339:
825:
1802:
1228:
38:
728:
1709:
1670:. It required Latin be replaced in judgements and official acts and deeds. The local Oïl languages had always been the language spoken in justice courts. The Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts was not intended to make French a national language, merely a chancery language for law and administration. Although there were competing literary standards among the Oïl languages in the mediæval period, the centralisation of the
1905:
1901:. This was apparent not so much in the vocabulary (which remained overwhelmingly of Latin origin) as in the phonology and syntax; the invading Franks, Burgundians and Normans became the rulers and their accents were imposed as standard on the rest of the population. This accounts in large part for the relative distinctiveness of French compared to other Romance languages.
1464:. In those times, spoken languages in Western Europe were not codified (except Latin and Medieval Latin), the region's population was considerably lower than today, and population centers were more isolated from each other. As a result, mutually intelligible linguistic varieties were referred to as one language.
1978:
in the 19th century led to an increased use of the French language in detriment of
Portuguese, as France was seen at the time as a model of civilization and progress. The learning of French has historically been important and strong among the Lusophone elites, and for a great span of time it was also
1690:
which imposed French on the people as the official language in all the territory. As the influence of French (and in the
Channel Islands, English) spread among sectors of provincial populations, cultural movements arose to study and standardise the vernacular languages. From the 18th century and into
1315:
appeared between the 8th and 12th centuries. Walloon "had a clearly defined identity from the beginning of the thirteenth century". In any case, linguistic texts from the time do not mention the language, even though they mention others in the Oïl family, such as Picard and
Lorrain. During the 15th
1763:
As the vernacular Oïl languages were displaced from towns, they have generally survived to a greater extent in rural areas - hence a preponderance of literature relating to rural and peasant themes. The particular circumstances of the self-governing
Channel Islands developed a lively strain of
1699:
of 1870) were published, groups were formed and literary movements developed to support and promote the Oïl languages faced with competition. The Third
Republic sought to modernise France and established primary education where the only language recognised was French. Regional languages were
1934:
groups, in lexicon (up to 15–20% in some estimates, at least 5000 word roots), phonology and orthography. The influence of
Occitan was, nevertheless, the most marked, through the status Provençal in particular achieved in southwestern Europe around the
1316:
century, scribes in the region called the language "Roman" when they needed to distinguish it. It is not until the beginning of the 16th century that we find the first occurrence of the word "Walloon" in the same linguistic sense that we use it today.
1674:
and its influence even outside its formal borders sent most of the Oïl languages into comparative obscurity for several centuries. The development of literature in this new language encouraged writers to use French rather than their own
1156:
Each of the Oïl languages has developed in its own way from the common ancestor, and division of the development into periods varies according to the individual histories. Modern linguistics uses the following terms:
1700:
discouraged, and the use of French was seen as aspirational, accelerating their decline. This was also generally the case in areas where Oïl languages were spoken. French is now the best-known of the Oïl languages.
2619:
1764:
political comment, and the early industrialisation in
Picardy led to survival of Picard in the mines and workshops of the regions. The mining poets of Picardy may be compared with the tradition of rhyming
1963:
pilgrimage route that come from elsewhere in Europe out of the
Iberian Peninsula, and the settlement in Iberia of people from the other side of the Pyrenees, arriving during and after the
1943:
was developed. Aside the direct influence of Provençal literature, the presence of languages from modern-day France in the
Galician-Portuguese area was also strong due to the rule of the
537:(in the plural) designate the ancient northern Gallo-Romance languages as well as their modern-day descendants. They share many linguistic features, a prominent one being the word
2713:
2003:
was influenced by the speech of settlers originating from northwestern France, many of whom introduced features of their Oïl varieties into the French they spoke. (See also
997:
2616:
2509:
2471:
1817:
1633:
For political reasons it was in Paris and Île-de-France that this koiné developed from a written language into a spoken language. Already in the 12th century
1014:
1872:
1040:
943:
1298:
of 842) was the first of the
Romance languages to be recognized by its speakers as a distinct language, probably because it was the most different from
2706:
2201:
1854:, a variant of Norman once the official language of England, today holds mostly a place of ceremonial honour in the United Kingdom (now referred to as
1793:(Walloon), which are published either wholly in the respective Oïl language or bilingually with French. These provide a platform for literary writing.
1029:
1025:
635:, the term itself, has been used in the singular since the 12th century to denote this ancient linguistic grouping as a whole. With these qualifiers,
2488:
1520:
Indeed, idioms of a same language vary amongst people, as it occurs in the French language which varies in an idiomatic manner amongst the French,
1537:
It is from this period though that definitions of individual Oïl languages are first found. The Picard language is first referred to by name as
5264:
3334:
1543:
344:
1352:
itself was first used in the 12th century, referring to the Old French linguistic grouping noted above. In the 14th century, the Italian poet
2699:
514:
in the Southern half of France. Both groups are named after the word for "yes" in their recent ancestral languages. The most common modern
2598:
3375:
2249:
796:
102:
2457:
2205:
1956:
1691:
the 20th century, societies were founded (such as the "Société liégoise de Littérature wallonne" in 1856), dictionaries (such as
768:
738:
74:
1617:
was never used by those people supposed to have spoken the variant; but today the term could be used to designate that specific
1480:. However, since the previous centuries a common literary and juridical "interdialectary" langue d'oïl had emerged, a kind of
3826:
2562:
948:
3758:
775:
81:
2005:
1374:" ("some say 'oc', others say 'sì', others say 'oïl'")—thereby distinguishing at least three classes of Romance languages:
3561:
3556:
2637:
1249:
55:
3500:
3388:
2506:
1712:
The Oïl languages have literary traditions, as for example seen in this 19th-century collection of Jèrriais short stories
3661:
3551:
2596:
Presence of the French language and literature in Brazil – for a history of Franco-Brazilian bonds of cultural affection
3776:
2442:
1930:
Portuguese was heavily influenced by more than a millennium of perennial contact with several dialects of both Oïl and
782:
88:
4615:
2673:
2660:
2392:
1275:
420:
383:
121:
1667:
1257:
343:
The different varieties of the langue d'oïl + the Croissant according to the Speaking Atlas of Minority Languages (
4675:
1868:
17:
3963:
3568:
3368:
1461:
764:
70:
1748:
literature, especially from the early 19th century tend to focus on written texts and poetry (see, for example,
1621:
variant of langue d'oïl spoken in the Paris region; both variants contributed to the koine, as both were called
4763:
4664:
1304:
1253:
1148:
1103:
753:
59:
4634:
4571:
4249:
2940:
2507:
The influence of loanwords in the Portuguese language: a process of globalization, ideology and communication
2089:
2050:
706:
is sometimes considered pejorative, the trend today among French linguists is to refer to these languages as
5292:
3158:
1944:
4698:
4101:
3250:
3111:
2865:
2485:
985:
973:
5302:
5139:
4577:
3546:
3475:
2910:
2860:
2554:
1979:
the foreign language of choice among the middle class of both Portugal and Brazil, only surpassed in the
2920:
1720:, small-scale literature has survived in the other Oïl languages. Theatrical writing is most notable in
4860:
4432:
3867:
3425:
3361:
3004:
2581:
2384:
2067:
1609:, it is claimed, became the Medieval French language. Current linguistic thinking mostly discounts the
1532:. And terms right to the Picards horrify the Burgundians as much as their closer neighbours the French"
2989:
2582:
The importance of the French language in Brazil: marks and milestones in the early periods of teaching
4447:
4359:
3968:
3809:
3524:
3453:
3435:
3418:
3413:
3403:
2340:
2306:
2144:
2009:
1940:
1652:. Since then French started to be imposed on the other Oïl dialects as well as on the territories of
501:
215:
195:
5297:
3152:
5152:
5056:
3929:
3877:
3656:
3604:
1238:
1842:
The Norman languages of the Channel Islands enjoy a certain status under the governments of their
1587:
coined in the 19th century to name the hypothetical variant of Old French allegedly spoken by the
1555:
of around 1250 show the Poitevin language developing as it straddled the line between oïl and oc.
789:
95:
4520:
4111:
4065:
3946:
3919:
3858:
3795:
3741:
3448:
3408:
2952:
2770:
2765:
2722:
2345:
2311:
2271:
2035:
1242:
462:
223:
210:
185:
48:
4116:
2260:
1904:
5238:
4454:
3872:
3818:
3470:
3141:
2595:
1348:, respectively. Subsequent development changed "oïl" into "oui", as in modern French. The term
990:
937:
282:
3216:
2524:
2472:
Exhibition at the Museum of the Portuguese Language shows the French influence in our language
2458:
Constitutional Council Decision 99-412 DC, European Charter for regional or minority languages
1756:
749:
5270:
5215:
5021:
5016:
4669:
4647:
4538:
4466:
4289:
3951:
3714:
3340:
3227:
3116:
3023:
2353:
2319:
2164:
2059:
2044:
1975:
1884:
1851:
1847:
1769:
1680:
1362:
1045:
871:
818:
660:
628:
4934:
3902:
5220:
4994:
4610:
4583:
4509:
4369:
4168:
4096:
4048:
4042:
4005:
3988:
3237:
3106:
2847:
2085:
2031:
1787:
960:
678:
are those modern-day descendants that evolved separately from the varieties of the ancient
5004:
4417:
3485:
3307:
3210:
8:
4705:
4597:
4565:
4559:
4180:
4140:
4106:
3934:
3698:
3126:
2984:
2946:
2775:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2027:
1864:
1729:
1420:
1294:
1097:
965:
932:
898:
446:
4968:
4401:
4010:
3296:
2536:
1634:
231:
5210:
4939:
4795:
4753:
4719:
4713:
4603:
4546:
4503:
4486:
4224:
4217:
4053:
3841:
3782:
3638:
3626:
3505:
3443:
3269:
2925:
2887:
2818:
2785:
2691:
2190:
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24).
2023:
1960:
1434:
1123:
1034:
927:
4988:
3480:
2935:
2551:
Immigration and Xenophobia: Portuguese Immigrants in Early 19th Century Rio de Janeiro
2191:
1692:
325:
319:
5167:
5146:
5066:
5026:
4885:
4813:
4807:
4731:
4623:
4533:
4474:
4386:
4344:
4145:
4091:
3897:
3882:
3853:
3836:
3746:
3709:
3678:
3666:
3585:
3573:
3490:
3465:
3459:
3384:
3353:
3261:
3096:
2964:
2915:
2798:
2669:
2656:
2558:
2438:
2388:
2099:
1717:
1687:
1676:
1671:
1645:
1442:
1387:
1129:
1102:
905:
493:
438:
205:
5009:
3978:
3956:
2808:
1481:
1072:. Gallo originated from the oïl speech of people from eastern and northern regions:
338:
5120:
5110:
5095:
5083:
4999:
4948:
4912:
4890:
4877:
4871:
4800:
4789:
4693:
4658:
4642:
4491:
4479:
4412:
4376:
4364:
4332:
4257:
4229:
4202:
4032:
4027:
4015:
3995:
3983:
3924:
3831:
3788:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3683:
3614:
3598:
3495:
3302:
3256:
3232:
3181:
3176:
3164:
3041:
2969:
2813:
2803:
2757:
2130:
2103:
2055:
1994:
1931:
1920:
1824:
1810:
1745:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1312:
1203:
1077:
1010:
917:
875:
856:
851:
559:
510:
397:
391:
363:
190:
4895:
4845:
2137:
1601:
5204:
5190:
5071:
4973:
4963:
4907:
4758:
4746:
4686:
4681:
4496:
4425:
4407:
4381:
4354:
4284:
4241:
4153:
4134:
4086:
3973:
3939:
3892:
3887:
3609:
3541:
3513:
3290:
3222:
3192:
3091:
3014:
2994:
2974:
2828:
2737:
2623:
2602:
2513:
2492:
2116:
1948:
1924:
1894:
1741:
1721:
1427:
1353:
1069:
1051:
862:
846:
620:
573:
564:
465:, which also include the historical languages of east-central France and western
458:
442:
433:
180:
4207:
2882:
702:—as some extant Oïl languages are very close to modern French. Because the term
5255:
5162:
5157:
5078:
4958:
4920:
4652:
4212:
4158:
4128:
4020:
3704:
3632:
3578:
3327:
3146:
3136:
2979:
2930:
2877:
2854:
2837:
2793:
2095:
1990:
1909:
1737:
1628:
1367:
1093:
1073:
1062:
745:
474:
4301:
3051:
2486:
Contacts between French and Portuguese or the first's influences on the second
1570:
but was already—before the late 13th century—used as a literary and juridical
5286:
5197:
5100:
5088:
4820:
4528:
4185:
4123:
3619:
3131:
2958:
2892:
2872:
2000:
1983:
1980:
1397:
Other Romance languages derive their word for "yes" from the classical Latin
1182:
478:
2225:
1460:
referred, at their respective time, to a single homogeneous language but to
4979:
4839:
4279:
4234:
3121:
2999:
2284:
1765:
1733:
1467:
1325:
1134:
1019:
277:
2408:
5041:
5034:
4771:
4337:
3244:
3046:
2063:
1964:
1952:
1801:
1613:
theory, although it is still often quoted in popular textbooks. The term
1529:
1509:
1328:
within France had developed two distinctive terms for signifying assent (
1191:
824:
466:
161:
4306:
3056:
2686:
2537:
Occitejano: Sobre a origem occitana do subdialeto do Alto Tejo português
2334:
2300:
2106:
used in literary works of northern Italy in the 13th and 14th centuries.
2016:
883:
4349:
4319:
4311:
4267:
4262:
3912:
3671:
3204:
3075:
3069:
3062:
2227:
2125:
2040:
1971:
1936:
1893:
were more or less influenced by the native languages of the conquering
1856:
1832:
1725:
1563:
1514:
1472:
In the 13th century these varieties were recognized and referred to as
1169:
1164:
1055:
891:
866:
686:
today may apply either: to all the modern-day languages of this family
640:
287:
1146:
For the history of phonology, orthography, syntax and morphology, see
615:
spoken since the 9th century in northern France and southern Belgium (
5115:
4953:
4295:
3590:
3035:
2434:
2196:
1843:
1584:
955:
887:
486:
470:
313:
272:
4741:
1927:
and much of the adopted vocabulary shows typically Norman features.
1644:
By the late 13th century the written koiné had begun to turn into a
1227:
727:
37:
4900:
4736:
4552:
4000:
3848:
1836:
1579:
1089:
879:
616:
518:
is standard French, in which the ancestral "oïl" has become "oui".
165:
5105:
1846:
and within the regional and lesser-used language framework of the
1637:
reported about the French court who blamed him for using words of
4724:
4589:
4327:
3751:
3736:
3029:
1820:), the Oïl languages have enjoyed little status in recent times.
1708:
1525:
1521:
1081:
624:
454:
157:
2617:
What are the French thinking influences still present in Brazil?
4926:
4272:
4195:
4175:
3907:
3198:
3186:
3169:
2903:
2189:
1913:
1898:
1816:
Apart from French, an official language in many countries (see
1638:
1119:
1085:
497:
450:
169:
153:
2525:
A língua que falamos: Português, história, variação e discurso
1484:. In the late 13th century this common langue d'oïl was named
409:
369:
4190:
4163:
3101:
2898:
2842:
2076:(Oïl and Occitan influences on lexicon, phonology—especially
1596:
1383:
1299:
698:
dialects" or "French dialects" are also used to refer to the
482:
403:
200:
2638:
France in Brazil Year – the importance of cultural diplomacy
2167:
over the 'i' indicates the two vowels are sounded separately
1923:
was heavily influenced by contact with Norman following the
1629:
Rise of French (Standardized Oïl) versus other Oïl languages
1311:
Many of the developments that are now considered typical of
1750:
611:
refers to the mutually intelligible linguistic variants of
173:
2332:
2135:
2721:
1468:
French (Old French/Standardized Oïl) or lingua Gallicana
1433:(used when contradicting another's negative assertion).
2655:, Défense et promotion des Langues d'Oïl, Mougon 1994,
3383:
1863:
The French government recognises the Oïl languages as
449:
relatives historically spoken in the northern half of
2226:
Centre national de la recherche scientifique (2020).
2017:
Languages and dialects with significant Oïl influence
421:
384:
4075:
1518:, who wrote in Medieval Latin but translated thus: "
996:
412:
400:
375:
366:
2058:(Oïl influences on vocabulary, transmitted via the
1873:
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
1736:. Oral performance (story-telling) is a feature of
1551:refers to the Norman character of his writing. The
406:
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2381:Romance languages : a historical introduction
2333:
2299:
2202:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
1152:and the relevant individual Oïl language articles.
972:
904:
836:
563:). The most widely spoken modern Oïl language is
27:Dialects including French and its close relatives
5284:
1666:In 1539 the French language was imposed by the
1663:continued contributing to the lexis of French.
1302:compared with the other Romance languages (see
1092:; who were in contact with Breton speakers in
3369:
2707:
2298:
2230:Atlas sonore des langues régionales de France
623:, and between the 11th and 14th centuries in
1437:is an exception in that its word for "yes",
754:introducing citations to additional sources
504:, into two main geographical subgroups: the
5265:languages with more than 5 million speakers
3335:varieties with more than 5 million speakers
2378:
2185:
2183:
2119:, an extinct Romance speech, most likely a
1775:There are some regional magazines, such as
1256:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1068:Gallo has a stronger Celtic substrate from
4848:(mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)
3376:
3362:
2714:
2700:
2066:in England in the centuries following the
1549:Vie du bienheureux Thomas Hélye de Biville
1462:mutually intelligible linguistic varieties
1372:nam alii oc, alii si, alii vero dicunt oil
485:, and under certain acceptations those of
1835:have the status of regional languages of
1276:Learn how and when to remove this message
832:can be seen in shades of green and yellow
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
2180:
1903:
1800:
1785:Les Nouvelles Chroniques du Don Balleine
1707:
823:
744:Relevant discussion may be found on the
461:. They belong to the larger category of
2548:
1724:(which maintains a genre of vernacular
690:the French language; or to this family
549:was and still is the southern word for
14:
5285:
1558:As a result, in modern times the term
1449:for "yes", which is of Slavic origin.
639:sometimes is used to mean the same as
571:was pronounced or , which has become
3357:
2695:
2428:
2098:, a mixed language of Old French and
1947:, the establishment of the Orders of
1476:("idioms") of a single language, the
572:
432:
2367:Manuel pratique de philologie romane
2354:participating institution membership
2320:participating institution membership
2006:French language in the United States
1646:spoken and written standard language
1500:in Medieval Latin). Both aspects of
1441:, is from neither origin. Similarly
1254:adding citations to reliable sources
1221:
1118:Named after the former provinces of
721:
60:adding citations to reliable sources
31:
1772:in a comparable industrial milieu.
1506:"French as the common langue d'oïl"
24:
5269:Languages between parentheses are
3339:Languages between parentheses are
1185:for the period 14th–15th centuries
25:
5314:
5149:(unknown further classification)
2680:
2379:Alkire, Ti; Rosen, Carol (2010).
1319:
821:Oïl dialects have been proposed:
619:), since the 10th century in the
584:There are three uses of the term
2431:French, from dialect to standard
1869:Constitutional Council of France
1226:
1217:
737:relies largely or entirely on a
726:
670:
396:
362:
337:
36:
2645:
2628:
2607:
2586:
2572:
2542:
2530:
2518:
2497:
2476:
2462:
2451:
2429:Lodge, Anthony (4 March 1993).
2422:
2401:
2372:
2360:
2208:from the original on 2023-11-11
650:
602:
47:needs additional citations for
5273:of the language on their left.
5143:(Western Romance-based pidgin)
3343:of the language on their left.
2326:
2292:
2276:
2265:
2254:
2243:
2219:
2157:
1939:apex in the Middle Ages, when
1668:Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts
1659:However, the Oïl dialects and
1305:History of the French language
1149:History of the French language
1140:
942:, not to be confused with the
521:
13:
1:
2174:
2051:French-based creole languages
1999:The development of French in
1703:
1679:. This led to the decline of
1502:"dialects of a same language"
1324:By late- or post-Roman times
2527:Luiz Antônio da Silva, 2005.
2272:American Heritage Dictionary
2150:
1878:
717:
7:
5140:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
2555:University Press of America
2110:
2092:dialects—, and orthography)
1871:barred ratification of the
1697:Dictionnaire franco-normand
1591:in the ancient province of
1566:which was not as yet named
944:French language in Touraine
700:Oïl languages except French
10:
5319:
4842:(mixed Portuguese–Spanish)
3868:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
3662:Central−Southern Calabrian
2385:Cambridge University Press
2261:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
1993:shows some influence from
1882:
1805:Bilingual street sign for
1212:
5247:
5231:
5182:
5131:
5055:
4859:
4832:
4781:
4633:
4519:
4465:
4446:
4397:
4064:
3817:
3808:
3769:
3649:
3534:
3523:
3434:
3396:
3318:
3283:
3084:
3013:
2827:
2784:
2756:
2747:
2730:
2539:Paulo Feytor Pinto, 2012.
2341:Oxford English Dictionary
2307:Oxford English Dictionary
2145:Language policy of France
2010:French language in Canada
1941:Galician-Portuguese lyric
1827:(under the local name of
1796:
1716:Besides the influence of
336:
312:
300:
265:
181:Linguistic classification
179:
146:
141:
136:
4150:North American dialects
3657:Extreme Southern Italian
2549:Barbosa, Rosana (2009).
2070:, and later from French)
1991:French spoken in Belgium
1572:interdialectary language
923:Non-standard varieties:
817:Five zones of partially
3569:Central−Northern Latian
2723:Gallo-Romance languages
2369:, Pierre Bec, 1970–1971
2346:Oxford University Press
2312:Oxford University Press
1619:10th-and-11th centuries
1340:("this"), which became
463:Gallo-Romance languages
441:that includes standard
3873:Gallo-Italic of Sicily
2687:Songs in oïl languages
2668:, Jean Sibille, 2000,
2666:Les langues régionales
2136:
1972:anti-Portuguese factor
1916:
1813:
1713:
1394:(in northern France).
1378:(in southern France);
1292:(the term used in the
1198:17th to 18th century:
890:(spoken in Alderney),
833:
508:to the North, and the
4360:Poitevin–Saintongeais
3333:A star (*) indicates
3228:Poitevin-Saintongeais
3159:Labrador Inuit Pidgin
2192:"Glottolog 4.8 - Oil"
2060:Anglo-Norman language
1976:Brazilian nationalism
1907:
1885:Anglo-Norman language
1883:Further information:
1852:Anglo-Norman language
1848:British-Irish Council
1804:
1740:, for example, while
1711:
1681:vernacular literature
1363:De vulgari eloquentia
1336:("this (is) it") and
1104:Poitevin-Saintongeais
1054:(spoken south of the
968:(or Eastern Francien)
865:(spoken north of the
827:
819:mutually intelligible
629:Anglo-Norman language
492:Linguists divide the
152:Northern and central
142:Langues d'oïl, French
4169:St. Marys Bay French
3693:Neapolitan–Calabrese
1599:region later called
1562:also refers to that
1547:. The author of the
1508:appear in a text of
1401:"thus", such as the
1360:distinctions in his
1288:In the 9th century,
1250:improve this section
1195:(Renaissance French)
886:(spoken in Jersey),
750:improve this article
500:, and especially of
56:improve this article
5293:Languages of France
4521:Galician–Portuguese
3547:Central Marchigiano
2786:Bourbonnais Creoles
2344:(Online ed.).
2310:(Online ed.).
2250:Oxford Dictionaries
1865:languages of France
1823:Currently Walloon,
1757:Jèrriais literature
1295:Oaths of Strasbourg
1161:9th–13th centuries
1098:Marches of Neustria
1061:Western Armorican:
1009:Eastern Armorican:
577:, in modern French
529:(in the singular),
5303:Medieval languages
4935:Catalan Ribagorçan
4782:Pyrenean–Mozarabic
4054:Judaeo-Piedmontese
3964:Bustocco–Legnanese
3759:Northern Calabrian
2622:2015-05-17 at the
2601:2013-09-21 at the
2512:2013-09-21 at the
2491:2013-07-31 at the
2024:regional languages
1917:
1814:
1714:
1677:regional languages
1200:français classique
1112:zone saintongeaise
966:Western Champenois
899:Eastern Champenois
834:
434:[lɑ̃ɡdɔjl]
5280:
5279:
5256:extinct languages
5178:
5177:
4855:
4854:
4814:Navarro-Aragonese
4699:Peruvian Ribereño
4624:Judaeo-Portuguese
4539:Galician–Asturian
4442:
4441:
4433:Old Gallo-Romance
4387:Wisconsin Walloon
3804:
3803:
3777:Dalmatian Romance
3385:Romance languages
3351:
3350:
3328:extinct languages
3284:Francoprovencalic
3279:
3278:
3262:Wisconsin Walloon
2564:978-0-7618-4147-0
2553:. United States:
2409:"DA - DEX online"
2352:(Subscription or
2318:(Subscription or
2084:and Europeanized
1945:House of Burgundy
1718:French literature
1688:French Revolution
1589:late 14th century
1553:Sermons poitevins
1452:However, neither
1286:
1285:
1278:
815:
814:
800:
607:In the singular,
560:Occitan languages
494:Romance languages
439:dialect continuum
352:
351:
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
5310:
4801:Judaeo-Aragonese
4790:Andalusi Romance
4643:Amazonic Spanish
4480:Western Asturian
4463:
4462:
4402:Franco-Provençal
4073:
4072:
3969:Comasco–Lecchese
3827:Emilian–Romagnol
3815:
3814:
3615:Regional Italian
3605:Italo-Australian
3532:
3531:
3454:Megleno-Romanian
3378:
3371:
3364:
3355:
3354:
3297:Franco-Provençal
3293:/Faetar-Cigliàje
3182:Louisiana French
3177:Louisiana Creole
2990:Saint-Barthélemy
2758:Antillean Creole
2754:
2753:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2693:
2692:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2349:
2337:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2315:
2303:
2296:
2290:
2280:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2258:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2187:
2168:
2161:
2141:
2056:Anglic languages
1961:Way of St. James
1932:Occitan language
1921:English language
1912:in the metro of
1789:(Jèrriais), and
1648:, and was named
1635:Conon de Béthune
1583:is a linguistic
1539:"langage pikart"
1281:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1230:
1222:
1204:Classical French
1049:
1038:
1023:
1002:zone armoricaine
952:
941:
894:(spoken in Sark)
810:
807:
801:
799:
758:
730:
722:
682:. Consequently,
576:
445:and its closest
436:
431:
425:
419:
418:
415:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
395:
382:
381:
378:
377:
372:
371:
368:
341:
332:
328:
322:
134:
133:
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
21:
5318:
5317:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5243:
5227:
5205:Pannonian Latin
5191:African Romance
5174:
5127:
5058:
5051:
4989:Judeo-Provençal
4862:
4851:
4828:
4777:
4687:Chilean Chilote
4629:
4515:
4456:
4452:
4449:
4438:
4426:Moselle Romance
4393:
4242:Missouri French
4203:Franco-Ontarian
4078:
4067:
4060:
3800:
3765:
3742:Southern Latian
3645:
3610:Maltese Italian
3542:Central Italian
3526:
3519:
3514:Common Romanian
3430:
3414:Italo-Dalmatian
3392:
3382:
3352:
3347:
3346:
3314:
3275:
3193:Moselle Romance
3153:Karipúna Creole
3080:
3009:
2921:Franco-Ontarian
2823:
2780:
2743:
2738:Canadian French
2726:
2720:
2683:
2678:
2648:
2643:
2635:(in Portuguese)
2634:
2633:
2629:
2624:Wayback Machine
2614:(in Portuguese)
2613:
2612:
2608:
2603:Wayback Machine
2593:(in Portuguese)
2592:
2591:
2587:
2579:(in Portuguese)
2578:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2547:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2523:
2519:
2514:Wayback Machine
2504:(in Portuguese)
2503:
2502:
2498:
2493:Wayback Machine
2483:(in Portuguese)
2482:
2481:
2477:
2469:(in Portuguese)
2468:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2427:
2423:
2414:
2412:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2377:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2297:
2293:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2244:
2224:
2220:
2211:
2209:
2188:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2117:Moselle Romance
2113:
2068:Norman Conquest
2043:, particularly
2019:
1925:Norman Conquest
1895:Germanic tribes
1887:
1881:
1799:
1706:
1693:George Métivier
1631:
1541:in 1283 in the
1470:
1322:
1282:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1247:
1231:
1220:
1215:
1143:
1116:
1043:
1032:
1017:
1006:
982:
946:
935:
918:Standard French
914:
910:zone francienne
843:
837:Frankish zone (
811:
805:
802:
765:"Langues d'oïl"
759:
757:
743:
731:
720:
673:
663:of the ancient
655:In the plural,
653:
621:Channel Islands
605:
524:
502:Medieval France
471:southern France
459:Channel Islands
429:
423:
399:
390:
389:
374:
365:
361:
348:
330:
324:
323:
318:
296:
268:
228:Gallo-Rhaetian?
216:Western Romance
196:Latino-Faliscan
148:
128:
117:
111:
108:
71:"Langues d'oïl"
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5316:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5274:
5267:
5258:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5241:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5208:
5201:
5194:
5186:
5184:
5180:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5144:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5086:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5063:
5061:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5024:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4956:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4929:
4924:
4921:Judaeo-Catalan
4917:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4888:
4880:
4867:
4865:
4857:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4843:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4810:
4805:
4804:
4803:
4793:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4691:
4690:
4689:
4676:Latin American
4672:
4667:
4655:
4653:Judaeo-Spanish
4650:
4645:
4639:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4580:
4575:
4568:
4556:
4549:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4531:
4525:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4506:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4489:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4471:
4469:
4460:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4304:
4299:
4282:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4227:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4148:
4143:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4083:
4081:
4070:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4046:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3966:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3922:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3823:
3821:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3796:Judaeo-Italian
3793:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3664:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3629:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3538:
3536:
3529:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3456:
3451:
3449:Istro-Romanian
3446:
3440:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3397:Major branches
3394:
3393:
3389:classification
3381:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3358:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3337:
3331:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3294:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3254:
3247:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3225:
3220:
3213:
3208:
3201:
3196:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3162:
3155:
3150:
3147:Haitian Creole
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3117:Burundi Pidgin
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3032:
3027:
3019:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2955:
2950:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2834:
2832:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2790:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2719:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2682:
2681:External links
2679:
2677:
2676:
2663:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2627:
2606:
2585:
2571:
2563:
2541:
2529:
2517:
2496:
2475:
2461:
2450:
2444:978-0415080712
2443:
2421:
2400:
2393:
2371:
2359:
2335:"langue d'oïl"
2325:
2291:
2275:
2264:
2253:
2242:
2236:atlas.limsi.fr
2218:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2096:Franco-Italian
2093:
2071:
2062:spoken by the
2053:
2047:
2038:
2018:
2015:
1897:, notably the
1880:
1877:
1809:in French and
1798:
1795:
1705:
1702:
1672:French kingdom
1630:
1627:
1625:at that time.
1593:Pays de France
1494:lingua gallica
1469:
1466:
1368:Medieval Latin
1366:. He wrote in
1356:mentioned the
1321:
1318:
1284:
1283:
1234:
1232:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1196:
1188:16th century:
1186:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1115:
1108:zone poitevine
1101:
1094:Upper Brittany
1066:
1065:
1059:
1005:
995:
994:
993:
988:
981:
971:
970:
969:
963:
958:
953:
930:
921:
920:
913:
903:
902:
901:
896:
869:) including:
859:
854:
849:
842:
839:zone francique
835:
813:
812:
806:September 2022
748:. Please help
734:
732:
725:
719:
716:
672:
669:
652:
649:
604:
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593:
523:
520:
475:northern Italy
473:, portions of
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342:
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310:
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298:
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220:Gallo-Iberian?
183:
177:
176:
150:
144:
143:
139:
138:
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5315:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5298:Oïl languages
5296:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5272:
5268:
5266:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5246:
5240:
5239:Proto-Romance
5237:
5236:
5234:
5232:Reconstructed
5230:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5206:
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5198:British Latin
5195:
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5028:
5025:
5023:
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5019:
5018:
5017:Vivaro-Alpine
5015:
5011:
5008:
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5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
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4991:
4990:
4986:
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4821:Old Navarrese
4818:
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4692:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4671:
4670:Equatoguinean
4668:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4654:
4651:
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4609:
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4388:
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4317:
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4300:
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4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4124:Frainc-Comtou
4122:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
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4019:
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4009:
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3999:
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3994:
3990:
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3933:
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3928:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3920:Judeo-Italian
3918:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
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3874:
3871:
3869:
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3860:
3857:
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3847:
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3835:
3834:
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3830:
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3825:
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3816:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3797:
3794:
3790:
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3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3750:
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3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3715:Castelmezzano
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3681:
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3677:
3673:
3670:
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3665:
3663:
3660:
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3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3620:Swiss Italian
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3589:
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3539:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3501:Transylvanian
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3460:Daco-Romanian
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3409:Italo-Western
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3379:
3374:
3372:
3367:
3365:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3342:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3132:Frainc-Comtou
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2959:Middle French
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2848:St. Marys Bay
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
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2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2749:Langues d'oïl
2746:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2717:
2712:
2710:
2705:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2675:
2674:2-08-035731-X
2671:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2661:2-905061-95-2
2658:
2654:
2653:Paroles d'Oïl
2651:
2650:
2639:
2631:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2610:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2589:
2583:
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2566:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2533:
2526:
2521:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2500:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2479:
2473:
2465:
2459:
2454:
2446:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2411:(in Romanian)
2410:
2404:
2396:
2394:9780521889155
2390:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2363:
2355:
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2336:
2329:
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2309:
2308:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2286:
2279:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2246:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2222:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2166:
2160:
2156:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2131:Bartsch's law
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2064:upper classes
2061:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2045:Maastrichtian
2042:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2002:
2001:North America
1997:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1984:postmodernity
1982:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1891:langues d'oïl
1886:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1812:
1808:
1807:market square
1803:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1710:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1602:Île-de-France
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1454:lingua romana
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1392:oïl languages
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1290:romana lingua
1280:
1277:
1269:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1235:This section
1233:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1218:Romana lingua
1205:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1183:Middle French
1181:
1180:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1042:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
991:Franc-Comtois
989:
987:
984:
983:
979:
978:zone burgonde
975:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
950:
945:
939:
934:
931:
929:
926:
925:
924:
919:
916:
915:
911:
907:
900:
897:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
868:
864:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
844:
840:
831:
830:langues d'oïl
826:
822:
820:
809:
798:
795:
791:
788:
784:
781:
777:
774:
770:
767: –
766:
762:
761:Find sources:
755:
751:
747:
741:
740:
739:single source
735:This section
733:
729:
724:
723:
715:
713:
709:
708:langues d'oïl
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
684:langues d'oïl
681:
677:
676:Oïl languages
671:Oïl languages
668:
666:
662:
659:refer to the
658:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
613:lingua romana
610:
598:Oïl languages
597:
594:
591:
590:
589:
587:
582:
580:
575:
570:
566:
562:
561:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
535:Oïl languages
532:
528:
519:
517:
513:
512:
507:
506:langues d'oïl
503:
499:
495:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
447:autochthonous
444:
440:
435:
427:
426:
417:
393:
387:
386:
380:
359:
358:
357:langues d'oïl
346:
340:
335:
331:(Central Oil)
327:
321:
317:
315:
311:
305:
304:
303:
299:
289:
286:
285:
284:
283:Proto-Romance
281:
280:
279:
276:
275:
274:
270:
264:
239:
236:
235:
233:
230:
229:
227:
226:
225:
224:Gallo-Romance
222:
221:
219:
218:
217:
214:
213:
212:
211:Italo-Western
209:
208:
207:
204:
203:
202:
199:
198:
197:
194:
193:
192:
189:
188:
187:
186:Indo-European
184:
182:
178:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
145:
140:
135:
126:
123:
115:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
18:Oïl languages
5260:
5251:
5203:
5196:
5189:
5138:
5040:
5033:
4995:Languedocien
4987:
4980:Judeo-Gascon
4978:
4919:
4870:
4840:Barranquenho
4819:
4812:
4788:
4770:
4712:
4674:
4657:
4648:Extremaduran
4622:
4596:
4582:
4570:
4558:
4551:
4508:
4467:Asturleonese
4431:
4424:
4382:West Walloon
4370:Saintongeais
4318:
4294:
4290:Anglo-Norman
4248:
4181:Newfoundland
4141:Jersey Legal
4133:
4076:
4041:
4006:Southwestern
3989:Vallassinese
3878:Gallo-Picene
3819:Gallo-Italic
3781:
3697:
3692:
3631:
3597:
3512:
3458:
3323:
3268:
3249:
3238:Saintongeais
3215:
3203:
3191:
3157:
3122:Camfranglais
3068:
3061:
3034:
3024:Anglo-Norman
3022:
2985:Newfoundland
2970:Metropolitan
2957:
2947:Jersey Legal
2945:
2936:Houma French
2776:Saint Lucian
2748:
2731:Areal groups
2725:and dialects
2665:
2652:
2646:Bibliography
2630:
2609:
2588:
2574:
2550:
2544:
2532:
2520:
2499:
2478:
2464:
2453:
2430:
2424:
2413:. Retrieved
2403:
2380:
2374:
2366:
2362:
2339:
2328:
2305:
2294:
2285:Petit Robert
2282:
2278:
2267:
2256:
2245:
2235:
2229:
2221:
2210:. Retrieved
2195:
2159:
2121:langue d'oïl
2120:
2004:
1998:
1988:
1986:by English.
1969:
1929:
1918:
1890:
1888:
1862:
1855:
1841:
1828:
1822:
1815:
1806:
1790:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1770:Ulster Scots
1766:Weaver Poets
1762:
1755:
1749:
1734:Saintongeais
1715:
1696:
1685:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1632:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1560:langue d'oïl
1559:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:Livre Roisin
1542:
1538:
1536:
1519:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1478:langue d'oïl
1477:
1473:
1471:
1458:langue d'oïl
1457:
1453:
1451:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1405:
1398:
1396:
1391:
1380:si languages
1379:
1376:oc languages
1375:
1371:
1361:
1357:
1350:langue d'oïl
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1326:Vulgar Latin
1323:
1320:Langue d'oïl
1310:
1303:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1272:
1263:
1248:Please help
1236:
1199:
1189:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1135:Saintongeais
1117:
1111:
1107:
1067:
1050:); Southern
1001:
977:
922:
909:
872:Anglo-Norman
870:
838:
829:
828:The area of
816:
803:
793:
786:
779:
772:
760:
736:
711:
710:rather than
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
680:langue d'oïl
679:
675:
674:
665:langue d'oïl
664:
657:Oïl dialects
656:
654:
651:Oïl dialects
644:
637:langue d'oïl
636:
633:Langue d'oïl
632:
612:
609:langue d'oïl
608:
606:
603:Langue d'oïl
595:Oïl dialects
592:Langue d'oïl
585:
583:
578:
574:[wi]
568:
558:
554:
553:, hence the
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
531:Oïl dialects
530:
527:Langue d'oïl
526:
525:
516:langue d'oïl
515:
511:langues d'oc
509:
505:
491:
356:
355:
353:
301:Subdivisions
278:Vulgar Latin
237:
149:distribution
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
5216:Campidanese
5042:Old Catalan
5035:Old Occitan
4772:Old Spanish
4706:Rioplatense
4510:Old Leonese
4338:Cotentinais
4302:Guernésiais
4225:Frenchville
4218:New England
4097:Bourbonnais
4049:Piedmontese
4043:Old Lombard
3935:Bergamasque
3859:Sammarinese
3330:or dialects
3217:Petit nègre
3107:Bourbonnais
3052:Guernésiais
3047:Cotentinais
2926:Frenchville
2888:New England
2819:Seychellois
1965:Reconquista
1955:, the many
1908:Signage in
1777:Ch'lanchron
1686:It was the
1661:langue d'oc
1654:langue d'oc
1530:Burgundians
1510:Roger Bacon
1492:in French,
1426:, and even
1192:renaissance
1141:Development
1044: [
1033: [
1018: [
986:Bourguignon
961:Bourbonnais
947: [
936: [
878:(spoken in
876:Dgèrnésiais
555:langue d'oc
522:Terminology
467:Switzerland
453:, southern
267:Early forms
162:Switzerland
156:, southern
5287:Categories
5263:indicates
5221:Logudorese
4754:Philippine
4720:Andalusian
4714:Peninsular
4604:Estremenho
4560:Portuguese
4487:Cantabrian
4320:Law French
4312:Sercquiais
4146:Meridional
4107:Champenois
4102:Burgundian
3913:Tabarchino
3903:Monégasque
3842:Parmigiano
3699:Neapolitan
3672:Manduriano
3639:Florentine
3506:Wallachian
3476:Bukovinian
3205:Old French
3127:Champenois
3112:Burgundian
3076:Sercquiais
3070:Old Norman
3063:Law French
3005:Vietnamese
2965:Meridional
2799:Chagossian
2415:2014-08-11
2356:required.)
2322:required.)
2212:2023-11-11
2175:References
2138:Lenga d'òc
2126:Old French
2074:Portuguese
2041:Limburgish
2036:Luxembourg
1981:globalised
1937:troubadour
1867:, but the
1857:Law French
1844:Bailiwicks
1833:Champenois
1791:El Bourdon
1783:(Norman),
1779:(Picard),
1728:theatre),
1726:marionette
1704:Literature
1595:—the then
1564:Old French
1515:Opus maius
1421:Portuguese
1170:Old Norman
1165:Old French
1056:Joret line
974:Burgundian
933:Tourangeau
892:Sercquiais
867:Joret line
776:newspapers
641:Old French
479:Val d'Aran
457:, and the
288:Old French
147:Geographic
82:newspapers
5271:varieties
5254:indicate
5211:Sardinian
5168:Triestine
5116:Sursilvan
5027:Mentonasc
5005:Provençal
4954:Auvergnat
4940:Valencian
4896:Mallorcan
4886:Algherese
4861:Occitano-
4808:Navarrese
4796:Aragonese
4732:Castilian
4635:Castilian
4611:Uruguayan
4584:Brazilian
4547:Minderico
4541:/Eonavian
4504:Mirandese
4418:Valdôtain
4404:/Arpitan
4345:Orléanais
4296:Auregnais
4280:Mayennais
4230:Louisiana
4112:Ardennais
4092:Berrichon
3898:Intemelio
3854:Forlivese
3837:Bolognese
3783:Dalmatian
3747:Tarantino
3710:Benevento
3667:Salentino
3627:Sassarese
3591:Gallurese
3574:Romanesco
3527:Dalmatian
3491:Moldavian
3486:Maramureș
3444:Aromanian
3341:varieties
3326:indicate
3308:Valdôtain
3299:/Arpitan
3270:Zarphatic
3211:Orléanais
3097:Berrichon
3036:Auregnais
2911:Cambodian
2893:Québécois
2814:Rodriguan
2804:Mauritian
2771:Grenadian
2766:Dominican
2435:Routledge
2197:Glottolog
2165:diaeresis
2151:Footnotes
2086:Brazilian
2028:in France
1879:Influence
1781:Le Viquet
1585:neologism
1577:The term
1498:gallicana
1435:Sardinian
1237:does not
1190:français
1124:Saintonge
1041:Percheron
1015:Mayennais
998:Armorican
956:Berrichon
928:Orléanais
888:Auregnais
861:Northern
746:talk page
718:Varieties
694:French. "
692:including
661:varieties
487:Catalonia
314:Glottolog
306:see below
273:Old Latin
5147:Venetian
5121:Vallader
5111:Surmiran
5084:Cadorino
5067:Friulian
5000:Limousin
4969:Béarnese
4931:Western
4913:Northern
4901:Menorcan
4891:Balearic
4882:Eastern
4878:dialects
4737:Castrapo
4694:Peruvian
4665:dialects
4598:European
4566:dialects
4553:Portugis
4534:Galician
4475:Asturian
4413:Savoyard
4365:Poitevin
4333:Cauchois
4307:Jèrriais
4154:Canadian
4033:Varesino
4028:Ticinese
4016:Novarese
4011:Cremunés
4001:Ossolano
3996:Milanese
3984:Lecchese
3952:Brianzöö
3883:Ligurian
3849:Romagnol
3730:Arianese
3725:Irpinian
3720:Cilentan
3684:Pantesco
3679:Sicilian
3650:Southern
3586:Corsican
3562:Macerata
3557:Fabriano
3496:Oltenian
3466:dialects
3426:Southern
3303:Savoyard
3233:Poitevin
3142:Guianese
3057:Jèrriais
3042:Cauchois
2995:Standard
2975:Missouri
2916:Francien
2866:Kinshasa
2620:Archived
2599:Archived
2510:Archived
2489:Archived
2238:. Paris.
2206:Archived
2111:See also
2100:Venetian
2082:Macanese
2078:European
1995:Walloon.
1957:sections
1837:Wallonia
1730:Poitevin
1615:francien
1611:Francien
1607:Francien
1580:Francien
1490:françois
1474:dialects
1443:Romanian
1334:hoc ille
1266:May 2022
1130:Poitevin
1090:Normandy
1030:Sarthois
906:Francien
884:Jèrriais
880:Guernsey
712:dialects
647:below).
617:Wallonia
437:) are a
347:, 2020).
326:cent2283
320:oila1234
166:Guernsey
112:May 2017
5252:Italics
5153:Chipilo
5096:Romansh
5059:Romance
5057:Rhaeto-
5022:Gardiol
4974:Landese
4964:Aranese
4949:Occitan
4908:Central
4872:Catalan
4863:Romance
4764:Creoles
4759:Saharan
4747:Murcian
4725:Llanito
4682:Chilean
4659:Spanish
4616:Creoles
4590:Mineiro
4572:African
4497:Riberan
4492:Leonese
4457:Iberian
4450:Romance
4377:Walloon
4350:Paydret
4328:Augeron
4268:Vosgien
4263:Gaumais
4258:Lorrain
4250:Creoles
4213:Muskrat
4159:Acadian
4087:Angevin
4077:Langues
4068:Romance
3974:Comasco
3947:Western
3940:Cremish
3930:Eastern
3925:Lombard
3893:Genoese
3888:Brigasc
3832:Emilian
3810:Western
3789:Istriot
3752:Vastese
3737:Molisan
3599:Italian
3535:Central
3481:Crișana
3436:Eastern
3419:Western
3404:Eastern
3324:Italics
3257:Walloon
3251:Tây Bồi
3165:Lorrain
3092:Angevin
3030:Augeron
2980:Muskrat
2953:Laotian
2931:Haitian
2878:Belgian
2861:Abidjan
2855:African
2838:Acadian
2809:Réunion
2794:Agalega
2569:, p. 19
2104:Lombard
2090:African
2032:Belgium
2026:spoken
1959:of the
1831:), and
1829:Gaumais
1825:Lorrain
1811:Walloon
1746:Walloon
1605:. This
1526:Normans
1522:Picards
1414:Catalan
1410:Spanish
1403:Italian
1313:Walloon
1258:removed
1243:sources
1213:History
1179:French
1088:); and
1082:Mayenne
1026:Manceau
1011:Angevin
857:Lorrain
852:Walloon
790:scholar
704:dialect
645:History
625:England
455:Belgium
430:French:
329:
232:Arpitan
206:Romance
158:Belgium
96:scholar
5183:Others
5163:Talian
5158:Fiuman
5132:Others
5072:Fornes
5010:Niçard
4959:Gascon
4927:Patuet
4833:Others
4742:Castúo
4448:Ibero-
4408:Faetar
4355:Picard
4285:Norman
4273:Welche
4196:Magoua
4186:Quebec
4176:Brayon
4135:French
4117:Rémois
4066:Gallo-
4021:Pavese
3979:Laghée
3957:Canzés
3908:Royasc
3770:Others
3705:Barese
3633:Tuscan
3579:Sabino
3552:Ancona
3525:Italo-
3291:Faetar
3223:Picard
3199:Nouchi
3187:Michif
3170:Welche
3085:Others
3015:Norman
2941:Indian
2904:Magoua
2873:Aostan
2829:French
2672:
2659:
2561:
2441:
2391:
2289:, 1990
2034:, and
1953:Cister
1914:Rennes
1899:Franks
1850:. The
1797:Status
1742:Norman
1722:Picard
1650:French
1639:Artois
1623:French
1568:French
1486:French
1428:French
1390:) and
1388:Iberia
1120:Poitou
1106:zone (
1096:. See
1086:Sarthe
1070:Breton
1052:Norman
1000:zone (
976:zone (
908:zone (
863:Norman
847:Picard
792:
785:
778:
771:
763:
688:except
565:French
498:France
477:, the
451:France
443:French
385:doy(l)
191:Italic
170:Jersey
154:France
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
5106:Putèr
5101:Jauer
5089:Nones
5079:Ladin
4578:Asian
4235:Houma
4208:Métis
4191:Joual
4164:Chiac
4129:Gallo
4079:d'oïl
3471:Banat
3137:Gallo
3102:Bolze
3000:Swiss
2899:Joual
2883:Métis
2843:Chiac
2350:
2316:
2301:"oui"
1949:Cluny
1910:Gallo
1738:Gallo
1597:Paris
1482:koiné
1445:uses
1384:Italy
1354:Dante
1300:Latin
1078:Maine
1074:Anjou
1063:Gallo
1048:]
1037:]
1022:]
951:]
940:]
797:JSTOR
783:books
643:(see
627:(the
483:Spain
394:also
201:Latin
103:JSTOR
89:books
5261:Bold
4846:Caló
4529:Fala
4455:West
3245:Tayo
2670:ISBN
2657:ISBN
2559:ISBN
2439:ISBN
2389:ISBN
2163:The
2088:and
2049:all
2022:all
1989:The
1970:The
1951:and
1919:The
1889:The
1818:list
1754:and
1751:Wace
1744:and
1732:and
1528:and
1504:and
1456:nor
1412:and
1399:sic,
1386:and
1382:(in
1344:and
1241:any
1239:cite
1174:etc.
1122:and
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1084:and
1039:and
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354:The
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