Franco-Provençal - Knowledge

1801: 14835: 8306: 1874:) states that the language loss by generation was 90%, made up of: "the proportion of fathers who did not usually speak to their 5-year-old children in the language that their own father usually spoke in to them at the same age". This was a greater loss than undergone by any other language in France, a loss called "critical". The report estimated that fewer than 15,000 speakers in France were handing down some knowledge of Franco-Provençal to their children (figures for France: Héran, Filhon, & Deprez, 2002; figure 1, 1-C, p. 2). 1830:

basis. In 2018, other linguistic academics estimated the number of speakers of Franco-provençal in Aosta Valley to be between 21,000 and 70,000, depending on whether one would choose the number of speakers designating Franco-provençal as their native language, or whether one included all those declaring they knew the language, irrespective of native language considerations. That same year, academic Riccardo Regis calculated that there were 50,000 Franco-provençal speakers in Aosta Valley.

551: 1739:) in this region. The constitution of Italy was amended to change the status of the former province to an autonomous region. This gives the Aosta Valley special powers to make its own decisions about certain matters. This resulted in growth in the region's economy and the population increased from 1951 to 1991, improving long-term prospects. Residents were encouraged to stay in the region and they worked to continue long-held traditions. 10773: 13267: 13561: 14459: 10387:, an epic with 10,002 lines from the mid-12th century, has been asserted to be Franco-Provençal. It certainly contains prominent Franco-Provençal features, although the editor of an authoritative edition of this work claims that the language is a mixture of French and Occitan forms. A significant document from the same period containing a list of vassals in the County of Forez also is not without literary value. 10763: 1817:(and used in the 2001 European Commission report). At the time, 55.77% of residents said they knew Franco-provençal and 50.53% said they knew French, Franco-provençal and Italian. This opened a discussion about the concept of mother tongue when concerning a dialect. The Aosta Valley was confirmed as the only area where Franco-provençal is actively spoken in the early 21st century. A report published by 10523: 1151: 51: 10370: 1079: 1792:(ECRML) that would guarantee certain rights to Franco-Provencal. This language has almost no political support in France and it is associated with generally low social status. This situation affects most regional languages that comprise the linguistic wealth of France. Speakers of regional languages are aging and live in mostly rural areas. 6381: 1326: 1058:. Franco-Provençal dialects were widely spoken in their speech areas until the 20th century. As French political power expanded and the "single-national-language" doctrine was spread through French-only education, Franco-Provençal speakers abandoned their language, which had numerous spoken variations and no standard 10930:("When the earth sang"), are well known for their use of patois in the 20th century. Louis des Ambrois de Nevache, from Upper Susa Valley, transcribed popular songs and wrote some original poetry in local patois. There are compositions in the current language on the album Enfestar, an artistic project from Piedmont 1816:

having the greatest population of active daily speakers. A 2001 survey of 7,250 people by the Fondation Émile Chanoux revealed that 15% of all Aosta Valley residents claimed Franco-Provençal as their mother tongue, a substantial reduction to the figures reported on the Italian census 20 years earlier

1742:

The language was explicitly protected by a 1991 Italian presidential decree and a national law passed in 1999. Further, a regional law passed by the government in Aosta requires educators to promote knowledge of Franco-Provençal language and culture in the school curriculum. Several cultural groups,

1145:

a type of language that brings together, along with some characteristics which are its own, characteristics partly in common with French, and partly in common with Provençal, and are not caused by a late confluence of diverse elements, but on the contrary, attests to its own historical independence,

1833:

The 2009 edition of ethnologue.com (Lewis, 2009) reported that there were 70,000 Franco-Provençal speakers in Italy. However, these figures are derived from the 1971 census. Outside of Aosta Valley, the alpine valleys of the adjacent province of Turin were estimated to be the home of another 22,000

1829:

region of Italy, according to reports compiled after the 2003 linguistic survey conducted by the Fondation Chanoux. In 2010, anthropologist and ethnologist Christiane Dunoyer proposed a much more conservative estimate of speakers in Aosta Valley at 40,000, with 20,000 using the language on a daily

11883:

According to the largest sociolinguistic survey conducted by the Fondation Emile Chanoux in 2001 on a sample of 7,250 Aosta Valley residents, the number of speakers is between 21,000-70,000 (i.e., 40% to 56% of the overall regional population of 128,000 inhabitants). The count depends on whether

1865:

In rural areas of the cantons of Valais and Fribourg in Switzerland, various dialects are spoken as a second language by about 7,000 residents (figures for Switzerland: Lewis, 2009). In the other cantons of Romandie where Franco-Provençal dialects used to be spoken, they are now all but extinct.

1010:

Franco-Provençal failed to garner the cultural prestige of its three more widely spoken neighbors: French, Occitan, and Italian. Communities where speakers lived were generally isolated from each other because of the mountains. In addition, the internal boundaries of the entire speech area were

10484:

Quant vit co li diz vicayros que ay o coventavet fayre, ce alyet cela part et en ot mout de dongiers et de travayl, ancis que cil qui gardont lo lua d'Emuet li volissant layssyer co que il demandavet et que li evesques de Valenci o volit commandar. Totes veys yses com Deus o aveyt ordonat oy se

1136:

un tipo idiomatico, il quale insieme riunisce, con alcuni caratteri specifici, più altri caratteri, che parte son comuni al francese, parte lo sono al provenzale, e non proviene già da una confluenza di elementi diversi, ma bensì attesta sua propria indipendenza istorica, non guari dissimili da

6406:(Dalby, 1999/2000, pp. 402–403). Only two dialect groups – Lyonnaise and Dauphinois-N. – were recorded as having fewer than 1,000 speakers each. Linguasphere has not listed any dialect idiom as "extinct", however, many are highly endangered. A seventh isolated dialect group, consisting of 1070:

Franco-Provençal is an extremely fragmented language, with scores of highly peculiar local variations that never merged over time. The range of dialect diversity is far greater than that found in the langue d'oïl and Occitan regions. Comprehension of one dialect by speakers of another is often

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as early as the eighth–ninth centuries (Bec, 1971). However, Franco-Provençal is consistently typified by a strict, myopic comparison to French, and so is characterized as "conservative". Thus, commentators such as Désormaux consider "medieval" the terms for many nouns and verbs, including

8330: 10797:. She was a passionate advocate for her language. Her literary efforts encompassed lyrical themes, work, love, tragic loss, nature, the passing of time, religion, and politics, and are considered by many to be the most significant contributions to the literature. Among her works are: 1071:

difficult. Nowhere is it spoken in a "pure form" and there is not a "standard reference language" that the modern generic label used to identify the language may indicate. This explains why speakers use local terms to name it, such as Bressan, Forèzien, or Valdôtain, or simply

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At the end of the 19th century, regional dialects of Franco-Provençal were disappearing due to the expansion of the French language into all walks of life and the emigration of rural people to urban centers. Cultural and regional savant societies began to collect oral

2167:(singular and plural) is clearly distinguished in feminine nouns, but not masculine nouns, where pronunciation is generally identical for those words ending with a vowel. To assist comprehension of written words, modern orthographers of the language have added an " 1907:. Most verbs have different endings for person, number, and tenses, making the use of the pronoun optional; thus, two grammatical functions are bound together. However, the second-person singular verb form regularly requires an appropriate pronoun for distinction. 1227:

because it underscores the independence of the language and does not imply a union to any other established linguistic group. "Arpitan" is derived from an indigenous word meaning "alpine" ("mountain highlands"). It was popularized in the 1980s by Mouvement

2511:), especially in the first-person singular. Masculine and feminine third-person singular pronouns are notable for the extremely wide variation in pronunciation from region to region. Impersonal subjects, such as weather and time, take the neuter pronoun " 1772:

predominates; they converse in the dialects mainly as a second language. The use in agrarian daily life is rapidly disappearing. However, in a few isolated places the decline is considerably less steep. This is most notably the case for the

1825:, which analyzed this data, reports that it is "probable" that the language will be "on the road to extinction" in this region in ten years. In 2005, the European Commission wrote that an approximate 68,000 people spoke the language in the 1869:

Until the mid-19th century, Franco-Provençal dialects were the most widely spoken language in their domain in France. Today, regional vernaculars are limited to a small number of speakers in secluded towns. A 2002 report by the INED

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on 4 March 1540 (the duchy was partially occupied by France since 1538). The edict explicitly replaced Latin (and by implication, any other language) with French as the language of law and the courts (Grillet, 1807, p. 65).

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in the spoken language is a primary characteristic of Franco-Provençal that distinguishes it from French and Occitan. Franco-Provençal words take stress on the last syllable, as in French, or on the penultimate syllable, unlike

3819:, or ORB, devised by linguist Dominique Stich. It is the only orthography intended to represent all Franco-Provençal dialects. It strays from a close representation of various local pronunciations, instead opting for more 1005:

The antiquated character of the Savoyard patois is striking. One can note it not only in phonetics and morphology, but also in the vocabulary, where one finds numerous words and directions that clearly disappeared from

1189:. It continues to appear in the names of many Swiss cultural organizations today. The term "Romand" is also used by some professional linguists who feel that the compound word "Franco-Provençal" is "inappropriate". 1240:(Arpitan Cultural Alliance) is advancing the cause for the name "Arpitan" through the Internet, publishing efforts, and other activities. The organization was founded in 2004 by Stéphanie Lathion and Alban Lavy in 1750:

because there Franco-Provençal speakers make up less than 15% of the population. Lack of jobs has resulted in their migration from the Piedmont's alpine valleys, and contributed to the language's decline.

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is the only region of the Franco-Provençal area where this language is still widely spoken as native by all age ranges of the population. Since 1948 several events have combined to stabilize the language

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A long tradition of Franco-Provençal literature exists, although no prevailing written form of the language has materialized. An early 12th-century fragment containing 105 verses from a poem about

12919:(Original work published, Lyon: Juré de l'Académie/Académie du Gourguillon, 1894, reprint 1903). Lyonnaise dialect dictionary and encyclopedia of anecdotes and idiomatic expressions, pp. 353. 10759:

in Lyon, published many writings under the pen name "Nizier du Puitspelu". These include a popular dictionary and humorous works in Lyonnaise dialect that have reprinted for more than 100 years.

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The table below compares a few words in each writing system, with French and English for reference. (Sources: Esprit Valdôtain (download 7 March 2007), C.C.S. Conflans (1995), and Stich (2003).

1104:. In an article written about 1873 and published later, he offered a solution to existing disagreements about dialect frontiers and proposed a new linguistic region. He placed it between the 11429: 11617: 10744: 13195:

with MP3 audio clips of more than 700 words and expressions by native speakers grouped in 15 themes by village. The linguistic atlas demonstrates the transition from Franco-Provençal

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appears misleading, it continues to be used in most scholarly journals for the sake of continuity. Suppression of the hyphen between the two parts of the language name in French (

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divisions is challenging. Each canton and valley uses its own vernacular without standardization. Difficult intelligibility among dialects was noted as early as 1807 by Grillet.

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also agree in person, number, gender, and case. However, unlike subject pronouns, third-person singular and plural have neuter forms, in addition to masculine and feminine forms.

14963: 12995:

Dictionnaire francoprovençal / français, français / francoprovençal : Dictionnaire des mots de base du francoprovençal : Orthographe ORB supradialectale standardisée

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Legge 15 dicembre 1999, n. 482, "Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche", pubblicata nella Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 297 del 20 dicembre 1999, Articolo 2

10712: 12500:. "Actes de la conférence annuelle sur l’activité scientifique du Centre d’études francoprovençales René Willien de Saint-Nicolas, le 7 novembre 2015". Aosta, pp. 11–15. 526: 2543:

agree in person, number, gender, and case (masculine singular and plural forms are noteworthy because of their extremely wide variation in pronunciation from area to area).

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estimates are inferred from responses to the questions concerning the informants' L1, or the language(s) and dialect(s) known, or the language first learnt (Chanoux 2003).

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often are heard as affricate sounds . In the dialects of French-speaking Switzerland, Valle d'Aosta, and Neuchâtel, the two palatal stops are realized as the affricates, .

11847:. "Actuellement, le nombre des patoisants valdôtains est estimé à environ 40.000, dont la moitié pratiquerait le francoprovençal quotidiennement (cf. Dunoyer 2010, 17)." 11300: 12546: 11783: 1862:. At its peak, the language was used daily by several hundred people. As of 2012 this community has dwindled to fewer than 50 daily speakers across three generations. 2503:

agree in person, number, gender, and case. Although the subject pronoun is usually retained in speech, Franco-Provençal – unlike French or English – is a partially

809:, its use in the country is marginal. Still, organizations are attempting to preserve it through cultural events, education, scholarly research, and publishing. 11333: 13183: 13177: 11556: 10891: 13093: 4931:". This led Franco-Provençal to evolve down a different path from Occitan and Gallo-Iberian languages, closer to the evolutionary direction taken by French. 902:

Indo-Hittite → Indo-European → Italic → Latino-Faliscan → Romance → Continental → Western → Gallo-Iberian-Romance → Gallo-Romance → North → Franco-Provençal.

10911: 10868:– an annual event named in his honor – has focused thousands of Italian students on preserving the region's language, literature, and heritage since 1963. 10408:) in the vernacular spoken in Grenoble. Religious works also were translated and conceived in Franco-Provençal dialects at some monasteries in the region. 7224:

Several modern orthographic variations exist for all dialects of Franco-Provençal. The spellings and IPA equivalents listed below appear in Martin (2005).

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as a native language by all age ranges. All remaining areas of the Franco-Provençal language region show practice limited to higher age ranges, except for

11451: 11233: 654:

Even with all its distinct dialects counted together, the number of Franco-Provençal speakers has been declining significantly and steadily. According to

1851: 1789: 11168: 14956: 14823: 14801: 11423: 11104: 10684: 3734:, who wrote the first comprehensive grammar and dictionary for any variety of Franco-Provençal. Their landmark effort greatly expands upon the work by 1780:

Franco-Provençal has had a precipitous decline in France. The official language of the French Republic has been designated as French (article 2 of the

11767: 10861: 10887: 8268:. These suffixes are vestiges of an old medieval orthographic practice indicating the stressed syllable of a word. In polysyllables, 'z' indicates a 13170: 13136:. (25 vol.). Bonn, Basel & Nancy: Klopp, Helbing & Lichtenhahn, INaLF/ATILF. Etymological dictionary of Gallo-Roman languages and dialects. 12976:, in: AA. VV, "Lingue e dialetti nell'arco alpino occidentale; Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Torino", Torino, Italy: Centro Studi Piemontesi. 1026:

politically divided the region. The strongest possibility for any dialect of Franco-Provençal to establish itself as a major language died when an

10720: 17514: 15584: 12479:. (2 vols.). Lyon: Bibliothèque de la Faculté catholique des lettres. Dictionary, grammar, & linguistic atlas of the Terres-Froides region. 11935: 10919: 10748: 10700: 12627: 11613: 1743:

libraries, and theatre companies are fostering a sense of ethnic pride with their active use of the Valdôtain dialect as well (EUROPA, 2005).

1075:("patois"). Only in recent years have speakers who are not specialists in linguistics become conscious of the language's collective identity. 14949: 13255: 11371: 7210: 997:"to lie down", all of which are conservative only relative to French. As an example, Désormaux, writing on this point in the foreword of his 12062: 1839: 13604: 13549: 13129: 12752:

Kasstan, Jonathan and Naomi Nagy, eds. 2018. Special issue: "Francoprovencal: Documenting Contact Varieties in Europe and North America."

12707: 15625: 11201: 10439:(France), composed two remarkable sacred texts in her native Lyonnais dialect, in addition to her writings in Latin. The first, entitled 7206: 558: 13233: 12101: 10503:, supported by the Duchy of Savoy, brought forth many texts in Franco-Provençal during the early 17th century. One of the best known is 1088:

The language region was first recognized in the 19th century during advances in research into the nature and structure of human speech.

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Héran, François; Filhon, Alexandra; & Deprez, Christine (2002). Language transmission in France in the course of the 20th century.

12848: 14020: 13527: 12788:

Atlas linguistique et ethnographique du Jura et des Alpes du nord (Francoprovençal Central) : La maison, l'homme, la morphologie

11495: 729:. The use of both neologisms remains very limited, with most academics using the traditional form (often written without the hyphen: 17547: 11741: 11574:

Decreto presidenziale della Repubblica del 20 novembre 1991, "Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche", Articolo 2

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In the dialects of Valdôtien, Fribourg, Valais, Vaudois and in some dialects of Savoyard and Dauphinois, realizations of phonemes

11108: 14816: 11693: 11639: 10394:

that appeared in the 13th century as Latin was being abandoned for official administration. These include a translation of the

11297: 11136: 3726:

There is no single official standard that covers Franco-Provençal as a whole. The orthographies in use include the following:

17552: 16076: 14266: 11834: 11791: 11271: 3414: 17542: 16008: 13753: 11277: 3780:, which has achieved fairly wide acceptance among speakers residing in Bresse and Savoy. Since it was first proposed by the 697:) dates to the 19th century. In the late 20th century, it was proposed that the language be referred to under the neologism 15811: 15806: 12524:

Escoffier, Simone (1958). La rencontre de la langue d'Oïl, de la lange d'Oc, et de francoprovençal entre Loire et Allier.

12357: 12273:. Conflans (Savoie): Centre de la Culture Savoyarde. This work presents of one of the commonly used orthographic standards 11524:, according to Michele Melillo, "Intorno alle probabili sedi originarie delle colonie francoprovenzali di Celle e Faeto", 15750: 15638: 14789:

Venetian is either grouped with the rest of the Italo-Dalmatian or the Gallo-Italic languages, depending on the linguist.

3508: 3421: 3354: 2900: 580: 15911: 15801: 14831: 13805: 12020: 1882:

Note: The overview in this section follows Martin (2005), with all Franco-Provençal examples written in accordance with

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The chart below compares words in Franco-Provençal to those in selected Romance languages, with English for reference.

3363: 13575: 13222:— Multimedia website with numerous audio clips of native Franco-Provençal speakers singing traditional songs. Select: 11669: 11534:

Histoire ecclesiastique des églises reformées recueillies en quelques Valées de Piedmont, autrefois appelées Vaudoises

11318: 17567: 16865: 14809: 13248: 13120: 13074: 13052: 13018: 13002: 12966: 12938: 12916: 12901: 12887: 12866: 12814: 12795: 12747: 12733: 12701: 12614: 12593: 12579: 12540: 12512: 12491: 12470: 12455: 12434: 12420: 12406: 12385: 12328: 12313: 12292: 12252: 12213: 12170: 12131: 12045: 11912: 11068: 6410:(also known as "Cigliàje" or "Cellese"), has been analyzed by Nagy (2000). The Piedmont dialects need further study. 2221:(masculine and feminine) is the same as for French nouns; however, there are many exceptions. A few examples follow: 90: 12588:. (Bordeaux, Henry, Pref.). Marseille: Éditions Jeanne Laffitte. (Original work published, Chambéry: Dardel, 1924). 11550: 16925: 13542: 10831:(1826–1910) are credited with reestablishing the cultural identity of the Aosta Valley. His early poetry includes: 10511:, a raid by the Savoyard army that generated patriotic sentiments. It became the unofficial national anthem of the 9964: 9437: 3843:

in "narrow" spelling for a number of dialects where Latin underwent metathesis to * and then developed to modern .

3434: 3232: 3159: 1800: 13086: 61: 16213: 15818: 15618: 14119: 13695: 3785: 3218: 2777: 570: 8333:

Road sign for Charvex (La Balme de Thuy), Haute-Savoie, France after a name change in the 1990s to a historical

3831:("narrow"), namely spellings modified to represent certain local features. For instance the descendant of Latin 1146:

little different from those by which the principal neo-Latin languages distinguish themselves from one another.

17013: 16914: 12441:

Les sources régionales de la Savoie: une approche ethnologique. Alimentation, habitat, élevage, agriculture....

11458: 11240: 899:

A philological classification for Franco-Provençal published by Ruhlen (1987, pp. 325–326) is as follows:

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texts during the era that followed, which indicates the vitality of the language at that time. These include:

8995: 4683:

counting system. The numbers "1", "2", and "4" have masculine and feminine forms (Duplay, 1896; Viret, 2006).

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There are various hypotheses about their origins, possibly dating from 1200–1400, e.g. remnants of troops of

11424:

J. Harriet (1974), "L'ethnie valdôtaine n'a jamais existe... elle n'est que partie de l'ethnie harpitane" in

11157: 8829: 3788:, omitting extraneous letters found in other historical and contemporary proposals. It features the use of a 3442: 3266: 3192: 2910: 2784: 1761: 1154:

Title page of a Franco-Provençal dictionary from Saint-Étienne, France (1896): "The Key to the Gaga Dialect".

9397: 8658: 17572: 17562: 15408: 13241: 10858: 10334: 8872: 8821: 3252: 3225: 3150: 2914: 2884: 2876: 2832: 502: 16948: 16351: 15500: 15361: 15115: 12969:

Author of numerous articles on language and linguistics; Language Universals Project, Stanford University.

9421: 8291: 8278: 8228: 8196: 8165: 8138: 8100: 8073: 8047: 8020: 7989: 7967: 7936: 7909: 7878: 7871: 7840: 7833: 7802: 7795: 7764: 7757: 7726: 7719: 7688: 7681: 7650: 7643: 7612: 7605: 7568: 7561: 7530: 7523: 7485: 7478: 7431: 7424: 7387: 7380: 7349: 7342: 7311: 7304: 7273: 7266: 4873: 4603: 4533: 4463: 4393: 4323: 4253: 4183: 4117: 4051: 3981: 3915: 3585: 3559: 3552: 3459: 2908: 1205: 829: 141: 135: 129: 17389: 16827: 15796: 15725: 15160: 15110: 13535: 13263: 13165: 13155: 11760: 10780: 9865: 9671: 6897: 3766: 3576: 2841: 1927: 1923: 1911: 15170: 11814: 8809: 6550:

valley, Rhône (département) south, Loire (département) southeast, Ardèche north, Drôme north, Isère west

2527:", a regional variant used before a word beginning with a vowel), which is analogous to "it" in English. 17110: 16682: 16117: 15675: 15611: 15254: 14920: 14322: 13911: 13081:

Dictionary and grammar for the dialect in the Albanais region, which includes Annecy and Aix-les-Bains.

9897: 9679: 8817: 7202: 4916: 3689:

retain a timbre that more closely approaches the un-nasalized vowel sound than in French, for example,

3524: 3476: 3390: 3071: 3064: 2892: 2857: 1385: 775: 15239: 13557: 13206: 10507:("The One Above"), which was composed by an unknown writer in 1603. The long narrative poem describes 8896: 8837: 8654: 2567:

form three grammatical conjugation classes, each of which are further split into two subclasses. Each

1167: 1127:

Ascoli (1878, p. 61) described the language in these terms in his defining essay on the subject:

16697: 16609: 16218: 16059: 15774: 15703: 15685: 15668: 15663: 15653: 14135: 13644: 13518: 13317: 11858: 10960: 9409: 3587: 3574: 3563: 3541: 3530: 3522: 3506: 3505:. These two sounds may also be realized in dialects of Valais, where they correspond to a succeeding 3498: 3492: 3490: 3482: 3474: 3463: 3440: 3432: 3259: 3183: 3080: 2898: 2890: 2882: 2874: 2754: 980:

Franco-Provençal is first attested in manuscripts from the 12th century, possibly diverging from the

267: 247: 15402: 11298:

Site du Centre d'études francoprovençales : "Au temps de Willien : les ferments de langue"

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occurs as a result of the softening of the allophones of in Savoie and French-speaking Switzerland.

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stem and adding an ending determined by mood, tense, voice, and number. Verbs are inflected in four

17402: 17306: 16179: 16127: 15906: 15854: 14839: 14401: 14392: 13797: 12740:

Das Frankoprovenzalische in Süditalien: Studien zur synchronischen und diachronischen Dialektologie

12415:. Marseille: Éditions Jeanne Laffitte. (Originally published, Annecy: Société florimontane, 1902). 12200: 12157: 10975: 10943: 9913: 9816: 9794: 9595: 9114: 8670: 8666: 6836: 6403: 3565: 2763: 1642: 863: 648: 514: 68: 11366: 10756: 9623: 1614: 16770: 16361: 16315: 16196: 16169: 16108: 16045: 15991: 15698: 15658: 15202: 15020: 15015: 14972: 14561: 14546: 14332: 14240: 14097: 13974: 13777: 13455: 13445: 12894:

Euromosaic: The production and reproduction of the minority language groups in the European Union

12676: 12057: 9992: 9988: 9425: 9158: 3532: 3484: 3465: 3276: 3110: 3103: 3087: 2568: 1956: 911: 794: 613: 275: 262: 237: 32: 16366: 12669: 12316:

A philological analysis of Franco-Provençal; the Alpine dialects have been particularly studied.

11260:"Frontières linguistiques et glossonymie en zone de transition: le cas du patois de Valjouffrey" 9691: 7064: 3823:

and etymological spellings, with frequent influence from French. There are two subtypes of ORB:

1370: 1220:). Other areas also had historical or political claims to such names, especially (Meune, 2007). 17488: 16704: 16122: 16068: 15720: 15391: 14687: 14604: 14519: 14327: 14037: 12152: 11004: 10884:

from native speakers in an effort that continues to today. Numerous works have been published.

10828: 10776: 10467: 10455: 9873: 9841: 9833: 9417: 9405: 9301: 9022: 8690: 3784:

in 1983, it has appeared in many published works. This method perhaps most closely follows the

3770: 3735: 3591: 3500: 3119: 3027: 1915: 1781: 1765: 1680: 1089: 1082: 1047: 841: 335: 15466: 11193: 10139: 9956: 9078: 8797: 8777: 8402: 1834:

speakers. Regis estimated the number of speakers in Piedmont in 2019 to be around 15,000. The

1700: 17520: 17465: 17271: 17266: 16919: 16897: 16788: 16716: 16539: 16201: 15964: 15590: 15477: 15366: 15273: 14930: 14858: 14750: 14599: 14103: 13946: 13743: 12981: 12909:

Le Littré de la Grand'Côte : à l'usage de ceux qui veulent parler et écrire correctement

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La Description phonologique avec application au parler franco-provençal d'Hauteville (Savoie)

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Dictionnaire historique, littéraire et statistique des départements du Mont-Blanc et du Léman

12458:

See p. 402 for the complete list of 6 groups and 41 idioms of Franco-Provençal dialects.

12093: 12013: 10723:(1647–1694), priest and composer of more than 1,500 carols, songs, epistles, and essays from 10417: 10262: 10008: 9825: 9798: 9675: 9659: 9297: 8944: 8833: 8662: 6458: 3373: 3332: 3298: 3291: 2508: 1959:

in gender with the noun to which they refer, unlike French. Partitive articles are used with

1922:("You speak English."), except when the object is a pronoun, in which case the word order is 966: 848: 192: 17184: 16152: 14069: 13032:

Tuaillon, Gaston (1988). Le Franco-provençal, Langue oubliée. in: Vermes, Geneviève (Dir.).

12607:

Joseph Béard, dit l'Eclair : Médecin des pauvres, Poète patoisant, Chansonnier savoyard

9869: 9861: 9499: 9389: 9321: 8916: 8622: 8578: 6824: 1618: 658:, Franco-Provençal was already in 1995 a "potentially endangered language" in Italy and an " 17470: 17244: 16860: 16833: 16759: 16619: 16418: 16346: 16298: 16292: 16255: 16238: 15487: 15356: 15097: 14925: 14594: 14571: 14342: 14202: 14156: 13897: 13387: 13359: 12845: 12842:

Le franco(-)provençal entre morcellement et quête d’unité : histoire et état des lieux

12498:

Le francoprovençal. Transmission, revitalisation et normalisation. Introduction aux travaux

11316: 10951:

series were published in Franco-Provençal translations for young readers in 2006 and 2007.

10397: 10383: 10266: 9984: 9909: 9611: 9110: 9030: 8825: 8742: 7102: 6893: 3307: 3126: 2540: 1366: 1170:

in 1969; however, most English-language journals continue to use the traditional spelling.

844: 17254: 16667: 15735: 15557: 15460: 14496: 14488: 14009: 13596: 13580: 13399: 12373:. Geneva: Slatkine Reprints. (Original work published, Aosta: Imprimérie Catholique, 1907) 12161:

series). Meune, Manuel & Josine, Trans. (Translation in Bressan dialect, Orthography:

11492: 9337: 8940: 8888: 8769: 8414: 8398: 8314: 6820: 3739: 1842:

dialect was thought to be spoken by 1,400 people in an isolated pocket of the province of

1746:

Paradoxically, the same federal laws do not grant the language the same protection in the

1736: 1346: 1055: 974: 818: 817:

Although the name Franco-Provençal suggests it is a bridge dialect between French and the

382: 39: 8: 16955: 16847: 16815: 16809: 16430: 16390: 16356: 16184: 15948: 15376: 15234: 15196: 15025: 14541: 14502: 14246: 13892: 13725: 13700: 13369: 13271: 13192: 13189:

ALMURA: Atlas linguistique multimédia de la région Rhône-Alpes et des régions limitrophes

13087:"Dictionnaire Français - Savoyard: Comportant plusieurs variantes de la langue savoyarde" 12193: 11521: 10970: 10378: 10101: 10086: 10082: 10058: 9921: 9742: 9667: 9401: 9393: 9349: 9241: 9205: 9150: 9038: 9003: 8674: 8554: 3205: 3134: 1785: 1413: 1274: 806: 659: 17218: 16326: 16260: 14998: 14676: 14223: 11900: 11093:

Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (24 May 2022).

10070: 10016: 9968: 9857: 9631: 9540: 9325: 8975: 8805: 8498: 1818: 1717: 1106: 981: 826: 798: 640: 284: 17460: 17189: 17045: 17003: 16969: 16963: 16853: 16796: 16753: 16736: 16474: 16467: 16303: 16091: 16032: 15888: 15876: 15755: 15693: 15519: 15175: 15137: 15068: 15035: 14941: 14528: 14337: 14287: 13884: 13875: 13861: 13679: 13624: 13565: 13485: 12837:, "Lingua e storia in Puglia"; Siponto, Italy: Centro di Studi pugliesi. pp. 80–95 12475:

Devaux, André; Duraffour, A.; Dussert, A.-S.; Gardette, P.; & Lavallée, F. (1935).

11929: 11738: 11722: 10965: 10740: 10148: 10029: 9933: 9917: 9845: 9790: 9746: 9590: 9373: 9329: 9098: 9014: 8904: 8785: 7166: 3789: 3543: 3315: 3022: 2864: 2825: 2793: 2747: 2576: 2536: 2218: 2164: 1896: 1696: 1584: 1576: 1501: 17238: 15730: 15185: 12641:

Le français régional de la Vallée d'Aoste: Aspects sociolinguistiques et phonologiques

11709:

Assessorat de l'éducation et la culture - Département de la surintendance des écoles,

11094: 10258: 9277: 9201: 9182: 9178: 8438: 6728: 493: 486: 17417: 17396: 17316: 17276: 17135: 17063: 17057: 16981: 16873: 16783: 16724: 16636: 16594: 16395: 16341: 16147: 16132: 16103: 16086: 15996: 15959: 15928: 15916: 15835: 15823: 15740: 15715: 15709: 15634: 15603: 15511: 15346: 15214: 15165: 15048: 14681: 14671: 14663: 14589: 14479: 14409: 14378: 14365: 14356: 14301: 14295: 14280: 14126: 14064: 14046: 13952: 13928: 13851: 13824: 13810: 13782: 13733: 13710: 13600: 13588: 13584: 13480: 13395: 13342: 13116: 13070: 13048: 13014: 12998: 12962: 12934: 12912: 12897: 12883: 12862: 12810: 12791: 12743: 12729: 12697: 12665: 12610: 12589: 12575: 12536: 12508: 12487: 12466: 12451: 12430: 12416: 12402: 12381: 12324: 12309: 12288: 12248: 12209: 12166: 12127: 12041: 11908: 11874: 11830: 11267: 10447: 10294: 10121: 10117: 10004: 9762: 9722: 9453: 9341: 9333: 8738: 8646: 7162: 6678: 3731: 3346: 3245: 3173: 3096: 3034: 2809: 2561:

are invariable; that is, they are not inflected, unlike nouns, verbs, and adjectives.

2504: 1952: 1747: 1592: 1433: 1245: 783: 636: 340: 257: 17259: 16228: 16206: 15058: 14149: 14110: 13960: 13470: 13465: 12950:

Berlin: de Gruyter (Manuals of Romance Linguistics 24), 773–807, ISBN 9783110455731.

12632:

La lingua arpitana : con particolare riferimento alla lingua della Val di Aosta

11690: 11643: 11547:

Legge costituzionale 26 febbraio 1948, n. 4, "Statuto speciale per la Valle d'Aosta"

11258:

Gasquet-Cyrus, Médéric (14 February 2018), Auzanneau, Michelle; Greco, Luca (eds.),

9943: 9512: 8305: 1662: 576: 17370: 17360: 17345: 17333: 17249: 17198: 17162: 17140: 17127: 17121: 17050: 17039: 16943: 16908: 16892: 16741: 16729: 16662: 16626: 16614: 16582: 16507: 16479: 16452: 16282: 16277: 16265: 16245: 16233: 16174: 16081: 16038: 15979: 15974: 15969: 15933: 15864: 15848: 15745: 15552: 15506: 15482: 15431: 15426: 15414: 15291: 15219: 15063: 15053: 15007: 14888: 14884: 14868: 14420: 14274: 14216: 14195: 14179: 14172: 14163: 14089: 13938: 13920: 13830: 13764: 13758: 13748: 13661: 13653: 13628: 13616: 13490: 13460: 13440: 13391: 13379: 13336: 13332: 13321: 13306: 13301: 12799: 12773: 11866: 11822: 11130: 11008: 10512: 10391: 10199: 10175: 10092: 9980: 9960: 9905: 9221: 9217: 9170: 9118: 8892: 8586: 3044: 3017: 3012: 2592: 2588: 2546: 2530: 1904: 1900: 1756: 1684: 1638: 1569: 1541: 1489: 1473: 1115: 998: 959: 852: 837: 822: 802: 712: 690: 644: 377: 372: 242: 17145: 17095: 13425: 10724: 8789: 6515: 1610: 1310: 1299:

region and appears in the titles of dictionaries and other regional publications.

1015: 752: 172: 17454: 17440: 17321: 17223: 17213: 17157: 17008: 16996: 16936: 16931: 16746: 16675: 16657: 16631: 16604: 16534: 16491: 16403: 16384: 16336: 16223: 16189: 16142: 16137: 15859: 15791: 15763: 15540: 15472: 15442: 15341: 15264: 15244: 15224: 15078: 14987: 14755: 14736: 14706: 14654: 14635: 14551: 14427: 14253: 14142: 14059: 14054: 14014: 13983: 13620: 13435: 13409: 13374: 13327: 13313: 13285: 13161: 12852: 12714: 12680: 12361: 12230: 12066: 12024: 11764: 11745: 11697: 11600: 11560: 11499: 11375: 11304: 10865: 10813:("Old people and old things: Stories from my street and from my village", 1889), 10794: 10314: 10163: 10000: 9774: 9702: 9166: 9018: 8884: 8750: 8746: 8570: 8442: 8380: 8310: 6840: 3324: 3285: 3039: 2771: 2584: 2580: 1445: 1417: 1213: 1182: 1051: 963: 682: 363: 229: 16457: 15132: 11259: 9261: 8959: 8928: 8678: 6380: 1955:

have three forms: definite, indefinite, and partitive. Plural definite articles

1201: 1177:

has been in use regionally in Switzerland at least since 1424, when notaries in

507: 67:

The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of

17505: 17412: 17407: 17328: 17208: 17170: 16902: 16462: 16408: 16378: 16270: 15954: 15882: 15828: 15577: 15396: 15386: 15229: 15180: 15127: 15104: 15087: 15043: 14742: 14618: 14581: 14566: 14414: 14373: 14209: 13715: 13705: 13671: 13612: 13450: 13430: 13383: 13364: 13348: 12943: 12718: 12352: 11227: 10404: 10242: 10238: 10230: 10226: 9929: 9639: 9174: 9154: 8900: 8773: 8730: 3051: 2819: 1784:). The French government officially recognizes Franco-Provençal as one of the " 1712: 1708: 1553: 1537: 1525: 1477: 1421: 1378: 1278: 1137:

quella per cui fra di loro si distinguono gli altri principali tipi neo-latini.

1031: 1023: 1019: 759: 396: 72: 16551: 15301: 12778: 12761: 12556:

Favre, Christophe & Balet, Zacharie (1960). Lexique du Parler de Savièse.

11826: 11614:"Conseil de la Vallée - Loi régionale 1er août 2005, n. 18 - Texte en vigueur" 11031: 10034: 6547: 3665:" are normally nasalized in a similar manner to those in French, for example, 1930:(VSO) form is standard word order for an interrogative sentence, for example: 1606: 1273:. This is a colloquial term used because their ancestors were subjects of the 17536: 17447: 17350: 17338: 17070: 16778: 16435: 16373: 15869: 15381: 15208: 15142: 15122: 14863: 14711: 14640: 14627: 14556: 14434: 13991: 13608: 13592: 13475: 13403: 12017: 11878: 11433: 11000: 10752: 10716: 10508: 10471: 10125: 9615: 9603: 9493: 9122: 8991: 8920: 8446: 7076: 7025: 3400: 3211: 3140: 3057: 2729: 1517: 1493: 833: 720: 13216: 12983:

Francoprovençal: Proposition d'une orthographe supra-dialectale standardisée

12639: 11590: 10786: 10766: 9937: 8967: 8706: 8634: 1325: 17229: 17089: 16529: 16484: 15371: 15249: 14904: 14899: 14853: 14761: 14536: 14464: 13738: 13209:

with audio and video clips of Franco-Provençal speakers from the canton of

12742:(Tübinger Beiträge zur Linguistik), Tübingen, Germany: Gunter Narr Verlag. 11870: 11665: 10903: 10475: 10390:

Among the first historical writings in Franco-Provençal are legal texts by

10346: 10144: 10109: 10066: 9532: 9528: 9520: 9485: 9465: 9345: 9134: 9009: 8936: 8348: 8322: 7201:(Note: Comparative analyses of dialect idioms in the Piedmont basin of the 7051: 7013: 6928: 6665: 6461:) west; Revermont, French Jura (département) southwest; Saône-et-Loire east 3743: 2072: 1826: 1769: 1731: 1626: 1425: 1393: 1342: 1329:

Language area map with standard place names and modern political divisions.

1286: 1233: 1200:) did not take hold, mainly because of the potential for confusion with an 923: 763: 403: 330: 160: 28: 12708:"Investigare la Valle d’Aosta: metodologia di raccolta e analisi dei dati" 12450:(Vol. 2). (Breton, Roland, Pref.). Hebron, Wales, UK: Linguasphere Press. 12448:

The Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech Communities.

11317:

Enrico Allasino; Consuelo Ferrier; Sergio Scamuzzi; Tullio Telmon (2005).

11060: 10298: 9643: 9433: 9361: 8999: 8912: 8793: 8754: 8566: 8430: 6921: 3685:" in French. However, in the largest part of the Franco-Provençal domain, 1813: 1050:(1878), chosen because the dialect group was seen as intermediate between 470: 17291: 17284: 17021: 16587: 15494: 15296: 14834: 14769: 13632: 11529: 10772: 10704: 10414:

is one such work that survives in Lyonnais patois from the 13th century.

10410: 10373:

Text of a carol about the appearance of a comet in 1682 by Jean Chapelon.

10250: 10183: 9377: 9245: 8801: 8726: 8482: 8474: 8357: 8255: 7113: 7039: 6947: 6641: 6402:

for the Franco-Provençal language have been identified and documented by

3686: 2993: 2977: 2970: 2956: 2949: 2943: 2931: 2741: 2724: 1822: 1469: 1449: 1093: 1059: 955: 621: 16556: 15306: 12861:. (2nd ed.). (Telmon, Tullio, Intro.). Alessandria: Edizioni dell'Orso. 10923: 10739:

about the great flood of 1733 in Grenoble. 19th century authors include

10350: 10270: 10211: 9663: 8963: 6712: 922:

comprises east-central France, western portions of Switzerland, and the

196: 16599: 16569: 16561: 16517: 16512: 16162: 15921: 15454: 15325: 15319: 15312: 14079: 13816: 13115:. (Martin, Jean-Baptiste, Intro.) Paris: Éditions Payot & Rivages. 12873:

Il dialetto franco-provenzale di Faeto e Celle, nell'Italia meridionale

12586:

Vieilles gens et vieilles choses: Histoires de ma rue et de mon village

12503:

Duraffour, Antonin; Gardette, P.; Malapert, L. & Gonon, M. (1969).

12243: 12204:

series). (Translation in mixed Franco-Provençal dialects, Orthography:

11036: 10948: 10895: 10811:

Vieilles gens et vieilles choses: Histoires de ma rue et de mon village

10692: 10432: 10354: 10338: 10050: 10046: 9758: 9730: 9710: 9683: 9580: 9552: 9477: 9237: 9233: 9126: 9082: 9042: 8979: 8924: 8908: 8845: 8682: 8534: 8514: 8410: 8269: 6807: 6394:

The dialects are divided into eight distinct categories or groups. Six

3820: 3646: 2985: 2936: 2919:

have a phonemic status in the dialects of Savoy, Val d'Aosta, and Lyon.

2849: 2734: 2600: 2596: 2160: 2068: 1513: 1453: 1333:

The historical linguistic domain of the Franco-Provençal language are:

1229: 935: 664: 13005:

This work includes the current orthographic standard for the language.

12399:

Nouveau dictionnaire de patois valdôtain; Dictionnaire français-patois

11901:"Intorno alla vitalità del francoprovenzale nell'Italia di nord-ovest" 10743:(1804–1860), working-class poet from Rive-de-Gier near Saint-Chamond, 10254: 10167: 9265: 9257: 8948: 8760: 8718: 8582: 6560: 1774: 1650: 767: 557:

Franco-Provençal is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO

17365: 17203: 16545: 15840: 15285: 13856: 13506: 13196: 12997:. (Walter, Henriette, Preface). Thonon-les-Bains: Éditions Le Carré. 12946:: 'Minor' Gallo-Romance Languages. In: Lebsanft, Franz/Tacke, Felix: 11859:"An overview of Francoprovençal vitality in Europe and North America" 11099: 10906:(1880–1940), author, poet, and activist from La Combe, Sillingy near 10500: 10496: 10463: 10306: 10286: 10278: 10203: 10179: 10097: 10054: 10042: 9976: 9901: 9810: 9806: 9750: 9607: 9599: 9576: 9516: 9457: 9445: 9385: 9365: 9357: 9253: 9225: 9142: 9094: 9090: 9074: 9070: 9050: 9046: 8987: 8841: 8813: 8714: 8702: 8574: 8558: 8542: 8506: 8462: 8406: 8259: 7171: 6661: 4866: 3447:

are mainly present in Fribourg and Valais dialects (often written as

2964: 2801: 2552: 2171:" to most plural nouns that is not reflected in speech. For example: 1960: 1855: 1521: 1497: 1457: 1429: 1249: 947: 893:. The Linguasphere Observatory language code for Franco-Provençal is 859: 725: 479: 463: 325: 16991: 12696:

Genève: Slatkine Reprints. (Original work published, Geneva: 1852).

12443:(re: Abry, Christian: Le paysage dialectal.) Paris: Éditions Fayard. 12040:. (From series: Library of Medieval Women). Cambridge: D.S. Brewer. 11857:

Zulato, Alessia; Kasstan, Jonathan; Nagy, Naomi (20 December 2017).

10898:

and author of more than twelve volumes of prose from Coutouvre near

10358: 10215: 10129: 10062: 10038: 9441: 9273: 9058: 8426: 3883: 3827:("broad"), namely spellings intended to represent all dialects; and 1236:. In the 1990s, the term lost its particular political context. The 825:, it is a separate Gallo-Romance language that transitions into the 550: 17150: 16986: 16802: 16250: 16098: 14186: 13188: 10980: 10873: 10708: 10668: 10428: 10195: 10171: 10113: 9948: 9925: 9877: 9853: 9849: 9837: 9829: 9786: 9770: 9766: 9754: 9734: 9718: 9706: 9655: 9651: 9627: 9619: 9560: 9544: 9473: 9461: 9381: 9309: 9289: 9281: 9269: 9249: 9146: 9086: 9066: 9062: 9054: 9026: 8983: 8932: 8876: 8864: 8860: 8849: 8642: 8626: 8610: 8594: 8550: 8546: 8522: 8490: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8422: 8371: 6754: 6741: 6653: 3873: 3607:

Franco-Provençal also preserves final vowel sounds, in particular "

3600: 1676: 1549: 1545: 1509: 1405: 1389: 1241: 1209: 1178: 1097: 970: 943: 927: 588: 208: 200: 164: 17355: 13067:

Patois du pays de l'Albanais : Dictionnaire savoyard-français

12226: 12183: 12144: 10074: 9188: 8954: 8530: 7126: 6484: 1646: 1634: 1248:

adopted the name "Arpitan" as the primary name of the language in

16974: 16839: 16577: 16001: 15986: 15279: 14716: 14232: 13787: 13772: 12126:. (Translation in Savoyard dialect.) Editions des Pnottas, 2000. 10941:

series by Félix Meynet, appeared in 2000. Two popular works from

10877: 10680: 10444: 10436: 10342: 10318: 10310: 10207: 10133: 10105: 10078: 9972: 9889: 9885: 9714: 9568: 9564: 9548: 9504: 9481: 9469: 9449: 9429: 9353: 9317: 9313: 9305: 9293: 9285: 9229: 9213: 9193: 9130: 9102: 8868: 8722: 8710: 8698: 8694: 8686: 8650: 8630: 8618: 8606: 8602: 8518: 8510: 8494: 8486: 8466: 8434: 8418: 8273: 7175: 6629: 6573: 6388: 4680: 2500: 1944: 1859: 1533: 1529: 1465: 1461: 1441: 1397: 1101: 951: 939: 771: 762:, Franco-Provençal is nowadays (as of 2016) spoken mainly in the 632: 584: 24: 20: 12526:

Publications de l'Institut linguistique romane de Lyon, XI, 1958

12371:

Dictionnaire du patois valdôtain, précédé de la petite grammaire

12247:

series. Translation in Bressan dialect.) Belgium: Lucky Comics.

11132:

Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche

10470:

whose faith lead to a devout cult. This text contributed to the

8526: 8329: 2117:(Eugénie/Eugenia); however, articles never precede men's names: 1812:

Franco-Provençal is currently most spoken in Aosta Valley, with

17176: 16522: 16445: 16425: 16157: 15448: 15436: 15419: 15153: 14074: 13266: 13210: 13199:

in the north to Occitan phonology in the south. (select: ATLAS)

13185:

Precise Map of Arpitania and Occitania in Italy and Switzerland

12924:

Dictionnaire historique du parler neuchâtelois et suisse romand

12038:

The Writings of Margaret of Oingt, Medieval Prioress and Mystic

11475:

Michel Rime, "L'afére Pecârd, c'est Tintin en patois vaudois",

11357:

Krutwig, F. (1973). Les noms pré-indoeuropéens en Val-d'Aoste.

11092: 10907: 10899: 10881: 10762: 10747:(1805–1872), physician, poet, and songwriter from Rumilly, and 10696: 10688: 10676: 10664: 10516: 10492: 10330: 10322: 10302: 10290: 10282: 10274: 10191: 10154: 10012: 9893: 9821: 9802: 9738: 9726: 9697: 9687: 9647: 9635: 9584: 9572: 9556: 9536: 9524: 9489: 9369: 9209: 9197: 9162: 9138: 9106: 9034: 8971: 8638: 8614: 8590: 8562: 8538: 8470: 8365: 8361: 8353: 8318: 6724: 6682: 6586: 6511: 6498: 6454: 6407: 3793: 2558: 1847: 1843: 1835: 1692: 1630: 1580: 1557: 1505: 1485: 1437: 1409: 1374: 1362: 1282: 1030:, dated 6 January 1539, was confirmed in the parliament of the 919: 787: 655: 617: 188: 180: 176: 168: 12609:. (Terreaux, Louis, Pref.). Montmelian: La Fontaine de Siloé. 11757: 1854:

to Canada established the Cigliàje variety of this dialect in

1850:

region. Beginning in 1951, strong emigration from the town of

1679:(Suisse-Romande) part of the country, including the following 1561: 1208:, which is spoken in a neighbouring area, known in English as 16:

Gallo-Romance language spoken in France, Italy and Switzerland

16440: 16413: 15351: 15148: 15092: 13560: 10999:

For details on the question of linguistic classification see

10915: 10732: 10522: 10326: 10246: 10159: 9782: 9508: 8880: 8855: 8765: 8598: 8502: 8478: 8334: 7158: 6964: 6953: 6699: 6471: 3754: 3642: 3473:

In the dialects of Savoie and Bresse, phonetic dental sounds

3458:

In Arles, and in some dialects of Hauteville and Savoie, the

1654: 1622: 1588: 1481: 1401: 1296: 1150: 1027: 931: 915: 779: 733:), while language speakers refer to it almost exclusively as 625: 252: 204: 184: 12069:, Complete text of 68 verses in Franco-Provençal and French. 10369: 8265:-az, -o(t)z, -uz, -ax, -ex, -ux, -ou(l)x, -aulx, and -ieu(x) 1754:

Switzerland does not recognize Romand (not be confused with

13148: 12634:, Tip. Ferrero & Cie. die Romano Canavese, 1976, 174 p. 12297:

Ascoli, Graziadio Isaia (1878). Schizzi Franco-provenzali.

12287:. (Vol. 2). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. 10672: 10221: 9952: 9881: 9778: 8734: 8376: 6695: 3878: 2572: 2564: 2156: 1688: 525: 13202: 12974:

Histoire et évolution des parler francoprovençaux d'Italie

12565:Études de géographie morphologique sur les patois du Forez 12308:. (Tome 2, pp. 357 et seq.). Paris: Éditions Picard. 12122:

Meynet, Félix (Illustrations) & Roman, Pascal (Text).

11813:

Bauer, Roland (25 September 2017), Reutner, Ursula (ed.),

930:. This area covers territories once occupied by pre-Roman 587:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

222:

80,000 in France, 70,000 in Italy and 7,000 in Switzerland

19:"Romand" redirects here. For the Swiss Romand people, see 13069:(2e éd ed.). Cran-Gevrier: L'Echevé du Val-de-Fier. 12907:

Nizier du Puitspelu (pen name of Tisseur, Clair) (2008).

12706:

Iannàccaro, Gabriele & Dell'Aquila, Vittorio (2003).

12664:. Paris: INED-Institut national d’études démographiques. 12349:Écrire le patois: La Graphie de Conflans pour le Savoyard 11905:

Regards croisés sur la standardisation du francoprovençal

10855:

Le patois valdotain: son origine littéraire et sa graphie

10459: 10234: 10187: 8393: 6301: 6219: 6131: 6043: 6037: 5925: 5919: 5819: 5813: 5719: 5625: 5537: 5449: 5355: 5267: 5166: 5084: 5002: 4640: 4570: 4500: 4430: 4360: 4290: 4220: 4150: 4084: 4018: 3948: 1658: 1267:("our way "). Some Savoyard speakers call their language 1078: 954:. By the fifth century, the region was controlled by the 635:

and is separate from but closely related to neighbouring

14971: 12859:

Dizionario francoprovenzale di Celle di San Vito e Faeto

12717:. In: Caprini, Rita (ed.): "Parole romanze. Scritti per 1788:", but its constitution bars it from ratifying the 1992 12875:, "Archivio Glottologico Italiano", XII. pp. 33–75 12835:

Donde e quando vennero i francoprovenzali di Capitanata

12726:

Dialect Boundaries and the Question of Franco-Provençal

11727:

Une Vallée d'Aoste bilingue dans une Europe plurilingue

4915:" disappeared. Franco-Provençal also softened the hard 3746:. It was published in twelve volumes from 1967 to 1982. 1289:

were annexed by France in 1860. The language is called

1223:

Some contemporary speakers and writers prefer the name

15633: 12673: 12463:

Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de lieux en France.

10478:

in 1869. A line from the work in her dialect follows:

8272:(stress on penultimate syllable) and 'x' indicates an 2555:

agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify.

1166:) was generally adopted following a conference at the 13025:

This work includes the former orthographic standard,

12786:

Martin, Jean-Baptiste & Tuaillon, Gaston (1999).

12728:. Paris & The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter & Co. 12378:

Le franco-provençal valdôtain: Morphologie et syntaxe

10805:("One Hundred Sayings by Pierre du Bon-Sens", 1879), 2711:

The consonants and vowel sounds in Franco-Provençal:

1252:, with "Francoprovençal" as an additional name form. 1244:, Switzerland, and is now based in Fribourg. In 2010 862:

classification for Franco-Provençal published by the

27:. For the variety of French used in said region, see 16325: 14454: 12830:. Neuchâtel & Genève: Faculté des Lettres, Droz. 12687:

Blanc-La-Goutte, poète de Grenoble: Œuvres complètes

12269:

Abry, Christian et al. "Groupe de Conflans" (1994).

11135:(in Italian), Italian parliament, 15 December 1999, 10933:

The first comic book in a Franco-Provençal dialect,

8258:, the Franco-Provençal legacy survives primarily in 6404:

Linguasphere Observatory (Observatoire Linguistique)

3751:

Bureau régional pour l'ethnologie et la linguistique

1637:(except the southern edge which traditionally spoke 12948:

Manual of Standardization in the Romance Languages.

12844:. Québec: Laval University. Article in French from 12689:. Grenoble: Centre alpin et rhodanien d'ethnologie. 12602:, Revue de linguistique romane 34, p. 326–348. 12531:Escoffier, Simone & Vurpas, Anne-Marie (1981). 12390:Chenal, Aimé & Vautherin, Raymond (1967–1982). 12301:, III, pp. 61–120. Article written about 1873. 3792:as a diacritic to indicate a stressed vowel in the 2192:

is occasionally used for both singular and plural).

1790:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

1392:basin which includes the following 43 communities: 13038:Langues régionales et langues non territorialisées 13011:Parlons francoprovençal : une langue méconnue 12754:International Journal of the Sociology of Language 12342:Le patois et la langue francaise en Vallée d’Aoste 12285:A Course in Romance Linguistics: A Diachronic View 11863:International Journal of the Sociology of Language 11361:, in: Henriet, Joseph (1997). La Lingua Arpitana. 11105:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology 3893: 1100:and structural characteristics of numerous spoken 13203:L'Atlas linguistique audiovisuel du Valais romand 13040:). Paris: Éditions l’Harmattan. pp. 188–207. 13034:Vingt-cinq communautés linguistiques de la France 12911:. Lyon: Éditions Lyonnaises d'Art et d'Histoire. 12828:Colloque de dialectologie francoprovençale. Actes 12766:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 12662:Population & Sociétés. No. 376, February 2002 12574:. (Terreaux, Louis, Intro.). Aubenas: Curandera. 12411:Constantin, Aimé & Désormaux, Joseph (1982). 11856: 11784:"The Euromosaic study: Franco-provençal in Italy" 8302:). The following is a list of all such toponyms: 6341: 6335: 6247: 6165: 6077: 6071: 5977: 5971: 5853: 5747: 5659: 5565: 5483: 5477: 5383: 5295: 5194: 5112: 5030: 2430: 2387: 2344: 2269: 1062:, in favor of the culturally prestigious French. 926:of Italy with the adjacent alpine valleys of the 774:. It is also spoken in the Alpine valleys around 17534: 14487: 12394:. (12 vol.). Aoste : Éditions Marguerettaz. 12347:Centre de la Culture Savoyard, Conflans (1995). 12091: 11363:Quaderni Padani, Vol. III, no. 11, May–June 1997 10381:may be the earliest known work in the language. 6355: 6261: 6179: 6091: 5997: 5867: 5761: 5673: 5579: 5497: 5397: 5309: 5208: 5126: 5044: 1910:The standard word order for Franco-Provençal is 12461:Dauzat, Albert & Rostaing, Charles (1984). 11751: 10529:musical score showing verses 1, 2, 4, & 68. 8262:. Many are immediately recognizable, ending in 6362: 6268: 6186: 6098: 6004: 5874: 5774: 5768: 5680: 5586: 5504: 5404: 5316: 5215: 5133: 5051: 1309:) comes from a local name for the residents of 12685:Hoyer, Gunhild & Tuaillon, Gaston (2002). 12397:Chenal, Aimé & Vautherin, Raymond (1984). 12319:Bessat, Hubert & Germi, Claudette (1991). 11196:[Switzerland's Linguistic Landscape]. 7178:, Canada by an established emigrant community. 3888: 3623:is pronounced or , with accent on the final " 3615:" in masculine forms (where it is pronounced " 3555:can be realized as in some Savoyard dialects. 1022:), and the duchy, later kingdom, ruled by the 42:, one of the dialects of the Occitan language. 15619: 14957: 14817: 14400: 13543: 13249: 12521:. Saint-Étienne: Université de Saint-Étienne. 12429:. Paris, la Pensée universelle, pp. 70. 12229:" (Darmenton, Hervé); Gerra, Laurent; & " 11711:Profil de la politique linguistique éducative 11257: 10832: 10571:That He was protector of the Genevese people. 8263: 8218: 8188: 8155: 8130: 8090: 8065: 8037: 8012: 7979: 7959: 7926: 7901: 7863: 7825: 7787: 7749: 7711: 7673: 7635: 7597: 7553: 7515: 7470: 7464: 7416: 7372: 7334: 7296: 7258: 6348: 6328: 6322: 6315: 6308: 6287: 6254: 6240: 6233: 6226: 6205: 6172: 6158: 6152: 6145: 6138: 6117: 6084: 6064: 6057: 6050: 6023: 5990: 5984: 5964: 5958: 5952: 5945: 5938: 5932: 5905: 5860: 5846: 5840: 5833: 5826: 5799: 5793: 5754: 5740: 5733: 5726: 5699: 5666: 5652: 5646: 5639: 5632: 5611: 5605: 5572: 5558: 5551: 5544: 5523: 5490: 5470: 5463: 5456: 5429: 5390: 5376: 5369: 5362: 5341: 5335: 5302: 5288: 5281: 5274: 5247: 5241: 5201: 5187: 5180: 5173: 5152: 5119: 5105: 5098: 5091: 5070: 5037: 5023: 5016: 5009: 4982: 4857: 4815: 4809: 4803: 4797: 4661: 4647: 4633: 4622: 4615: 4608: 4591: 4577: 4563: 4552: 4545: 4538: 4521: 4507: 4493: 4482: 4475: 4468: 4451: 4437: 4423: 4412: 4405: 4398: 4381: 4367: 4353: 4342: 4335: 4328: 4311: 4297: 4283: 4272: 4265: 4258: 4241: 4227: 4213: 4202: 4195: 4188: 4171: 4157: 4143: 4136: 4129: 4122: 4105: 4091: 4077: 4070: 4063: 4056: 4039: 4025: 4011: 4000: 3993: 3986: 3969: 3955: 3941: 3934: 3927: 3920: 3699: 3691: 3673: 3666: 3659: 3651: 3548:can occur when a nasal precedes a velar stop. 2696: 2690: 2682: 2675: 2668: 2661: 2654: 2648: 2641: 2634: 2627: 2620: 2614: 2607: 2521: 2513: 2485: 2457: 2451: 2438: 2408: 2395: 2365: 2352: 2296: 2290: 2277: 2247: 2209: 2203: 2195: 2187: 2181: 2173: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2054: 2052: 2045: 2039: 2032: 2025: 2011: 2004: 1997: 1990: 1568:: The southernmost valleys of Piedmont speak 1304: 1192:A proposal in the 1960s to call the language 1181:were directed to write their minutes in both 739:or under the names of its distinct dialects ( 705: 676: 14626: 13127: 13045:La littérature en francoprovençal avant 1700 12321:Les mots de la montagne autour du Mont-Blanc 12262: 8239: 8234: 8209: 8204: 8171: 8146: 8112: 8106: 8081: 8028: 7995: 7942: 7917: 7884: 7846: 7808: 7770: 7732: 7694: 7656: 7618: 7580: 7574: 7536: 7497: 7491: 7443: 7437: 7399: 7393: 7355: 7317: 7279: 6294: 6212: 6124: 6030: 5912: 5806: 5712: 5706: 5618: 5530: 5442: 5436: 5348: 5260: 5254: 5159: 5077: 4995: 4989: 4654: 4584: 4514: 4444: 4374: 4304: 4234: 4164: 4098: 4032: 3962: 3712: 3706: 3680: 2471: 2422: 2379: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2316: 2261: 1947:similar to that of other Romance languages. 17515:languages with more than 5 million speakers 15585:varieties with more than 5 million speakers 12760:Kasstan, Jonathan Richard (December 2015). 12605:Grasset, Pierre & Viret, Roger (2006). 12482:Duch, Célestin & Bejean, Henri (1998). 11821:(in French), De Gruyter, pp. 246–274, 11088: 11086: 10613:That they speak of, at the earliest (hour). 10395: 6280: 6198: 6110: 6016: 5898: 5892: 5886: 5786: 5692: 5598: 5516: 5422: 5416: 5328: 5233: 5227: 5145: 5063: 4975: 4876:, possibly due to the influence of French. 17098:(mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance) 15626: 15612: 14964: 14950: 14824: 14810: 13550: 13536: 13256: 13242: 12208:). Brussels, Belgium: Casterman Editions. 12165:). Brussels, Belgium: Casterman Editions. 11934:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 11186: 10515:. The first three verses follow below (in 6843:, Ain northeast & adjacent French Jura 1707:: the remaining parts of Romandie, namely 1320: 616:family, originally spoken in east-central 549: 530:Map of the Franco-Provençal language area: 524: 12777: 12519:Jean Chapelon 1647–1694, Œuvres complètes 12018:Beatrix: VI. Blessed Beatrix of Ornacieux 11493:Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: frp 11055: 11053: 11051: 11049: 10562:The One above, the Master of the battles, 8337:spelling. (Former village name: Charvet.) 6757:country & Geneva (canton) hinterlands 1872:Institut national d'études démographiques 1711:, and the northern valleys of the canton 1313:, popularized by Auguste Callet's story " 1011:divided by wars and religious conflicts. 866:(Dalby, 1999/2000, p. 402) follows: 91:Learn how and when to remove this message 13883: 12961:). Stanford: Stanford University Press. 12392:Nouveau dictionnaire de patois valdôtain 11083: 10771: 10761: 10610:It was the year sixteen-hundred-and-two, 10568:Made them see well, on a Saturday night, 10521: 10474:of the nun more than 500 years later by 10452:Li Via seiti Biatrix, virgina de Ornaciu 10368: 8328: 8304: 7213:in the south — have not been published). 6379: 3679:in Franco-Provençal, and "chanter" and " 1799: 1324: 1149: 1077: 889:→ Lyonnais+Valdôtain (Franco-Provençal) 559:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger 14364: 13130:Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch 13061:. Bourg: Imprimerie J. M. Villefranche. 13057:Villefranche, Jacques Melchior (1891). 12931:Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe 12823:. Genève: Librairie Droz / M.J. Minard. 12759: 12572:Contes et chansons populaires de Savoie 12533:Textes littéraires en dialecte lyonnais 12465:(2nd ed.). Paris: Librairie Guénégaud. 11970: 11666:"Langue française et langues de France" 11449: 11231: 10926:whose complete works were published in 10845:(1858); among his scholarly works are: 3513:after a voiceless or voiced stop (like 2881:is frequently realized as , as well as 2639:, "to eat"); Groups 2a & 2b end in 1877: 1675:most of the officially French-speaking 847:to the southeast, and finally into the 581:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 540:Light blue: historical transition zone. 17535: 12926:. Neuchâtel: Éditions Victor Attinger. 12672:. Monthly newsletter in English, from 12427:Le Franco-provençal, mythe ou réalité' 11620:from the original on 23 September 2015 11436:, image of original article posted at 11046: 10937:("The cheese that killed!"), from the 10847:Petite grammaire du dialecte valdotain 8290: 8277: 8276:(stress on last syllable). So, Chanaz 8227: 8195: 8164: 8137: 8099: 8072: 8046: 8019: 7988: 7966: 7935: 7908: 7877: 7870: 7839: 7832: 7801: 7794: 7763: 7756: 7725: 7718: 7687: 7680: 7649: 7642: 7611: 7604: 7567: 7560: 7529: 7522: 7484: 7477: 7430: 7423: 7386: 7379: 7348: 7341: 7310: 7303: 7272: 7265: 3562:can be realized as a voiced fricative 3489:occur corresponding to palatal sounds 2571:is different, formed by isolating the 1889: 1613:regions, which includes the following 1124:) and gave Franco-Provençal its name. 631:Franco-Provençal has several distinct 140: 134: 128: 15607: 14945: 14805: 13531: 13237: 13084: 13064: 13059:Essai de grammaire du patois Lyonnais 13008: 12979: 12637: 12545:EUROPA (European Commission) (2005). 12505:Glossaire des patois francoprovençaux 12104:from the original on 18 November 2015 11992: 11981: 11959: 11948: 11898: 11894: 11892: 11812: 11778: 11776: 11672:from the original on 10 December 2014 11532:refugees according to Pierre Gilles, 11339:from the original on 16 February 2022 11204:from the original on 28 February 2020 11111:from the original on 11 November 2023 10711:, poems, and comedies from Grenoble; 10649:They came — it was not for drinking — 10604:They came on the twelfth of December, 10539:Cé qu'è lainô, le Maitre dé bataille, 1795: 1065: 12648:from the original on 26 January 2023 12306:Manuel pratique de philologie romane 12036:Blumenfeld-Kosinski, Renate (1997). 11758:Sondage linguistique de la Fondation 11071:from the original on 19 October 2022 10986: 10715:(1638–1702), writer of comedies and 10450:and their meanings. The other work, 8114:Comment que vous vous appelez ? 3773:, albeit with several modifications. 3769:, Italy. It is based on the work of 3635:is pronounced , with accent on the " 3558:In rare dialects, a palatal lateral 2603:, which includes verbal adjectives. 2208:(feminine plural): (in Italy, 2163:by number and gender. Inflection by 1886:(see "Orthography" section, below). 44: 13217:Les Langues de France en chansons: 13172:On-line directory regularly updated 12896:. Luxembourg: European Commission. 12809:. Chennevières-sur-Marne: Assimil. 11788:European Commission (europa.eu.int) 11347:– via Gioventura Piemontèisa. 11194:"Paesaggio Linguistico in Svizzera" 11123: 10596:Qu'i veniron parla ou pou troi tou. 10586:Pè onna nai asse naire que d'ancro; 7219: 7170:). This variety is also spoken in 6387:Classification of Franco-Provençal 4879: 2531:Direct and indirect object pronouns 1255:Native speakers call this language 668:classifies it as "nearly extinct". 437:Aosta Valley (protected by statute) 13: 17519:Languages between parentheses are 15589:Languages between parentheses are 13726:Intermediate Southern (Neapolitan) 13125:Wartburg, Walter von (1928–2003). 12989:(PhD thesis). University of Paris. 12790:. (Vol. 3). Paris: CNRS Éditions. 12721:", Alessandria: Edizioni Dell'Orso 12623:. Chambéry: Librairie J.F. Puthod. 12567:. Mâcon: Imprimerie Protat frères. 12337:. Stockholm: Almkvist and Wiksell. 11889: 11773: 11658: 11632: 11606: 11579: 11566: 11539: 11280:from the original on 28 April 2021 11174:from the original on 19 April 2014 11025: 10851:Dictionnaire du dialecte valdôtain 10655:And to kill us without any reason. 10544:Que se moqué et se ri dé canaille; 6685:, Savoie east, Isère upper valleys 4869:(base-20) form for "80", that is, 3759:Centre d'études franco-provençales 3705:in Franco-Provençal, compared to " 2186:(masculine plural): (in Italy, 1365:-speaking valley, the villages of 1232:, a political organization in the 793:In France, it is one of the three 14: 17584: 17399:(unknown further classification) 13162:Centre d'Études Francoprovençales 13141: 13099:from the original on 6 April 2023 12644:(Masters). Universitetet i Oslo. 12598:Gossen, Charles Théodore (1970). 12563:Gardette, l'Abbé Pierre, (1941). 12558:Romanica Helvetica, Vol. 71, 1960 11907:(in Italian). Aoste. p. 48. 11790:. 4 February 2005. Archived from 11387:Constantin & Désormaux, 1982. 10890:(1852–1934), the bard of Bresse; 10628:I veniron; y n'étai pas pè bairè; 10565:Who mock and laugh at the rabble, 10454:("The Life of the Blessed Virgin 8148:Je suis heureux/ravi de vous voir 6576:River valley, Isère central north 3738:begun in the 19th century on the 3420: 3413: 3389: 3362: 3353: 3331: 3314: 3306: 3297: 3290: 3275: 3265: 3258: 3251: 3231: 3224: 3217: 3191: 3182: 3158: 3149: 3125: 3118: 3109: 3102: 3086: 3079: 3070: 3063: 2992: 2976: 2969: 2955: 2948: 2863: 2856: 2840: 2831: 2824: 2808: 2792: 2783: 2776: 2762: 2753: 2746: 2673:, "to owe"), and Group 3b end in 1725: 812: 14833: 14457: 13576:Historical linguistic minorities 13559: 13265: 13027:Orthographe de référence A (ORA) 12955:A Guide to the World's Languages 12933:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. 12600:La scripta para-francoprovençale 12560:. Bern: Éditions A. Francke S.A. 12369:Cerlogne, Jean-Baptiste (1971). 12280:. Bern: Éditions A. Francke S.A. 12078:"Tout sur la langue des gones", 11691:Fondation Émile Chanoux: Sondage 11266:, Langages, Lyon: ENS Éditions, 10789:(1835–1883) wrote in her native 10623:Pè onna nai qu'étive la pe naire 10581:I son vegnu le doze de dessanbro 10549:A bin fai vi, pè on desande nai, 10443:("The Mirror"), describes three 10022: 9965:Ouroux-sous-le-Bois-Sainte-Marie 9438:Siccieu-Saint-Julien-et-Carisieu 8108:Comment vous appelez-vous ? 8092:Coment que vos vos apelâd ? 3730:The one used by Aimé Chenal and 1806:Fête internationale de l'arpitan 877:→ Italiano+Româneasca (Romance) 446: 49: 17548:Definitely endangered languages 14783: 12922:Pierrehumbert, William (1926). 12439:Cuisenier, Jean (Dir.) (1979). 12278:Chrestomathie franco-provençale 12271:Découvrir les parlers de Savoie 12233:" (Bevere, Maurice de) (2007). 12219: 12176: 12137: 12116: 12085: 12072: 12051: 12030: 12007: 11998: 11986: 11975: 11964: 11953: 11942: 11850: 11806: 11732: 11716: 11703: 11684: 11514: 11511:see: Jochnowitz, George (1973). 11505: 11486: 11469: 11443: 11417: 11408: 11399: 11390: 11381: 11351: 11310: 11291: 11139:from the original on 2 May 2012 10843:La bataille di vatse a Vertosan 10591:Y étivé l'an mil si san et dou, 10411:The Legend of Saint Bartholomew 7089:middle-lower Dora Baltea valley 6810:& Doubs (département) south 6425:Epicenters / Regional locations 3790:combining low line (underscore) 3786:International Phonetic Alphabet 2889:in short form when preceding a 1808:, Saint-Etienne (France), 2016. 795:Gallo-Romance language families 758:Formerly spoken throughout the 23:. For Swiss Romand region, see 17523:of the language on their left. 17393:(Western Romance-based pidgin) 15593:of the language on their left. 13205:— Multimedia website from the 13193:Stendhal University-Grenoble 3 12826:Marzys, Zygmunt (Ed.) (1971). 12805:Martin, Jean-Baptiste (2005). 12299:Archivio glottologico italiano 11713:, Le Château éd., 2009, p. 20. 11528:, XXIII, (1959), pp. 1–34, or 11405:Dalby, 1999/2000, p. 402. 11251: 11216: 11198:Ufficio Federale di Statistica 11150: 10993: 10803:Lo cent ditons de Pierre d'Emo 10703:, comic playwright from Lyon; 10554:Qu'il étivé patron dé Genevoi. 4887:Between vowels, the Latinate " 3721: 2659:, "to come"), Group 3a end in 2625:, "to sing"); Group 1b end in 1669: 910:Franco-Provençal emerged as a 797:of the country (alongside the 1: 12857:Minichelli, Vincenzo (1994). 12553:Last update: 4 February 2005. 12425:Cuaz-Châtelair, René (1989). 12149:Lé Pèguelyon de la Castafiore 12124:Le rebloshon que tyouè ! 12094:"Album Enfestar, Blu l'azard" 11572:Italian presidential decree: 11526:Revue de Linguistique Romaine 11450:Pichard, Alain (2 May 2009). 11232:Pichard, Alain (2 May 2009). 10638:Et no tüa sans aucuna raison. 10519:dialect) with a translation: 10458:"), is a long biography of a 10421: 10364: 8830:Saint-Michel-de-Chabrillanoux 8173:Je suis content de vous voir. 3796:when it occurs, for example: 3619:" in some regions.) The word 3002: 1938: 1715:linguistically belong to the 662:" in Switzerland and France. 537:Medium blue: general regions. 152:Italy, France and Switzerland 17553:Endangered Romance languages 12762:"Lyonnais (Francoprovençal)" 12738:Kattenbusch, Dieter (1982), 12619:Grillet, Jean-Louis (1807). 12517:Elsass, Annie (Ed.) (1985). 12496:Dunoyer, Christiane (2016). 12351:. Taninges: Éditions P.A.O. 12335:Le patois de Bagnes (Valais) 12283:Agard, Frederick B. (1984). 11545:Italian constitutional law: 11018: 10821:("Tales from the Cowshed"). 10801:("Echos from Savoy", 1879), 10729:François Blanc dit la Goutte 10713:Jacques Brossard de Montaney 10633:Y étivé pè pilli nou maison, 8139:[ʒəsɛbuˈnezədəvoˈvi] 8101:[kɛmˈekɛˈvuvuapaˈlo] 8067:’T-il que vos éd niom ? 8014:(Il) est siéx hores et demi. 6514:country, Foréz plain, & 4865:Many western dialects use a 3521:) they are then realized as 3455:, occurring before a vowel). 2983: 2941: 2847: 2799: 2739: 2706: 2595:; and two impersonal moods: 1914:(SVO) form in a declarative 1804:Conference hall at the 37th 7: 17390:Mediterranean Lingua Franca 13166:Saint-Nicolas, Aosta Valley 13111:Vurpas, Anne-Marie (1993). 12871:Morosi, Giacomo (1890–92), 12807:Le Francoprovençal de poche 12724:Jochnowitz, George (1973). 12694:Nouveau glossaire genevois. 11452:"Nos ancêtres les Arpitans" 11234:"Nos ancêtres les Arpitans" 10954: 10781:Saint-Nicolas, Aosta Valley 10607:On a night as black as ink; 9672:Saint-Hilaire-sous-Charlieu 8996:Saint-Bonnet-de-Valclérieux 8386: 8249: 8166:[ʒɛsikɔ̃ˈtɛdəvuˈvɑ] 8030:Il est six heures et demie. 6823:upper valleys & French 6375: 4674: 1764:. Speakers live in western 807:regional language of France 778:and in two isolated towns ( 772:French-speaking Switzerland 651:in Switzerland and Italy). 612:) is a language within the 10: 17589: 17092:(mixed Portuguese–Spanish) 16118:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata 15912:Central−Southern Calabrian 14323:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata 13806:Central-Southern Calabrian 13191:— Multimedia website from 13180:, Precise Map of Arpitania 13158:Le site du francoprovençal 13151:, International Federation 12547:Francoprovençal in Italy, 12446:Dalby, David (1999/2000). 12186:" (Remi, Georges) (2006). 12147:" (Remi, Georges) (2006). 12082:, N° 399, 30 October 2002. 10755:(1827–1896), architect of 9680:Saint-Nizier-sous-Charlieu 8818:Saint-Fortunat-sur-Eyrieux 8659:Saint-André-sur-Vieux-Jonc 8341: 8264: 8190:Prègiéd-vos patouès ? 8126:Siáu content de vos veire. 8048:[ˈɛjɛsiʒˈoʒədɛˈmi] 8021:[ˈjɛsizˈørɑedɛˈmi] 7997:Quelle heure est-il ? 7203:Metropolitan City of Turin 3817:Orthographe de référence B 3742:(Valdotèn) dialect of the 3599:The placement of stressed 2217:In general, inflection by 1884:Orthographe de référence B 1846:, in the southern Italian 1386:Metropolitan City of Turin 1384:the alpine heights of the 1238:Aliance Culturèla Arpitana 1092:(1829–1907), a pioneering 905: 37: 18: 17558:Languages of Aosta Valley 17543:Franco-Provençal language 17497: 17481: 17432: 17381: 17305: 17109: 17082: 17031: 16883: 16769: 16715: 16696: 16647: 16314: 16067: 16058: 16019: 15899: 15784: 15773: 15684: 15646: 15568: 15533: 15334: 15263: 15077: 15034: 15006: 14997: 14980: 14913: 14877: 14846: 14729: 14699: 14662: 14653: 14617: 14580: 14527: 14518: 14478: 14474: 14452: 14391: 14355: 14313: 14265: 14136:Comasco-Lecchese dialects 14088: 14045: 14036: 14000: 13982: 13973: 13937: 13919: 13910: 13874: 13842: 13796: 13724: 13688: 13670: 13652: 13643: 13639: 13572: 13519:Language policy in France 13515: 13499: 13418: 13318:Navarro-Lapurdian dialect 13294: 13278: 13149:Arpitan Cultural Alliance 13043:Tuallion, Gaston (2002). 13009:Stich, Dominique (1998). 12993:Stich, Dominique (2003). 12980:Stich, Dominique (2001). 12929:Price, Glanville (1998). 12882:. Munich: Lincom Europa. 12833:Melillo, Michele (1974), 12779:10.1017/S0025100315000250 12344:. Neuchâtel: V. Attinger. 12340:Brocherel, Jules (1952). 12333:Bjerrome, Gunnar (1959). 12263:General and cited sources 11827:10.1515/9783110348217-012 11502:. Accessed 11 March 2013. 11414:Bessat & Germi, 1991. 11359:Le Flambeau, no. 4, 1973. 11165:The Linguasphere Register 10961:Language policy in France 10751:(1818–1880) of Gruyères. 10745:Joseph Béard dit l'Éclair 10482:§ 112 : « 9422:Saint-Siméon-de-Bressieux 9410:Saint-Pierre-de-Bressieux 8822:Saint-Jacques-d'Atticieux 8182: 8179: 8157:Je su content de vos vêr. 8132:Je su bon éso de vos vér. 8124: 8121: 8083:Quel est votre nom ? 8059: 8056: 8006: 8003: 7953: 7950: 7895: 7892: 6977:Dora Baltea middle valley 3852: 3611:" in feminine forms and " 3372: 3345: 3323: 3284: 3204: 3133: 3050: 3009: 2853: 2805: 2723: 2714: 2605:Verbs in Group 1a end in 2549:have one invariable form. 2178:(masculine singular): , 2067:Articles precede women's 1934:("Do you speak English?") 1599: 1014:France, Switzerland, the 770:and other rural areas of 567: 548: 523: 513: 501: 477: 461: 456: 414: 409: 393: 353: 318: 226: 214: 156: 148: 124: 117: 112: 107: 17568:Languages of Switzerland 16400:North American dialects 15907:Extreme Southern Italian 14840:Languages of Switzerland 12953:Ruhlen, Merritt (1987). 12892:Nelde, Peter H. (1996). 12819:Martinet, André (1956). 12535:. Paris: CNRS Éditions. 12507:. Paris: CNRS Éditions. 12276:Aebischer, Paul (1950). 12201:The Adventures of Tintin 12158:The Adventures of Tintin 12065:23 December 2007 at the 11899:Regis, Riccardo (2019). 11819:Manuel des francophonies 11763:20 December 2017 at the 11559:27 February 2008 at the 11319:"LE LINGUE DEL PIEMONTE" 10976:Languages of Switzerland 10944:The Adventures of Tintin 10707:(1600?–1675), author of 10663:Several writers created 9914:Saint-Pierre-de-Chandieu 9866:Fleurieux-sur-l'Arbresle 9795:Saint-Pierre-de-Genebroz 9115:Menthonnex-sous-Clermont 8810:Les Ollières-sur-Eyrieux 8671:Saint-Nizier-le-Bouchoux 8220:Côsâd-vos patouès ? 8197:[prɛˈʒivopatuˈe] 7549:Grandmercé, mercé ! 7154:1. Faetar & Cigliàje 7099:lower Dora Baltea valley 6943:1. Valdôtain du Valdigne 6837:Bellegarde-sur-Valserine 6773:Switzerland & France 6744:, Haute-Savoie southeast 6731:, Haute-Savoie southwest 4679:Franco-Provençal uses a 3839:in "broad" spelling and 1932:Côsâds-vos anglès ? 1336: 864:Linguasphere Observatory 647:, in France, as well as 490: Francoprovencalic 38:Not to be confused with 15819:Central−Northern Latian 14973:Gallo-Romance languages 13696:Central-Northern Latian 13207:University of Neuchâtel 12972:Schüle, Ernest (1978), 12638:Hauff, Tristan (2016). 12360:10 January 2006 at the 12023:2 December 2021 at the 11640:"Eat Healthy, Eat Well" 11599:29 January 2008 at the 11264:Dessiner les frontières 11042:(subscription required) 10935:Le rebloshon que tyouè! 10914:(1896–1983), poet from 10833: 10731:(1690–1742), writer of 10491:Religious conflicts in 10335:Saint-Légier-La Chiésaz 9993:Saint-Nizier-sur-Arroux 9989:Saint-Didier-sur-Arroux 9898:Poleymieux-au-Mont-d'Or 9426:Saint-Victor-de-Cessieu 8873:Châteauvieux-les-Fossés 8838:Saint-Étienne-de-Valoux 8655:Saint-André-le-Bouchoux 8229:[koˈʒovupatuˈɑ] 8219: 8189: 8156: 8131: 8091: 8066: 8039:Il est siéx hores demi. 8038: 8013: 7980: 7960: 7927: 7902: 7864: 7826: 7788: 7750: 7712: 7674: 7636: 7598: 7554: 7516: 7471: 7465: 7417: 7373: 7335: 7297: 7259: 6910:Valais, Valaisan Romand 6869:1. Vaudois-Intracluster 6750:9. Chablaisien+Genevois 6543:1. Dauphinois-Rhodanien 6342: 6336: 6288: 6248: 6206: 6166: 6118: 6078: 6072: 6024: 5978: 5972: 5906: 5854: 5800: 5794: 5748: 5700: 5660: 5612: 5606: 5566: 5524: 5484: 5478: 5430: 5384: 5342: 5336: 5296: 5248: 5242: 5195: 5153: 5113: 5071: 5031: 4983: 4858: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4634: 4623: 4616: 4609: 4564: 4553: 4546: 4539: 4494: 4483: 4476: 4469: 4424: 4413: 4406: 4399: 4354: 4343: 4336: 4329: 4284: 4273: 4266: 4259: 4214: 4203: 4196: 4189: 4144: 4137: 4130: 4123: 4078: 4071: 4064: 4057: 4012: 4001: 3994: 3987: 3942: 3935: 3928: 3921: 3700: 3692: 3674: 3667: 3660: 3652: 3462:phoneme is realized as 2697: 2691: 2683: 2676: 2669: 2662: 2655: 2649: 2642: 2635: 2628: 2621: 2615: 2608: 2522: 2514: 2458: 2452: 2431: 2409: 2388: 2366: 2345: 2297: 2291: 2270: 2248: 2210: 2204: 2200:(feminine singular): , 2196: 2188: 2182: 2174: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2055: 2053: 2046: 2040: 2033: 2026: 2012: 2005: 1998: 1991: 1621:(southern two-thirds), 1583:region in the southern 1321:Geographic distribution 1305: 1168:University of Neuchâtel 836:to the northwest, into 706: 677: 429:Bourgogne-Franche-Comté 33:Romand (disambiguation) 16123:Gallo-Italic of Sicily 14328:Gallo-Italic of Sicily 14120:Bustocco and Legnanese 13128: 13013:. Paris: L'Harmattan. 12840:Meune, Manuel (2007). 12713:19 August 2017 at the 12692:Humbert, Jean (1983). 12477:Les patois du Dauphiné 12163:La Graphie de Conflans 12153:The Castafiore Emerald 12092:Soundcloud: Enfestar. 11871:10.1515/ijsl-2017-0038 11744:11 August 2007 at the 11483:, 19 March 2007; p. 3. 11466:, 24 Heures, Lausanne. 11248:. 24 Heures, Lausanne. 10864:9 January 2006 at the 10829:Jean-Baptiste Cerlogne 10783: 10777:Jean-Baptiste Cerlogne 10769: 10652:To plunder our houses, 10530: 10499:Reformers and staunch 10396: 10374: 9834:Cailloux-sur-Fontaines 9418:Saint-Romain-de-Surieu 9414:Saint-Pierre-de-Méaroz 9406:Saint-Martin-le-Vinoux 9302:Les Roches-de-Condrieu 9023:Arthaz-Pont-Notre-Dame 8782:Châteauneuf-de-Vernoux 8691:Sonthonnax-la-Montagne 8338: 8326: 8240: 8235: 8210: 8205: 8172: 8147: 8122:I am happy to see you. 8113: 8107: 8082: 8074:[ˈtɛkvoziˈɲɔ̃] 8029: 8008:Es sièis oras e mieja. 7996: 7943: 7918: 7885: 7847: 7809: 7771: 7733: 7695: 7657: 7619: 7581: 7575: 7537: 7498: 7492: 7444: 7438: 7400: 7394: 7356: 7318: 7280: 6883:Fribourg (canton) west 6507:5. Roannais+Stéphanois 6384: 6363: 6356: 6349: 6329: 6323: 6316: 6309: 6302: 6295: 6281: 6269: 6262: 6255: 6241: 6234: 6227: 6220: 6213: 6199: 6187: 6180: 6173: 6159: 6153: 6146: 6139: 6132: 6125: 6111: 6099: 6092: 6085: 6065: 6058: 6051: 6044: 6038: 6031: 6017: 6005: 5998: 5991: 5985: 5965: 5959: 5953: 5946: 5939: 5933: 5926: 5920: 5913: 5899: 5893: 5887: 5875: 5868: 5861: 5847: 5841: 5834: 5827: 5820: 5814: 5807: 5787: 5775: 5769: 5762: 5755: 5741: 5734: 5727: 5720: 5713: 5707: 5693: 5681: 5674: 5667: 5653: 5647: 5640: 5633: 5626: 5619: 5599: 5587: 5580: 5573: 5559: 5552: 5545: 5538: 5531: 5517: 5505: 5498: 5491: 5471: 5464: 5457: 5450: 5443: 5437: 5423: 5417: 5405: 5398: 5391: 5377: 5370: 5363: 5356: 5349: 5329: 5317: 5310: 5303: 5289: 5282: 5275: 5268: 5261: 5255: 5234: 5228: 5216: 5209: 5202: 5188: 5181: 5174: 5167: 5160: 5146: 5134: 5127: 5120: 5106: 5099: 5092: 5085: 5078: 5064: 5052: 5045: 5038: 5024: 5017: 5010: 5003: 4996: 4990: 4976: 4859:on milyon / on milyona 4662: 4655: 4648: 4641: 4592: 4585: 4578: 4571: 4522: 4515: 4508: 4501: 4452: 4445: 4438: 4431: 4382: 4375: 4368: 4361: 4312: 4305: 4298: 4291: 4242: 4235: 4228: 4221: 4172: 4165: 4158: 4151: 4106: 4099: 4092: 4085: 4040: 4033: 4026: 4019: 3970: 3963: 3956: 3949: 3771:Jean-Baptiste Cerlogne 3736:Jean-Baptiste Cerlogne 3713: 3707: 3681: 2486: 2472: 2439: 2423: 2396: 2380: 2353: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2317: 2278: 2262: 2214:is occasionally seen). 2105:(Mauricette/Maurisa), 1895:Franco-Provençal is a 1809: 1782:Constitution of France 1330: 1217: 1155: 1148: 1096:, analyzed the unique 1090:Graziadio Isaia Ascoli 1085: 1083:Graziadio Isaia Ascoli 1048:Graziadio Isaia Ascoli 1008: 881:→ Italiano+Româneasca 840:to the east, into the 716: 694: 686: 569:This article contains 119:patouès, gaga, arpetan 31:. For other uses, see 16610:Poitevin–Saintongeais 15583:A star (*) indicates 15478:Poitevin-Saintongeais 15409:Labrador Inuit Pidgin 14751:Italian Sign Language 14700:Other German dialects 13843:Other Italo-Dalmatian 13219:N'tra Linga e Chanfon 13085:Viret, Roger (2021). 13065:Viret, Roger (2001). 12413:Dictionnaire savoyard 12376:Chenal, Aimé (1986). 12014:Catholic Encyclopedia 11591:Parlamento Italiano, 11585:Italian federal law: 11551:Parlamento Italiano, 11536:, Paris, 1643, p. 19. 11095:"Glottolog 4.8 - Oil" 10775: 10765: 10646:On the blackest night 10525: 10372: 10009:Vendenesse-sur-Arroux 9997:Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux 9799:Saint-Thibaud-de-Couz 9676:Saint-Jean-Soleymieux 9660:Pouilly-sous-Charlieu 9624:Grézieux-le-Fromental 9298:La Chapelle-de-Surieu 8945:Villars-sous-Dampjoux 8834:Saint-Pierre-sur-Doux 8663:Saint-Germain-de-Joux 8332: 8309:Bilingual road sign ( 8308: 8184:Parlatz patoès ? 7990:[tjelˈoʒɑˈjə] 7968:[kɛ̃tˈørɑˈjɛ] 7961:Quint’hora est ? 7955:Quant es d'ora ? 7576:Merci beaucoup ! 6973:3. Valdôtain standard 6768:Franc-Comtois (FrP) : 6589:, Isère central south 6383: 2689:Auxiliary verbs are: 2541:possessive adjectives 2509:null subject language 2081:(Françoise/Frances), 1977:Masculine Indefinite 1943:Franco-Provençal has 1803: 1328: 1317:" published in 1866. 1315:La légende des Gagats 1153: 1129: 1081: 1003: 962:has also suggested a 16419:St. Marys Bay French 15943:Neapolitan–Calabrese 14878:Major dialect groups 14203:Southwestern Lombard 13360:French Sign Language 12878:Nagy, Naomi (2000). 12630:de Joseph Henriet), 12584:Gex, Amélie (1999). 12570:Gex, Amélie (1986). 12549:The Euromosaic Study 12304:Bec, Pierre (1971). 11739:TLFQ: Vallée d'Aoste 11498:6 March 2014 at the 11303:27 June 2022 at the 11200:(in Italian). 2000. 10824:The writings of the 10398:Corpus Juris Civilis 10384:Girart de Roussillon 9985:Saint-Bonnet-de-Joux 9910:Saint-Cyr-le-Chatoux 9692:Épercieux-Saint-Paul 9612:Chazelles-sur-Lavieu 9111:Menthonnex-en-Bornes 8897:Grand'Combe-Châteleu 8826:Saint-Julien-le-Roux 8743:Villieu-Loyes-Mollon 8180:Do you speak Patois? 8061:Coma te dison ? 7981:Quâl’hora est ? 7937:[ubrulˈjasə] 7727:[lurɛˈlodʒu] 7689:[lorɛˈlodʒu] 7631:Una frema, una femna 7569:[ɡrɑ̃marˈsi] 7233:Occitan (Provençal) 7209:in the north to the 6497:Lyonnais mountains, 3749:The one used by the 3573:A glottal fricative 2230:Occitan (Provençal) 1980:Feminine Indefinite 1878:Linguistic structure 1691:, the lower part of 1575:two enclaves in the 1371:Gressoney-La-Trinité 1367:Gressoney-Saint-Jean 1110:group of languages ( 1001:dictionary, states: 534:Dark blue: official. 426:Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 17573:Synthetic languages 17563:Languages of France 16771:Galician–Portuguese 15797:Central Marchigiano 15036:Bourbonnais Creoles 14503:Vaccarizzo Albanian 13370:Lorraine Franconian 13272:Languages of France 13156:Francoprovencal.org 13047:. Grenoble: Ellug. 12851:7 June 2012 at the 12679:22 May 2010 at the 12486:. Grenoble: Ellug. 12484:Le patois de Tignes 12401:. Quart: Musumeci. 12380:. Quart: Musumeci. 12323:. Grenoble: Ellug. 12194:The Calculus Affair 11794:on 13 February 2006 11696:7 June 2007 at the 10971:Languages of France 10939:Fanfoué des Pnottas 10466:consecrated to the 10456:Beatrix d'Ornacieux 10379:Alexander the Great 10087:Vuisternens-en-Ogoz 10083:Villaz-Saint-Pierre 9922:Sourcieux-les-Mines 9842:Civrieux-d'Azergues 9743:Drumettaz-Clarafond 9668:Saint-Haon-le-Vieux 9596:Andrézieux-Bouthéon 9402:Saint-Julien-de-Raz 9398:Saint-Jean-le-Vieux 9394:Saint-Jean-de-Vaulx 9350:Notre-Dame-de-Vaulx 9242:Charvieu-Chavagneux 9206:Bellegarde-Poussieu 9039:Chainaz-les-Frasses 9004:Vassieux-en-Vercors 8798:Dunière-sur-Eyrieux 8778:Boulieu-lès-Annonay 8675:Saint-Paul-de-Varax 8667:Saint-Jean-le-Vieux 8555:Massignieu-de-Rives 8403:Ambérieux-en-Dombes 7910:[oplyˈvɛɲə] 7720:[lurɛˈloʒo] 7682:[lorɛˈloʒo] 7562:[ɡrɑ̃maˈsi] 7085:11. Moyen valdôtain 4713:does / doves / davè 3778:Graphie de Conflans 3551:Palatalizations of 2925: 2537:Possessive pronouns 2141:(Eusèbe/Eusebius), 1971:Masculine Definite 1928:verb–subject–object 1924:subject–object–verb 1912:subject–verb–object 1890:Typology and syntax 1786:languages of France 1414:Castagnole Piemonte 1303:(and the adjective 1275:Kingdom of Sardinia 973:of the easternmost 703:(Franco-Provençal: 675:(Franco-Provençal: 660:endangered language 416:Recognised minority 220:157,000 (2013) 17185:Catalan Ribagorçan 17032:Pyrenean–Mozarabic 16304:Judaeo-Piedmontese 16214:Bustocco–Legnanese 16009:Northern Calabrian 14847:Official languages 14338:Judaeo-Piedmontese 14314:Other Gallo-Italic 13566:Languages of Italy 13419:Overseas languages 13295:Regional languages 13113:Le Parler lyonnais 12904:See: EUROPA, 2005. 11723:Alessandro Barbero 11440:, 12 January 2007. 11426:La nation Arpitane 11374:6 May 2006 at the 11222:A derivation from 10966:Languages of Italy 10928:Kan la têra tsantè 10839:Marenda a Tsesalet 10784: 10770: 10757:Bon-Pasteur Church 10741:Guillaume Roquille 10531: 10513:Republic of Geneva 10418:Marguerite d'Oingt 10392:civil law notaries 10375: 10149:La Chaux-du-Milieu 9934:Ville-sur-Jarnioux 9918:Soucieu-en-Jarrest 9870:Grézieu-la-Varenne 9862:Fleurieu-sur-Saône 9846:Colombier-Saugnieu 9791:Saint-Jean-de-Couz 9747:Entremont-le-Vieux 9390:Saint-André-le-Gaz 9374:Porcieu-Amblagnieu 9330:Moissieu-sur-Dolon 9322:Meyrieu-les-Étangs 9099:Marcellaz-Albanais 8917:Les Hôpitaux-Vieux 8905:La Cluse-et-Mijoux 8786:Colombier-le-Vieux 8623:Peyzieux-sur-Saône 8579:Murs-et-Gélignieux 8339: 8327: 8057:What is your name? 7879:[ɛlˈʃɑ̃tɛ] 7872:[ləˈʃɑ̃tɛ] 7841:[ilˈmɛ̃ʒɛ] 7834:[ilˈmɛ̃ʒɛ] 7582:grand merci ! 7555:Grant-marci ! 7531:[sevoˈplɛ] 7524:[sivoˈple] 7486:[pɛˈtetrə] 7187:Piedmont Dialects: 7167:Province of Foggia 6956:Franco-Provençal), 6787:Neuchâtel (canton) 6679:Tarentaise country 6385: 3782:Groupe de Conflans 3765: » (CEFP) in 2923: 2219:grammatical gender 2165:grammatical number 2111:(Claude/Claudia), 1974:Feminine Definite 1920:Vos côsâds anglès. 1897:synthetic language 1810: 1796:Number of speakers 1762:official languages 1625:(southern third), 1605:the major part of 1587:: the villages of 1585:Apennine Mountains 1577:Province of Foggia 1502:Monastero di Lanzo 1331: 1158:Although the name 1156: 1134:franco-provenzale 1086: 1066:Origin of the name 855:to the southwest. 805:). Though it is a 17530: 17529: 17506:extinct languages 17428: 17427: 17105: 17104: 17064:Navarro-Aragonese 16949:Peruvian Ribereño 16874:Judaeo-Portuguese 16789:Galician–Asturian 16692: 16691: 16683:Old Gallo-Romance 16637:Wisconsin Walloon 16054: 16053: 16027:Dalmatian Romance 15635:Romance languages 15601: 15600: 15578:extinct languages 15534:Francoprovencalic 15529: 15528: 15512:Wisconsin Walloon 14939: 14938: 14921:Swiss-German Sign 14799: 14798: 14778: 14777: 14725: 14724: 14682:Southern Bavarian 14649: 14648: 14613: 14612: 14605:Triestine Serbian 14514: 14513: 14489:Arbëresh language 14450: 14449: 14446: 14445: 14387: 14386: 14351: 14350: 14104:Brianzöö dialects 14032: 14031: 13969: 13968: 13906: 13905: 13870: 13869: 13525: 13524: 13279:Official language 12366: 12235:Maryô donbin pèdu 11836:978-3-11-034821-7 11273:978-2-84788-983-3 11040:(18th ed., 2015) 10987:Explanatory notes 10947:and one from the 10859:Concours Cerlogne 10819:Contio de la Bova 10809:("Poems", 1880), 10799:Reclans de Savoué 10779:originating from 10737:Grenoblo maléirou 10735:poems, including 10661: 10660: 10295:Neyruz-sur-Moudon 10118:Le Grand-Saconnex 10005:Toulon-sur-Arroux 9874:Grézieu-le-Marché 9763:La Motte-Servolex 9723:Chamoux-sur-Gelon 9454:Tignieu-Jameyzieu 9342:Montalieu-Vercieu 9334:Monsteroux-Milieu 8941:Verrières-de-Joux 8889:Goux-lès-Dambelin 8647:Rignieux-le-Franc 8415:Belmont-Luthézieu 8399:Ambérieu-en-Bugey 8247: 8246: 7803:[lɛˈruze] 7796:[lɛˈruzɛ] 7765:[lɑˈruzɑ] 7758:[lɑˈruzɑ] 7651:[nɑˈfɛnɑ] 7644:[nɑˈfɛnɑ] 7319:Bonne nuit ! 7312:[bunɑˈnɑ] 7305:[bunɑˈne] 7292:Bòna nuech ! 7239:Savoyard dialect 7236:Franco-Provençal 7163:Celle di San Vito 7139:Faetar, Cigliàje: 7109:13. Champorcherin 7095:12. Bas Valdôtain 6998:Great St. Bernard 6660:1., 2. & 3.: 6569:3. Terres-Froides 6493:4. Lyonnais-rural 6373: 6372: 4940:Franco-Provençal 4735: 4728: 4717: 4710: 4703: 4696: 4672: 4671: 3853:Franco-Provençal 3732:Raymond Vautherin 3431:Affricate sounds 3428: 3427: 3403: 3380: 3248: 3214: 3176: 3143: 3099: 3060: 3000: 2999: 2871: 2870: 2547:Relative pronouns 2505:pro-drop language 2497: 2496: 2227:Franco-Provençal 2066: 2065: 1852:Celle Di San Vito 1748:Province of Turin 1737:Valdôtain dialect 1653:(extreme north), 1649:(extreme north), 1593:Celle di San Vito 1456:(Saint-Germain), 1434:Coassolo Torinese 1361:); excepting the 1044:franco-provenzale 975:Valdôtain dialect 918:. The linguistic 784:Celle di San Vito 624:and northwestern 595: 594: 577:rendering support 573:phonetic symbols. 341:Old Gallo-Romance 101: 100: 93: 17580: 17051:Judaeo-Aragonese 17040:Andalusi Romance 16893:Amazonic Spanish 16730:Western Asturian 16713: 16712: 16652:Franco-Provençal 16323: 16322: 16219:Comasco–Lecchese 16077:Emilian–Romagnol 16065: 16064: 15865:Regional Italian 15855:Italo-Australian 15782: 15781: 15704:Megleno-Romanian 15628: 15621: 15614: 15605: 15604: 15547:Franco-Provençal 15543:/Faetar-Cigliàje 15432:Louisiana French 15427:Louisiana Creole 15240:Saint-Barthélemy 15008:Antillean Creole 15004: 15003: 14966: 14959: 14952: 14943: 14942: 14838: 14837: 14826: 14819: 14812: 14803: 14802: 14790: 14787: 14764: 14745: 14690: 14660: 14659: 14624: 14623: 14525: 14524: 14505: 14485: 14484: 14476: 14475: 14467: 14462: 14461: 14460: 14437: 14430: 14423: 14398: 14397: 14362: 14361: 14304: 14290: 14283: 14267:Emilian–Romagnol 14256: 14249: 14235: 14226: 14219: 14212: 14205: 14198: 14189: 14182: 14175: 14166: 14159: 14152: 14145: 14138: 14129: 14122: 14113: 14106: 14043: 14042: 14023: 14002:Franco-Provençal 13980: 13979: 13955: 13917: 13916: 13912:Occitano-Romance 13881: 13880: 13833: 13819: 13798:Extreme Southern 13767: 13662:Regional Italian 13650: 13649: 13641: 13640: 13597:Franco-Provençal 13564: 13563: 13552: 13545: 13538: 13529: 13528: 13355:Franco-Provençal 13337:Northern Catalan 13322:Souletin dialect 13307:Alsatian dialect 13302:Alemannic German 13270: 13269: 13258: 13251: 13244: 13235: 13234: 13133: 13108: 13106: 13104: 13098: 13091: 13080: 13024: 12990: 12988: 12800:Savoyard dialect 12783: 12781: 12657: 12655: 12653: 12364: 12256: 12223: 12217: 12180: 12174: 12141: 12135: 12120: 12114: 12113: 12111: 12109: 12089: 12083: 12076: 12070: 12055: 12049: 12034: 12028: 12011: 12005: 12002: 11996: 11990: 11984: 11979: 11973: 11968: 11962: 11957: 11951: 11946: 11940: 11939: 11933: 11925: 11923: 11921: 11896: 11887: 11886: 11854: 11848: 11846: 11845: 11843: 11815:"Vallée d'Aoste" 11810: 11804: 11803: 11801: 11799: 11780: 11771: 11755: 11749: 11736: 11730: 11720: 11714: 11707: 11701: 11688: 11682: 11681: 11679: 11677: 11662: 11656: 11655: 11653: 11651: 11642:. Archived from 11636: 11630: 11629: 11627: 11625: 11610: 11604: 11583: 11577: 11570: 11564: 11553:Legge 1948, n. 4 11543: 11537: 11518: 11512: 11509: 11503: 11490: 11484: 11473: 11467: 11465: 11464:on 15 July 2011. 11463: 11457:. Archived from 11456: 11447: 11441: 11421: 11415: 11412: 11406: 11403: 11397: 11394: 11388: 11385: 11379: 11355: 11349: 11348: 11346: 11344: 11338: 11323: 11314: 11308: 11295: 11289: 11288: 11287: 11285: 11255: 11249: 11247: 11246:on 15 July 2011. 11245: 11239:. Archived from 11238: 11220: 11214: 11213: 11211: 11209: 11190: 11184: 11183: 11181: 11179: 11173: 11162: 11154: 11148: 11147: 11146: 11144: 11127: 11121: 11120: 11118: 11116: 11090: 11081: 11080: 11078: 11076: 11057: 11044: 11043: 11032:Franco-Provençal 11029: 11012: 11009:Questione Ladina 10997: 10912:Eugénie Martinet 10836: 10834:L'infan prodeggo 10685:Bernardin Uchard 10533: 10532: 10426: 10423: 10401: 10071:Prez-vers-Noréaz 10017:Étang-sur-Arroux 9981:Rigny-sur-Arroux 9969:Ouroux-sur-Saône 9961:Marly-sur-Arroux 9906:Rillieux-la-Pape 9858:Décines-Charpieu 9632:La Bénisson-Dieu 9541:Menétrux-en-Joux 9326:Moidieu-Détourbe 9222:Bouvesse-Quirieu 9218:Bourgoin-Jallieu 9171:Villy-le-Pelloux 9119:Monnetier-Mornex 9079:La Côte-d'Arbroz 8976:Molières-Glandaz 8893:Goux-sous-Landet 8587:Nurieux-Volognat 8499:Injoux-Génissiat 8294: 8281: 8267: 8266: 8243: 8238: 8231: 8222: 8213: 8208: 8199: 8192: 8175: 8168: 8159: 8150: 8141: 8134: 8116: 8110: 8103: 8094: 8085: 8076: 8069: 8050: 8041: 8032: 8023: 8016: 7999: 7992: 7983: 7970: 7963: 7951:What time is it? 7946: 7939: 7930: 7921: 7912: 7905: 7888: 7881: 7874: 7867: 7850: 7843: 7836: 7829: 7812: 7805: 7798: 7791: 7774: 7767: 7760: 7753: 7736: 7729: 7722: 7715: 7698: 7691: 7684: 7677: 7660: 7653: 7646: 7639: 7622: 7615: 7613:[inˈumu] 7608: 7606:[onˈomo] 7601: 7584: 7578: 7571: 7564: 7557: 7540: 7533: 7526: 7519: 7501: 7495: 7488: 7481: 7474: 7468: 7447: 7441: 7434: 7427: 7420: 7403: 7397: 7390: 7383: 7376: 7359: 7357:Au revoir ! 7352: 7350:[arɛˈvɑ] 7345: 7338: 7330:A reveire ! 7321: 7314: 7307: 7300: 7298:Bôna nuet ! 7283: 7276: 7274:[bɔ̃ˈʒø] 7269: 7267:[bɔ̃ˈʒu] 7262: 7242:Bressan dialect 7227: 7226: 7220:Dialect examples 6841:Valserine valley 6421:: Dialect Idiom: 6366: 6359: 6352: 6345: 6339: 6332: 6326: 6319: 6312: 6305: 6298: 6291: 6284: 6272: 6265: 6258: 6251: 6244: 6237: 6230: 6223: 6216: 6209: 6202: 6190: 6183: 6176: 6169: 6162: 6156: 6149: 6142: 6135: 6128: 6121: 6114: 6102: 6095: 6088: 6081: 6075: 6068: 6061: 6054: 6047: 6041: 6034: 6027: 6020: 6008: 6001: 5994: 5988: 5981: 5975: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5949: 5942: 5936: 5929: 5923: 5916: 5909: 5902: 5896: 5890: 5878: 5871: 5864: 5857: 5850: 5844: 5837: 5830: 5823: 5817: 5810: 5803: 5797: 5790: 5778: 5772: 5765: 5758: 5751: 5744: 5737: 5730: 5723: 5716: 5710: 5703: 5696: 5684: 5677: 5670: 5663: 5656: 5650: 5643: 5636: 5629: 5622: 5615: 5609: 5602: 5590: 5583: 5576: 5569: 5562: 5555: 5548: 5541: 5534: 5527: 5520: 5508: 5501: 5494: 5487: 5481: 5474: 5467: 5460: 5453: 5446: 5440: 5433: 5426: 5420: 5408: 5401: 5394: 5387: 5380: 5373: 5366: 5359: 5352: 5345: 5339: 5332: 5320: 5313: 5306: 5299: 5292: 5285: 5278: 5271: 5264: 5258: 5251: 5245: 5237: 5231: 5219: 5212: 5205: 5198: 5191: 5184: 5177: 5170: 5163: 5156: 5149: 5137: 5130: 5123: 5116: 5109: 5102: 5095: 5088: 5081: 5074: 5067: 5055: 5048: 5041: 5034: 5027: 5020: 5013: 5006: 4999: 4993: 4986: 4979: 4934: 4933: 4880:Word comparisons 4875: 4861: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4801: 4733: 4726: 4715: 4708: 4701: 4694: 4665: 4658: 4651: 4644: 4637: 4630: 4619: 4612: 4605: 4595: 4588: 4581: 4574: 4567: 4560: 4549: 4542: 4535: 4525: 4518: 4511: 4504: 4497: 4490: 4479: 4472: 4465: 4455: 4448: 4441: 4434: 4427: 4420: 4409: 4402: 4395: 4385: 4378: 4371: 4364: 4357: 4350: 4339: 4332: 4325: 4315: 4308: 4301: 4294: 4287: 4280: 4269: 4262: 4255: 4245: 4238: 4231: 4224: 4217: 4210: 4199: 4192: 4185: 4175: 4168: 4161: 4154: 4147: 4140: 4133: 4126: 4119: 4109: 4102: 4095: 4088: 4081: 4074: 4067: 4060: 4053: 4043: 4036: 4029: 4022: 4015: 4008: 3997: 3990: 3983: 3973: 3966: 3959: 3952: 3945: 3938: 3931: 3924: 3917: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3850: 3849: 3716: 3710: 3703: 3695: 3687:nasalized vowels 3684: 3677: 3670: 3663: 3655: 3647:nasal consonants 3595: 3580: 3569: 3561: 3554: 3547: 3536: 3528: 3512: 3504: 3496: 3488: 3480: 3469: 3461: 3446: 3438: 3424: 3417: 3401: 3393: 3378: 3366: 3357: 3335: 3318: 3310: 3301: 3294: 3279: 3269: 3262: 3255: 3244: 3235: 3228: 3221: 3210: 3195: 3186: 3172: 3162: 3153: 3139: 3129: 3122: 3113: 3106: 3095: 3090: 3083: 3074: 3067: 3056: 3007: 3006: 2996: 2980: 2973: 2959: 2952: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2904: 2896: 2888: 2880: 2867: 2860: 2844: 2835: 2828: 2812: 2796: 2787: 2780: 2766: 2757: 2750: 2719: 2718: 2700: 2694: 2686: 2679: 2672: 2665: 2658: 2652: 2645: 2638: 2631: 2624: 2618: 2611: 2525: 2517: 2501:Subject pronouns 2489: 2475: 2461: 2455: 2442: 2434: 2426: 2412: 2399: 2391: 2383: 2369: 2356: 2348: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2320: 2300: 2294: 2281: 2273: 2265: 2251: 2224: 2223: 2213: 2207: 2199: 2191: 2185: 2177: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2098: 2092: 2086: 2080: 2061: 2058: 2049: 2043: 2036: 2029: 2015: 2008: 2001: 1994: 1965: 1964: 1819:Laval University 1760:) as one of its 1699:(Freiburg), and 1665:(southern edge). 1347:Valdôtain patois 1308: 1160:Franco-Provençal 1143:Franco-Provençal 1040:Franco-Provençal 1020:Spanish Monarchy 999:Savoyard dialect 960:Federico Krutwig 934:, including the 709: 695:francoprovenzale 680: 673:Franco-Provençal 671:The designation 598:Franco-Provençal 561: 553: 528: 496: 489: 473: 466: 418:language in 399: 290:Franco-Provençal 232: 144: 142:[arpetã] 138: 132: 108:Franco-Provençal 105: 104: 96: 89: 85: 82: 76: 53: 52: 45: 17588: 17587: 17583: 17582: 17581: 17579: 17578: 17577: 17533: 17532: 17531: 17526: 17493: 17477: 17455:Pannonian Latin 17441:African Romance 17424: 17377: 17308: 17301: 17239:Judeo-Provençal 17112: 17101: 17078: 17027: 16937:Chilean Chilote 16879: 16765: 16706: 16702: 16699: 16688: 16676:Moselle Romance 16643: 16492:Missouri French 16453:Franco-Ontarian 16328: 16317: 16310: 16050: 16015: 15992:Southern Latian 15895: 15860:Maltese Italian 15792:Central Italian 15776: 15769: 15764:Common Romanian 15680: 15664:Italo-Dalmatian 15642: 15632: 15602: 15597: 15596: 15564: 15525: 15443:Moselle Romance 15403:Karipúna Creole 15330: 15259: 15171:Franco-Ontarian 15073: 15030: 14993: 14988:Canadian French 14976: 14970: 14940: 14935: 14909: 14873: 14842: 14832: 14830: 14800: 14795: 14794: 14793: 14788: 14784: 14774: 14760: 14741: 14721: 14707:Austrian German 14695: 14686: 14645: 14636:Calabrian Greek 14609: 14576: 14562:Natisone Valley 14547:Inner Carniolan 14510: 14501: 14470: 14463: 14458: 14456: 14442: 14433: 14426: 14419: 14383: 14347: 14315: 14309: 14300: 14286: 14279: 14261: 14252: 14245: 14241:Eastern Lombard 14231: 14222: 14215: 14208: 14201: 14194: 14185: 14178: 14171: 14162: 14155: 14148: 14141: 14134: 14125: 14118: 14109: 14102: 14098:Western Lombard 14084: 14028: 14019: 13996: 13965: 13951: 13933: 13902: 13866: 13844: 13838: 13829: 13815: 13792: 13778:Southern Latian 13763: 13744:Castelmezzanese 13720: 13684: 13666: 13635: 13568: 13558: 13556: 13526: 13521: 13511: 13495: 13414: 13290: 13274: 13264: 13262: 13228:Francoprovençal 13144: 13139: 13102: 13100: 13096: 13089: 13077: 13021: 12986: 12853:Wayback Machine 12715:Wayback Machine 12681:Wayback Machine 12651: 12649: 12626:Joze Harietta ( 12362:Wayback Machine 12265: 12260: 12259: 12224: 12220: 12181: 12177: 12142: 12138: 12121: 12117: 12107: 12105: 12090: 12086: 12077: 12073: 12067:Wayback Machine 12056: 12052: 12035: 12031: 12025:Wayback Machine 12012: 12008: 12003: 11999: 11991: 11987: 11980: 11976: 11969: 11965: 11958: 11954: 11947: 11943: 11927: 11926: 11919: 11917: 11915: 11897: 11890: 11855: 11851: 11841: 11839: 11837: 11811: 11807: 11797: 11795: 11782: 11781: 11774: 11765:Wayback Machine 11756: 11752: 11746:Wayback Machine 11737: 11733: 11729:, Aoste (2003). 11721: 11717: 11708: 11704: 11698:Wayback Machine 11689: 11685: 11675: 11673: 11664: 11663: 11659: 11649: 11647: 11646:on 5 March 2010 11638: 11637: 11633: 11623: 11621: 11612: 11611: 11607: 11601:Wayback Machine 11584: 11580: 11571: 11567: 11561:Wayback Machine 11544: 11540: 11522:Charles d'Anjou 11519: 11515: 11510: 11506: 11500:Wayback Machine 11491: 11487: 11474: 11470: 11461: 11454: 11448: 11444: 11432:9 July 2012 at 11422: 11418: 11413: 11409: 11404: 11400: 11395: 11391: 11386: 11382: 11376:Wayback Machine 11356: 11352: 11342: 11340: 11336: 11321: 11315: 11311: 11305:Wayback Machine 11296: 11292: 11283: 11281: 11274: 11256: 11252: 11243: 11236: 11221: 11217: 11207: 11205: 11192: 11191: 11187: 11177: 11175: 11171: 11167:. p. 165. 11160: 11156: 11155: 11151: 11142: 11140: 11129: 11128: 11124: 11114: 11112: 11091: 11084: 11074: 11072: 11059: 11058: 11047: 11041: 11030: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11015: 10998: 10994: 10989: 10957: 10922:(1896–1961) of 10888:Prosper Convert 10866:Wayback Machine 10424: 10367: 10259:Cheseaux-Noréaz 10164:Collombey-Muraz 10025: 10001:Thil-sur-Arroux 9775:Meyrieux-Trouet 9703:Aillon-le-Vieux 9183:Vétraz-Monthoux 9179:Viuz-la-Chiésaz 9167:Ville-en-Sallaz 9019:Annecy-le-Vieux 8885:Goux-les-Usiers 8751:Virieu-le-Petit 8747:Virieu-le-Grand 8443:Charnoz-sur-Ain 8439:Chanoz-Châtenay 8389: 8344: 8292:[ʃɛˈne] 8279:[ˈʃɑnɑ] 8252: 7855:She is singing. 7538:S'il-vous-plaît 7479:[tɛˈpɛ] 7343:[arˈvi] 7222: 7072:10. Valsavarein 6983:4. Valpellinois 6803:3. Pontissalien 6783:1. Neuchâtelois 6729:Viuz-la-Chiésaz 6674:4. Tartentaise 6656:& Ma’tchuta 6595:5. Grésivaudan 6474:, Ain southeast 6378: 4882: 4677: 3724: 3043: 3029: 3021: 3005: 2717: 2709: 2704: 2653:, "to finish"; 2403:the fingernail 2215: 2201: 2193: 2179: 2093:(Jeanne/Jane), 1941: 1918:, for example: 1892: 1880: 1798: 1728: 1687:(Genève/Genf), 1672: 1602: 1345:(place name in 1339: 1323: 1164:francoprovençal 1068: 908: 903: 897: 885:→ Romance-West 815: 731:Francoprovençal 687:francoprovençal 678:francoprovençâl 602:Francoprovençal 575:Without proper 563: 562: 556: 544: 543: 508:Francoprovençal 492: 491: 485: 469: 462: 452: 419: 417: 410:Official status 400: 395: 349: 321: 314: 280:Gallo-Rhaetian? 268:Western Romance 248:Latino-Faliscan 233: 230:Language family 228: 221: 217: 216:Native speakers 130:[patwe] 97: 86: 80: 77: 66: 60:has an unclear 54: 50: 43: 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 17586: 17576: 17575: 17570: 17565: 17560: 17555: 17550: 17545: 17528: 17527: 17525: 17524: 17517: 17508: 17498: 17495: 17494: 17492: 17491: 17485: 17483: 17479: 17478: 17476: 17475: 17474: 17473: 17468: 17458: 17451: 17444: 17436: 17434: 17430: 17429: 17426: 17425: 17423: 17422: 17421: 17420: 17415: 17410: 17405: 17394: 17385: 17383: 17379: 17378: 17376: 17375: 17374: 17373: 17368: 17363: 17358: 17353: 17343: 17342: 17341: 17336: 17326: 17325: 17324: 17313: 17311: 17303: 17302: 17300: 17299: 17298: 17297: 17296: 17295: 17281: 17280: 17279: 17274: 17264: 17263: 17262: 17252: 17247: 17242: 17235: 17234: 17233: 17226: 17221: 17216: 17206: 17196: 17195: 17194: 17193: 17192: 17187: 17179: 17174: 17171:Judaeo-Catalan 17167: 17166: 17165: 17160: 17155: 17154: 17153: 17148: 17138: 17130: 17117: 17115: 17107: 17106: 17103: 17102: 17100: 17099: 17093: 17086: 17084: 17080: 17079: 17077: 17076: 17075: 17074: 17060: 17055: 17054: 17053: 17043: 17035: 17033: 17029: 17028: 17026: 17025: 17018: 17017: 17016: 17011: 17006: 17001: 17000: 16999: 16994: 16989: 16984: 16979: 16978: 16977: 16960: 16959: 16958: 16953: 16952: 16951: 16941: 16940: 16939: 16926:Latin American 16922: 16917: 16905: 16903:Judaeo-Spanish 16900: 16895: 16889: 16887: 16881: 16880: 16878: 16877: 16870: 16869: 16868: 16863: 16858: 16857: 16856: 16844: 16843: 16842: 16830: 16825: 16818: 16806: 16799: 16794: 16793: 16792: 16781: 16775: 16773: 16767: 16766: 16764: 16763: 16756: 16751: 16750: 16749: 16739: 16734: 16733: 16732: 16721: 16719: 16710: 16694: 16693: 16690: 16689: 16687: 16686: 16679: 16672: 16671: 16670: 16665: 16660: 16648: 16645: 16644: 16642: 16641: 16640: 16639: 16634: 16624: 16623: 16622: 16617: 16607: 16602: 16597: 16592: 16591: 16590: 16585: 16580: 16575: 16574: 16573: 16566: 16565: 16564: 16554: 16549: 16532: 16527: 16526: 16525: 16520: 16515: 16505: 16504: 16503: 16496: 16495: 16494: 16489: 16488: 16487: 16477: 16472: 16471: 16470: 16465: 16460: 16455: 16450: 16449: 16448: 16443: 16433: 16428: 16423: 16422: 16421: 16416: 16398: 16393: 16381: 16376: 16371: 16370: 16369: 16364: 16354: 16349: 16344: 16339: 16333: 16331: 16320: 16312: 16311: 16309: 16308: 16307: 16306: 16296: 16289: 16288: 16287: 16286: 16285: 16280: 16275: 16274: 16273: 16268: 16263: 16253: 16248: 16243: 16242: 16241: 16236: 16231: 16226: 16216: 16211: 16210: 16209: 16194: 16193: 16192: 16187: 16172: 16167: 16166: 16165: 16160: 16155: 16150: 16145: 16140: 16130: 16125: 16120: 16115: 16114: 16113: 16112: 16111: 16106: 16096: 16095: 16094: 16089: 16073: 16071: 16062: 16056: 16055: 16052: 16051: 16049: 16048: 16046:Judaeo-Italian 16043: 16042: 16041: 16036: 16023: 16021: 16017: 16016: 16014: 16013: 16012: 16011: 16006: 16005: 16004: 15999: 15994: 15989: 15984: 15983: 15982: 15972: 15967: 15962: 15957: 15940: 15939: 15938: 15937: 15936: 15926: 15925: 15924: 15914: 15903: 15901: 15897: 15896: 15894: 15893: 15892: 15891: 15879: 15874: 15873: 15872: 15867: 15862: 15857: 15845: 15844: 15843: 15833: 15832: 15831: 15826: 15821: 15816: 15815: 15814: 15809: 15804: 15788: 15786: 15779: 15771: 15770: 15768: 15767: 15760: 15759: 15758: 15753: 15748: 15743: 15738: 15733: 15728: 15723: 15718: 15706: 15701: 15699:Istro-Romanian 15696: 15690: 15688: 15682: 15681: 15679: 15678: 15673: 15672: 15671: 15666: 15656: 15650: 15648: 15647:Major branches 15644: 15643: 15639:classification 15631: 15630: 15623: 15616: 15608: 15599: 15598: 15595: 15594: 15587: 15581: 15570: 15569: 15566: 15565: 15563: 15562: 15561: 15560: 15555: 15544: 15537: 15535: 15531: 15530: 15527: 15526: 15524: 15523: 15516: 15515: 15514: 15504: 15497: 15492: 15491: 15490: 15485: 15475: 15470: 15463: 15458: 15451: 15446: 15439: 15434: 15429: 15424: 15423: 15422: 15412: 15405: 15400: 15397:Haitian Creole 15394: 15389: 15384: 15379: 15374: 15369: 15367:Burundi Pidgin 15364: 15359: 15354: 15349: 15344: 15338: 15336: 15332: 15331: 15329: 15328: 15323: 15316: 15309: 15304: 15299: 15294: 15289: 15282: 15277: 15269: 15267: 15261: 15260: 15258: 15257: 15252: 15247: 15242: 15237: 15232: 15227: 15222: 15217: 15212: 15205: 15200: 15193: 15188: 15183: 15178: 15173: 15168: 15163: 15158: 15157: 15156: 15151: 15140: 15135: 15130: 15125: 15120: 15119: 15118: 15113: 15102: 15101: 15100: 15095: 15084: 15082: 15075: 15074: 15072: 15071: 15066: 15061: 15056: 15051: 15046: 15040: 15038: 15032: 15031: 15029: 15028: 15023: 15018: 15012: 15010: 15001: 14995: 14994: 14992: 14991: 14984: 14982: 14978: 14977: 14969: 14968: 14961: 14954: 14946: 14937: 14936: 14934: 14933: 14928: 14923: 14917: 14915: 14914:Sign languages 14911: 14910: 14908: 14907: 14902: 14897: 14892: 14881: 14879: 14875: 14874: 14872: 14871: 14866: 14861: 14856: 14850: 14848: 14844: 14843: 14829: 14828: 14821: 14814: 14806: 14797: 14796: 14792: 14791: 14781: 14780: 14779: 14776: 14775: 14773: 14772: 14767: 14766: 14765: 14753: 14748: 14747: 14746: 14743:Italian Hebrew 14733: 14731: 14727: 14726: 14723: 14722: 14720: 14719: 14714: 14709: 14703: 14701: 14697: 14696: 14694: 14693: 14692: 14691: 14688:South Tyrolean 14679: 14674: 14668: 14666: 14657: 14651: 14650: 14647: 14646: 14644: 14643: 14638: 14632: 14630: 14621: 14615: 14614: 14611: 14610: 14608: 14607: 14602: 14597: 14592: 14586: 14584: 14582:Serbo-Croatian 14578: 14577: 14575: 14574: 14569: 14564: 14559: 14554: 14549: 14544: 14539: 14533: 14531: 14522: 14516: 14515: 14512: 14511: 14509: 14508: 14507: 14506: 14493: 14491: 14482: 14472: 14471: 14469: 14468: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14447: 14444: 14443: 14441: 14440: 14439: 14438: 14431: 14424: 14412: 14406: 14404: 14402:Rhaeto-Romance 14395: 14393:Rhaeto-Romance 14389: 14388: 14385: 14384: 14382: 14381: 14376: 14370: 14368: 14359: 14353: 14352: 14349: 14348: 14346: 14345: 14340: 14335: 14330: 14325: 14319: 14317: 14311: 14310: 14308: 14307: 14306: 14305: 14293: 14292: 14291: 14284: 14271: 14269: 14263: 14262: 14260: 14259: 14258: 14257: 14250: 14238: 14237: 14236: 14229: 14228: 14227: 14220: 14213: 14199: 14192: 14191: 14190: 14176: 14169: 14168: 14167: 14160: 14153: 14146: 14132: 14131: 14130: 14116: 14115: 14114: 14094: 14092: 14086: 14085: 14083: 14082: 14077: 14072: 14067: 14062: 14057: 14051: 14049: 14040: 14034: 14033: 14030: 14029: 14027: 14026: 14025: 14024: 14012: 14006: 14004: 13998: 13997: 13995: 13994: 13988: 13986: 13977: 13971: 13970: 13967: 13966: 13964: 13963: 13958: 13957: 13956: 13943: 13941: 13935: 13934: 13932: 13931: 13925: 13923: 13914: 13908: 13907: 13904: 13903: 13901: 13900: 13895: 13889: 13887: 13878: 13872: 13871: 13868: 13867: 13865: 13864: 13859: 13854: 13848: 13846: 13840: 13839: 13837: 13836: 13835: 13834: 13822: 13821: 13820: 13808: 13802: 13800: 13794: 13793: 13791: 13790: 13785: 13780: 13775: 13770: 13769: 13768: 13756: 13751: 13746: 13741: 13736: 13730: 13728: 13722: 13721: 13719: 13718: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13692: 13690: 13686: 13685: 13683: 13682: 13676: 13674: 13668: 13667: 13665: 13664: 13658: 13656: 13647: 13637: 13636: 13573: 13570: 13569: 13555: 13554: 13547: 13540: 13532: 13523: 13522: 13516: 13513: 13512: 13510: 13509: 13503: 13501: 13497: 13496: 13494: 13493: 13488: 13483: 13478: 13473: 13468: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13438: 13433: 13428: 13422: 13420: 13416: 13415: 13413: 13412: 13407: 13377: 13372: 13367: 13362: 13357: 13352: 13349:French Flemish 13345: 13340: 13330: 13325: 13311: 13310: 13309: 13298: 13296: 13292: 13291: 13289: 13288: 13282: 13280: 13276: 13275: 13261: 13260: 13253: 13246: 13238: 13232: 13231: 13224:TRAINS DIRECTS 13214: 13213:, Switzerland. 13200: 13186: 13181: 13175: 13168: 13159: 13153: 13143: 13142:External links 13140: 13138: 13137: 13123: 13109: 13082: 13075: 13062: 13055: 13041: 13030: 13019: 13006: 12991: 12977: 12970: 12959:Classification 12951: 12944:Ursula Reutner 12941: 12927: 12920: 12905: 12890: 12876: 12869: 12855: 12838: 12831: 12824: 12817: 12803: 12784: 12772:(3): 349–355. 12757: 12750: 12736: 12722: 12719:Michel Contini 12704: 12690: 12683: 12658: 12635: 12624: 12617: 12603: 12596: 12582: 12568: 12561: 12554: 12543: 12529: 12522: 12515: 12501: 12494: 12480: 12473: 12459: 12444: 12437: 12423: 12409: 12395: 12388: 12374: 12367: 12345: 12338: 12331: 12317: 12302: 12295: 12281: 12274: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12258: 12257: 12218: 12188:L'Afére Pecârd 12175: 12136: 12115: 12084: 12071: 12050: 12029: 12006: 11997: 11995::111, 133, 153 11985: 11974: 11971:Kasstan (2015) 11963: 11952: 11941: 11913: 11888: 11865:(249): 11–29. 11849: 11835: 11805: 11772: 11750: 11731: 11715: 11702: 11683: 11657: 11631: 11605: 11578: 11565: 11538: 11513: 11504: 11485: 11468: 11442: 11416: 11407: 11398: 11389: 11380: 11350: 11309: 11290: 11272: 11250: 11228:alpine pasture 11215: 11185: 11149: 11122: 11082: 11045: 11023: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11014: 11013: 10991: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10984: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10956: 10953: 10659: 10658: 10657: 10656: 10653: 10650: 10647: 10642: 10641: 10640: 10635: 10630: 10625: 10617: 10616: 10615: 10614: 10611: 10608: 10605: 10600: 10599: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10575: 10574: 10573: 10572: 10569: 10566: 10563: 10558: 10557: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10527:Cé qu'è l'ainô 10489: 10488: 10405:Justinian Code 10402:(known as the 10366: 10363: 10362: 10361: 10243:Bioley-Orjulaz 10239:Bioley-Magnoux 10231:Arnex-sur-Orbe 10227:Arnex-sur-Nyon 10218: 10151: 10136: 10089: 10024: 10021: 10020: 10019: 9944:Saône-et-Loire 9940: 9930:Vaulx-en-Velin 9813: 9694: 9587: 9513:Châtel-de-Joux 9496: 9185: 9175:Viuz-en-Sallaz 9155:Veigy-Foncenex 9006: 8951: 8901:Granges-Narboz 8852: 8774:Boucieu-le-Roi 8757: 8739:Vieu-d'Izenave 8388: 8385: 8384: 8383: 8368: 8343: 8340: 8254:Other than in 8251: 8248: 8245: 8244: 8232: 8225: 8223: 8215: 8214: 8202: 8200: 8193: 8186: 8181: 8177: 8176: 8169: 8162: 8160: 8152: 8151: 8144: 8142: 8135: 8128: 8123: 8119: 8118: 8104: 8097: 8095: 8087: 8086: 8079: 8077: 8070: 8063: 8058: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8044: 8042: 8034: 8033: 8026: 8024: 8017: 8010: 8005: 8001: 8000: 7993: 7986: 7984: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7971: 7964: 7957: 7952: 7948: 7947: 7940: 7933: 7931: 7923: 7922: 7915: 7913: 7906: 7899: 7894: 7893:It is raining. 7890: 7889: 7882: 7875: 7868: 7861: 7856: 7852: 7851: 7844: 7837: 7830: 7823: 7818: 7814: 7813: 7806: 7799: 7792: 7785: 7780: 7776: 7775: 7768: 7761: 7754: 7747: 7742: 7738: 7737: 7730: 7723: 7716: 7709: 7704: 7700: 7699: 7692: 7685: 7678: 7671: 7666: 7662: 7661: 7654: 7647: 7640: 7633: 7628: 7624: 7623: 7616: 7609: 7602: 7595: 7590: 7586: 7585: 7572: 7565: 7558: 7551: 7546: 7542: 7541: 7534: 7527: 7520: 7513: 7508: 7504: 7503: 7489: 7482: 7475: 7462: 7453: 7449: 7448: 7435: 7432:[ˈnɔ̃] 7428: 7421: 7414: 7409: 7405: 7404: 7391: 7384: 7377: 7370: 7365: 7361: 7360: 7353: 7346: 7339: 7336:A revér ! 7332: 7327: 7323: 7322: 7315: 7308: 7301: 7294: 7289: 7285: 7284: 7281:Bonjour ! 7277: 7270: 7263: 7260:Bonjorn ! 7256: 7254:Bonjorn ! 7251: 7247: 7246: 7243: 7240: 7237: 7234: 7231: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7216: 7215: 7214: 7196: 7195: 7182: 7181: 7180: 7179: 7148: 7147: 7134: 7133: 7132: 7131: 7119: 7106: 7092: 7082: 7069: 7057: 7044: 7031: 7021:6. Valtournain 7018: 7005: 6980: 6970: 6957: 6937: 6936: 6916: 6915: 6914: 6913: 6903: 6886: 6879:2. Gruyèrienne 6876: 6863: 6862: 6849: 6848: 6847: 6846: 6829: 6813: 6800: 6797:Vaud northwest 6793:2. Vaudois-NW. 6790: 6777: 6776: 6763: 6762: 6761: 6760: 6747: 6737:8. Faucigneran 6734: 6717: 6705: 6702:, Savoie north 6688: 6671: 6668:, Savoie south 6646: 6634: 6619: 6618: 6605: 6604: 6603: 6602: 6592: 6579: 6566: 6553: 6537: 6536: 6528:Dauphinois-N.: 6523: 6522: 6521: 6520: 6504: 6501:, & Balmes 6490: 6477: 6464: 6444: 6443: 6430: 6429: 6400:dialect idioms 6398:comprising 41 6396:dialect groups 6377: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6367: 6360: 6353: 6346: 6333: 6320: 6313: 6306: 6299: 6292: 6285: 6277: 6276: 6273: 6266: 6259: 6252: 6245: 6238: 6231: 6224: 6217: 6210: 6203: 6195: 6194: 6191: 6184: 6177: 6170: 6163: 6150: 6143: 6136: 6129: 6122: 6115: 6107: 6106: 6103: 6096: 6089: 6082: 6069: 6062: 6055: 6048: 6035: 6028: 6021: 6013: 6012: 6009: 6002: 5995: 5982: 5969: 5950: 5943: 5930: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5883: 5882: 5879: 5872: 5865: 5858: 5851: 5838: 5831: 5824: 5811: 5804: 5791: 5783: 5782: 5779: 5766: 5759: 5752: 5745: 5738: 5731: 5724: 5717: 5704: 5697: 5689: 5688: 5685: 5678: 5671: 5664: 5657: 5644: 5637: 5630: 5623: 5616: 5603: 5595: 5594: 5591: 5584: 5577: 5570: 5563: 5556: 5549: 5542: 5535: 5528: 5521: 5513: 5512: 5509: 5502: 5495: 5488: 5475: 5468: 5461: 5454: 5447: 5434: 5427: 5413: 5412: 5409: 5402: 5395: 5388: 5381: 5374: 5367: 5360: 5353: 5346: 5333: 5325: 5324: 5321: 5314: 5307: 5300: 5293: 5286: 5279: 5272: 5265: 5252: 5239: 5224: 5223: 5220: 5213: 5206: 5199: 5192: 5185: 5178: 5171: 5164: 5157: 5150: 5142: 5141: 5138: 5131: 5124: 5117: 5110: 5103: 5096: 5089: 5082: 5075: 5068: 5060: 5059: 5056: 5049: 5042: 5035: 5028: 5021: 5014: 5007: 5000: 4987: 4980: 4972: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4881: 4878: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4666: 4659: 4652: 4645: 4638: 4631: 4620: 4613: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4596: 4589: 4582: 4575: 4568: 4561: 4550: 4543: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4526: 4519: 4512: 4505: 4498: 4491: 4480: 4473: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4456: 4449: 4442: 4435: 4428: 4421: 4410: 4403: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4386: 4379: 4372: 4365: 4358: 4351: 4340: 4333: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4316: 4309: 4302: 4295: 4288: 4281: 4270: 4263: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4246: 4239: 4232: 4225: 4218: 4211: 4200: 4193: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4176: 4169: 4162: 4155: 4148: 4141: 4134: 4127: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4110: 4103: 4096: 4089: 4082: 4075: 4068: 4061: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4044: 4037: 4030: 4023: 4016: 4009: 3998: 3991: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3974: 3967: 3960: 3953: 3946: 3939: 3932: 3925: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3845: 3844: 3813: 3774: 3747: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3718: 3640: 3605: 3597: 3582: 3571: 3556: 3549: 3540:A nasal sound 3538: 3471: 3456: 3426: 3425: 3418: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3360: 3358: 3351: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3329: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3311: 3304: 3302: 3295: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3272: 3270: 3263: 3256: 3249: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3229: 3222: 3215: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3188: 3179: 3177: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3155: 3146: 3144: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3123: 3116: 3114: 3107: 3100: 3092: 3091: 3084: 3077: 3075: 3068: 3061: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3037: 3032: 3025: 3015: 3010: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2997: 2990: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2974: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2953: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2921: 2920: 2906: 2869: 2868: 2861: 2854: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2838: 2836: 2829: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2806: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2790: 2788: 2781: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2760: 2758: 2751: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2716: 2713: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2702: 2695:(to have) and 2687:, "to sell"). 2619:, "to speak"; 2562: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2534: 2528: 2498: 2495: 2494: 2491: 2483: 2477: 2469: 2463: 2448: 2447: 2444: 2436: 2428: 2420: 2414: 2405: 2404: 2401: 2393: 2385: 2377: 2371: 2362: 2361: 2358: 2350: 2342: 2314: 2302: 2287: 2286: 2283: 2275: 2267: 2259: 2253: 2244: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2202: 2194: 2180: 2172: 2154: 2064: 2063: 2050: 2037: 2030: 2023: 2017: 2016: 2009: 2002: 1995: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1949: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1908: 1891: 1888: 1879: 1876: 1797: 1794: 1727: 1726:Present status 1724: 1723: 1722: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1663:Saône-et-Loire 1601: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1573: 1554:Valprato Soana 1526:Ronco Canavese 1478:Lanzo Torinese 1428:(Chalambert), 1422:Ceresole Reale 1382: 1359:Vallée d'Aoste 1353:; in Italian: 1338: 1335: 1322: 1319: 1279:House of Savoy 1067: 1064: 1032:Duchy of Savoy 1024:House of Savoy 907: 904: 901: 891:reference name 869:Indo-European 868: 814: 813:Classification 811: 760:Duchy of Savoy 649:Rhaeto-Romance 639:dialects (the 593: 592: 579:, you may see 565: 564: 555: 554: 546: 545: 542: 541: 538: 535: 531: 529: 521: 520: 517: 511: 510: 505: 499: 498: 497: Arpitan 483: 475: 474: 467: 459: 458: 457:Language codes 454: 453: 451: 450: 439: 438: 431: 430: 427: 422: 420: 415: 412: 411: 407: 406: 401: 397:Writing system 394: 391: 390: 389: 388: 385: 380: 375: 370: 367: 360: 355: 351: 350: 348: 347: 346: 345: 344: 343: 324: 322: 319: 316: 315: 313: 312: 311: 310: 309: 308: 307: 306: 305: 304: 303: 302: 301: 300: 299: 298: 297: 296: 295: 294: 293: 292: 272:Gallo-Iberian? 236: 234: 227: 224: 223: 218: 215: 212: 211: 158: 154: 153: 150: 149:Native to 146: 145: 136:[ɡaga] 126: 122: 121: 115: 114: 110: 109: 99: 98: 62:citation style 57: 55: 48: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17585: 17574: 17571: 17569: 17566: 17564: 17561: 17559: 17556: 17554: 17551: 17549: 17546: 17544: 17541: 17540: 17538: 17522: 17518: 17516: 17512: 17509: 17507: 17503: 17500: 17499: 17496: 17490: 17489:Proto-Romance 17487: 17486: 17484: 17482:Reconstructed 17480: 17472: 17469: 17467: 17464: 17463: 17462: 17459: 17457: 17456: 17452: 17450: 17449: 17448:British Latin 17445: 17443: 17442: 17438: 17437: 17435: 17431: 17419: 17416: 17414: 17411: 17409: 17406: 17404: 17401: 17400: 17398: 17395: 17392: 17391: 17387: 17386: 17384: 17380: 17372: 17369: 17367: 17364: 17362: 17359: 17357: 17354: 17352: 17349: 17348: 17347: 17344: 17340: 17337: 17335: 17332: 17331: 17330: 17327: 17323: 17320: 17319: 17318: 17315: 17314: 17312: 17310: 17304: 17294: 17293: 17289: 17288: 17287: 17286: 17282: 17278: 17275: 17273: 17270: 17269: 17268: 17267:Vivaro-Alpine 17265: 17261: 17258: 17257: 17256: 17253: 17251: 17248: 17246: 17243: 17241: 17240: 17236: 17232: 17231: 17227: 17225: 17222: 17220: 17217: 17215: 17212: 17211: 17210: 17207: 17205: 17202: 17201: 17200: 17197: 17191: 17188: 17186: 17183: 17182: 17180: 17178: 17175: 17173: 17172: 17168: 17164: 17161: 17159: 17156: 17152: 17149: 17147: 17144: 17143: 17142: 17139: 17137: 17134: 17133: 17131: 17129: 17126: 17125: 17124: 17123: 17119: 17118: 17116: 17114: 17108: 17097: 17094: 17091: 17088: 17087: 17085: 17081: 17073: 17072: 17071:Old Navarrese 17068: 17067: 17066: 17065: 17061: 17059: 17056: 17052: 17049: 17048: 17047: 17044: 17042: 17041: 17037: 17036: 17034: 17030: 17024: 17023: 17019: 17015: 17012: 17010: 17007: 17005: 17002: 16998: 16995: 16993: 16990: 16988: 16985: 16983: 16980: 16976: 16973: 16972: 16971: 16968: 16967: 16966: 16965: 16961: 16957: 16954: 16950: 16947: 16946: 16945: 16942: 16938: 16935: 16934: 16933: 16930: 16929: 16928: 16927: 16923: 16921: 16920:Equatoguinean 16918: 16916: 16913: 16912: 16911: 16910: 16906: 16904: 16901: 16899: 16896: 16894: 16891: 16890: 16888: 16886: 16882: 16876: 16875: 16871: 16867: 16864: 16862: 16859: 16855: 16852: 16851: 16850: 16849: 16845: 16841: 16838: 16837: 16836: 16835: 16831: 16829: 16826: 16824: 16823: 16819: 16817: 16814: 16813: 16812: 16811: 16807: 16805: 16804: 16800: 16798: 16795: 16790: 16787: 16786: 16785: 16782: 16780: 16777: 16776: 16774: 16772: 16768: 16762: 16761: 16757: 16755: 16752: 16748: 16745: 16744: 16743: 16740: 16738: 16735: 16731: 16728: 16727: 16726: 16723: 16722: 16720: 16718: 16714: 16711: 16708: 16701: 16695: 16685: 16684: 16680: 16678: 16677: 16673: 16669: 16666: 16664: 16661: 16659: 16656: 16655: 16653: 16650: 16649: 16646: 16638: 16635: 16633: 16630: 16629: 16628: 16625: 16621: 16618: 16616: 16613: 16612: 16611: 16608: 16606: 16603: 16601: 16598: 16596: 16593: 16589: 16586: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16576: 16572: 16571: 16567: 16563: 16560: 16559: 16558: 16555: 16553: 16550: 16548: 16547: 16543: 16542: 16541: 16538: 16537: 16536: 16533: 16531: 16528: 16524: 16521: 16519: 16516: 16514: 16511: 16510: 16509: 16506: 16502: 16501: 16497: 16493: 16490: 16486: 16483: 16482: 16481: 16478: 16476: 16473: 16469: 16466: 16464: 16461: 16459: 16456: 16454: 16451: 16447: 16444: 16442: 16439: 16438: 16437: 16434: 16432: 16429: 16427: 16424: 16420: 16417: 16415: 16412: 16411: 16410: 16407: 16406: 16405: 16402: 16401: 16399: 16397: 16394: 16392: 16389: 16388: 16387: 16386: 16382: 16380: 16377: 16375: 16374:Frainc-Comtou 16372: 16368: 16365: 16363: 16360: 16359: 16358: 16355: 16353: 16350: 16348: 16345: 16343: 16340: 16338: 16335: 16334: 16332: 16330: 16324: 16321: 16319: 16313: 16305: 16302: 16301: 16300: 16297: 16295: 16294: 16290: 16284: 16281: 16279: 16276: 16272: 16269: 16267: 16264: 16262: 16259: 16258: 16257: 16254: 16252: 16249: 16247: 16244: 16240: 16237: 16235: 16232: 16230: 16227: 16225: 16222: 16221: 16220: 16217: 16215: 16212: 16208: 16205: 16204: 16203: 16200: 16199: 16198: 16195: 16191: 16188: 16186: 16183: 16182: 16181: 16178: 16177: 16176: 16173: 16171: 16170:Judeo-Italian 16168: 16164: 16161: 16159: 16156: 16154: 16151: 16149: 16146: 16144: 16141: 16139: 16136: 16135: 16134: 16131: 16129: 16126: 16124: 16121: 16119: 16116: 16110: 16107: 16105: 16102: 16101: 16100: 16097: 16093: 16090: 16088: 16085: 16084: 16083: 16080: 16079: 16078: 16075: 16074: 16072: 16070: 16066: 16063: 16061: 16057: 16047: 16044: 16040: 16037: 16035: 16034: 16030: 16029: 16028: 16025: 16024: 16022: 16018: 16010: 16007: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15995: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15981: 15978: 15977: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15965:Castelmezzano 15963: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15953: 15952: 15951: 15950: 15946: 15945: 15944: 15941: 15935: 15932: 15931: 15930: 15927: 15923: 15920: 15919: 15918: 15915: 15913: 15910: 15909: 15908: 15905: 15904: 15902: 15898: 15890: 15887: 15886: 15885: 15884: 15880: 15878: 15875: 15871: 15870:Swiss Italian 15868: 15866: 15863: 15861: 15858: 15856: 15853: 15852: 15851: 15850: 15846: 15842: 15839: 15838: 15837: 15834: 15830: 15827: 15825: 15822: 15820: 15817: 15813: 15810: 15808: 15805: 15803: 15800: 15799: 15798: 15795: 15794: 15793: 15790: 15789: 15787: 15783: 15780: 15778: 15772: 15766: 15765: 15761: 15757: 15754: 15752: 15751:Transylvanian 15749: 15747: 15744: 15742: 15739: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15729: 15727: 15724: 15722: 15719: 15717: 15714: 15713: 15712: 15711: 15710:Daco-Romanian 15707: 15705: 15702: 15700: 15697: 15695: 15692: 15691: 15689: 15687: 15683: 15677: 15674: 15670: 15667: 15665: 15662: 15661: 15660: 15659:Italo-Western 15657: 15655: 15652: 15651: 15649: 15645: 15640: 15636: 15629: 15624: 15622: 15617: 15615: 15610: 15609: 15606: 15592: 15588: 15586: 15582: 15579: 15575: 15572: 15571: 15567: 15559: 15556: 15554: 15551: 15550: 15548: 15545: 15542: 15539: 15538: 15536: 15532: 15522: 15521: 15517: 15513: 15510: 15509: 15508: 15505: 15503: 15502: 15498: 15496: 15493: 15489: 15486: 15484: 15481: 15480: 15479: 15476: 15474: 15471: 15469: 15468: 15464: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15456: 15452: 15450: 15447: 15445: 15444: 15440: 15438: 15435: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15421: 15418: 15417: 15416: 15413: 15411: 15410: 15406: 15404: 15401: 15398: 15395: 15393: 15390: 15388: 15385: 15383: 15382:Frainc-Comtou 15380: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15368: 15365: 15363: 15360: 15358: 15355: 15353: 15350: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15340: 15339: 15337: 15333: 15327: 15324: 15322: 15321: 15317: 15315: 15314: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15303: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15287: 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15275: 15271: 15270: 15268: 15266: 15262: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15233: 15231: 15228: 15226: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15210: 15209:Middle French 15206: 15204: 15201: 15199: 15198: 15194: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15179: 15177: 15174: 15172: 15169: 15167: 15164: 15162: 15159: 15155: 15152: 15150: 15147: 15146: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15121: 15117: 15114: 15112: 15109: 15108: 15106: 15103: 15099: 15098:St. Marys Bay 15096: 15094: 15091: 15090: 15089: 15086: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15076: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15047: 15045: 15042: 15041: 15039: 15037: 15033: 15027: 15024: 15022: 15019: 15017: 15014: 15013: 15011: 15009: 15005: 15002: 15000: 14999:Langues d'oïl 14996: 14989: 14986: 14985: 14983: 14979: 14974: 14967: 14962: 14960: 14955: 14953: 14948: 14947: 14944: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14918: 14916: 14912: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14890: 14886: 14883: 14882: 14880: 14876: 14870: 14867: 14865: 14862: 14860: 14857: 14855: 14852: 14851: 14849: 14845: 14841: 14836: 14827: 14822: 14820: 14815: 14813: 14808: 14807: 14804: 14786: 14782: 14771: 14768: 14763: 14759: 14758: 14757: 14754: 14752: 14749: 14744: 14740: 14739: 14738: 14735: 14734: 14732: 14728: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14710: 14708: 14705: 14704: 14702: 14698: 14689: 14685: 14684: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14669: 14667: 14665: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14652: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14634: 14633: 14631: 14629: 14628:Italiot Greek 14625: 14622: 14620: 14616: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14600:Slavomolisano 14598: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14587: 14585: 14583: 14579: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14545: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14534: 14532: 14530: 14526: 14523: 14521: 14517: 14504: 14500: 14499: 14498: 14495: 14494: 14492: 14490: 14486: 14483: 14481: 14477: 14473: 14466: 14455: 14436: 14432: 14429: 14425: 14422: 14418: 14417: 14416: 14413: 14411: 14408: 14407: 14405: 14403: 14399: 14396: 14394: 14390: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14371: 14369: 14367: 14363: 14360: 14358: 14354: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14336: 14334: 14333:Judeo-Italian 14331: 14329: 14326: 14324: 14321: 14320: 14318: 14312: 14303: 14299: 14298: 14297: 14294: 14289: 14285: 14282: 14278: 14277: 14276: 14273: 14272: 14270: 14268: 14264: 14255: 14251: 14248: 14244: 14243: 14242: 14239: 14234: 14230: 14225: 14221: 14218: 14214: 14211: 14207: 14206: 14204: 14200: 14197: 14193: 14188: 14184: 14183: 14181: 14177: 14174: 14170: 14165: 14161: 14158: 14154: 14151: 14147: 14144: 14140: 14139: 14137: 14133: 14128: 14124: 14123: 14121: 14117: 14112: 14108: 14107: 14105: 14101: 14100: 14099: 14096: 14095: 14093: 14091: 14087: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14053: 14052: 14050: 14048: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14035: 14022: 14018: 14017: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14007: 14005: 14003: 13999: 13993: 13990: 13989: 13987: 13985: 13981: 13978: 13976: 13975:Gallo-Romance 13972: 13962: 13959: 13954: 13950: 13949: 13948: 13947:Vivaro-Alpine 13945: 13944: 13942: 13940: 13936: 13930: 13927: 13926: 13924: 13922: 13918: 13915: 13913: 13909: 13899: 13896: 13894: 13891: 13890: 13888: 13886: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13873: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13855: 13853: 13850: 13849: 13847: 13841: 13832: 13828: 13827: 13826: 13823: 13818: 13814: 13813: 13812: 13809: 13807: 13804: 13803: 13801: 13799: 13795: 13789: 13786: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13774: 13771: 13766: 13762: 13761: 13760: 13757: 13755: 13752: 13750: 13747: 13745: 13742: 13740: 13737: 13735: 13732: 13731: 13729: 13727: 13723: 13717: 13714: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13693: 13691: 13687: 13681: 13678: 13677: 13675: 13673: 13669: 13663: 13660: 13659: 13657: 13655: 13651: 13648: 13646: 13645:Italo-Romance 13642: 13638: 13634: 13630: 13626: 13622: 13618: 13614: 13610: 13606: 13602: 13598: 13594: 13590: 13586: 13582: 13578: 13577: 13571: 13567: 13562: 13553: 13548: 13546: 13541: 13539: 13534: 13533: 13530: 13520: 13514: 13508: 13505: 13504: 13502: 13498: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13484: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13427: 13424: 13423: 13421: 13417: 13411: 13408: 13405: 13404:Vivaro-Alpine 13401: 13397: 13393: 13389: 13385: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13366: 13363: 13361: 13358: 13356: 13353: 13350: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13338: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13323: 13319: 13315: 13312: 13308: 13305: 13304: 13303: 13300: 13299: 13297: 13293: 13287: 13284: 13283: 13281: 13277: 13273: 13268: 13259: 13254: 13252: 13247: 13245: 13240: 13239: 13236: 13229: 13226:→ scroll to: 13225: 13221: 13220: 13215: 13212: 13208: 13204: 13201: 13198: 13194: 13190: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13173: 13169: 13167: 13163: 13160: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13150: 13146: 13145: 13135: 13132: 13131: 13124: 13122: 13121:2-86930-701-2 13118: 13114: 13110: 13095: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13076:2-9512146-2-6 13072: 13068: 13063: 13060: 13056: 13054: 13053:2-84310-029-1 13050: 13046: 13042: 13039: 13035: 13031: 13028: 13022: 13020:2-7384-7203-6 13016: 13012: 13007: 13004: 13003:2-908150-15-8 13000: 12996: 12992: 12985: 12984: 12978: 12975: 12971: 12968: 12967:0-8047-1250-6 12964: 12960: 12956: 12952: 12949: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12939:0-631-19286-7 12936: 12932: 12928: 12925: 12921: 12918: 12917:2-84147-196-9 12914: 12910: 12906: 12903: 12902:92-827-5512-6 12899: 12895: 12891: 12889: 12888:3-89586-548-6 12885: 12881: 12877: 12874: 12870: 12868: 12867:88-7694-166-5 12864: 12860: 12856: 12854: 12850: 12847: 12843: 12839: 12836: 12832: 12829: 12825: 12822: 12818: 12816: 12815:2-7005-0351-1 12812: 12808: 12804: 12801: 12797: 12796:2-222-02192-8 12793: 12789: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12771: 12767: 12763: 12758: 12755: 12751: 12749: 12748:3-87808-997-X 12745: 12741: 12737: 12735: 12734:90-279-2480-5 12731: 12727: 12723: 12720: 12716: 12712: 12709: 12705: 12703: 12702:2-8321-0172-0 12699: 12695: 12691: 12688: 12684: 12682: 12678: 12675: 12671: 12667: 12663: 12659: 12647: 12643: 12642: 12636: 12633: 12629: 12625: 12622: 12618: 12616: 12615:2-84206-338-4 12612: 12608: 12604: 12601: 12597: 12595: 12594:2-7348-0399-2 12591: 12587: 12583: 12581: 12580:2-86677-036-6 12577: 12573: 12569: 12566: 12562: 12559: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12544: 12542: 12541:2-222-02857-4 12538: 12534: 12530: 12527: 12523: 12520: 12516: 12514: 12513:2-222-01226-0 12510: 12506: 12502: 12499: 12495: 12493: 12492:2-84310-011-9 12489: 12485: 12481: 12478: 12474: 12472: 12471:2-85023-076-6 12468: 12464: 12460: 12457: 12456:0-9532919-2-8 12453: 12449: 12445: 12442: 12438: 12436: 12435:2-214-07979-3 12432: 12428: 12424: 12422: 12421:2-7348-0137-X 12418: 12414: 12410: 12408: 12407:88-7032-534-2 12404: 12400: 12396: 12393: 12389: 12387: 12386:88-7032-232-7 12383: 12379: 12375: 12372: 12368: 12363: 12359: 12356: 12355: 12350: 12346: 12343: 12339: 12336: 12332: 12330: 12329:2-902709-68-4 12326: 12322: 12318: 12315: 12314:2-7084-0288-9 12311: 12307: 12303: 12300: 12296: 12294: 12293:0-87840-089-3 12290: 12286: 12282: 12279: 12275: 12272: 12268: 12267: 12254: 12253:2-88471-207-0 12250: 12246: 12245: 12240: 12236: 12232: 12228: 12222: 12215: 12214:2-203-00931-4 12211: 12207: 12203: 12202: 12197: 12195: 12189: 12185: 12179: 12172: 12171:2-203-00930-6 12168: 12164: 12160: 12159: 12154: 12150: 12146: 12140: 12133: 12132:2-940171-14-9 12129: 12125: 12119: 12103: 12099: 12095: 12088: 12081: 12080:Lyon Capitale 12075: 12068: 12064: 12061: 12060: 12059:Cé qu'è lainô 12054: 12047: 12046:0-85991-442-9 12043: 12039: 12033: 12026: 12022: 12019: 12015: 12010: 12001: 11994: 11989: 11983: 11978: 11972: 11967: 11961: 11956: 11950: 11945: 11937: 11931: 11916: 11914:9788831943093 11910: 11906: 11902: 11895: 11893: 11885: 11880: 11876: 11872: 11868: 11864: 11860: 11853: 11838: 11832: 11828: 11824: 11820: 11816: 11809: 11793: 11789: 11785: 11779: 11777: 11769: 11768:Émile Chanoux 11766: 11762: 11759: 11754: 11747: 11743: 11740: 11735: 11728: 11724: 11719: 11712: 11706: 11699: 11695: 11692: 11687: 11671: 11667: 11661: 11645: 11641: 11635: 11619: 11615: 11609: 11602: 11598: 11595: 11594: 11588: 11582: 11575: 11569: 11562: 11558: 11555: 11554: 11548: 11542: 11535: 11531: 11527: 11523: 11517: 11508: 11501: 11497: 11494: 11489: 11482: 11478: 11472: 11460: 11453: 11446: 11439: 11435: 11434:archive.today 11431: 11428: 11427: 11420: 11411: 11402: 11396:Marzys, 1971. 11393: 11384: 11378:(in Italian). 11377: 11373: 11370: 11369: 11365:. pp. 25–30. 11364: 11360: 11354: 11335: 11331: 11327: 11320: 11313: 11306: 11302: 11299: 11294: 11279: 11275: 11269: 11265: 11261: 11254: 11242: 11235: 11229: 11225: 11219: 11203: 11199: 11195: 11189: 11170: 11166: 11159: 11153: 11138: 11134: 11133: 11126: 11110: 11106: 11102: 11101: 11096: 11089: 11087: 11070: 11066: 11062: 11056: 11054: 11052: 11050: 11039: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11024: 11010: 11006: 11002: 11001:Gallo-Romance 10996: 10992: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10958: 10952: 10950: 10946: 10945: 10940: 10936: 10931: 10929: 10925: 10921: 10917: 10913: 10909: 10905: 10901: 10897: 10894:(1870–1951), 10893: 10892:Louis Mercier 10889: 10885: 10883: 10879: 10875: 10869: 10867: 10863: 10860: 10856: 10852: 10848: 10844: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10827: 10822: 10820: 10816: 10812: 10808: 10804: 10800: 10796: 10792: 10788: 10782: 10778: 10774: 10768: 10764: 10760: 10758: 10754: 10753:Clair Tisseur 10750: 10746: 10742: 10738: 10734: 10730: 10726: 10725:Saint-Étienne 10722: 10721:Jean Chapelon 10719:from Bresse; 10718: 10714: 10710: 10706: 10702: 10698: 10694: 10690: 10687:(1575–1624), 10686: 10682: 10678: 10674: 10670: 10666: 10654: 10651: 10648: 10645: 10644: 10643: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10620: 10619: 10618: 10612: 10609: 10606: 10603: 10602: 10601: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10578: 10577: 10576: 10570: 10567: 10564: 10561: 10560: 10559: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10536: 10535: 10534: 10528: 10524: 10520: 10518: 10514: 10510: 10506: 10505:Cé qu'è lainô 10502: 10498: 10494: 10486: 10481: 10480: 10479: 10477: 10473: 10472:beatification 10469: 10465: 10461: 10457: 10453: 10449: 10446: 10442: 10438: 10435:nunnery near 10434: 10430: 10419: 10415: 10413: 10412: 10407: 10406: 10400: 10399: 10393: 10388: 10386: 10385: 10380: 10371: 10360: 10356: 10352: 10348: 10344: 10340: 10336: 10332: 10328: 10324: 10320: 10316: 10312: 10308: 10304: 10300: 10296: 10292: 10288: 10284: 10280: 10276: 10272: 10268: 10264: 10260: 10256: 10252: 10248: 10244: 10240: 10236: 10232: 10228: 10224: 10223: 10219: 10217: 10213: 10209: 10205: 10201: 10197: 10193: 10189: 10185: 10181: 10177: 10173: 10169: 10165: 10161: 10157: 10156: 10152: 10150: 10146: 10142: 10141: 10137: 10135: 10131: 10127: 10126:Perly-Certoux 10123: 10119: 10115: 10111: 10107: 10103: 10099: 10095: 10094: 10090: 10088: 10084: 10080: 10076: 10072: 10068: 10064: 10060: 10056: 10052: 10048: 10044: 10040: 10036: 10032: 10031: 10027: 10026: 10018: 10014: 10010: 10006: 10002: 9998: 9994: 9990: 9986: 9982: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9966: 9962: 9958: 9954: 9950: 9946: 9945: 9941: 9939: 9935: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9919: 9915: 9911: 9907: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9891: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9875: 9871: 9867: 9863: 9859: 9855: 9851: 9847: 9843: 9839: 9835: 9831: 9827: 9823: 9819: 9818: 9814: 9812: 9808: 9804: 9800: 9796: 9792: 9788: 9784: 9780: 9776: 9772: 9768: 9764: 9760: 9756: 9752: 9748: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9732: 9728: 9724: 9720: 9716: 9712: 9708: 9704: 9700: 9699: 9695: 9693: 9689: 9685: 9681: 9677: 9673: 9669: 9665: 9661: 9657: 9653: 9649: 9645: 9641: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9609: 9605: 9604:Bussy-Albieux 9601: 9597: 9593: 9592: 9588: 9586: 9582: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9546: 9542: 9538: 9534: 9530: 9526: 9522: 9518: 9514: 9510: 9506: 9502: 9501: 9497: 9495: 9491: 9487: 9483: 9479: 9475: 9471: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9447: 9443: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9427: 9423: 9419: 9415: 9411: 9407: 9403: 9399: 9395: 9391: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9359: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9335: 9331: 9327: 9323: 9319: 9315: 9311: 9307: 9303: 9299: 9295: 9291: 9287: 9283: 9279: 9275: 9271: 9267: 9263: 9259: 9255: 9251: 9247: 9243: 9239: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9223: 9219: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9191: 9190: 9186: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9152: 9148: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9132: 9128: 9124: 9123:Mont-Saxonnex 9120: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9096: 9092: 9088: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9072: 9068: 9064: 9060: 9056: 9052: 9048: 9044: 9040: 9036: 9032: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9012: 9011: 9007: 9005: 9001: 8997: 8993: 8992:Saint-Bardoux 8989: 8985: 8981: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8956: 8952: 8950: 8946: 8942: 8938: 8934: 8930: 8926: 8922: 8921:Les Villedieu 8918: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8898: 8894: 8890: 8886: 8882: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8857: 8853: 8851: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8835: 8831: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8762: 8758: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8744: 8740: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8724: 8720: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8395: 8391: 8390: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8373: 8369: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8350: 8346: 8345: 8336: 8331: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8307: 8303: 8301: 8300: 8293: 8289:) but Chênex 8288: 8286: 8280: 8275: 8271: 8261: 8257: 8242: 8241:Patois ? 8237: 8233: 8230: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8217: 8216: 8212: 8211:Patois ? 8207: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8194: 8191: 8187: 8185: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8167: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8154: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8136: 8133: 8129: 8127: 8120: 8115: 8109: 8105: 8102: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8089: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8071: 8068: 8064: 8062: 8055: 8052: 8049: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8036: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8018: 8015: 8011: 8009: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7991: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7978: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7965: 7962: 7958: 7956: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7938: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7925: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7907: 7904: 7900: 7898: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7880: 7876: 7873: 7869: 7866: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7854: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7842: 7838: 7835: 7831: 7828: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817:He is eating. 7816: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7804: 7800: 7797: 7793: 7790: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7778: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7766: 7762: 7759: 7755: 7752: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7740: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7728: 7724: 7721: 7717: 7714: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7702: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7690: 7686: 7683: 7679: 7676: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7664: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7652: 7648: 7645: 7641: 7638: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7626: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7614: 7610: 7607: 7603: 7600: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7588: 7587: 7583: 7577: 7573: 7570: 7566: 7563: 7559: 7556: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7544: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7532: 7528: 7525: 7521: 7518: 7517:S’il vos plét 7514: 7512: 7509: 7506: 7505: 7500: 7494: 7490: 7487: 7483: 7480: 7476: 7473: 7467: 7463: 7461: 7457: 7454: 7451: 7450: 7446: 7440: 7436: 7433: 7429: 7426: 7425:[ˈnɑ] 7422: 7419: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7402: 7396: 7392: 7389: 7388:[ˈwɛ] 7385: 7382: 7381:[ˈwɛ] 7378: 7375: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7363: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7351: 7347: 7344: 7340: 7337: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7325: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7313: 7309: 7306: 7302: 7299: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7275: 7271: 7268: 7264: 7261: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7249: 7248: 7244: 7241: 7238: 7235: 7232: 7229: 7228: 7225: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7199: 7198: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7188: 7184: 7183: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7155: 7152: 7151: 7150: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7140: 7136: 7135: 7129: 7128: 7123: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7110: 7107: 7104: 7101:, similar to 7100: 7096: 7093: 7090: 7086: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7077:Valsavarenche 7073: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7065:Rhêmes valley 7061: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7048: 7047:8. Valgrisein 7045: 7042: 7041: 7035: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7026:Valtournenche 7022: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7009: 7006: 7003: 6999: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6981: 6978: 6974: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6961: 6958: 6955: 6952:, similar to 6951: 6949: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6939: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6918: 6917: 6911: 6907: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6898:Pays-d'Enhaut 6895: 6890: 6887: 6884: 6880: 6877: 6874: 6870: 6867: 6866: 6865: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6855: 6851: 6850: 6844: 6842: 6838: 6833: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6822: 6817: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6804: 6801: 6798: 6794: 6791: 6788: 6784: 6781: 6780: 6779: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6769: 6765: 6764: 6758: 6756: 6751: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6738: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6726: 6721: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6709: 6708:6. Chambérien 6706: 6703: 6701: 6697: 6692: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6680: 6675: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6663: 6657: 6655: 6650: 6647: 6644: 6643: 6638: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6621: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6611: 6607: 6606: 6600: 6596: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6583: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6570: 6567: 6564: 6563:, Isère north 6562: 6557: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6539: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6529: 6525: 6524: 6518: 6517: 6516:Saint-Étienne 6513: 6508: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6494: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6481: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6468: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6456: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6446: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6436: 6432: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6422: 6419: 6418: 6417:Dialect Group 6413: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6392: 6390: 6382: 6368: 6365: 6361: 6358: 6354: 6351: 6347: 6344: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6325: 6321: 6318: 6314: 6311: 6307: 6304: 6300: 6297: 6293: 6290: 6286: 6283: 6279: 6278: 6274: 6271: 6267: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6253: 6250: 6246: 6243: 6239: 6236: 6232: 6229: 6225: 6222: 6218: 6215: 6211: 6208: 6204: 6201: 6197: 6196: 6192: 6189: 6185: 6182: 6178: 6175: 6171: 6168: 6164: 6161: 6155: 6151: 6148: 6144: 6141: 6137: 6134: 6130: 6127: 6123: 6120: 6116: 6113: 6109: 6108: 6104: 6101: 6097: 6094: 6090: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6074: 6070: 6067: 6063: 6060: 6056: 6053: 6049: 6046: 6040: 6036: 6033: 6029: 6026: 6022: 6019: 6015: 6014: 6010: 6007: 6003: 6000: 5996: 5993: 5987: 5983: 5980: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5961: 5955: 5951: 5948: 5944: 5941: 5935: 5931: 5928: 5922: 5918: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5895: 5889: 5885: 5884: 5880: 5877: 5876:sa manu manca 5873: 5870: 5866: 5863: 5859: 5856: 5852: 5849: 5843: 5839: 5836: 5832: 5829: 5825: 5822: 5816: 5812: 5809: 5805: 5802: 5796: 5792: 5789: 5785: 5784: 5780: 5777: 5771: 5767: 5764: 5760: 5757: 5753: 5750: 5746: 5743: 5739: 5736: 5732: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5718: 5715: 5709: 5705: 5702: 5698: 5695: 5691: 5690: 5686: 5683: 5679: 5676: 5672: 5669: 5665: 5662: 5658: 5655: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5635: 5631: 5628: 5624: 5621: 5617: 5614: 5608: 5604: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5592: 5589: 5585: 5582: 5578: 5575: 5571: 5568: 5564: 5561: 5557: 5554: 5550: 5547: 5543: 5540: 5536: 5533: 5529: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5507: 5503: 5500: 5496: 5493: 5489: 5486: 5480: 5476: 5473: 5469: 5466: 5462: 5459: 5455: 5452: 5448: 5445: 5439: 5435: 5432: 5428: 5425: 5419: 5415: 5414: 5410: 5407: 5403: 5400: 5396: 5393: 5389: 5386: 5382: 5379: 5375: 5372: 5368: 5365: 5361: 5358: 5354: 5351: 5347: 5344: 5338: 5334: 5331: 5327: 5326: 5322: 5319: 5315: 5312: 5308: 5305: 5301: 5298: 5294: 5291: 5287: 5284: 5280: 5277: 5273: 5270: 5266: 5263: 5257: 5253: 5250: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5230: 5226: 5225: 5221: 5218: 5214: 5211: 5207: 5204: 5200: 5197: 5193: 5190: 5186: 5183: 5179: 5176: 5172: 5169: 5165: 5162: 5158: 5155: 5151: 5148: 5144: 5143: 5139: 5136: 5132: 5129: 5125: 5122: 5118: 5115: 5111: 5108: 5104: 5101: 5097: 5094: 5090: 5087: 5083: 5080: 5076: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5062: 5061: 5057: 5054: 5050: 5047: 5043: 5040: 5036: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5022: 5019: 5015: 5012: 5008: 5005: 5001: 4998: 4992: 4988: 4985: 4981: 4978: 4974: 4973: 4969: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4948: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4885: 4877: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4860: 4856:; 1,000,000) 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4818: 4812: 4811:vengt-et-yona 4806: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4732: 4731:quat / quatrè 4725: 4721: 4714: 4707: 4700: 4693: 4689: 4684: 4682: 4667: 4664: 4660: 4657: 4653: 4650: 4646: 4643: 4639: 4636: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4621: 4618: 4614: 4611: 4607: 4604:/rəpəˈbløk.ə/ 4602: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4590: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4576: 4573: 4569: 4566: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4551: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4537: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4524: 4520: 4517: 4513: 4510: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4496: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4481: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4461: 4457: 4454: 4450: 4447: 4443: 4440: 4436: 4433: 4429: 4426: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4411: 4408: 4404: 4401: 4397: 4392: 4391: 4387: 4384: 4380: 4377: 4373: 4370: 4366: 4363: 4359: 4356: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4341: 4338: 4334: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4321: 4317: 4314: 4310: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4271: 4268: 4264: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4251: 4247: 4244: 4240: 4237: 4233: 4230: 4226: 4223: 4219: 4216: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4201: 4198: 4194: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4174: 4170: 4167: 4163: 4160: 4156: 4153: 4149: 4146: 4142: 4139: 4135: 4132: 4128: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4115: 4111: 4108: 4104: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4090: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4076: 4073: 4069: 4066: 4062: 4059: 4055: 4050: 4049: 4045: 4042: 4038: 4035: 4031: 4028: 4024: 4021: 4017: 4014: 4010: 4007: 4005: 3999: 3996: 3992: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3972: 3968: 3965: 3961: 3958: 3954: 3951: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3937: 3933: 3930: 3926: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3851: 3848: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3803: 3801: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3772: 3768: 3767:Saint-Nicolas 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3728: 3727: 3717:" in French. 3715: 3709: 3704: 3702: 3696: 3694: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3676: 3669: 3664: 3662: 3656: 3654: 3648: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3583: 3578: 3572: 3567: 3557: 3550: 3545: 3539: 3534: 3526: 3520: 3516: 3510: 3502: 3494: 3486: 3478: 3472: 3467: 3457: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3423: 3419: 3416: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3399: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3377: 3375: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3264: 3261: 3257: 3254: 3250: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3230: 3227: 3223: 3220: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3138: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3105: 3101: 3098: 3094: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3082: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3059: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3046: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3026: 3024: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3008: 2995: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2972: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2951: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2927: 2924:Nasal vowels 2916: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2894: 2886: 2878: 2873: 2872: 2866: 2862: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2848: 2843: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2782: 2779: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2721: 2720: 2712: 2699: 2693: 2688: 2685: 2680: 2678: 2671: 2666: 2664: 2657: 2651: 2646: 2644: 2637: 2632: 2630: 2623: 2617: 2612: 2610: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2518: 2516: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2499: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2460: 2454: 2450: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2319: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2306: 2303: 2299: 2293: 2289: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2212: 2206: 2198: 2190: 2184: 2176: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2155: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2129:(Jean/John), 2127: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2099:(Pierrette), 2097: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2060: 2057: 2051: 2048: 2042: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2028: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2007: 2003: 2000: 1996: 1993: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1893: 1887: 1885: 1875: 1873: 1867: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1807: 1802: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1776: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1758: 1752: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1738: 1733: 1720: 1719: 1718:langues d'oïl 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1673: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1611:Franche-Comté 1608: 1604: 1603: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1518:Pont-Canavese 1515: 1512:(Novalaise), 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1494:Meana di Susa 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1472:(Groscaval), 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1424:(Cérisoles), 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1357:; in French: 1356: 1355:Valle d'Aosta 1352: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1334: 1327: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1311:Saint-Étienne 1307: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1277:ruled by the 1276: 1272: 1271: 1266: 1265: 1260: 1259: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1152: 1147: 1144: 1139: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1118: 1113: 1109: 1108: 1107:langues d'oïl 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1074: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1018:(part of the 1017: 1016:Franche-Comté 1012: 1007: 1002: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 983: 982:langues d'oïl 978: 976: 972: 968: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 912:Gallo-Romance 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 867: 865: 861: 856: 854: 850: 849:Vivaro-Alpine 846: 843: 839: 835: 834:Franc-Comtois 831: 828: 827:Oïl languages 824: 820: 810: 808: 804: 800: 799:langues d'oïl 796: 791: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 756: 754: 753:Saint-Étienne 750: 746: 742: 738: 737: 732: 728: 727: 722: 718: 714: 710: 708: 702: 701: 696: 692: 688: 684: 679: 674: 669: 667: 666: 661: 657: 652: 650: 646: 642: 641:langues d'oïl 638: 634: 629: 627: 623: 619: 615: 614:Gallo-Romance 611: 607: 603: 599: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 572: 566: 560: 552: 547: 539: 536: 533: 532: 527: 522: 518: 516: 512: 509: 506: 504: 500: 495: 488: 484: 482: 481: 476: 472: 468: 465: 460: 455: 449: 448: 444: 443: 442: 436: 435: 434: 428: 425: 424: 421: 413: 408: 405: 402: 398: 392: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 368: 366: 365: 361: 358: 357: 356: 352: 342: 339: 338: 337: 336:Proto-Romance 334: 333: 332: 329: 328: 327: 323: 317: 291: 288: 287: 286: 282: 281: 279: 278: 277: 276:Gallo-Romance 274: 273: 271: 270: 269: 266: 265: 264: 263:Italo-Western 261: 260: 259: 256: 255: 254: 251: 250: 249: 246: 245: 244: 241: 240: 239: 238:Indo-European 235: 231: 225: 219: 213: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 173:Franche-Comté 170: 166: 162: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 137: 131: 127: 125:Pronunciation 123: 120: 116: 111: 106: 103: 95: 92: 84: 74: 70: 64: 63: 58:This article 56: 47: 46: 41: 34: 30: 26: 22: 17510: 17501: 17453: 17446: 17439: 17388: 17290: 17283: 17245:Languedocien 17237: 17230:Judeo-Gascon 17228: 17169: 17120: 17090:Barranquenho 17069: 17062: 17038: 17020: 16962: 16924: 16907: 16898:Extremaduran 16872: 16846: 16832: 16820: 16808: 16801: 16758: 16717:Asturleonese 16681: 16674: 16651: 16632:West Walloon 16620:Saintongeais 16568: 16544: 16540:Anglo-Norman 16498: 16431:Newfoundland 16391:Jersey Legal 16383: 16291: 16256:Southwestern 16239:Vallassinese 16128:Gallo-Picene 16069:Gallo-Italic 16031: 15947: 15942: 15881: 15847: 15762: 15708: 15573: 15546: 15518: 15499: 15488:Saintongeais 15465: 15453: 15441: 15407: 15372:Camfranglais 15318: 15311: 15284: 15274:Anglo-Norman 15272: 15235:Newfoundland 15220:Metropolitan 15207: 15197:Jersey Legal 15195: 15186:Houma French 15026:Saint Lucian 14981:Areal groups 14975:and dialects 14931:Italian Sign 14905:Swiss German 14894: 14785: 14762:Sinte Romani 14572:Torre Valley 14520:South Slavic 14465:Italy portal 14157:Vallassinese 14038:Gallo-Italic 14001: 13574: 13446:Guadeloupean 13388:Languedocian 13354: 13227: 13223: 13218: 13171: 13147: 13126: 13112: 13101:. Retrieved 13066: 13058: 13044: 13037: 13033: 13026: 13010: 12994: 12982: 12973: 12958: 12954: 12947: 12930: 12923: 12908: 12893: 12879: 12872: 12858: 12841: 12834: 12827: 12820: 12806: 12787: 12769: 12765: 12753: 12739: 12725: 12693: 12686: 12661: 12650:. Retrieved 12640: 12631: 12620: 12606: 12599: 12585: 12571: 12564: 12557: 12548: 12532: 12525: 12518: 12504: 12497: 12483: 12476: 12462: 12447: 12440: 12426: 12412: 12398: 12391: 12377: 12370: 12353: 12348: 12341: 12334: 12320: 12305: 12298: 12284: 12277: 12270: 12242: 12238: 12234: 12221: 12205: 12199: 12191: 12187: 12178: 12162: 12156: 12148: 12139: 12123: 12118: 12106:. Retrieved 12097: 12087: 12079: 12074: 12058: 12053: 12037: 12032: 12009: 12004:Price, 1998. 12000: 11988: 11982:Stich (1998) 11977: 11966: 11960:Viret (2021) 11955: 11949:Hauff (2016) 11944: 11918:. Retrieved 11904: 11882: 11862: 11852: 11840:, retrieved 11818: 11808: 11796:. Retrieved 11792:the original 11787: 11753: 11734: 11726: 11718: 11710: 11705: 11686: 11674:. Retrieved 11660: 11648:. Retrieved 11644:the original 11634: 11622:. Retrieved 11608: 11592: 11586: 11581: 11573: 11568: 11552: 11546: 11541: 11533: 11525: 11516: 11507: 11488: 11480: 11479:(Lausanne), 11476: 11471: 11459:the original 11445: 11438:Arpitania.eu 11437: 11425: 11419: 11410: 11401: 11392: 11383: 11367: 11362: 11358: 11353: 11341:. Retrieved 11329: 11325: 11312: 11293: 11282:, retrieved 11263: 11253: 11241:the original 11223: 11218: 11206:. Retrieved 11197: 11188: 11176:. Retrieved 11164: 11152: 11141:, retrieved 11131: 11125: 11113:. Retrieved 11098: 11073:. Retrieved 11064: 11035: 11027: 11005:Gallo-Italic 10995: 10942: 10938: 10934: 10932: 10927: 10920:Joseph Yerly 10904:Just Songeon 10886: 10870: 10857:(1909). The 10854: 10850: 10846: 10842: 10838: 10825: 10823: 10818: 10817:(1898), and 10814: 10810: 10806: 10802: 10798: 10790: 10785: 10749:Louis Bornet 10736: 10701:Henri Perrin 10662: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10622: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10526: 10504: 10490: 10483: 10476:Pope Pius IX 10451: 10440: 10416: 10409: 10403: 10389: 10382: 10376: 10347:Signy-Avenex 10267:Château-d'Œx 10220: 10153: 10145:Brot-Plamboz 10138: 10110:Collex-Bossy 10091: 10067:Pont-en-Ogoz 10028: 9942: 9815: 9696: 9589: 9533:Les Bouchoux 9521:Fontainebrux 9498: 9486:Villemoirieu 9466:Vaulx-Milieu 9346:Montseveroux 9262:Creys-Mépieu 9187: 9135:Saint-Jorioz 9010:Haute-Savoie 9008: 8953: 8937:Saraz, Doubs 8929:Montécheroux 8854: 8759: 8679:Sault-Brénaz 8392: 8381:Sauze d'Oulx 8370: 8349:Aosta Valley 8347: 8323:Aosta Valley 8298: 8296: 8284: 8283: 8256:family names 8253: 8183: 8125: 8060: 8007: 7954: 7944:Il pleuvine. 7928:O brolyasse. 7896: 7886:Elle chante. 7858: 7820: 7782: 7744: 7734:Les horloges 7707:Lei relòtges 7706: 7668: 7630: 7592: 7548: 7510: 7459: 7455: 7411: 7367: 7329: 7291: 7253: 7223: 7191: 7186: 7185: 7157: 7153: 7143: 7138: 7137: 7125: 7121: 7112: 7108: 7098: 7094: 7088: 7084: 7075: 7071: 7063: 7059: 7052:Valgrisenche 7050: 7046: 7037: 7033: 7024: 7020: 7014:Cogne valley 7011: 7007: 7001: 6997: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6976: 6972: 6963: 6959: 6950:upper valley 6946: 6942: 6932: 6929:Aosta Valley 6920: 6919: 6909: 6905: 6894:Château-d'Œx 6892: 6888: 6882: 6878: 6872: 6868: 6858: 6853: 6852: 6835: 6832:5. Valserine 6831: 6819: 6815: 6806: 6802: 6796: 6792: 6786: 6782: 6772: 6767: 6766: 6753: 6749: 6740: 6736: 6723: 6720:7. Annecien 6719: 6711: 6707: 6694: 6690: 6677: 6673: 6659: 6652: 6649:3. Matchutin 6648: 6640: 6636: 6628: 6625:1. Bessanèis 6624: 6614: 6609: 6608: 6598: 6594: 6585: 6582:4. Chambaran 6581: 6572: 6568: 6559: 6555: 6546: 6542: 6532: 6527: 6526: 6510: 6506: 6496: 6492: 6483: 6480:3. Mâconnais 6479: 6470: 6466: 6453: 6449: 6439: 6434: 6433: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6415: 6414: 6399: 6395: 6393: 6386: 4958:Piedmontese 4928: 4924: 4920: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4871:quatro-vingt 4870: 4864: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4730: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4705: 4698: 4691: 4687: 4685: 4678: 4625: 4555: 4485: 4415: 4345: 4275: 4205: 4003: 3950:quand, quora 3846: 3840: 3836: 3835:is given as 3832: 3828: 3824: 3816: 3807: 3805: 3799: 3797: 3781: 3777: 3763:René Willien 3762: 3758: 3750: 3744:Aosta Valley 3725: 3698: 3690: 3672: 3658: 3650: 3645:followed by 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3518: 3514: 3452: 3448: 2710: 2674: 2660: 2640: 2626: 2606: 2604: 2520: 2512: 2479: 2465: 2416: 2373: 2322: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2255: 2236:Piedmontese 2216: 2168: 2123:(François), 2073:conversation 2020: 1985: 1942: 1931: 1919: 1883: 1881: 1871: 1868: 1864: 1832: 1827:Aosta Valley 1811: 1805: 1779: 1770:Swiss French 1755: 1753: 1745: 1741: 1732:Aosta Valley 1729: 1716: 1704: 1627:Haute-Savoie 1615:départements 1565: 1524:(Ribardon), 1468:(Gravière), 1460:(Jaillons), 1452:(Frasinei), 1426:Chialamberto 1408:(Cantoire), 1394:Ala di Stura 1358: 1354: 1350: 1343:Aosta Valley 1332: 1314: 1300: 1295:in France's 1291: 1290: 1287:Haute-Savoie 1269: 1268: 1263: 1262: 1261:(patois) or 1257: 1256: 1254: 1237: 1234:Aosta Valley 1224: 1222: 1202:Oïl language 1198:"burgondien" 1197: 1193: 1191: 1186: 1174: 1172: 1163: 1159: 1157: 1142: 1140: 1135: 1131: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1117:langues d'oc 1116: 1111: 1105: 1087: 1072: 1069: 1046:) is due to 1043: 1039: 1037: 1013: 1009: 1004: 994: 990: 986: 979: 924:Aosta Valley 909: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 860:philological 857: 842:Gallo-Italic 816: 803:langues d'oc 792: 764:Aosta Valley 757: 748: 744: 740: 735: 734: 730: 724: 704: 699: 698: 672: 670: 663: 653: 645:langues d'oc 630: 609: 605: 601: 597: 596: 568: 515:Linguasphere 478: 445: 441:Switzerland 440: 432: 362: 331:Vulgar Latin 289: 161:Aosta Valley 118: 102: 87: 78: 59: 29:Swiss French 17466:Campidanese 17292:Old Catalan 17285:Old Occitan 17022:Old Spanish 16956:Rioplatense 16760:Old Leonese 16588:Cotentinais 16552:Guernésiais 16475:Frenchville 16468:New England 16347:Bourbonnais 16299:Piedmontese 16293:Old Lombard 16185:Bergamasque 16109:Sammarinese 15580:or dialects 15467:Petit nègre 15357:Bourbonnais 15302:Guernésiais 15297:Cotentinais 15176:Frenchville 15138:New England 15069:Seychellois 14926:French Sign 14770:Wenzhounese 14595:Montenegrin 14542:Gail Valley 14343:Piedmontese 14247:Bergamasque 13893:Campidanese 13734:Beneventano 13701:Marchigiano 13633:Wenzhounese 13456:Martiniquan 13178:Google Maps 13036:. (Vol. 1: 12957:. (Vol. 1: 12365:(in French) 12241:, from the 12239:"The Noose" 12108:17 November 11284:16 November 11208:28 February 11143:8 September 11115:11 November 10896:folk singer 10853:(1908) and 10841:(1856) and 10793:as well as 10705:Jean Millet 10425: 1240 10251:Champtauroz 10035:Chésopelloz 10023:Switzerland 9378:Proveysieux 9246:Chassignieu 8802:Lavilledieu 8727:Versailleux 8475:Courmangoux 8358:Champdepraz 8236:Causez vous 8206:Parlez-vous 8004:It is 6:30. 7903:O pluvègne. 7865:Ele chante. 7713:Los relojos 7511:Se vos plai 7288:Good night! 7211:Val Sangone 7205:— from the 7122:14. Fénisan 7114:Champorcher 7103:Piedmontese 7060:9. Rhêmiard 7040:Ayas valley 6948:Dora Baltea 6906:4. Valaisan 6900:, Vaud east 6859:Switzerland 6642:Lanslebourg 6548:Rhône River 6467:2. Bugésien 6459:département 5399:terça-feira 5330:dies Martis 4964:Portuguese 4874:/katroˈvɛ̃/ 4699:yona / yena 4617:repebleucca 4610:repeublecca 4458:wellspring 4394:/fɔ̃ˈtɑ̃.ɑ/ 3821:diaphonemic 3722:Orthography 3374:Approximant 2593:conditional 2589:subjunctive 2569:conjugation 2519:" (and/or " 2135:(Auguste), 2069:given names 1823:Quebec City 1670:Switzerland 1607:Rhône-Alpes 1552:(Valjoie), 1536:(Esparon), 1532:(Rubiane), 1504:(Moutier), 1470:Groscavallo 1450:Frassinetto 1444:(Condoue), 1440:(Couasse), 1432:(Chanoux), 1060:orthography 993:"to give", 956:Burgundians 914:variety of 871:phylosector 851:dialect of 821:dialect of 719:), and its 622:Switzerland 583:instead of 320:Early forms 17537:Categories 17513:indicates 17471:Logudorese 17004:Philippine 16970:Andalusian 16964:Peninsular 16854:Estremenho 16810:Portuguese 16737:Cantabrian 16570:Law French 16562:Sercquiais 16396:Meridional 16357:Champenois 16352:Burgundian 16163:Tabarchino 16153:Monégasque 16092:Parmigiano 15949:Neapolitan 15922:Manduriano 15889:Florentine 15756:Wallachian 15726:Bukovinian 15455:Old French 15377:Champenois 15362:Burgundian 15326:Sercquiais 15320:Old Norman 15313:Law French 15255:Vietnamese 15215:Meridional 15049:Chagossian 14288:Parmigiano 14080:Tabarchino 14070:Monégasque 13898:Logudorese 13817:Manduriano 13680:Florentine 13517:See also: 12244:Lucky Luke 12098:Soundcloud 11993:Stich 2001 11530:Waldensian 11065:Ethnologue 11037:Ethnologue 10949:Lucky Luke 10874:folk tales 10787:Amélie Gex 10767:Amélie Gex 10693:playwright 10681:theatrical 10669:moralistic 10509:l'Escalade 10445:miraculous 10433:Carthusian 10365:Literature 10355:Tolochenaz 10339:Saint-Prex 10315:Penthéréaz 10051:La Folliaz 10047:La Brillaz 9938:Vénissieux 9759:La Giettaz 9731:Chindrieux 9711:Avressieux 9684:Soleymieux 9581:Villevieux 9478:Veyssilieu 9338:Montagnieu 9238:Charancieu 9234:Chamagnieu 9127:Peillonnex 9083:La Forclaz 9043:Charvonnex 8980:Montaulieu 8968:Génissieux 8925:Montmahoux 8909:Le Barboux 8846:Talencieux 8707:Thézillieu 8683:Seillonnaz 8635:Prémillieu 8571:Montagnieu 8535:Malafretaz 8515:Lescheroux 8411:Belleydoux 8270:paroxytone 8260:placenames 7789:Les rouses 7703:The clocks 7669:Lo relòtge 7545:Thank you! 7034:7. Ayassin 7008:5. Cognein 6995:Valpelline 6960:2. Aostois 6808:Pontarlier 6666:Arc valley 6637:2. Langrin 6599:Isère east 6556:2. Crémieu 6450:1. Bressan 5600:hospitalis 5235:formaticus 4967:Sardinian 4927:" before " 4903:" became " 4891:" became " 4834:souessanta 4656:république 4649:repubblica 4534:/siˈlɑ̃sə/ 3898:Provençal 3753:(BREL) in 3003:Consonants 2601:participle 2597:infinitive 2585:imperative 2581:indicative 2553:Adjectives 2493:the viper 2331:le travail 2325:la besogne 2310:lo trabalh 2298:la besogne 2102:la Mauriza 2096:la Peronne 1968:Articles: 1961:mass nouns 1939:Morphology 1695:(Wallis), 1560:(Vénaux), 1556:(Valpré), 1514:Pessinetto 1500:(Mesnil), 1454:Germagnano 1412:(Carême), 1379:Lys valley 1351:Val d'Outa 1264:nosta moda 1230:Harpitanya 1206:Burgundian 1194:Burgundian 1114:) and the 936:Allobroges 873:→ Romanic 845:Piemontese 830:Morvandiau 665:Ethnologue 620:, western 359:Dauphinois 193:Beaujolais 73:footnoting 17521:varieties 17504:indicate 17461:Sardinian 17418:Triestine 17366:Sursilvan 17277:Mentonasc 17255:Provençal 17204:Auvergnat 17190:Valencian 17146:Mallorcan 17136:Algherese 17111:Occitano- 17058:Navarrese 17046:Aragonese 16982:Castilian 16885:Castilian 16861:Uruguayan 16834:Brazilian 16797:Minderico 16791:/Eonavian 16754:Mirandese 16668:Valdôtain 16654:/Arpitan 16595:Orléanais 16546:Auregnais 16530:Mayennais 16480:Louisiana 16362:Ardennais 16342:Berrichon 16148:Intemelio 16104:Forlivese 16087:Bolognese 16033:Dalmatian 15997:Tarantino 15960:Benevento 15917:Salentino 15877:Sassarese 15841:Gallurese 15824:Romanesco 15777:Dalmatian 15741:Moldavian 15736:Maramureș 15694:Aromanian 15591:varieties 15576:indicate 15558:Valdôtain 15549:/Arpitan 15520:Zarphatic 15461:Orléanais 15347:Berrichon 15286:Auregnais 15161:Cambodian 15143:Québécois 15064:Rodriguan 15054:Mauritian 15021:Grenadian 15016:Dominican 14529:Slovenian 14379:Triestine 14316:languages 14302:Forlivese 14281:Bolognese 14127:Legnanese 14065:Intemelio 14010:Valdôtain 13953:Mentonasc 13929:Algherese 13885:Sardinian 13876:Sardinian 13862:Sassarese 13857:Gallurese 13845:languages 13811:Salentino 13783:Tarantino 13754:Cosentino 13711:Romanesco 13625:Sardinian 13507:Guillemet 13486:Wallisian 13400:Provençal 13396:Auvergnat 13197:phonology 13134:. ("FEW") 12670:0184-7783 12628:Seudónimo 11930:cite book 11879:1613-3668 11593:Legge 482 11481:24 heures 11477:Quotidien 11100:Glottolog 11075:10 August 11061:"Arpitan" 11019:Citations 10709:pastorals 10665:satirical 10501:Catholics 10497:Calvinist 10441:Speculum 10307:Penthalaz 10299:Palézieux 10279:La Sarraz 10204:Veysonnaz 10180:Massongex 10140:Neuchâtel 10098:Bardonnex 10055:La Sonnaz 10043:Ferpicloz 9977:Pouilloux 9902:Quincieux 9826:Ambérieux 9811:Villaroux 9807:Verthemex 9751:Frontenex 9644:Mizérieux 9608:Champdieu 9600:Aveizieux 9577:Vertamboz 9517:Courlaoux 9458:Varacieux 9446:Soleymieu 9434:Sermérieu 9386:Romagnieu 9366:Parmilieu 9358:Ornacieux 9254:Cheyssieu 9226:Bressieux 9159:Versonnex 9143:Seythenex 9095:Marcellaz 9091:La Vernaz 9075:La Clusaz 9071:Excenevex 9051:Chessenaz 9047:Chavannaz 9000:Solérieux 8988:Roussieux 8913:Le Bélieu 8842:Satillieu 8814:Roiffieux 8794:Davézieux 8755:Échenevex 8731:Versonnex 8715:Toussieux 8703:Talissieu 8575:Monthieux 8567:Misérieux 8559:Meximieux 8543:Marignieu 8507:Jujurieux 8463:Contrevoz 8431:Ceyzérieu 8407:Arbignieu 8315:Valdôtain 7919:Il pleut. 7848:Il mange. 7827:Il menge. 7810:Les roses 7783:Lei ròsas 7779:The roses 7696:L'horloge 7675:Lo relojo 7665:The clock 7658:Une femme 7493:Peut-être 7207:Val Soana 7172:Brantford 7004:valleys), 6991:bionassin 6987:bossolein 6967:valdôtain 6922:Valdôtain 6889:3. Enhaut 6873:Vaud west 6816:4. Ain-N. 6664:country, 6662:Maurienne 6610:Savoyard: 6435:Lyonnais: 5900:ne gentem 5848:schnester 5842:saniester 5835:izquierda 5781:language 5687:hospital 5444:basilique 5304:formaggio 5107:c(h)antar 4917:palatized 4867:vigesimal 4830:cinquanta 4817:vengt-dos 4805:vengt-yon 4668:republic 4663:república 4642:republica 4635:rèpublica 4388:daughter 4184:/ˈtʃøvrɑ/ 4046:a little 3910:Standard 3907:Standard 3904:Standard 3901:Standard 3740:Valdôtain 3601:syllables 3212:voiceless 3206:Fricative 3141:voiceless 3135:Affricate 3058:voiceless 2772:Close-mid 2707:Phonology 2487:la vipera 2473:la vipère 2466:la vipèra 2459:lo vipèro 2456:(masc.), 2453:lo crotâl 2360:the work 2354:il lavoro 2346:ël travaj 2340:(masc.) 2337:le labeur 2334:(masc.), 2285:the salt 2161:inflected 2147:(Louis), 2090:la Jeânna 2087:(Marie), 1899:, as are 1856:Brantford 1814:Valdôtain 1777:dialect. 1701:Neuchâtel 1548:(Ussel), 1522:Ribordone 1498:Mezzenile 1458:Giaglione 1448:(Corio), 1430:Chianocco 1250:ISO 639-3 1218:Bourgogne 1204:known as 1196:(French: 1173:The name 1122:Provençal 1056:Provençal 1038:The name 967:substrate 948:Ceutrones 875:phylozone 819:Provençal 755:, etc.). 726:Arpitania 480:Glottolog 464:ISO 639-3 447:see below 383:Valdôtain 369:Jurassien 326:Old Latin 81:July 2024 40:Provençal 17397:Venetian 17371:Vallader 17361:Surmiran 17334:Cadorino 17317:Friulian 17250:Limousin 17219:Béarnese 17181:Western 17163:Northern 17151:Menorcan 17141:Balearic 17132:Eastern 17128:dialects 16987:Castrapo 16944:Peruvian 16915:dialects 16848:European 16816:dialects 16803:Portugis 16784:Galician 16725:Asturian 16663:Savoyard 16615:Poitevin 16583:Cauchois 16557:Jèrriais 16404:Canadian 16283:Varesino 16278:Ticinese 16266:Novarese 16261:Cremunés 16251:Ossolano 16246:Milanese 16234:Lecchese 16202:Brianzöö 16133:Ligurian 16099:Romagnol 15980:Arianese 15975:Irpinian 15970:Cilentan 15934:Pantesco 15929:Sicilian 15900:Southern 15836:Corsican 15812:Macerata 15807:Fabriano 15746:Oltenian 15716:dialects 15676:Southern 15553:Savoyard 15483:Poitevin 15392:Guianese 15307:Jèrriais 15292:Cauchois 15245:Standard 15225:Missouri 15166:Francien 15116:Kinshasa 14889:Ticinese 14672:Cimbrian 14664:Bavarian 14590:Croatian 14497:Arbëresh 14480:Albanian 14421:Cadorino 14410:Friulian 14366:Venetian 14357:Venetian 14296:Romagnol 14224:Cremunés 14217:Novarese 14196:Varesino 14187:Ossolano 14180:Ticinese 14173:Milanese 14164:Lecchese 14047:Ligurian 13852:Corsican 13831:Pantesco 13825:Sicilian 13765:Arianese 13759:Irpinian 13749:Cilentan 13706:Marinese 13605:Germanic 13601:Friulian 13589:Croatian 13581:Albanian 13500:See also 13481:Tahitian 13476:Shimaore 13436:Guianese 13392:Limousin 13351:dialect) 13343:Corsican 13339:dialect) 13094:Archived 12849:Archived 12711:Archived 12677:Archived 12646:Archived 12358:Archived 12155:", from 12102:Archived 12063:Archived 12021:Archived 11761:Archived 11742:Archived 11694:Archived 11676:30 April 11670:Archived 11650:30 April 11624:30 April 11618:Archived 11597:Archived 11557:Archived 11496:Archived 11430:Archived 11372:Archived 11334:Archived 11301:Archived 11278:archived 11202:Archived 11169:Archived 11137:archived 11109:Archived 11069:Archived 10981:Vergonha 10955:See also 10924:Gruyères 10878:proverbs 10862:Archived 10849:(1893), 10837:(1855), 10517:Genevois 10495:between 10429:prioress 10427:–1310), 10351:Suscévaz 10271:Chéserex 10263:Chevroux 10212:Vérossaz 10196:Vernayaz 10172:Evionnaz 10114:Laconnex 10030:Fribourg 9949:Chalmoux 9926:Toussieu 9878:Jarnioux 9854:Courzieu 9850:Condrieu 9838:Chassieu 9830:Brussieu 9787:Ruffieux 9771:Marcieux 9767:Loisieux 9755:Jongieux 9735:Cohennoz 9719:Barberaz 9707:Allondaz 9664:Précieux 9656:Nollieux 9652:Nervieux 9628:Jonzieux 9620:Doizieux 9561:Ponthoux 9545:Molamboz 9494:Vénérieu 9474:Vertrieu 9462:Vatilieu 9382:Quincieu 9310:Lieudieu 9290:Heyrieux 9282:Fitilieu 9278:Dolomieu 9270:Dizimieu 9250:Chavanoz 9202:Beaulieu 9147:Seytroux 9087:La Muraz 9067:Copponex 9063:Combloux 9055:Chevenoz 9027:Aviernoz 8984:Montjoux 8964:Clérieux 8933:Reculfoz 8877:Dampjoux 8865:Champoux 8861:Bolandoz 8850:Vinzieux 8770:Beaulieu 8643:Reyrieux 8627:Pirajoux 8611:Parcieux 8595:Ordonnaz 8551:Massieux 8547:Marlieux 8523:Lompnieu 8459:Colomieu 8455:Cleyzieu 8451:Civrieux 8447:Chevroux 8372:Piedmont 8335:Savoyard 8250:Toponyms 7751:La rousa 7741:The rose 7620:Un homme 7499:P't-être 7472:Pôt-étre 7368:Òc, vòai 7326:Goodbye! 7230:English 6954:savoyard 6854:Vaudois: 6755:Chablais 6742:Faucigny 6713:Chambéry 6698:valley, 6654:Valloire 6376:Dialects 6011:nothing 5869:esquerda 5862:sinistra 5828:esquerra 5821:senèstra 5815:esquèrra 5801:mâladrêt 5788:sinister 5682:ospidali 5675:hospital 5668:ospedale 5641:hospital 5634:hospital 5593:brother 5574:fratello 5472:baselgia 5458:església 5424:basilica 5418:ecclesia 5411:Tuesday 5378:mardi(s) 5290:caschiel 5276:formatge 5269:formatge 4970:English 4961:Italian 4955:Romansh 4952:Spanish 4949:Catalan 4946:Occitan 4907:", and " 4852:; 1000) 4842:huétanta 4838:sèptanta 4826:quaranta 4820:... 30) 4790:dix-huét 4786:dix-sèpt 4774:quatôrze 4675:Numerals 4598:silence 4593:silencio 4579:silenzio 4464:/ˈlɑ̃.ɑ/ 4446:fontaine 4407:fontan-a 4197:tcheuvra 3982:/ˈtʃikɑ/ 3889:Conflans 3868:English 3865:Spanish 3859:Italian 3856:Occitan 3757:and the 3711:" and " 3030:alveolar 3023:Alveolar 2820:Open-mid 2701:(to be). 2480:la vipra 2446:the oil 2397:l'unghia 2328:(fem.), 2321:(fem.), 2312:(masc.) 2307:(fem.), 2295:(fem.), 2242:English 2239:Italian 2153:(Émile). 2114:la Génie 2108:la Daude 2078:la Foëse 1986:Singular 1953:Articles 1916:sentence 1840:Cigliàje 1697:Fribourg 1677:Romandie 1564:(Vieu). 1550:Valgioie 1546:Usseglio 1540:(Suse), 1528:(Ronc), 1510:Novalesa 1496:(Méan), 1480:(Lans), 1406:Cantoira 1390:Piedmont 1242:Lausanne 1210:Burgundy 1179:Fribourg 1102:dialects 1098:phonetic 1094:linguist 971:toponyms 944:Helvetii 928:Piedmont 895:51-AAA-j 801:and the 745:Lyonnais 741:Savoyard 717:arpitano 643:and the 633:dialects 589:Help:IPA 519:51-AAA-j 494:fran1260 487:fran1269 378:Savoyard 373:Forezien 354:Dialects 283:Arpitan– 209:Romandie 201:Lyonnais 197:Dauphiné 165:Piedmont 69:citation 17502:Italics 17403:Chipilo 17346:Romansh 17309:Romance 17307:Rhaeto- 17272:Gardiol 17224:Landese 17214:Aranese 17199:Occitan 17158:Central 17122:Catalan 17113:Romance 17014:Creoles 17009:Saharan 16997:Murcian 16975:Llanito 16932:Chilean 16909:Spanish 16866:Creoles 16840:Mineiro 16822:African 16747:Riberan 16742:Leonese 16707:Iberian 16700:Romance 16627:Walloon 16600:Paydret 16578:Augeron 16518:Vosgien 16513:Gaumais 16508:Lorrain 16500:Creoles 16463:Muskrat 16409:Acadian 16337:Angevin 16327:Langues 16318:Romance 16224:Comasco 16197:Western 16190:Cremish 16180:Eastern 16175:Lombard 16143:Genoese 16138:Brigasc 16082:Emilian 16060:Western 16039:Istriot 16002:Vastese 15987:Molisan 15849:Italian 15785:Central 15731:Crișana 15686:Eastern 15669:Western 15654:Eastern 15574:Italics 15507:Walloon 15501:Tây Bồi 15415:Lorrain 15342:Angevin 15280:Augeron 15230:Muskrat 15203:Laotian 15181:Haitian 15128:Belgian 15111:Abidjan 15105:African 15088:Acadian 15059:Réunion 15044:Agalega 14885:Lombard 14869:Romansh 14864:Italian 14717:Yiddish 14677:Mòcheno 14552:Istrian 14275:Emilian 14254:Cremish 14233:Spasell 14143:Comasco 14090:Lombard 14060:Genoese 14055:Brigasc 14021:Cellese 13939:Occitan 13921:Catalan 13788:Vastese 13773:Molisan 13689:Central 13654:Italian 13629:Slovene 13617:Occitan 13585:Catalan 13491:Xaracuu 13471:Réunion 13461:Nengone 13451:Kibushi 13441:Futunan 13380:Occitan 13347:Dutch ( 13333:Catalan 13103:3 April 12652:3 April 12198:, from 12016:, See: 11920:26 July 11842:26 July 11798:26 July 11343:4 March 11230:", see 11178:1 March 10882:legends 10807:Poesies 10487: » 10468:Passion 10448:visions 10437:Mionnay 10343:Saubraz 10319:Puidoux 10311:Penthaz 10255:Chanéaz 10208:Vionnaz 10168:Dorénaz 10134:Troinex 10106:Choulex 10079:Vaulruz 9973:Pontoux 9890:Meyzieu 9886:Lissieu 9715:Avrieux 9640:Marcoux 9569:Saffloz 9565:Recanoz 9549:Moutoux 9505:Bonlieu 9482:Vignieu 9470:Vernioz 9450:Succieu 9430:Sardieu 9354:Optevoz 9318:Massieu 9314:Marcieu 9306:Leyrieu 9294:Jarcieu 9286:Granieu 9266:Crémieu 9258:Chélieu 9230:Cessieu 9214:Bossieu 9194:Apprieu 9131:Reyvroz 9103:Marlioz 8949:Éternoz 8869:Chevroz 8806:Le Roux 8761:Ardèche 8723:Vernoux 8719:Trévoux 8711:Torcieu 8699:Sutrieu 8695:Surjoux 8687:Songieu 8651:Ruffieu 8631:Pollieu 8619:Peyrieu 8607:Oyonnax 8603:Outriaz 8583:Niévroz 8519:Lochieu 8511:Lagnieu 8495:Hostiaz 8487:Flaxieu 8467:Conzieu 8435:Challex 8419:Birieux 8274:oxytone 7772:La rose 7745:La ròsa 7637:Na fèna 7627:A woman 7599:Un homo 7245:French 7176:Ontario 6691:5. Arly 6630:Bessans 6574:Bourbre 6561:Crémieu 6487:country 6457:, Ain ( 6389:dialect 5742:lieunga 5728:llengua 5714:langage 5701:lengoua 5661:ospidal 5654:ospidal 5627:espital 5620:hôpital 5613:hopetâl 5607:hèpetâl 5553:hermano 5518:fratrem 5511:church 5465:iglesia 5431:égllése 5392:martedì 5364:dimarts 5323:cheese 5297:formagg 5262:fromage 5249:fromâjo 5154:chiévra 5121:cantare 5079:chanter 5072:chantar 5065:cantare 4943:French 4923:" and " 4911:" and " 4899:" and " 4848:; 100) 4846:nonanta 4794:dix-nou 4727:(masc.) 4709:(masc.) 4695:(masc.) 4681:decimal 4586:silence 4572:silenci 4565:silence 4547:silanse 4540:silence 4439:fontana 4425:fontana 4400:fontana 4337:feuille 4324:/ˈføʎə/ 4306:feuille 4254:/ˈfɔʎə/ 4215:chiévra 4190:tseuvra 4118:/dʒuˈɑ/ 4041:un poco 4020:un pauc 3862:French 3761:« 3668:chantar 3657:" and " 3631:", but 3604:French. 3347:Lateral 3035:Palatal 2730:Central 2636:mengier 2622:chantar 2559:Adverbs 2462:(masc.) 2443:(masc.) 2435:(masc.) 2424:l'huile 2419:(masc.) 2413:(masc.) 2389:l'ongia 2384:(masc.) 2381:l'ongle 2374:l'ongla 2367:l'ongla 2357:(masc.) 2349:(masc.) 2318:l'œuvre 2282:(masc.) 2279:il sale 2266:(masc.) 2233:French 2120:Fanfoué 2071:during 1945:grammar 1926:(SOV). 1905:Italian 1901:Occitan 1860:Ontario 1775:Evolène 1766:cantons 1757:Romansh 1681:cantons 1651:Ardèche 1639:occitan 1570:Occitan 1534:Sparone 1530:Rubiana 1466:Gravere 1462:Giaveno 1442:Condove 1398:Alpette 1388:in the 1306:gagasse 1258:patouès 1225:Arpitan 1187:Rommant 1141:I call 1120:group ( 1073:patouès 1006:French. 989:"rag", 969:in the 952:Salassi 940:Sequani 906:History 853:Occitan 838:Romansh 823:Occitan 768:Evolène 713:Italian 707:arpetan 700:Arpitan 691:Italian 637:Romance 610:Arpitan 585:Unicode 423:France 387:Vaudois 258:Romance 113:Arpitan 25:Romandy 21:Romands 17433:Others 17413:Talian 17408:Fiuman 17382:Others 17322:Fornes 17260:Niçard 17209:Gascon 17177:Patuet 17083:Others 16992:Castúo 16698:Ibero- 16658:Faetar 16605:Picard 16535:Norman 16523:Welche 16446:Magoua 16436:Quebec 16426:Brayon 16385:French 16367:Rémois 16316:Gallo- 16271:Pavese 16229:Laghée 16207:Canzés 16158:Royasc 16020:Others 15955:Barese 15883:Tuscan 15829:Sabino 15802:Ancona 15775:Italo- 15541:Faetar 15473:Picard 15449:Nouchi 15437:Michif 15420:Welche 15335:Others 15265:Norman 15191:Indian 15154:Magoua 15123:Aostan 15079:French 14895:Romand 14859:German 14854:French 14756:Romani 14737:Hebrew 14730:Others 14712:Walser 14655:German 14567:Resian 14428:Fornes 14374:Fiuman 14210:Pavese 14150:Laghée 14111:Canzés 14075:Royasc 14015:Faetar 13992:Aostan 13984:French 13961:Niçard 13739:Barese 13716:Sabino 13672:Tuscan 13621:Romani 13593:French 13410:Picard 13384:Gascon 13375:Norman 13328:Breton 13314:Basque 13286:French 13211:Valais 13119: 13073: 13051: 13017: 13001: 12965: 12937: 12915: 12900: 12886: 12880:Faetar 12865: 12813: 12794: 12746: 12732: 12700: 12668: 12613: 12592: 12578: 12539: 12511: 12490: 12469: 12454: 12433: 12419: 12405: 12384: 12327: 12312: 12291: 12251: 12231:Morris 12212: 12169: 12130: 12044: 11911: 11877: 11833: 11332:: 71. 11270: 10918:; 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