1563:
407:
2662:
resolved, punctuation (the original has none), and some modernized letters. Below is the original Old
Spanish text in the first column, along with the same text in Modern Spanish in the second column and an English translation in the third column.
2147:
in the present or imperfect indicative followed by the infinitive of a main verb. Pronouns, therefore, by the general placement rules, could be inserted between the main verb and the auxiliary in these periphrastic tenses, as still occurs with
2310:, to replace the imperfect subjunctive. It was used similarly to its Modern Portuguese counterpart, in place of the modern present subjunctive in a subordinate clause after
1506:
2306:
in the second example above) but it is generally now found only in legal or solemn discourse and in the spoken language in some dialects, particularly in areas of
2171:
3579:
3192:
1465:
speakers (and their particular pronunciation of Latin) beginning in the twelfth century. Various words with were then borrowed into
Spanish, leading to
891:
754:
5533:
3140:
In general ⟨b⟩ for the reflex of
Classical Latin initial /b/ or intervocalic /p/ and ⟨v⟩ for the reflex of Classical Latin /w/ or intervocalic /b/.
3457:
5495:
3606:
1422:
appear to have merged in word-initial position by about 1400 and in all other environments by the mid–late 16th century at the latest.
1340:
5523:
846:
884:
4057:
3989:
3792:
3787:
3731:
3619:
1291:
1225:
699:
449:
313:
3892:
3782:
3393:"The Copyists and their Texts. The Morisco Translations of the Qur'ān in the Tomás Navarro Tomás Library (CSIC, Madrid)"
2082:('(to) go') along with the verb in infinitive, with the difference that in Modern Spanish it's included the preposition
4007:
3563:
1298:
1218:
477:
4846:
877:
4906:
1145:
17:
4194:
3799:
3599:
3109:
2274:
1257:
458:
303:
4994:
4895:
3392:
1457:
In later Old
Spanish, surviving and / were modified to in urban speech, likely due to the influx of numerous
822:
560:
4865:
4802:
4480:
1264:
505:
277:
3258:
1395:
1138:
990:
4929:
4332:
1942:
1915:
1890:
1875:
1845:
1825:
1778:
1740:
1627:
1600:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1512:
1487:
1480:
1476:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1373:
1369:
1358:
1354:
1014:
1009:
5528:
5370:
4808:
3777:
3706:
1232:
942:
3508:
5091:
4663:
4098:
3656:
3592:
1124:
4678:
4590:
4199:
4040:
3755:
3684:
3666:
3649:
3644:
3634:
1248:
1182:
1059:
965:
517:
368:
154:
146:
126:
3476:"Language contact and phonological innovation in the voiced prepalatal obstruents of Judeo-Spanish"
5383:
5287:
4160:
4108:
3887:
3835:
2748:
1271:
1131:
1049:
951:
604:
3170:
4751:
4342:
4296:
4177:
4150:
4089:
4026:
3972:
3679:
3639:
1168:
1152:
827:
549:
522:
141:
116:
4347:
5469:
4685:
4103:
4049:
3701:
1454:
By early Old
Spanish, had been replaced with before all vowels and possibly before as well.
974:
215:
159:
5501:
5446:
5252:
5247:
4900:
4878:
4769:
4697:
4520:
4182:
3945:
2701:
1318:
1175:
1090:
1081:
860:
639:
5165:
4133:
3166:
3123:
preserves some of the sounds and terms of Old
Spanish that have been lost in Modern Spanish.
5451:
5225:
4841:
4814:
4740:
4600:
4399:
4327:
4279:
4273:
4236:
4219:
3114:
2793:
2697:
2659:
1619:
1193:
1097:
706:
534:
472:
5235:
4648:
3716:
3580:
An explanation of the development of
Mediaeval Spanish sibilants in Castile and Andalusia.
8:
4936:
4828:
4796:
4790:
4411:
4371:
4337:
4165:
3929:
2149:
2073:('María has sung two songs'). However, that was inconsistent even in the earliest texts.
2054:
1201:
1111:
865:
711:
664:
619:
544:
495:
444:
164:
5199:
4632:
4307:
4241:
5441:
5170:
5026:
4984:
4950:
4944:
4834:
4777:
4734:
4717:
4455:
4448:
4284:
4072:
4013:
3869:
3857:
3736:
3674:
3236:
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2022).
2783:
2297:
2256:
When there was a stressed word before the verb, the pronouns would go before the verb:
2138:
2050:
2046:
1053:
736:
721:
694:
684:
679:
674:
669:
644:
634:
569:
529:
372:
5219:
3711:
293:
5398:
5377:
5297:
5257:
5116:
5044:
5038:
4962:
4854:
4764:
4705:
4617:
4575:
4376:
4322:
4128:
4113:
4084:
4067:
3977:
3940:
3909:
3897:
3816:
3804:
3721:
3696:
3690:
3615:
3584:
3559:
3414:
3237:
2832:
2772:
2653:
2218:
2103:
2038:
1964:
1281:
1241:
1161:
1063:
731:
629:
614:
599:
579:
437:
432:
414:
382:
136:
77:
5240:
4209:
4187:
379:. The earliest, longest, and most famous literary composition in Old Spanish is the
309:
5351:
5341:
5326:
5314:
5230:
5179:
5143:
5121:
5108:
5102:
5031:
5020:
4924:
4889:
4873:
4722:
4710:
4643:
4607:
4595:
4563:
4488:
4460:
4433:
4263:
4258:
4246:
4226:
4214:
4155:
4062:
4019:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3914:
3845:
3829:
3726:
3533:
3487:
3404:
2777:
2278:
2131:
2123:
1462:
1330:
1043:
1038:
726:
689:
649:
594:
589:
584:
512:
398:
352:
121:
67:
5126:
5076:
5435:
5421:
5302:
5204:
5194:
5138:
4989:
4977:
4917:
4912:
4727:
4656:
4638:
4612:
4585:
4515:
4472:
4384:
4365:
4317:
4204:
4170:
4123:
4118:
3840:
3772:
3744:
2758:
2689:
2270:
2042:
1493:
Possibly realized as after pauses or certain consonants (judging by outcomes in
1458:
1308:
1068:
716:
659:
654:
609:
486:
108:
4438:
3524:
Hualde, José Ignacio (2013). "Intervocalic lenition and word-boundary effects".
5486:
5393:
5388:
5309:
5189:
5151:
4883:
4443:
4389:
4359:
4251:
3935:
3863:
3809:
3409:
3025:
Thou leftest
Thyself to be arrested by the Jews, where they call Mount Calvary,
2816:
2680:
1494:
1362:
1107:
802:
574:
236:
229:
4532:
1507:
Phonological history of
Spanish coronal fricatives § Historical_evolution
5517:
5428:
5331:
5319:
5051:
4759:
4416:
4354:
3850:
3492:
3475:
3418:
3162:
3120:
3049:
He gave Thee a blow with the lance in the broadside, where he left the blood,
2842:
2764:
2723:
2676:
1589:
1207:
1117:
924:
783:
624:
539:
500:
270:
2141:
as inflections; rather, they were still periphrastic formations of the verb
5210:
5070:
4510:
4465:
3537:
3158:
2731:
1585:
1466:
745:
210:
3460:, reconstructed according to contemporary phonetics (by Jabier Elorrieta).
1562:
261:
5272:
5265:
4568:
3444:
2850:
2127:
1469:
like “form” (a borrowing) and “shoemaker's last” (inherited from Latin
936:
919:
406:
376:
4537:
807:
4580:
4550:
4542:
4498:
4493:
4143:
3902:
3456:
A recording with reconstructed mediaeval pronunciation can be accessed
2714:
2408:
I will send to your altar fine and rich offerings (English translation)
2153:
1743:
in word-initial position. In this context it has since been respelt to
1075:
982:
929:
837:
87:
5346:
5184:
4526:
3821:
3242:
2707:
2307:
1593:
1572:
1567:
959:
855:
832:
812:
286:
254:
240:
205:
91:
4972:
3246:. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
774:
769:
759:
5131:
4967:
4783:
4231:
4079:
2797:
1384:
817:
321:
5336:
4955:
4820:
4558:
3982:
3967:
2920:
Corrió la sangre por el astil abajo, las manos se tuvo que untar,
2906:
Por los judíos te dejaste prender, en donde llaman Monte
Calvario
2789:
1380:
792:
317:
27:
Medieval form of the Spanish language, initially was Vulgar Latin
3501:
Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. (2020).
3097:
When we part today, that we are joined in this life or the next.
2202:
And he said: "I will return to Jerusalem." (English translation)
5157:
4503:
4426:
4406:
4138:
2856:
2823:
Corrio la sangre por el astil ayuso, las manos se ouo de vntar,
2809:
2805:
2718:
2684:
1756:
797:
4421:
4394:
3182:
Still allophonically voiced before voiced consonants, as in .
3149:
developed from older via dissimilation before rounded vowels
2742:
2735:
1500:
764:
131:
3502:
3191:
Continuing the spellings of Latin /nn/ and /ll/, which were
3077:
Thou hast broken the doors and brought out the holy fathers.
3029:
They placed Thee on the Cross, in the place called Golgotha,
2918:
Te dio con la lanza en el costado, de donde salió la sangre,
3443:
Diccionario de dudas y dificultades de la lengua española.
2965:
Thou madest the stars and the Moon, and the Sun for warmth,
2961:
Thou madest Heaven and Earth, and on the third day the sea,
2754:
2727:
1584:
Old Spanish was generally written in some variation of the
3390:
2898:
Por tierra anduviste treinta y dos años, Señor espiritual,
1383:
in Old Spanish, judging by the consistency with which the
320:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2137:
The future and the conditional tenses were not yet fully
3009:
On Earth Thou walkedst thirty-two years, Spiritual Lord,
2997:
Thou savedst Daniel from the lions in the terrible jail,
2876:
Hiciste las estrellas y la luna, y el sol para calentar,
2932:
Quebrantaste las puertas y sacaste a los padres santos.
2839:
Quebranteste las puertas e saqueste los padres sanctos.
3614:
3286::96–98). This citation covers the preceding paragraph.
3037:
One is in Paradise, but the other did not enter there,
3065:
And believed in Thee then, thus saved them from evil.
3017:
Of the water Thou madest wine and of the stone bread,
2969:
Thou incarnatedst Thyself of the Blessed Mother Mary,
2928:
En el monumento resucitaste y fuiste a los infiernos,
2912:
Uno está en el paraíso, porque el otro no entró allá,
2503:
estava; ove, avié; far/fer/fazer, fezist(e)/fizist(e)
4306:
3500:
3224:
3013:
Performing miracles, thus we have of which to speak,
2908:
Te pusieron en la cruz, en un lugar llamado Golgotá,
2900:
Mostrando los milagros, por ende tenemos qué hablar,
2821:
Diot con la lança enel costado, dont yxio la sangre,
1979:('(to) come'), were formed using the auxiliary verb
3507:(23rd ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
3081:
Thou art King of Kings and of all the world Father,
2989:
Gold, frankincense, and myrrh, for it was Thy will.
2940:
Por mi Cid el Campeador, que Dios le cuide del mal,
2892:
Salvaste a Daniel con los leones en la mala cárcel,
2874:
Hiciste el cielo y la tierra, al tercer día el mar,
2252:
for whatever it be reasonable (English translation)
1410:“dawn”) or in word-initial position, perhaps after
1394:were distinguished. Nevertheless, the two could be
3093:For my Cid the Champion, that God nurse from evil,
3053:Running down the arm, the hands Thou hadst spread,
3041:Being on the Cross Thou didst a very great virtue,
2973:In Bethlehem Thou appearedst, for it was Thy will,
2934:Tú eres Rey de los reyes y de todo el mundo padre,
2769:Por tierra andidiste xxxii annos, sennor spirital,
3474:Bradley, Travis G.; Lozano, Claire Julia (2022).
3089:And I pray to Saint Peter to help with my prayer,
2914:Estando en la cruz hiciste una virtud muy grande,
2886:Melchor, Gaspar y Baltasar; oro, incienso y mirra
2694:Fezist estrelas e luna, e el sol pora escalentar,
2651:
2621:
2591:
2561:
2531:
2501:
2471:
2441:
2405:If you do so and fortune is favourable toward me,
2341:
2326:
2322:etc., when an event in the future is referenced:
2301:
2282:
2257:
2207:
2160:
2142:
2092:
2077:
2058:
2023:
2017:
2005:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1716:
1702:
1688:
1674:
1626:, which went on to become the normal spelling of
1405:
1399:
412:
380:
346:
340:
334:
55:
49:
43:
5515:
3391:Martínez-de-Castilla-Muñoz, Nuria (2014-12-30).
3021:Thou revivedst Lazarus, because it was Thy will,
2977:Shepherds glorified Thee, they gave Thee praise,
2926:En ti creyó entonces, por ende se salvó del mal.
2861:Quando oy nos partimos, en vida nos faz iuntar.
2670:
2635:
2605:
2575:
2545:
2515:
2485:
2455:
2395:
2380:
2277:, the pronoun was found in the beginning of the
2236:
2190:
2076:The prospective aspect was formed with the verb
3549:. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
3005:Thou savedst Saint Susan from the false charge,
2894:Salvaste dentro de Roma al señor San Sebastián,
2882:Pastores te glorificaron, te tuvieron que loar,
2872:Oh Señor glorioso, Padre que en el cielo estás,
2788:Alos judios te dexeste prender, do dizen monte
2712:Pastores te glorificaron, ovieron de a laudare,
2269:Generally, an unstressed pronoun and a verb in
1575:script above each line of Arabic Quranic text.
3600:
3473:
3379:
3085:I worship Thee and I believe in all Thy will,
2993:Thou savedst Jonah when he fell into the sea,
2985:Melchior, Caspar, and Balthazar; offered Thee
2910:Dos ladrones contigo, estos de sendas partes,
2904:Resucitaste a Lázaro, porque fue tu voluntad,
2802:Dos ladrones contigo, estos de sennas partes,
2628:
2598:
2568:
2538:
2508:
2478:
2448:
2372:Mando a vuestro altar ofrendas buenas y ricas
2370:
2355:
2317:
2311:
2288:
2225:
2178:
2110:
2083:
2068:
2029:
2011:
1996:
1722:
1708:
1694:
1680:
885:
3558:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3069:Thou revivedst in the tomb and went to Hell,
3033:Two thieves with Thee, these of split paths,
2942:Cuando hoy partamos, en vida haznos juntar.
2936:A ti te adoro y en ti creo de toda voluntad,
2867:
2829:En ti crouo al ora, por end es saluo de mal.
2134:unless a stressed word was before the verb.
1440:) would have been approximately as follows:
5496:languages with more than 5 million speakers
2981:Three kings of Arabia came to worship Thee,
2896:Salvaste a Santa Susana del falso criminal,
2814:Estando en la cruz vertud fezist muy grant,
2614:
2584:
2554:
2524:
2494:
2464:
2434:
2397:Mando a vosso altar oferendas boas e ricas.
2343:Mando al vuestro altar buenas donas e ricas
2130:were placed after the verb in any tense or
1470:
5079:(mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)
3607:
3593:
2957:O glorious Lord, Father who art in Heaven,
2884:Tres reyes de Arabia te vinieron a adorar,
2880:En Belén apareciste, como fue tu voluntad,
2450:aceptar, captar, efecto, respecto, respeto
1755:(The following table does not account for
1501:Development of sibilants to modern Spanish
892:
878:
3491:
3408:
3235:
3218:
2902:Del agua hiciste vino y de la piedra pan,
2187:(literal translation into Modern Spanish)
1967:constructions of movement verbs, such as
1633:
1432:At an archaic stage, the realizations of
5534:Languages attested from the 12th century
3263:Tentative Dictionary of Medieval Spanish
3229:
2938:Y ruego a San Pedro que me ayude a rogar
2922:Las alzó arriba, se las llevó a la cara,
2001:('The women have arrived in Castilla').
1561:
2890:Salvaste a Jonás cuando cayó en el mar,
2496:stābat; habuī, habēbat; facere, fecisti
2436:acceptāre, captāre, effectum, respectum
2004:Possession was expressed with the verb
1985:('(to) be'), as in Italian and French:
314:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
5516:
3523:
3375:
3195:the origin of Old Spanish /ɲ/ and /ʎ/.
2949:
2739:Te offreçieron, commo fue tu veluntad.
3588:
3553:
3544:
3431:
3363:
3351:
3339:
3335:
3323:
3311:
3299:
3295:
3283:
3256:
3001:Thou savedst Saint Sebastian in Rome,
2533:omne/omre/ombre, mugier/muger, ifante
2199:(literal translation into Portuguese)
1670:in Modern Spanish. Examples include:
1329:
1307:
1074:
1035:
1028:
3250:
3225:Eberhard, Simons & Fennig (2020)
3165:/s z/. Cf. the similar contrasts in
3057:Raised it up, as it led to Thy face,
3045:Longinus was blind ever he saw Thee,
2924:Abrió sus ojos, miró a todas partes,
2916:Longinos era ciego que jamás se vio,
2888:Te ofrecieron, como fue tu voluntad.
2819:era çiego, que nuquas vio alguandre,
2517:estava; houve, havia; fazer, fizeste
2878:Te encarnaste en Santa María madre,
2827:Abrio sos oios, cato atodas partes,
2510:estaba; hube, había; hacer, hiciste
2263:empeñar he por lo que fuere guisado
2067:was used instead of Modern Spanish
1588:. It was also sometimes written in
1545:(depending on dialect) merged into
24:
5500:Languages between parentheses are
3504:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
3161:and therefore still distinct from
2847:Ati adoro e creo de toda voluntad,
2692:çielo e tierra, el terçero el mar,
1998:Las mujeres han llegado a Castilla
1638:Old Spanish featured the digraphs
25:
5545:
5380:(unknown further classification)
3573:
3556:A History of the Spanish Language
3511:from the original on 6 April 2006
3061:Opened their eyes, saw all parts,
2825:Alçolas arriba, legolas a la faz,
2751:con los leones en la mala carçel,
2710:apareçist, commo fue tu veluntad,
2586:quandō, quid, quī (quem), quōmodo
2563:cras, man, mañana; nunqua/nunquas
2457:aceitar, captar, efeito, respeito
2230:empeñaré por lo que sea razonable
1339:
1317:
1297:
1290:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1247:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1192:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1096:
1089:
1080:
989:
973:
964:
950:
941:
3447:. Espasa-Calpe. 2002. Pp. 222–3.
3265:. the compilers. p. 446-447
1475:). The result was a new phoneme
405:
5524:History of the Spanish language
3467:
3450:
3437:
3425:
3384:
3369:
3357:
3345:
3329:
3198:
3185:
3176:
3152:
3110:History of the Spanish language
2650:The following is a sample from
2416:
2112:Al Cid besó la mano, la enseña
909:
5504:of the language on their left.
5374:(Western Romance-based pidgin)
3317:
3305:
3289:
3277:
3143:
3134:
2645:
2094:Al Çid beso la mano, la senna
2070:María ha cantado dos canciones
1557:
1368:
13:
1:
3211:
2593:quando, que, qui, commo/cuemo
2556:crās, māne (māneāna); numquam
2443:acetar, catar, efeto, respeto
2412:
2273:combined into one word. In a
2034:('Pedro has two daughters').
1958:
1870:before a voiceless consonant
1820:before a voiceless consonant
1571:with Spanish translations in
1398:in consonant clusters (as in
1022:
1001:
367:, refers to the varieties of
3257:Boggs, Ralph Steele (1946).
2831:Enel monumento Resuçitest e
2724:Melchior e gaspar e baltasar
2016:, '(to) have'), rather than
1750:
390:
7:
5371:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
3103:
2859:, que dios le curie de mal,
2775:, por en auemos que fablar,
2666:
2526:hominem, mulierem, īnfantem
2375:(Modern Spanish equivalent)
2233:(Modern Spanish equivalent)
2213:he por lo que fuere guisado
2119:(Modern Spanish equivalent)
10:
5550:
5073:(mixed Portuguese–Spanish)
4099:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
3893:Central−Southern Calabrian
3410:10.3989/alqantara.2014.017
3204:⟨j⟩ in modernized spelling
2622:
2592:
2562:
2532:
2502:
2472:
2442:
1880:before a voiced consonant
1830:before a voiced consonant
1579:
1504:
1379:These were still distinct
5478:
5462:
5413:
5362:
5286:
5090:
5063:
5012:
4864:
4750:
4696:
4677:
4628:
4295:
4048:
4039:
4000:
3880:
3765:
3754:
3665:
3627:
3380:Bradley & Lozano 2022
2671:
2636:
2629:
2615:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2585:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2555:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2525:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2495:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2465:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2435:
2433:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2242:-ei pelo que for razoável
1914:
1904:
1889:
1874:
1859:
1844:
1824:
1809:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1654:which were simplified to
1525:devoiced and merged into
1345:
1323:
1296:
1280:
1223:
1200:
1143:
1106:
1095:
1057:
981:
958:
935:
928:
923:
918:
916:
904:
300:
284:
268:
252:
247:
226:
198:
105:
97:
83:
73:
63:
42:
37:
32:
4381:North American dialects
3888:Extreme Southern Italian
3493:10.3390/languages7040313
3127:
2868:
2600:cuando, que, quien, como
2400:(Portuguese equivalent.)
1606:These sounds were spelt
1599:
375:and environs during the
371:spoken predominantly in
3800:Central−Northern Latian
3545:Lloyd, Paul M. (1987).
2845:e de todel mundo padre,
2652:
2607:quando, que, quem, como
2480:y, e; no; nosotros; ahí
2342:
2327:
2302:
2283:
2258:
2245:(Portuguese equivalent)
2208:
2161:
2143:
2093:
2078:
2059:
2024:
2018:
2006:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1717:
1703:
1689:
1675:
1406:
1400:
413:
381:
347:
341:
335:
56:
50:
44:
4104:Gallo-Italic of Sicily
3538:10.1075/dia.30.2.04hua
3101:
2945:
2864:
2837:Commo fue tu voluntad,
2745:quando cayo en la mar,
2658:(lines 330–365), with
2547:homem, mulher, infante
2540:hombre, mujer, infante
2473:e, et; non, no; nós; í
2396:
2381:
2371:
2356:
2318:
2312:
2289:
2237:
2226:
2191:
2179:
2111:
2084:
2069:
2045:often agreed with the
2030:
2012:
1997:
1731:
1723:
1709:
1695:
1681:
1634:Graeco-Latin diagraphs
1576:
1486:
1471:
1425:
838:Palenquero or Palenque
833:Chavacano or Chabacano
356:
302:This article contains
4591:Poitevin–Saintongeais
3554:Penny, Ralph (2002).
3547:From Latin to Spanish
2953:
2930:Como fue tu voluntad,
2869:
2786:, ca fue tu voluntad,
2672:
2290:la mano le va a besar
2172:Fazienda de Ultra Mar
2031:Pedro tiene dos hijas
1648:⟨(r)rh⟩
1592:in a practice called
1565:
4400:St. Marys Bay French
3924:Neapolitan–Calabrese
3115:Early Modern Spanish
3073:For it was Thy will,
2853:que me aiude a Rogar
2778:Del agua fezist vino
2184:tornaré a Jerusalén.
2028:was used instead of
1995:was used instead of
1664:⟨(r)r⟩
411:A manuscript of the
4752:Galician–Portuguese
3778:Central Marchigiano
2950:English translation
2833:fust alos ynfiernos
2794:Pusieron te en cruz
2767:del falso criminal,
2721:te vinieron adorar,
2357:Si vosotros así lo
2300:was in common use (
1763:
1747:in Modern Spanish.
1630:in Modern Spanish.
1032:
866:Instituto Cervantes
5529:Medieval languages
5166:Catalan Ribagorçan
5013:Pyrenean–Mozarabic
4285:Judaeo-Piedmontese
4195:Bustocco–Legnanese
3990:Northern Calabrian
3326::215–216, 322–323)
2780:e dela piedra pan,
2753:Saluest dentro en
2702:sancta maria madre
2429:Modern Portuguese
2298:future subjunctive
2192:E disse: ― Tornar-
2025:Pedro ha dos fijas
1948:⟨ch⟩
1851:⟨ss⟩
1762:
1652:⟨th⟩
1644:⟨ph⟩
1640:⟨ch⟩
1616:⟨nn⟩
1612:⟨ll⟩
1608:⟨nn⟩
1577:
1027:
101:9th–15th centuries
5511:
5510:
5487:extinct languages
5409:
5408:
5086:
5085:
5045:Navarro-Aragonese
4930:Peruvian Ribereño
4855:Judaeo-Portuguese
4770:Galician–Asturian
4673:
4672:
4664:Old Gallo-Romance
4618:Wisconsin Walloon
4035:
4034:
4008:Dalmatian Romance
3616:Romance languages
2654:Cantar de Mio Cid
2643:
2642:
2466:et, nōn, nōs, hīc
2348:Cantar de mio Cid
2284:la manol va besar
2275:compound sentence
2219:Cantar de mio Cid
2162:E dixo: ― Tornar-
2124:Personal pronouns
2104:Cantar de mio Cid
1956:
1955:
1936:⟨i⟩
1932:⟨e⟩
1926:⟨g⟩
1906:⟨i⟩
1896:⟨x⟩
1861:⟨s⟩
1811:⟨z⟩
1804:⟨i⟩
1800:⟨e⟩
1794:⟨c⟩
1784:⟨ç⟩
1745:⟨i⟩
1737:⟨y⟩
1668:⟨t⟩
1660:⟨f⟩
1656:⟨c⟩
1624:⟨ñ⟩
1535:was retracted to
1392:⟨v⟩
1388:⟨b⟩
1351:
1350:
1020:
1019:
999:
998:
902:
901:
415:Cantar de mio Cid
387:(ca. 1140–1207).
383:Cantar de mio Cid
359:), also known as
328:
327:
310:rendering support
306:phonetic symbols.
78:Iberian peninsula
16:(Redirected from
5541:
5032:Judaeo-Aragonese
5021:Andalusi Romance
4874:Amazonic Spanish
4711:Western Asturian
4694:
4693:
4633:Franco-Provençal
4304:
4303:
4200:Comasco–Lecchese
4058:Emilian–Romagnol
4046:
4045:
3846:Regional Italian
3836:Italo-Australian
3763:
3762:
3685:Megleno-Romanian
3609:
3602:
3595:
3586:
3585:
3569:
3550:
3541:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3497:
3495:
3461:
3454:
3448:
3441:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3412:
3388:
3382:
3373:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3293:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3233:
3227:
3222:
3205:
3202:
3196:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3174:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3117:(Middle Spanish)
2857:çid el campeador
2796:, por nombre en
2657:
2639:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2609:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2579:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2549:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2519:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2489:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2459:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2417:
2399:
2392:
2374:
2367:
2361:y la ventura me
2345:
2338:
2332:e la ventura me
2321:
2315:
2305:
2292:
2286:
2271:simple sentences
2265:
2244:
2232:
2215:
2198:
2196:-ei a Jerusalém.
2186:
2168:
2166:-é a Jherusalem.
2146:
2118:
2100:
2087:
2081:
2072:
2066:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2010:(Modern Spanish
2009:
2000:
1994:
1984:
1978:
1973:('(to) go') and
1972:
1963:In Old Spanish,
1949:
1944:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1917:
1907:
1897:
1892:
1877:
1862:
1852:
1847:
1827:
1812:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1785:
1780:
1764:
1761:
1746:
1742:
1739:often stood for
1738:
1726:
1720:
1712:
1706:
1698:
1692:
1684:
1678:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1515:deaffricated to
1514:
1489:
1482:
1479:, distinct from
1478:
1474:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1393:
1389:
1375:
1371:
1360:
1356:
1343:
1321:
1301:
1294:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1251:
1244:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1210:
1196:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1100:
1093:
1084:
1033:
1026:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1005:
993:
977:
968:
954:
945:
914:
913:
894:
887:
880:
605:Central American
418:
409:
399:Spanish language
395:
394:
386:
365:Medieval Spanish
357:español medieval
350:
344:
338:
296:
280:
264:
257:
232:
111:
68:Crown of Castile
59:
53:
47:
30:
29:
21:
18:Medieval Spanish
5549:
5548:
5544:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5514:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5474:
5458:
5436:Pannonian Latin
5422:African Romance
5405:
5358:
5289:
5282:
5220:Judeo-Provençal
5093:
5082:
5059:
5008:
4918:Chilean Chilote
4860:
4746:
4687:
4683:
4680:
4669:
4657:Moselle Romance
4624:
4473:Missouri French
4434:Franco-Ontarian
4309:
4298:
4291:
4031:
3996:
3973:Southern Latian
3876:
3841:Maltese Italian
3773:Central Italian
3757:
3750:
3745:Common Romanian
3661:
3645:Italo-Dalmatian
3623:
3613:
3576:
3566:
3514:
3512:
3470:
3465:
3464:
3455:
3451:
3442:
3438:
3430:
3426:
3389:
3385:
3374:
3370:
3362:
3358:
3350:
3346:
3334:
3330:
3322:
3318:
3310:
3306:
3294:
3290:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3266:
3255:
3251:
3234:
3230:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3106:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2843:Rey delos Reyes
2840:
2838:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2815:
2813:
2803:
2801:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2762:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2722:
2713:
2711:
2705:
2695:
2693:
2688:
2677:sennor glorioso
2669:
2648:
2487:e; não; nós; aí
2426:Modern Spanish
2415:
2386:e a ventura me
2382:Se vós assim o
2328:Si vos assi lo
2139:grammaticalised
2043:past participle
1961:
1947:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1920:before a vowel
1905:
1895:
1860:
1850:
1810:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1783:
1753:
1744:
1736:
1734:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1582:
1560:
1509:
1503:
1491:
1430:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1240:
1206:
1160:
1116:
1025:
1004:
912:
907:
898:
828:Roquetas Pidgin
550:irregular verbs
420:
393:
308:Without proper
292:
276:
273:
260:
253:
239:
233:
228:
222:
201:
194:
147:Western Romance
127:Latino-Faliscan
112:
109:Language family
107:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5547:
5537:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5498:
5489:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5466:
5464:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5439:
5432:
5425:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5375:
5366:
5364:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5317:
5307:
5306:
5305:
5294:
5292:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5187:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5160:
5155:
5152:Judaeo-Catalan
5148:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5119:
5111:
5098:
5096:
5088:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5074:
5067:
5065:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5041:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5024:
5016:
5014:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5006:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4907:Latin American
4903:
4898:
4886:
4884:Judaeo-Spanish
4881:
4876:
4870:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4811:
4806:
4799:
4787:
4780:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4762:
4756:
4754:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4737:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4720:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4702:
4700:
4691:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4535:
4530:
4513:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4458:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4379:
4374:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4314:
4312:
4301:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4277:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4197:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4153:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4054:
4052:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4027:Judaeo-Italian
4024:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3895:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3860:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3769:
3767:
3760:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3687:
3682:
3680:Istro-Romanian
3677:
3671:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3637:
3631:
3629:
3628:Major branches
3625:
3624:
3620:classification
3612:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3575:
3574:External links
3572:
3571:
3570:
3565:978-0521011846
3564:
3551:
3542:
3532:(2): 232–266.
3521:
3498:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3449:
3436:
3424:
3403:(2): 493–525.
3383:
3368:
3356:
3344:
3328:
3316:
3304:
3288:
3276:
3249:
3228:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3197:
3184:
3175:
3151:
3142:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3105:
3102:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2870:
2812:non entro ala,
2765:sancta susanna
2673:
2668:
2665:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2611:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2551:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2491:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2461:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2393:
2377:
2376:
2368:
2352:
2351:
2339:
2254:
2253:
2246:
2234:
2223:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2188:
2176:
2121:
2120:
2108:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1752:
1749:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1714:
1700:
1686:
1635:
1632:
1614:respectively.
1603:
1598:
1581:
1578:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1549:or fronted to
1540:
1530:
1520:
1505:Main article:
1502:
1499:
1490:
1485:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1429:
1424:
1376:
1367:
1363:apico-alveolar
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1252:
1245:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1157:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1056:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1003:
1000:
997:
996:
994:
987:
985:
979:
978:
971:
969:
962:
956:
955:
948:
946:
939:
933:
932:
927:
922:
917:
911:
908:
906:
903:
900:
899:
897:
896:
889:
882:
874:
871:
870:
869:
868:
863:
858:
850:
849:
843:
842:
841:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
803:Judaeo-Spanish
800:
795:
787:
786:
784:Interlanguages
780:
779:
778:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
749:
748:
742:
741:
740:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
703:
702:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
564:
563:
557:
556:
555:
554:
553:
552:
547:
537:
532:
527:
526:
525:
520:
510:
509:
508:
498:
490:
489:
483:
482:
481:
480:
475:
470:
462:
461:
455:
454:
453:
452:
447:
442:
441:
440:
427:
426:
422:
421:
419:, 13th century
410:
402:
401:
392:
389:
326:
325:
312:, you may see
298:
297:
290:
282:
281:
274:
269:
266:
265:
258:
250:
249:
248:Language codes
245:
244:
234:
230:Writing system
227:
224:
223:
221:
220:
219:
218:
204:
202:
199:
196:
195:
193:
192:
191:
190:
189:
188:
187:
186:
185:
184:
183:
182:
181:
180:
179:
178:
177:
176:
175:
174:
173:
172:
115:
113:
106:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
65:
64:Native to
61:
60:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5546:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5503:
5499:
5497:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5477:
5471:
5470:Proto-Romance
5468:
5467:
5465:
5463:Reconstructed
5461:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5429:British Latin
5426:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5412:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5361:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5328:
5325:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5308:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5291:
5285:
5275:
5274:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5248:Vivaro-Alpine
5246:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5212:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5178:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5089:
5078:
5075:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5054:
5053:
5052:Old Navarrese
5049:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4923:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4904:
4902:
4901:Equatoguinean
4899:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4857:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4682:
4676:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4355:Frainc-Comtou
4353:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4294:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4151:Judeo-Italian
4149:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3946:Castelmezzano
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3851:Swiss Italian
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3732:Transylvanian
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3691:Daco-Romanian
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3640:Italo-Western
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3621:
3617:
3610:
3605:
3603:
3598:
3596:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3567:
3561:
3557:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3522:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3471:
3459:
3453:
3446:
3440:
3433:
3428:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3387:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3365:
3360:
3353:
3348:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3325:
3320:
3313:
3308:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3285:
3280:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3245:
3244:
3243:Glottolog 4.6
3239:
3232:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3201:
3194:
3193:in many cases
3188:
3179:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3163:apicoalveolar
3160:
3155:
3146:
3137:
3133:
3122:
3121:Judeo-Spanish
3119:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2943:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2844:
2834:
2818:
2811:
2807:
2806:es en parayso
2799:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2782:Resuçitest a
2779:
2774:
2773:los miraculos
2766:
2760:
2759:san sabastián
2756:
2750:
2744:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2703:
2699:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2664:
2661:
2660:abbreviations
2656:
2655:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2612:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2582:
2574:
2570:mañana, nunca
2567:
2560:
2552:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2522:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2492:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2462:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2432:
2418:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2291:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2235:
2231:
2229:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2195:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2117:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2065:
2064:dos canciones
2063:
2056:
2055:direct object
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1988:Las mugieres
1983:
1977:
1971:
1966:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1888:
1885:intervocalic
1884:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1855:intervocalic
1854:
1849:
1843:
1840:intervocalic
1839:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1748:
1725:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1631:
1621:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1590:Arabic script
1587:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1541:
1531:
1521:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1495:Judeo-Spanish
1484:
1473:
1468:
1467:minimal pairs
1464:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1423:
1408:
1402:
1397:
1386:
1382:
1366:
1364:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1013:
1008:
1007:
995:
992:
988:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
970:
967:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
947:
944:
940:
938:
934:
931:
926:
921:
915:
895:
890:
888:
883:
881:
876:
875:
873:
872:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
853:
852:
851:
848:
845:
844:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
790:
789:
788:
785:
782:
781:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
752:
751:
750:
747:
744:
743:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
701:
698:
697:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
640:Equatoguinean
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
567:
566:
565:
562:
559:
558:
551:
548:
546:
543:
542:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
524:
521:
519:
516:
515:
514:
511:
507:
504:
503:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
492:
491:
488:
485:
484:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
465:
464:
463:
460:
457:
456:
451:
448:
446:
443:
439:
436:
435:
434:
433:Pronunciation
431:
430:
429:
428:
424:
423:
417:
416:
408:
404:
403:
400:
397:
396:
388:
385:
384:
378:
374:
370:
369:Ibero-Romance
366:
362:
361:Old Castilian
358:
354:
349:
343:
337:
332:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
305:
299:
295:
291:
289:
288:
283:
279:
275:
272:
271:Linguist List
267:
263:
259:
256:
251:
246:
242:
238:
235:
231:
225:
217:
216:Proto-Romance
214:
213:
212:
209:
208:
207:
203:
197:
171:
168:
167:
166:
163:
162:
161:
158:
157:
156:
155:Ibero-Romance
153:
152:
151:Gallo-Iberian
150:
149:
148:
145:
144:
143:
142:Italo-Western
140:
139:
138:
135:
134:
133:
130:
129:
128:
125:
124:
123:
120:
119:
118:
117:Indo-European
114:
110:
104:
100:
96:
93:
89:
86:
82:
79:
76:
72:
69:
66:
62:
58:
52:
46:
41:
38:Old Castilian
36:
31:
19:
5491:
5482:
5434:
5427:
5420:
5369:
5271:
5264:
5226:Languedocien
5218:
5211:Judeo-Gascon
5209:
5150:
5101:
5071:Barranquenho
5050:
5043:
5019:
5002:
5001:
4943:
4905:
4888:
4879:Extremaduran
4853:
4827:
4813:
4801:
4789:
4782:
4739:
4698:Asturleonese
4662:
4655:
4613:West Walloon
4601:Saintongeais
4549:
4525:
4521:Anglo-Norman
4479:
4412:Newfoundland
4372:Jersey Legal
4364:
4272:
4237:Southwestern
4220:Vallassinese
4109:Gallo-Picene
4050:Gallo-Italic
4012:
3928:
3923:
3862:
3828:
3743:
3689:
3555:
3546:
3529:
3525:
3513:. Retrieved
3503:
3483:
3479:
3468:Bibliography
3452:
3445:Seco, Manuel
3439:
3427:
3400:
3396:
3386:
3371:
3359:
3347:
3331:
3319:
3307:
3291:
3279:
3267:. Retrieved
3262:
3252:
3241:
3231:
3220:
3200:
3187:
3178:
3159:Laminodental
3154:
3145:
3136:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2871:
2698:en carnaçion
2674:
2649:
2577:manhã, nunca
2423:Old Spanish
2387:
2383:
2362:
2358:
2347:
2333:
2329:
2295:
2268:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2248:I will pawn
2239:
2227:
2217:
2210:
2193:
2181:
2170:
2163:
2136:
2128:substantives
2122:
2113:
2102:
2095:
2075:
2061:
2041:tenses, the
2036:
2003:
1990:son llegadas
1989:
1962:
1754:
1735:
1637:
1605:
1586:Latin script
1583:
1566:
1492:
1456:
1453:
1436:(from Latin
1431:
1414:or a pause.
1378:
1352:
910:Monophthongs
746:Dialectology
707:Puerto Rican
535:Prepositions
467:
364:
360:
330:
329:
301:
285:
211:Vulgar Latin
169:
160:West Iberian
5447:Campidanese
5273:Old Catalan
5266:Old Occitan
5003:Old Spanish
4937:Rioplatense
4741:Old Leonese
4569:Cotentinais
4533:Guernésiais
4456:Frenchville
4449:New England
4328:Bourbonnais
4280:Piedmontese
4274:Old Lombard
4166:Bergamasque
4090:Sammarinese
3526:Diachronica
3432:Penny (2002
3376:Hualde 2013
3364:Penny (2002
3352:Penny (2002
3340:Lloyd (1987
3336:Penny (2002
3324:Lloyd (1987
3312:Penny (2002
3300:Penny (2002
3298::214–215);
3296:Lloyd (1987
3284:Penny (2002
2646:Sample text
2062:ha cantadas
1992:a Castiella
1759:contexts.)
1620:abbreviated
1558:Orthography
1450:or before
1447:before or
1444:before or
1029:Penny (2002
712:Rioplatense
665:New Mexican
620:Costa Rican
545:conjugation
496:Determiners
445:Orthography
377:Middle Ages
331:Old Spanish
316:instead of
200:Early forms
170:Old Spanish
33:Old Spanish
5518:Categories
5494:indicates
5452:Logudorese
4985:Philippine
4951:Andalusian
4945:Peninsular
4835:Estremenho
4791:Portuguese
4718:Cantabrian
4551:Law French
4543:Sercquiais
4377:Meridional
4338:Champenois
4333:Burgundian
4144:Tabarchino
4134:Monégasque
4073:Parmigiano
3930:Neapolitan
3903:Manduriano
3870:Florentine
3737:Wallachian
3707:Bukovinian
3486:(4): 313.
3397:Al-Qanṭara
3269:3 November
3238:"Castilic"
3212:References
2851:san peydro
2849:E Ruego a
2771:Mostrando
2763:Saluest a
2757:al sennor
2747:Saluest a
2741:Saluest a
2715:Tres Reyes
2623:fyia, fija
2413:Vocabulary
2350:, 223–224)
2330:fizieredes
2209:En pennar
2180:Y dijo: ―
2154:mesoclisis
2150:Portuguese
1959:Morphology
1767:consonant
1676:christiano
1618:was often
1023:Consonants
1002:Diphthongs
737:Venezuelan
722:Salvadoran
695:Philippine
685:Peninsular
680:Panamanian
670:Nicaraguan
645:Guatemalan
635:Ecuadorian
570:Andalusian
530:Adjectives
478:Influences
243:(marginal)
88:Castilians
5502:varieties
5485:indicate
5442:Sardinian
5399:Triestine
5347:Sursilvan
5258:Mentonasc
5236:Provençal
5185:Auvergnat
5171:Valencian
5127:Mallorcan
5117:Algherese
5092:Occitano-
5039:Navarrese
5027:Aragonese
4963:Castilian
4866:Castilian
4842:Uruguayan
4815:Brazilian
4778:Minderico
4772:/Eonavian
4735:Mirandese
4649:Valdôtain
4635:/Arpitan
4576:Orléanais
4527:Auregnais
4511:Mayennais
4461:Louisiana
4343:Ardennais
4323:Berrichon
4129:Intemelio
4085:Forlivese
4068:Bolognese
4014:Dalmatian
3978:Tarantino
3941:Benevento
3898:Salentino
3858:Sassarese
3822:Gallurese
3805:Romanesco
3758:Dalmatian
3722:Moldavian
3717:Maramureș
3675:Aromanian
3480:Languages
3419:1988-2955
3354::103–104)
3171:Mirandese
2390:cumprida,
2365:cumplida,
2359:hiciereis
2308:Venezuela
2238:Penhorar-
1770:spelling
1751:Sibilants
1682:cristiano
1594:Aljamiado
1573:Aljamiado
1568:Al-Fatiha
1385:graphemes
1208:voiceless
1202:Fricative
1118:voiceless
1112:Affricate
856:Hispanism
813:Spanglish
732:Uruguayan
630:Dominican
615:Colombian
600:Caribbean
580:Argentine
391:Phonology
287:Glottolog
255:ISO 639-3
241:Aljamiado
206:Old Latin
165:Castilian
92:Spaniards
84:Ethnicity
5378:Venetian
5352:Vallader
5342:Surmiran
5315:Cadorino
5298:Friulian
5231:Limousin
5200:Béarnese
5162:Western
5144:Northern
5132:Menorcan
5122:Balearic
5113:Eastern
5109:dialects
4968:Castrapo
4925:Peruvian
4896:dialects
4829:European
4797:dialects
4784:Portugis
4765:Galician
4706:Asturian
4644:Savoyard
4596:Poitevin
4564:Cauchois
4538:Jèrriais
4385:Canadian
4264:Varesino
4259:Ticinese
4247:Novarese
4242:Cremunés
4232:Ossolano
4227:Milanese
4215:Lecchese
4183:Brianzöö
4114:Ligurian
4080:Romagnol
3961:Arianese
3956:Irpinian
3951:Cilentan
3915:Pantesco
3910:Sicilian
3881:Southern
3817:Corsican
3793:Macerata
3788:Fabriano
3727:Oltenian
3697:dialects
3657:Southern
3509:Archived
3104:See also
2855:Por mio
2817:Longinos
2790:caluarie
2696:Prisist
2667:The poem
2384:fizerdes
2336:complida
1865:initial
1835:initial
1773:context
1721:(modern
1707:(modern
1693:(modern
1690:triumpho
1679:(modern
1513:/t͡sd͡z/
1396:confused
1381:phonemes
1054:Alveolar
847:Teaching
818:Castrapo
808:Portuñol
727:Standard
690:Peruvian
675:Paraguay
650:Honduran
595:Canarian
590:Bolivian
585:Belizean
561:Dialects
518:personal
513:Pronouns
425:Overview
322:Help:IPA
294:olds1249
90:, later
5483:Italics
5384:Chipilo
5327:Romansh
5290:Romance
5288:Rhaeto-
5253:Gardiol
5205:Landese
5195:Aranese
5180:Occitan
5139:Central
5103:Catalan
5094:Romance
4995:Creoles
4990:Saharan
4978:Murcian
4956:Llanito
4913:Chilean
4890:Spanish
4847:Creoles
4821:Mineiro
4803:African
4728:Riberan
4723:Leonese
4688:Iberian
4681:Romance
4608:Walloon
4581:Paydret
4559:Augeron
4499:Vosgien
4494:Gaumais
4489:Lorrain
4481:Creoles
4444:Muskrat
4390:Acadian
4318:Angevin
4308:Langues
4299:Romance
4205:Comasco
4178:Western
4171:Cremish
4161:Eastern
4156:Lombard
4124:Genoese
4119:Brigasc
4063:Emilian
4041:Western
4020:Istriot
3983:Vastese
3968:Molisan
3830:Italian
3766:Central
3712:Crișana
3667:Eastern
3650:Western
3635:Eastern
3515:22 June
3259:"roman"
2841:Tueres
2810:el otro
2804:El vno
2798:golgota
2708:belleem
2683:que en
2250:them it
2053:of the
2039:perfect
2037:In the
1965:perfect
1930:before
1798:before
1718:theatro
1696:triunfo
1580:Scripts
1463:Occitan
1282:Lateral
1064:Palatal
925:Central
823:Creoles
793:Llanito
717:Saharan
660:Murcian
655:Mexican
610:Chilean
487:Grammar
459:History
373:Castile
353:Spanish
342:romançe
318:Unicode
137:Romance
51:romançe
5414:Others
5394:Talian
5389:Fiuman
5363:Others
5303:Fornes
5241:Niçard
5190:Gascon
5158:Patuet
5064:Others
4973:Castúo
4679:Ibero-
4639:Faetar
4586:Picard
4516:Norman
4504:Welche
4427:Magoua
4417:Quebec
4407:Brayon
4366:French
4348:Rémois
4297:Gallo-
4252:Pavese
4210:Laghée
4188:Canzés
4139:Royasc
4001:Others
3936:Barese
3864:Tuscan
3810:Sabino
3783:Ancona
3756:Italo-
3562:
3417:
3338::92);
3167:Basque
2784:Lazaro
2749:daniel
2719:arabia
2690:Fezist
2687:estas,
2420:Latin
2319:cuando
2279:clause
2175:, 194)
2116:tomar.
2107:, 691)
2098:tomar.
2060:María
2051:number
2047:gender
1910:final
1815:final
1757:sandhi
1724:teatro
1704:myrrha
1650:, and
1527:/s̻sʃ/
1523:/z̻zʒ/
1517:/s̻z̻/
1459:French
1242:voiced
1162:voiced
1050:Denti-
1044:Dental
1039:Labial
905:Vowels
798:Jopara
775:Loísmo
770:Leísmo
760:Yeísmo
700:status
575:Andean
523:object
506:gender
473:Middle
438:stress
122:Italic
74:Region
5337:Putèr
5332:Jauer
5320:Nones
5310:Ladin
4809:Asian
4466:Houma
4439:Métis
4422:Joual
4395:Chiac
4360:Gallo
4310:d'oïl
3702:Banat
3434::210)
3342::324)
3128:Notes
2808:, ca
2743:jonas
2736:mirra
2685:çielo
2681:padre
2637:filha
2616:fīlia
2363:fuere
2334:fuere
2303:fuere
2228:Se lo
2222:, 92)
2019:tener
2013:haber
1976:venir
1943:/t͡ʃ/
1826:/d͡z/
1779:/t͡s/
1710:mirra
1472:forma
1361:were
1309:Trill
1076:Nasal
1069:Velar
1031::96)
1015:/u͡e/
1010:/i͡e/
937:Close
920:Front
765:Voseo
755:Seseo
625:Cuban
540:Verbs
501:Nouns
450:Names
348:romaz
336:roman
237:Latin
132:Latin
57:romaz
45:roman
5492:Bold
5077:Caló
4760:Fala
4686:West
3560:ISBN
3517:2002
3458:here
3415:ISSN
3366::98)
3314::92)
3302::92)
3271:2023
3169:and
2755:Roma
2630:hija
2296:The
2261:gelo
2259:non
2211:gelo
2144:aver
2132:mood
2126:and
2114:va a
2049:and
2007:aver
1952:any
1900:any
1788:any
1610:and
1601:/ɲʎ/
1543:/s̻/
1461:and
1418:and
1407:alva
1401:alba
1390:and
1372:and
1357:and
1331:Flap
1108:Stop
1060:Pre-
983:Open
930:Back
3534:doi
3488:doi
3405:doi
2732:tus
2728:oro
2717:de
2706:En
2700:en
2675:Ya
2388:for
2240:lho
2156:):
1982:ser
1934:or
1916:/ʒ/
1891:/ʃ/
1876:/z/
1846:/s/
1802:or
1741:/i/
1732:⟨y⟩
1628:/ɲ/
1622:to
1551:/θ/
1547:/s/
1537:/x/
1533:/ʃ/
1497:).
1488:/ʒ/
1481:/h/
1477:/f/
1438:/f/
1434:/h/
1427:/h/
1420:/β/
1416:/b/
1412:/n/
1374:/β/
1370:/b/
1365:.)
1359:/z/
1355:/s/
1183:d͡z
1146:t͡ʃ
1139:t͡s
960:Mid
861:RAE
468:Old
363:or
304:IPA
278:osp
262:osp
98:Era
5520::
3530:30
3528:.
3482:.
3478:.
3413:.
3401:35
3399:.
3395:.
3378:;
3261:.
3240:.
2734:e
2730:e
2726:,
2679:,
2316:,
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