850:
3754:
2627:
2575:
2354:
2302:
591:
597:
The period saw the publication of the first French grammars and of the French-Latin dictionary of
3218:
2809:
2763:
2644:
2617:
2556:
2493:
2439:
2146:
2106:
1650:
1468:
1463:
1420:
138:
128:
108:
2814:
398:
made ] the sole language for legal acts. Regional differences were still extreme throughout the
3936:
3152:
2570:
2516:
2168:
1839:
340:
1914:
383:
of Modern but with a continued reliance on the verb in the second position of a sentence, or "
3968:
3913:
3719:
3714:
3367:
3345:
3236:
3164:
2987:
2649:
2412:
2038:
1925:
1814:
1721:
577:
565:
3632:
2600:
3918:
3692:
3308:
3281:
3207:
3067:
2866:
2794:
2746:
2740:
2703:
2686:
1935:
1804:
1545:
430:
355:
The most important change found in Middle French is the complete disappearance of the noun
3702:
3115:
2183:
2005:
1908:
1357:
8:
3403:
3295:
3263:
3257:
2878:
2838:
2804:
2632:
2396:
1824:
1682:
1644:
1473:
395:
359:
system, which had been underway for centuries. There was no longer a distinction between
3666:
3099:
2774:
2708:
1994:
1446:
576:
origin in
England. Some words of Romance origin now found their way back into French as
143:
38:
Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
3908:
3637:
3493:
3451:
3417:
3411:
3301:
3244:
3201:
3184:
2922:
2915:
2751:
2539:
2480:
2336:
2324:
2203:
2141:
1967:
1623:
1585:
1516:
1483:
1389:
39:
3686:
2178:
1633:
1200:
261:
3865:
3844:
3764:
3724:
3583:
3511:
3505:
3429:
3321:
3231:
3172:
3084:
3042:
2843:
2789:
2595:
2580:
2551:
2534:
2444:
2407:
2376:
2364:
2283:
2271:
2188:
2163:
2157:
2082:
2051:
1959:
1794:
1662:
1613:
1496:
1280:
1243:
1216:
399:
311:
307:
193:
123:
16:
Historical variety of French used from the mid-14th century to the early 17th century
3707:
2676:
2654:
1506:
3818:
3808:
3793:
3781:
3697:
3646:
3610:
3588:
3575:
3569:
3498:
3487:
3391:
3356:
3340:
3189:
3177:
3110:
3074:
3062:
3030:
2955:
2927:
2900:
2730:
2725:
2713:
2693:
2681:
2622:
2529:
2486:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2381:
2312:
2296:
2193:
2000:
1954:
1930:
1879:
1874:
1862:
1739:
1667:
1511:
1501:
1455:
569:
524:
517:
403:
326:
319:
113:
3593:
3543:
1204:
290:
3902:
3888:
3769:
3671:
3661:
3605:
3456:
3444:
3384:
3379:
3194:
3123:
3105:
3079:
3052:
2982:
2939:
2851:
2832:
2784:
2671:
2637:
2590:
2585:
2307:
2239:
2211:
1988:
1920:
1890:
1789:
1712:
1692:
1672:
1526:
1435:
1255:
598:
573:
534:
410:
languages were predominant; and in the north of France, Oïl languages other than
282:
274:
183:
100:
90:
2905:
1580:
1230:
The affirmation and glorification of French finds its greatest manifestation in
516:) practices were borrowed from Italian. Those tendencies would continue through
3953:
3860:
3855:
3776:
3656:
3618:
3350:
2910:
2856:
2826:
2718:
2402:
2330:
2276:
2025:
1844:
1834:
1677:
1628:
1575:
1552:
1535:
1491:
1247:
418:
417:
The fascination with classical texts led to numerous borrowings from Latin and
325:
the literary development of French prepared the vocabulary and grammar for the
2999:
1749:
3984:
3895:
3798:
3786:
3518:
3226:
2883:
2821:
2317:
1829:
1590:
1570:
384:
1222:
3677:
3537:
2977:
2932:
1819:
1697:
364:
188:
289:
the French language became clearly distinguished from the other competing
245:
3739:
3732:
3469:
3035:
1942:
1744:
1365:
Notions de style, de versificiation et d'histoire de la langue française.
3004:
1754:
3047:
3017:
3009:
2965:
2960:
2610:
2369:
1902:
1773:
1767:
1760:
583:
Also, the meaning and usage of many words from Old French transformed.
422:
376:
360:
356:
344:
294:
198:
3813:
3651:
2993:
2288:
1733:
1212:
254:
238:
220:
178:
3439:
3598:
3434:
3250:
2698:
2546:
1251:
1208:
556:
550:
544:
538:
528:
511:
505:
499:
493:
487:
481:
475:
469:
463:
457:
451:
445:
441:
434:
411:
67:
3803:
3422:
3287:
3025:
2449:
2434:
1727:
24:
3624:
2970:
2893:
2873:
2605:
1896:
1884:
1867:
1601:
1159:
1105:
1051:
997:
943:
889:
835:
781:
729:
675:
380:
79:
2888:
2861:
1799:
1596:
1540:
438:
368:
315:
1300:
375:. The transformations necessitated an increased reliance on
1384:
437:
in the French court brought the French into contact with
1419:
1195:
Middle French is the language found in the writings of
2081:
293:, which are sometimes subsumed within the concept of
2773:
1322:
Larousse, vi, xiii–xiv, xvii; Bonnard, pp. 113–114.
1240:
The
Defense and Illustration of the French Language
1303:. ATILF – CNRS & Université de Lorraine. 2015.
339:It is the first version of French that is largely
1234:La Défense et illustration de la langue française
3982:
379:in the sentence, which becomes more or less the
1372:Évolution et structure de la langue française.
2067:
1405:
406:languages dominated; in east-central France,
1301:"Dictionnaire du Moyen Français (1330–1500)"
1231:
1220:
1180:
1126:
1072:
1018:
964:
910:
856:
802:
748:
696:
330:
298:
3963:languages with more than 5 million speakers
2033:varieties with more than 5 million speakers
1274:
1135:
1081:
1027:
973:
919:
865:
811:
757:
705:
651:
3546:(mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)
2074:
2060:
1412:
1398:
486:) and artistic (especially architectural:
1246:, which maintained that French, like the
4001:Languages attested from the 14th century
1374:Berne (Switzerland): Francke A.G., 1946.
1354:Larousse dictionnaire du moyen français.
444:. Many words dealing with the military (
335:) spoken in the 17th and 18th centuries.
1275:Ducos, Joëlle; Soutet, Olivier (2012).
607:
306:the French language was imposed as the
3983:
371:, and ] became indicated by simply an
2055:
1393:
523:There were also some borrowings from
36:about the phonology of Middle French.
18:
13:
3967:Languages between parentheses are
2037:Languages between parentheses are
1331:Wartburg, p. 160; Bonnard, p. 114.
281:) is a historical division of the
14:
4012:
3847:(unknown further classification)
1378:
590:. One proposed reform came from
23:
3991:History of the French language
3971:of the language on their left.
3841:(Western Romance-based pidgin)
2041:of the language on their left.
1385:Dictionnaire du Moyen Français
1334:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1293:
1268:
392:Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts
343:to Modern French, contrary to
1:
1347:
1277:L'ancien et le moyen français
1190:
572:had left words of French and
7:
3838:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
387:", until the 16th century.
10:
4017:
3540:(mixed Portuguese–Spanish)
2566:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
2360:Central−Southern Calabrian
402:: in the south of France,
350:
3945:
3929:
3880:
3829:
3753:
3557:
3530:
3479:
3331:
3217:
3163:
3144:
3095:
2762:
2515:
2506:
2467:
2347:
2232:
2221:
2132:
2094:
2016:
1981:
1782:
1711:
1525:
1482:
1454:
1445:
1428:
1221:
628:
620:
617:
614:
543:) and from the Americas (
252:
236:
218:
213:
171:
97:
93:by the early 17th century
85:
75:
66:
61:
2848:North American dialects
2355:Extreme Southern Italian
1261:
1197:Charles, Duke of Orléans
592:Jacques Peletier du Mans
414:continued to be spoken.
2267:Central−Northern Latian
1421:Gallo-Romance languages
1160:
1106:
1052:
998:
944:
890:
836:
782:
730:
676:
580:through war and trade.
557:
551:
545:
539:
529:
512:
506:
500:
494:
488:
482:
476:
470:
464:
458:
452:
446:
68:
2571:Gallo-Italic of Sicily
1232:
1181:
1136:
1127:
1082:
1073:
1028:
1019:
974:
965:
920:
911:
866:
857:
812:
803:
758:
749:
706:
697:
652:
331:
299:
278:
34:is missing information
3058:Poitevin–Saintongeais
2031:A star (*) indicates
1926:Poitevin-Saintongeais
1857:Labrador Inuit Pidgin
1242:) (1549) by the poet
566:Anglo-Norman language
564:The influence of the
385:verb-second structure
332:le français classique
2867:St. Marys Bay French
2391:Neapolitan–Calabrese
608:Phonological history
433:and the presence of
431:French wars in Italy
3219:Galician–Portuguese
2245:Central Marchigiano
1484:Bourbonnais Creoles
1367:Paris: SUDEL, 1953.
1219:, and the poets of
1213:Michel de Montaigne
3996:Medieval languages
3633:Catalan Ribagorçan
3480:Pyrenean–Mozarabic
2752:Judaeo-Piedmontese
2662:Bustocco–Legnanese
2457:Northern Calabrian
1279:. PUF. p. 4.
588:reform in spelling
318:and other Oïl and
69:françois, franceis
3978:
3977:
3954:extinct languages
3876:
3875:
3553:
3552:
3512:Navarro-Aragonese
3397:Peruvian Ribereño
3322:Judaeo-Portuguese
3237:Galician–Asturian
3140:
3139:
3131:Old Gallo-Romance
3085:Wisconsin Walloon
2502:
2501:
2475:Dalmatian Romance
2083:Romance languages
2049:
2048:
2026:extinct languages
1982:Francoprovencalic
1977:
1976:
1960:Wisconsin Walloon
1370:W. von Wartburg.
1286:978-2-13-061687-0
1244:Joachim du Bellay
1217:Pierre de Ronsard
1209:François Rabelais
1188:
1187:
510:; also literary:
400:Kingdom of France
312:Kingdom of France
308:official language
300:l'ancien français
268:
267:
194:Old Gallo-Romance
57:
56:
4008:
3499:Judaeo-Aragonese
3488:Andalusi Romance
3341:Amazonic Spanish
3178:Western Asturian
3161:
3160:
3100:Franco-Provençal
2771:
2770:
2667:Comasco–Lecchese
2525:Emilian–Romagnol
2513:
2512:
2313:Regional Italian
2303:Italo-Australian
2230:
2229:
2152:Megleno-Romanian
2076:
2069:
2062:
2053:
2052:
1995:Franco-Provençal
1991:/Faetar-Cigliàje
1880:Louisiana French
1875:Louisiana Creole
1688:Saint-Barthélemy
1456:Antillean Creole
1452:
1451:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1341:
1340:Bonnard, p. 114.
1338:
1332:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1272:
1237:
1226:
1225:
1184:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1139:
1130:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1085:
1076:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1031:
1022:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
995:
990:
985:
977:
968:
962:
957:
952:
947:
941:
936:
931:
923:
914:
908:
903:
898:
893:
887:
882:
877:
869:
860:
854:
849:
844:
839:
833:
828:
823:
815:
806:
800:
795:
790:
785:
779:
774:
769:
761:
752:
746:
738:
733:
727:
722:
717:
709:
700:
694:
689:
684:
679:
673:
668:
663:
655:
612:
611:
560:
554:
548:
542:
532:
518:Classical French
515:
509:
503:
497:
491:
485:
479:
473:
467:
461:
455:
449:
408:Franco-Provençal
334:
327:Classical French
302:
264:
248:
241:
232:
231:
223:
103:
71:
59:
58:
52:
49:
43:
27:
19:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4005:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3941:
3925:
3903:Pannonian Latin
3889:African Romance
3872:
3825:
3756:
3749:
3687:Judeo-Provençal
3560:
3549:
3526:
3475:
3385:Chilean Chilote
3327:
3213:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3136:
3124:Moselle Romance
3091:
2940:Missouri French
2901:Franco-Ontarian
2776:
2765:
2758:
2498:
2463:
2440:Southern Latian
2343:
2308:Maltese Italian
2240:Central Italian
2224:
2217:
2212:Common Romanian
2128:
2112:Italo-Dalmatian
2090:
2080:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2012:
1973:
1891:Moselle Romance
1851:Karipúna Creole
1778:
1707:
1619:Franco-Ontarian
1521:
1478:
1441:
1436:Canadian French
1424:
1418:
1381:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:Larousse, xxvi.
1312:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1256:Dante Alighieri
1201:François Villon
1193:
1179:
1158:
1140:
1125:
1104:
1086:
1071:
1050:
1032:
1017:
996:
978:
963:
942:
924:
909:
888:
870:
855:
834:
816:
801:
780:
762:
747:
728:
710:
695:
674:
656:
625:
610:
599:Robert Estienne
353:
283:French language
260:
244:
237:
227:
226:
219:
209:
184:Classical Latin
174:
167:
119:Latino-Faliscan
104:
101:Language family
99:
53:
47:
44:
37:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4014:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3965:
3956:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3842:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3761:
3759:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3654:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3627:
3622:
3619:Judaeo-Catalan
3615:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3586:
3578:
3565:
3563:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3541:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3508:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3491:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3374:Latin American
3370:
3365:
3353:
3351:Judaeo-Spanish
3348:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3278:
3273:
3266:
3254:
3247:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3204:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3169:
3167:
3158:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3002:
2997:
2980:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2846:
2841:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2768:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2744:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2664:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2620:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2521:
2519:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2494:Judaeo-Italian
2491:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2362:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2236:
2234:
2227:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2154:
2149:
2147:Istro-Romanian
2144:
2138:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2095:Major branches
2092:
2091:
2087:classification
2079:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2056:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2035:
2029:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1992:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1952:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1923:
1918:
1911:
1906:
1899:
1894:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1860:
1853:
1848:
1845:Haitian Creole
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1815:Burundi Pidgin
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1730:
1725:
1717:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1653:
1648:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1532:
1530:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1458:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1379:External links
1377:
1376:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1333:
1324:
1315:
1306:
1292:
1285:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1153:
1148:
1142:
1132:
1131:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1078:
1077:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1045:
1040:
1034:
1024:
1023:
1012:
1007:
1002:
991:
986:
980:
970:
969:
958:
953:
948:
937:
932:
926:
916:
915:
904:
899:
894:
883:
878:
872:
862:
861:
850:
845:
840:
829:
824:
818:
808:
807:
796:
791:
786:
775:
770:
764:
754:
753:
742:
739:
734:
723:
718:
712:
702:
701:
690:
685:
680:
669:
664:
658:
648:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
631:
630:
629:Modern French
627:
622:
619:
618:Proto-Romance
616:
609:
606:
352:
349:
337:
336:
323:
304:
279:moyen français
266:
265:
258:
250:
249:
242:
234:
233:
224:
216:
215:
214:Language codes
211:
210:
208:
207:
206:
205:
204:
203:
202:
201:
177:
175:
172:
169:
168:
166:
165:
164:
163:
162:
161:
160:
159:
158:
157:
156:
155:
154:
153:
152:
151:
107:
105:
98:
95:
94:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
64:
63:
55:
54:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4013:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3970:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3938:
3937:Proto-Romance
3935:
3934:
3932:
3930:Reconstructed
3928:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3896:British Latin
3893:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3752:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3715:Vivaro-Alpine
3713:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3556:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3521:
3520:
3519:Old Navarrese
3516:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3369:
3368:Equatoguinean
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3149:
3143:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2822:Frainc-Comtou
2820:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2761:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2618:Judeo-Italian
2616:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2413:Castelmezzano
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2318:Swiss Italian
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2199:Transylvanian
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2158:Daco-Romanian
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2107:Italo-Western
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1830:Frainc-Comtou
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1657:Middle French
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1546:St. Marys Bay
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1447:Langues d'oïl
1444:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1337:
1328:
1319:
1310:
1302:
1296:
1288:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1205:Clément Marot
1202:
1198:
1183:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1162:
1154:
1149:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1100:
1095:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1046:
1041:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1008:
1003:
1000:
992:
987:
981:
976:
972:
971:
967:
959:
954:
949:
946:
938:
933:
927:
922:
918:
917:
913:
905:
900:
895:
892:
884:
879:
873:
868:
864:
863:
859:
851:
846:
841:
838:
830:
825:
819:
814:
810:
809:
805:
797:
792:
787:
784:
776:
771:
765:
760:
756:
755:
751:
743:
740:
735:
732:
724:
719:
713:
708:
704:
703:
699:
691:
686:
681:
678:
670:
665:
659:
654:
650:
649:
646:21st century
645:
642:
639:
637:12th century
636:
633:
632:
623:
613:
605:
602:
600:
595:
593:
589:
584:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
559:
553:
547:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
519:
514:
508:
502:
496:
490:
484:
478:
472:
466:
460:
454:
448:
443:
440:
436:
432:
427:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
348:
346:
342:
333:
328:
324:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
292:
291:Oïl languages
288:
287:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
271:Middle French
263:
259:
257:
256:
251:
247:
243:
240:
235:
230:
225:
222:
217:
212:
200:
197:
196:
195:
192:
191:
190:
187:
186:
185:
182:
181:
180:
176:
170:
150:
149:Middle French
147:
146:
145:
142:
141:
140:
139:Gallo-Romance
137:
136:
135:
132:
131:
130:
129:Italo-Western
127:
126:
125:
122:
121:
120:
117:
116:
115:
112:
111:
110:
109:Indo-European
106:
102:
96:
92:
91:Modern French
89:Evolved into
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
70:
65:
62:Middle French
60:
51:
41:
35:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3958:
3949:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3836:
3738:
3731:
3693:Languedocien
3685:
3678:Judeo-Gascon
3676:
3617:
3568:
3538:Barranquenho
3517:
3510:
3486:
3468:
3410:
3372:
3355:
3346:Extremaduran
3320:
3294:
3280:
3268:
3256:
3249:
3206:
3165:Asturleonese
3129:
3122:
3080:West Walloon
3068:Saintongeais
3016:
2992:
2988:Anglo-Norman
2946:
2879:Newfoundland
2839:Jersey Legal
2831:
2739:
2704:Southwestern
2687:Vallassinese
2576:Gallo-Picene
2517:Gallo-Italic
2479:
2395:
2390:
2329:
2295:
2210:
2156:
2021:
1966:
1947:
1936:Saintongeais
1913:
1901:
1889:
1855:
1820:Camfranglais
1766:
1759:
1732:
1722:Anglo-Norman
1720:
1683:Newfoundland
1668:Metropolitan
1656:
1655:
1645:Jersey Legal
1643:
1634:Houma French
1474:Saint Lucian
1429:Areal groups
1423:and dialects
1371:
1364:
1363:H. Bonnard.
1353:
1336:
1327:
1318:
1309:
1295:
1276:
1270:
1239:
1229:
1194:
1146:/kolːoˈkare/
643:18th century
640:15th century
603:
596:
585:
582:
563:
522:
428:
416:
389:
372:
354:
341:intelligible
338:
314:in place of
270:
269:
253:
189:Vulgar Latin
148:
45:
33:
3914:Campidanese
3740:Old Catalan
3733:Old Occitan
3470:Old Spanish
3404:Rioplatense
3208:Old Leonese
3036:Cotentinais
3000:Guernésiais
2923:Frenchville
2916:New England
2795:Bourbonnais
2747:Piedmontese
2741:Old Lombard
2633:Bergamasque
2557:Sammarinese
2028:or dialects
1915:Petit nègre
1805:Bourbonnais
1750:Guernésiais
1745:Cotentinais
1624:Frenchville
1586:New England
1517:Seychellois
1167:/kuˈʃje(r)/
1151:/koɫˈtʃjer/
1097:/dʒyˈdʒjeð/
1092:/judiˈkatu/
979:'beautiful'
768:/(ɪ)sˈkutu/
634:9th century
621:Old French
421:. Numerous
394:, in which
173:Early forms
3985:Categories
3961:indicates
3919:Logudorese
3452:Philippine
3418:Andalusian
3412:Peninsular
3302:Estremenho
3258:Portuguese
3185:Cantabrian
3018:Law French
3010:Sercquiais
2844:Meridional
2805:Champenois
2800:Burgundian
2611:Tabarchino
2601:Monégasque
2540:Parmigiano
2397:Neapolitan
2370:Manduriano
2337:Florentine
2204:Wallachian
2174:Bukovinian
1903:Old French
1825:Champenois
1810:Burgundian
1774:Sercquiais
1768:Old Norman
1761:Law French
1703:Vietnamese
1663:Meridional
1497:Chagossian
1348:References
1223:La Pléiade
1191:Literature
1156:/kuˈtʃjer/
1141:'to place'
1059:/aˈvwɛ(r)/
495:architrave
465:infanterie
423:neologisms
377:word order
361:nominative
357:declension
345:Old French
295:Old French
199:Old French
48:April 2020
3969:varieties
3952:indicate
3909:Sardinian
3866:Triestine
3814:Sursilvan
3725:Mentonasc
3703:Provençal
3652:Auvergnat
3638:Valencian
3594:Mallorcan
3584:Algherese
3559:Occitano-
3506:Navarrese
3494:Aragonese
3430:Castilian
3333:Castilian
3309:Uruguayan
3282:Brazilian
3245:Minderico
3239:/Eonavian
3202:Mirandese
3116:Valdôtain
3102:/Arpitan
3043:Orléanais
2994:Auregnais
2978:Mayennais
2928:Louisiana
2810:Ardennais
2790:Berrichon
2596:Intemelio
2552:Forlivese
2535:Bolognese
2481:Dalmatian
2445:Tarantino
2408:Benevento
2365:Salentino
2325:Sassarese
2289:Gallurese
2272:Romanesco
2225:Dalmatian
2189:Moldavian
2184:Maramureș
2142:Aromanian
2039:varieties
2024:indicate
2006:Valdôtain
1997:/Arpitan
1968:Zarphatic
1909:Orléanais
1795:Berrichon
1734:Auregnais
1609:Cambodian
1591:Québécois
1512:Rodriguan
1502:Mauritian
1469:Grenadian
1464:Dominican
1137:COLLŌCĀRE
1083:IŪDICĀTUM
1033:'to have'
984:/ˈbɛlːʊs/
902:/ˈfam(ə)/
876:/ˈfemɪna/
716:/maˈturu/
396:Francis I
367:forms of
322:languages
255:Glottolog
239:ISO 639-3
221:ISO 639-2
179:Old Latin
40:talk page
3845:Venetian
3819:Vallader
3809:Surmiran
3782:Cadorino
3765:Friulian
3698:Limousin
3667:Béarnese
3629:Western
3611:Northern
3599:Menorcan
3589:Balearic
3580:Eastern
3576:dialects
3435:Castrapo
3392:Peruvian
3363:dialects
3296:European
3264:dialects
3251:Portugis
3232:Galician
3173:Asturian
3111:Savoyard
3063:Poitevin
3031:Cauchois
3005:Jèrriais
2852:Canadian
2731:Varesino
2726:Ticinese
2714:Novarese
2709:Cremunés
2699:Ossolano
2694:Milanese
2682:Lecchese
2650:Brianzöö
2581:Ligurian
2547:Romagnol
2428:Arianese
2423:Irpinian
2418:Cilentan
2382:Pantesco
2377:Sicilian
2348:Southern
2284:Corsican
2260:Macerata
2255:Fabriano
2194:Oltenian
2164:dialects
2124:Southern
2001:Savoyard
1931:Poitevin
1840:Guianese
1755:Jèrriais
1740:Cauchois
1693:Standard
1673:Missouri
1614:Francien
1564:Kinshasa
1358:Larousse
1252:Petrarch
1161:couchier
1102:/ʒyˈʒje/
1087:'judged'
1069:/aˈvwaʁ/
1064:/aˈvwɛʁ/
1048:/aˈvɔjr/
1043:/aˈvejr/
1038:/aˈβere/
994:/be̯aws/
956:/ˈɔm(ə)/
930:/ˈɔmɪne/
886:/ˈfemːə/
881:/ˈfemnə/
848:/ˈswɛ.ə/
843:/ˈsoj.ə/
832:/ˈsej.ə/
827:/ˈsejðə/
773:/esˈkyð/
763:'shield'
721:/maˈðyr/
711:'mature'
601:(1539).
578:doublets
507:corridor
453:cavalier
442:humanism
435:Italians
412:Francien
262:midd1316
3950:Italics
3851:Chipilo
3794:Romansh
3757:Romance
3755:Rhaeto-
3720:Gardiol
3672:Landese
3662:Aranese
3647:Occitan
3606:Central
3570:Catalan
3561:Romance
3462:Creoles
3457:Saharan
3445:Murcian
3423:Llanito
3380:Chilean
3357:Spanish
3314:Creoles
3288:Mineiro
3270:African
3195:Riberan
3190:Leonese
3155:Iberian
3148:Romance
3075:Walloon
3048:Paydret
3026:Augeron
2966:Vosgien
2961:Gaumais
2956:Lorrain
2948:Creoles
2911:Muskrat
2857:Acadian
2785:Angevin
2775:Langues
2766:Romance
2672:Comasco
2645:Western
2638:Cremish
2628:Eastern
2623:Lombard
2591:Genoese
2586:Brigasc
2530:Emilian
2508:Western
2487:Istriot
2450:Vastese
2435:Molisan
2297:Italian
2233:Central
2179:Crișana
2134:Eastern
2117:Western
2102:Eastern
2022:Italics
1955:Walloon
1949:Tây Bồi
1863:Lorrain
1790:Angevin
1728:Augeron
1678:Muskrat
1651:Laotian
1629:Haitian
1576:Belgian
1559:Abidjan
1553:African
1536:Acadian
1507:Réunion
1492:Agalega
1360:, 1992.
1356:Paris:
1182:coucher
1177:/kuˈʃe/
1172:/kuˈʃe/
1123:/ʒyˈʒe/
1118:/ʒyˈʒe/
1113:/ʒyˈʒe/
951:/ˈɔ̃mə/
940:/ˈɔmːə/
935:/ˈɔmnə/
921:HOMINEM
897:/ˈfãmə/
871:'woman'
867:FĒMINAM
822:/ˈseta/
778:/esˈky/
737:/my(r)/
726:/məˈyr/
707:MĀTŪRUM
662:/ˈpɛde/
626:French
570:English
525:Spanish
439:Italian
404:Occitan
365:oblique
351:History
320:Occitan
310:of the
134:Western
124:Romance
3881:Others
3861:Talian
3856:Fiuman
3830:Others
3770:Fornes
3708:Niçard
3657:Gascon
3625:Patuet
3531:Others
3440:Castúo
3146:Ibero-
3106:Faetar
3053:Picard
2983:Norman
2971:Welche
2894:Magoua
2884:Quebec
2874:Brayon
2833:French
2815:Rémois
2764:Gallo-
2719:Pavese
2677:Laghée
2655:Canzés
2606:Royasc
2468:Others
2403:Barese
2331:Tuscan
2277:Sabino
2250:Ancona
2223:Italo-
1989:Faetar
1921:Picard
1897:Nouchi
1885:Michif
1868:Welche
1783:Others
1713:Norman
1639:Indian
1602:Magoua
1571:Aostan
1527:French
1283:
1248:Tuscan
1029:HABĒRE
1005:/be̯o/
989:/bɛɫs/
975:BELLUS
817:'silk'
813:SAETAM
799:/eˈky/
794:/eˈky/
789:/eˈky/
759:SCŪTUM
672:/pjeθ/
667:/pjeð/
657:'foot'
624:Middle
615:Latin
574:Norman
540:reître
535:German
533:) and
530:casque
513:sonnet
501:balcon
489:arcade
483:soldat
459:espion
447:alarme
381:syntax
275:French
114:Italic
80:France
76:Region
3804:Putèr
3799:Jauer
3787:Nones
3777:Ladin
3276:Asian
2933:Houma
2906:Métis
2889:Joual
2862:Chiac
2827:Gallo
2777:d'oïl
2169:Banat
1835:Gallo
1800:Bolze
1698:Swiss
1597:Joual
1581:Métis
1541:Chiac
1262:Notes
1107:jugié
1074:avoir
1053:avoir
1010:/bjo/
999:beaus
966:homme
945:homme
925:'man'
912:femme
907:/fam/
891:femme
853:/swa/
745:/myʁ/
741:/myʁ/
693:/pje/
688:/pje/
683:/pje/
653:PEDEM
552:hamac
546:cacao
477:canon
419:Greek
369:nouns
316:Latin
3959:Bold
3544:Caló
3227:Fala
3153:West
1943:Tayo
1281:ISBN
1254:and
1128:jugé
1020:beau
1015:/bo/
961:/ɔm/
858:soie
837:seie
783:escu
731:meür
698:pied
677:pied
558:maïs
471:camp
429:The
363:and
1250:of
804:écu
750:mûr
568:on
561:).
246:frm
229:frm
144:Oïl
86:Era
3987::
1593:*
1555:*
1227:.
1215:,
1211:,
1207:,
1203:,
1199:,
555:,
549:,
520:.
504:,
498:,
492:,
480:,
474:,
468:,
462:,
456:,
450:,
347:.
277::
3157:)
3151:(
2089:)
2085:(
2075:e
2068:t
2061:v
1847:*
1529:*
1438:*
1413:e
1406:t
1399:v
1289:.
1238:(
1144:*
1090:*
1036:*
982:*
928:*
874:*
820:*
766:*
714:*
660:*
537:(
527:(
373:s
329:(
303:)
297:(
273:(
50:)
46:(
42:.
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