Maudgalyayana - Knowledge

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work himself. After persistent urging from his mother, he eventually marries. His wife looks after his elderly parents, but after a short period becomes hostile to them. She complains to her husband, but he pays no attention to this. One day, when he is outside the house, she scatters rubbish around and when he returns, blames it on his blind parents. After continual complaints, he capitulates and agrees to deal with his parents. Telling his parents that their relatives in another region wish to see them, he leads his parents onto a carriage and begins driving the oxen cart through the forest. While in the depths of the forest, he dismounts and walks along with the carriage, telling his parents that he has to watch out for robbers, which are common in the area. He then impersonates the sounds and cries of thieves, pretending to attack the carriage. His parents tell him to fend for himself (as they are old and blind) and implore the imaginary thieves to leave their son. While they are crying out, the man beats and kills his parents, and throws their bodies into the forest before returning home. In another version recorded in the commentary to the Pali

1159:) for help, and the two form a dangerous combination. Maudgalyāyana therefore informs the Buddha of this. Later, when Devadatta has successfully created a split in the Buddhist community, the Buddha asks Maudgalyāyana and Śāriputra to convince Devadatta's following to reunite with the Buddha, which in the Pali account they are able to accomplish. Because Devadatta believes they come to join his following, he lets his guard down. They then persuade the other monks to return while Devadatta is asleep. After the split off party has successfully been returned to the Buddha, Maudgalyāyana expresses astonishment because of Devadatta's actions. The Buddha explains that Devadatta had acted like this habitually, throughout many lifetimes. In the Vinaya texts of some canons, the effort at persuading the split off monks is met with obstinacy and fails. French Buddhologist 933: 1782:

took notice, as well as societies in other Asian countries, it became a serious matter. Eventually, the museum was pressured by the British government to return the relics and their original caskets, for diplomatic reasons. After many requests and much correspondence, the museum had the relics brought back to the Sri Lankan Maha Bodhi Society in 1947. They were formally re-installed into a shrine at Sanchi, India, in 1952, after it had been agreed that Buddhists would continue to be their caretaker, and a long series of ceremonies had been held to pay due respect. The relics were paraded through many countries in South and Southeast Asia, in both Theravāda and Mahāyāna countries. At the same time, Indian Prime Minister

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Maudgalyāyana escaping from them in the same way. On the seventh day, Maudgalyāyana suddenly loses the psychic powers he has long wielded. Maudgalyāyana realizes that he is now unable to escape. The bandits enter, beat him repeatedly and leave him lying in his blood. Being keen on quickly getting their payment, they leave at once. Maudgalyāyana's great physical and mental strength is such that he is able to regain consciousness and is able to journey to the Buddha. In some accounts, he then returns to Kalasila and dies there, teaching his family before dying. In other accounts, he dies in the Buddha's presence.

1554:. Maudgalyāyana's account helped greatly to improve this problem, and has therefore been raised as a textbook example of the adaptive qualities of Buddhism. Other scholars have proposed, however, that the position of Buddhism in India versus China was not all that different, as Buddhism had to deal with the problem of filial piety and renunciation in India as well. Another impact the story of Maudgalyāyana's had was that, in East Asia, the account helped to shift the emphasis of filial piety towards the mother, and helped redefine motherhood and femininity. 1745: 1429: 1352: 33: 8418: 8429: 5827: 5814: 8717: 5804: 8707: 1280:, the food bursts into flames each time. Maudgalyāyana therefore asks the Buddha for advice, who recommends him to make merit to the Saṃgha and transfer it to his mother. The transfer not only helps his mother to be reborn in heaven, but can also be used to help seven generations of parents and ancestors. The offering was believed to be most effective when collectively done, which led to the arising of the 1260:). In most versions of the story, Maudgalyāyana uses his psychic powers to look for his deceased parents and see in what world they have been reborn. Although he can find his father in a heaven, he cannot find his mother and asks the Buddha for help. The Buddha brings him to his mother, who is located in a hell realm, but Maudgalyāyana cannot help her. The Buddha then advises him to 844:, the question is asked why the two disciples attain enlightenment more slowly than the other former students of Sañjaya. The answer given is that Śāriputra and Maudgalyāyana are like kings, who require a longer time to prepare for a journey than commoners. In other words, their attainment is of greater depth than the other students and therefore requires more time. 1534:, but in China this was a Summer Retreat). It was a time that the monastics completed their studies and meditation, which was celebrated. Up until the present day, people make merits and transfer merit through several ceremonies during the festival, so the spirits may be reborn in a better rebirth. The festival is also popular among non-Buddhists, and has led 1108:. Besides these, there are many passages that describe events in his life. He is seen as learned and wise in ethics, philosophy and meditation. When comparing Śāriputra with Maudgalyāyana, the Buddha uses the metaphor of a woman giving birth to a child for Śāriputra, in that he establishes new students in the first attainment on the spiritual path ( 1343:

areas and countries. Although the traditional accounts mentioned state that the Udāyana Buddha was the first image, there were probably several Buddha images preceding the Udāyana Buddha, made by both kings and commoners. It could also be that these accounts originate from the same common narrative about a first Buddha image.

506:. Traditional accounts relate that Maudgalyāyana and Śāriputra become spiritual wanderers in their youth. After having searched for spiritual truth for a while, they come into contact with the Buddhist teaching through verses that have become widely known in the Buddhist world. Eventually they meet the Buddha himself and 1681:

A shaft was sunk in the centre of this Tope, and after a few hours' labour we came to a large slab upwards of 5 feet in length, lying in a direction from north to south. On raising this slab we saw two large stone boxes each bearing a short inscription on its lid. That to the south bore Sariputasa, "

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At that time, Maudgalyāyana dwells alone in a forest hut. When he sees the bandits approaching, he makes himself vanish with psychic powers. The bandits find an empty hut, and although they search everywhere, they find nobody. They leave and return on the following day, for six consecutive days, with

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they show high appreciation and kindness to one another. For example, when Śāriputra falls ill, it is described that Maudgalyāyana used his psychic powers to obtain medicine for Śāriputra. Śāriputra is considered the wisest disciple of the Buddha, but Maudgalyāyana is second to him in wisdom. The one

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state power. Indeed, even for other countries, such as Burma, in which the relics were shown, it helped to legitimate the government, create unity, and revive religious practice: "those tiny pieces of bone moved not only millions of devotees worldwide, but national governments as well", as stated by

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in London in 1866. When the relics were given to the V&A Museum, pressure from Buddhists to return the relics to their country of origin arose. Although at first the museum dismissed the complaints as coming from a marginal community of English Buddhists, when several Buddhist societies in India

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Initially, Cunningham and Maisey divided the shares of the discovered items and had them shipped to Britain. Since some of Cunningham's discovered items were lost when one ship sank, some scholars have understood that the Sanchi relics were lost. However, in a 2007 study, the historian Torkel Brekke

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on a day outside of the yearly festival. Responding to critics, the head of the society stated that no pope had set foot inside a Buddhist temple since 1984, and added that "religious leaders have to play a positive role to unite communities instead of dividing". As for the original Sanchi site in

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ideals, in that it deals with filial piety. It has been observed that the account of rescuing the mother in hell has helped Buddhism to integrate into Chinese society. At the time, due to the Buddhist emphasis on the renunciant life, Buddhism was criticized by Confucianists. They felt Buddhism went

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Gifford speculates that Maudgalyāyana believes he is experiencing heavy karma from a past life. This awareness leads him to want to prevent others from making the same mistakes and leading an unethical life. This may be the reason why he is so intent on teaching about the law of karmic retribution.

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It is described that in a previous life, Maudgalyāyana is the only son born to his family. He is dutiful, and takes care of all the household duties. As his parents age, this increases his workload. His parents urge him to find a wife to help him, but he persistently refuses, insisting on doing the

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The lives of Maudgalyāyana and Śāriputra are closely connected. Maudgalyāyana and Śāriputra are born on the same day, and die in the same period. Their families have long been friends. In their student years, Maudgalyāyana and Śāriputra are co-pupils under the same teacher. After having helped each

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relate that Ānanda once told the Buddha about Maudgalyāyana's good qualities as a teacher. Maudgalyayana was a very popular teacher, and his sermons with regard to afterlife destinations were very popular. The Buddha said that in the future, a person like him would be hard to find. The Buddha then

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that reap the worst karma), so he could not avoid reaping the consequences. He therefore accepted the results. Further, the Buddha states that even psychic powers will be of no use in avoiding karma, especially when it is serious karma. Shortly after having left Maudgalyāyana for dead, the bandits

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misses the Buddha so much that he asks Maudgalyāyana to use his psychic powers to transport thirty-two craftsmen to the heaven, and make an image of the Buddha there. The image that is eventually made is from sandalwood, and many accounts have attempted to relate it to later Buddha images in other

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The account of Maudgalyāyana looking for his mother after her death is widespread. Apart from being used to illustrate the principles of karmic retribution and rebirth, in China, the story developed a new emphasis. There Maudgalyāyana was known as "Mulian", and his story was taught in a mixture of

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as to the merits of each disciple, in all Buddhist canons, Maudgalyāyana and Śāriputra are recognized as the two main disciples of the Buddha. This fact is also confirmed by iconography as discovered in archaeological findings, in which the two disciples tend to be pictured attending their master.

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as subject of study and reflection. The role of the stanza is not completely understood by scholars. Apart from the complex nature of the statement, it has also been noted it has not anywhere been attributed to the Buddha in this form, which indicates it was Aśvajit's own summary or paraphrasing.

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as the two disciples that accompany the Buddha, and they have complementing roles as teachers. As a teacher, Maudgalyayana is known for his psychic powers, and he is often depicted using these in his teaching methods. In many early Buddhist canons, Maudgalyāyana is instrumental in re-uniting the

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and other beings. One day some monks are making noise as they were sitting in the same building as the Buddha. Maudgalyāyana then shakes the building, to teach the monks to be more restrained. But the most-quoted example of Maudgalyāyana's demonstration of psychic powers is his victory over the

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and hell, the fruits of leading a moral life, and the dangers of leading an immoral life. These teachings make the number of followers from rivaling traditions decrease. Whoever kills Maudgalyāyana, the general agreement among different accounts is that he is killed in a violent fashion at the

1193:) in order to explain to them their horrific conditions. He helps them understand their own suffering, so they can be released from it or come to terms with it. He then reports this to the Buddha, who uses these examples in his teachings. Similarly, Maudgalyāyana is depicted as conversing with 971:

has had such a pair of chief disciples. As they have just ordained, some other monks feel offended that the Buddha gives such honor to them. The Buddha responds by pointing out that seniority in the monkhood is not the only criterion in such an appointment, and explains his decision further by

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from devotees. In the Mūlasarvāstivāda version, the Buddha has sent him there to teach Upatiṣya. Aśvajit's serene deportment inspires Upatiṣya to approach him and learn more. Aśvajit tells him he is still newly ordained and can only teach a little. He then expresses the essence of the Buddha's

832:, in a village called Kallavala. At that time, drowsiness is obstructing him from attaining further progress on the path. After he has a vision of the Buddha advising him how to overcome it, he has a breakthrough and attains enlightenment. In some accounts, it is said that he meditates on the 1580:

and the Prajñāptibhāsya, although in some Sanskrit and Tibetan scriptures the former is attributed to Śāriputra. Scholars have their doubts on whether Maudgalyāyana was really the author of these works. They do believe, however, that Maudgalyāyana and some other main disciples compiled lists

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what deeds they did to be reborn in heaven. In summary, Maudgalyāyana's meditative insights and psychic powers are not only to his own benefit, but benefit the public at large. In the words of historian Julie Gifford, he guides others "by providing a cosmological and karmic map of samsara".

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raises the example of the murder to prove another point: he points out that Maudgalyāyana is able to attain enlightenment, despite his heavy karma from a past life. This, he says, shows that the Buddha teaches everyone can attain enlightenment in the here and now, rather than enlightenment

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causes a schism. Furthermore, Maudgalyāyana is connected with accounts about the making of the first Buddha image. Maudgalyāyana dies at the age of eighty-four, killed through the efforts of a rival sect. This violent death is described in Buddhist scriptures as a result of Maudgalyāyana's

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After Maudgalyāyana's death, people ask why Maudgalyāyana had not protected himself, and why a great enlightened monk would suffer such a death. The Buddha then says that because Maudgalyāyana has contracted such karma in a previous life (the murder of one's own parents is one of the five

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are all executed. Religious Studies scholar James McDermott therefore concludes that there must have been "a confluence" of karma between Maudgalyāyana and the bandits, and cites the killing as evidence that in Buddhist doctrine the karma of different individuals can interact. Indologist

1268:, the ruler of the underworld, only to find the world abandoned. Yama then tells Maudgalyāyana that he allows the denizens of the hell to go out of the gates of hell to be free for one day, that is, on the full moon day of the ninth lunar month. On this day, the hell beings can receive 1772:

at Satdhāra, India. The caskets contained pieces of bone and objects of reverence, including sandalwood which Cunningham believed had once been used on the funeral pyre of Śāriputra. The finding was important in several ways, and was dated from the context to the second century BCE.

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stanza ("Of all phenomena..."), has traditionally been described as the essence of the Buddhist teaching, and is the most inscribed verse throughout the Buddhist world. It can be found in all Buddhist schools, is engraved in many materials, can be found on many Buddha statues and

3319: 1660:. The Buddha further decreed that a monk be stationed at the painting to explain the law of karma to visitors. Images of the Wheel of Becoming are widespread in Buddhist Asia, some of which confirm and depict the original connection with Maudgalyāyana. 1132:

The Buddha is described in the texts as placing great faith in Maudgalyāyana as a teacher. He often praises Maudgalyāyana for his teachings, and sometimes has Maudgalyāyana teach in his place. Maudgalyāyana is also given the responsibility to train

1137:, the Buddha's son. On another occasion, the Buddha has Maudgalyāyana announce a ban on a group of monks living in Kitigara, whose problematic behavior has become widely known in the area. Furthermore, Maudgalyāyana plays a crucial role during the 1231:(states in meditation). Many of his demonstrations of psychic powers are an indirect means of establishing the Buddha as a great teacher. People ask themselves, if the disciple has these powers, then how spiritually powerful will his teacher be? 980:, when Maudgalyāyana was a layman called Sirivadha. Sirivaddha felt inspired to become a chief disciple under a future Buddha after his friend, Śāriputra in a previous life, recommended that he do so. He then invited Buddha Aṇomadassī and the 1777:

used extensive historical documents to argument that it was Maisey who took all the relics with him, not Cunningham. This would imply that the relics reached Britain in their entirety. After the relics reached Britain, they were given to the

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Maudgalyāyana is able to use his powers of mind-reading in order to give good and fitting advice to his students, so they can attain spiritual fruits quickly. He is described as using his psychic powers to discipline not only monks, but also

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Contradicting the fact that the canons state Śāriputra was spiritually the superior of Maudgalyāyana, in the popular traditions of China, Maudgalyāyana was actually more popular than Śāriputra, Maudgalyāyana often being depicted as a

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In Buddhist history, Maudgalyāyana has been honored for several reasons. In some canons such as the Pali Tipiṭaka, Maudgalyāyana is held up by the Buddha as an example which monks should follow. The Pali name Moggallāna was used as a

1612:, the basis for psychic powers. French scholar André Migot has proposed that in most text traditions Maudgalyāyana was associated with meditation and psychic powers, as opposed to Śāriputra's specialization in wisdom and Abhidharma. 3640: 5114: 984:(Saṃgha) to have food at his house for seven days, during which he made his resolution to become a chief disciple for the first time. Afterwards, he and Śāriputra continued to do good deeds for many lifetimes, until the time of 1603:

devices. These lists formed the basis for what later became the Abhidharma. Despite these associations with Abhidharma texts, pilgrim Xuan Zang reports that during his visits in India, Śāriputra was honored by monks for his

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Post-canonical texts describe Maudgalyāyana as the second chief male disciple, next to Śāriputra. The early canons agree that Śāriputra is spiritually superior to Maudgalyāyana, and their specializations are described as

1298:, an influential legend in Thailand and Laos. Indeed, in some traditional accounts Phra Malai is compared to Maudgalyāyana. On a similar note, Maudgalyāyana's account is also thought to have influenced the Central Asian 730:

will tell the other. What follows is the account leading to Kolita and Upatiṣya taking refuge under the Buddha, which is considered an ancient element of the textual tradition. Upatiṣya meets a Buddhist monk named

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India, the relics are shown every year on the annual international Buddhist festival in November. As of 2016, the exhibition was visited by hundred thousands visitors from over the world, including Thai princess

4747: 4815: 2067: 681:; later to be known as Śāriputra), and the two are friends from childhood. Kolita and Upatiṣya develop an interest in the spiritual life when they are young. One day while they are watching a festival a 2519: 1561:

in Sri Lanka. On Māgha Pūjā, in Sri Lanka called Navam Full Moon Poya, Maudgalyāyana's appointment as a chief disciple of the Buddha is celebrated by various merit-making activities, and a pageant.

1362:, when Maudgalyāyana is traveling in Magadha. He dies at the age of eighty-four. Some accounts put forth that rivaling traditions stone him to death, others say that those people hire robbers. The 5436: 1416:

After Maudgalyāyana's and Śāriputra's death, the Buddha states the monastic community has now become less, just like a healthy tree has some branches that have died off. Then he adds to that all

4898:(1991), "Les agissements de Devadatta selon les chapitres relatifs au schisme dans les divers Vinayapitaka" [Devadatta's deeds according to the chapters relating the schism in the various 1791:

art historian Jack Daulton. For these reasons, Burma asked for a portion of the relics to keep there. In ceremonies attended by hundred of thousands people, the relics were installed in the

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and religious zeal. He falls ill though, and dies, causing the two disciples to look further. In some accounts, he even goes so far to predict the coming of the Buddha through his visions.

3722: 5139: 4782: 1802:, which is annually exhibited during a celebration in May. In 2015, the Catholic world was surprised to witness that the Maha Bodhi Society broke with tradition by showing the relics to 5196: 4922:

Berezkin, Rostislav (21 February 2015), "Pictorial Versions of the Mulian Story in East Asia (Tenth–Seventeenth Centuries): On the Connections of Religious Painting and Storytelling",

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tradition, as he does not believe in knowledge or logic, nor does he answer speculative questions. Since he cannot satisfy Kolita and Upatiṣya's spiritual needs, they leave. In the

3010: 1054:) at their side—in the case of Sakyamuni Buddha, the two disciples depicted are most often Maudgalyāyana and Śāriputra. Although there are different perspectives among different 4847: 1370:

monks persuade a group of robbers led by a Samaṇa-guttaka to kill Maudgalyāyana, out of jealousy for his success. Maudgalyāyana often teaches about the visits he has made to

632:, which would explain the name. Windisch believed the account of the diviner Maudgalya had influenced that of Maudgalyayana, since both relate to a journey to heaven. Author 4039: 5399: 889:

traditions, as it "repudiates miracles of supernatural interference by unreservedly recognising the law of cause and effect as irrefragable", whereas Japanese Zen teacher

5587: 4329: 780:. After this, Upatiṣya tells Kolita about his discovery and Kolita also attains the first stage. The two disciples, together with Sañjaya's five hundred students, go to 4737: 4805: 877:

believed the brief poem may have made a special impression on Maudgalyāyana and Sariputta, because of the emphasis on causation typical for Buddhism. Philosopher

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Regardless, Kolita and Upatiṣya leave and continue their spiritual search, splitting up in separate directions. They make an agreement that the first to find the

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In East Asia, Maudgalyāyana is honored as a symbol of filial piety and psychic powers. Maudgalyāyana has had an important role in many Mahāyāna traditions. The

594:, it is described that Maudgalyāyana had a skin color like a blue lotus or a rain cloud. Oral tradition in Sri Lanka says that this was because he was born in 2915: 1839:

According to some Chinese accounts, Maudgalyāyana waits until after his mother has died, and only after having mourned her for three years. But this may be a

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was reminded of the experience that is beyond the intellect, "in which one idea follows another in sequence finally to terminate in conclusion or judgment".

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emphasized this even more. Furthermore, Chinese accounts described merit-making practices and filial piety as two inseparable sides of the same coin. The

1118:). Maudgalyāyana, however, is compared with the master who trains the child up, in that he develops his students further along the path to enlightenment. 5208: 4165: 5459: 8675: 7483: 5958: 4133: 1322:

and the post-canonical Paññāsajātakā, was the production of what was described as the first Buddha image, the Udāyana Buddha. The account relates that

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There are several canonical and post-canonical texts that are traditionally connected to the person of Maudgalyāyana. In the Theravāda tradition, the

5183: 4105: 3506: 2591:. Translated by Akira, Yuyama (revised 2nd ed.). Berkeley, California: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research. pp. 109–11. 7487: 3763: 1512:(Japan) festivals. This festival probably spread from China to Japan in the seventh century, and similar festivals have been observed in India ( 7711: 4770: 3302: 2436: 1663:

Finally, there was also an entire tradition that traces its origins to Maudgalyayana, or to a follower of him, called Dharmagupta: this is the

1183:. In teaching, Maudgalyāyana relies much on such powers. Varying accounts in the Pali Canon show Maudgalyāyana travelling to and speaking with 2583: 1705:

in the gateway of the Veluvaḷa. In two other accounts, however, one from the Dharmaguptaka and the other from the Mūlasarvāstivāda tradition,

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and be liberated from hell, if such merit is transferred to them. In some other Chinese accounts, Maudgalyāyana finds his mother, reborn as a

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and Lieutenant Fred. C. Maisey discovered bone fragments in caskets, with Maudgalyāyana's and Śāriputra's names inscribed on it, both in the

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Traditions in contact and change: selected proceedings of the XIVth Congress of the International Association for the History of Religions

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had an image painted on the gate of the Veluvaḷa monastery to honor Maudgalyāyana, depicting the Wheel of Becoming. This wheel showed the

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religious instruction and entertainment, to remind people of their duties to deceased relatives. Its earliest version being the Sanskrit

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believes this latter version of the account to be historically authentic, which he further supports by the report of the Chinese pilgrim

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on his mother's behalf, which helps her to be reborn in a better place. In the Laotian version of the story, he travels to the world of

8582: 6036: 3730: 411: 5771: 932: 671:), after which he is named. His mother is Mogallāni, and his father is the village chief. Kolita is born on the same day as Upatiṣya ( 5793: 4837: 5620: 2083:

Saran, S.C.; Nikoshey, N.G.; Nayan, S.; Arif, A.; Saxena, N. (2008). "Excavations at Juafardih and its Identification with Kulika".

1741:, and in several other places in Northeast India. However, as of 1999, none of these had been confirmed by archaeological findings. 8466: 4867: 5438:

Early Buddhist transmission and trade networks: mobility and exchange within and beyond the northwestern borderlands of South Asia

4623:"Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India, Part I, 1915–1916; Archaeological Survey of India, Annual Report, 1913–1914" 1151:(god-like beings), he learns that Devadatta was acting inappropriately. He obtains information that Devadatta is enjoining Prince 8303: 7755: 5424: 4977: 1476:

was highly influential, judging from the more than sixty commentaries that were written about it. Although the original Sanskrit

5186:(1985). "The Origin of the Buddha Image: Early Image Traditions and the Concept of Buddhadarsanapunya". In Narain, A. K. (ed.). 1568:

is understood to be a collection of accounts related by Maudgalyayana to the Buddha, dealing with his visits to heavens. In the

1073:. Despite these widespread patterns in both scripture and archaeological research, it has been noted that in later iconography, 8771: 8631: 7958: 5938: 3677: 1294:

Several scholars have pointed out the similarities between the accounts of Maudgalyāyana helping his mother and the account of

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Canon, it is stated that he was "beautiful to look at, pleasant, wise, intelligent, full of merits ...", as translated by

8710: 5614: 5485: 5453: 5301: 5225: 5174: 5104: 4994: 4299: 4214: 3955: 3438: 2728: 2596: 2554: 704: 2642: 1516:), Laos and Vietnam. The festival is celebrated on the seventh lunar month (China; originally only on the full moon, on the 8751: 8680: 6121: 5963: 8720: 3632:

Historical perspectives and contemporary needs in the psychology of evil: Psychological and interdisciplinary perspectives

1656:. The wheel was depicted as being in the clutches of Māra, but at the same time included the symbol of a white circle for 8298: 5372:"Un grand disciple du Buddha: Sāriputra. Son rôle dans l'histoire du bouddhisme et dans le développement de l'Abhidharma" 663:, Maudgalyāyana is born in a family of the village Kolita (also known as Kulika, earlier thought to be modern day Kul in 4950:

Brekke, Torkel (1 September 2007), "Bones of Contention: Buddhist Relics, Nationalism and the Politics of Archaeology",

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must perish. In some accounts of Maudgalyāyana's death, many of his students fall ill after his death, and die as well.

8195: 7745: 5840: 5743: 5374:[A great disciple of the Buddha: Sāriputra, his role in Buddhist history and in the development of Abhidharma] 5125: 1696: 685:

overcomes them: they wish to leave the worldly life behind and start their spiritual life under the mendicant wanderer

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The Visit of the Sacred Relics of the Buddha and the Two Chief Disciples to Tibet at the Invitation of the Government

4515: 3897: 3613: 2113: 796:). From the time of their ordination, Upatiṣya and Kolita become known as Śāriputra and Maudgalyāyana, respectively, 8288: 8651: 7973: 7718: 4507: 4101: 2903: 2720: 976:

many lifetimes ago to become chief disciples under him. They made such a resolution since the age of the previous

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On the day of Maudgalyāyana's ordination, the Buddha allows him and Śāriputra to take the seats of the chief male

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Several teachings in the Pali Canon are traditionally ascribed to Maudgalyāyana, including several verses in the

5027:"Sariputta and Moggallana in the Golden Land: The Relics of the Buddha's Chief Disciples at the Kaba Aye Pagoda" 1786:

used the opportunity to propagate a message of unity and religious tolerance, and from a political perspective,

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meaning 'great'. This epithet is given to him as an honor, and to distinguish him from others of the same name.

8761: 8636: 8310: 7963: 7765: 7656: 7601: 6174: 5320: 5007: 4493: 4291: 3349: 2678:"Mahāmaudgalyāyana Visits Another Planet: A Selection from the Scripture Which Is a Repository of Great Jewels" 1088:

thing that gives them a strong bond as spiritual friends is the love for the Buddha, which both express often.

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In a Pali Jātaka account, the Buddha is said to have had the ashes of Maudgalyāyana collected and kept in a

1311: 1250:, the story has been made popular in China, Japan, and Korea through edifying folktales such as the Chinese 8776: 8459: 7863: 7735: 7706: 7408: 5057: 3510: 1550:

against the principle of filial piety, because Buddhist monks did not have offspring to make offerings for

624:

is explained as referring to a legume, which was eaten by an ancestor of the clan. However, the Indologist

5566: 1760:

An important archaeological finding was made elsewhere, however. In the nineteenth century, archaeologist

8756: 8555: 8496: 7554: 7463: 6933: 6578: 6091: 5986: 5285: 4497: 4090: 3937: 1820: 1335: 628:

linked the figure of Maudgalyayana to the figure of Maudgalya (Mugdala) who appears in the Sanskrit epic

7098: 5705: 8690: 8611: 8403: 7883: 7359: 6845: 5968: 5801: 5661: 5371: 5293: 5166: 5096: 4986: 4618: 3947: 3514: 1918: 1778: 1323: 988:. After the Buddha appoints Maudgalyāyana as chief disciple, he becomes known as "Mahā-Maudgalyāyana", 7293: 5077:

The Fluidity and Adaptability of Buddhism: A Case Study of Maudgalyāyana and Chinese Buddhist identity

3667: 833: 8766: 8604: 8293: 8106: 8096: 7968: 6951: 6531: 6292: 6267: 5314: 4677: 4420: 3382: 1240: 511: 6317: 3704: 1406: 1179:, Maudgalyāyana is called foremost in psychic powers, a title he shares with his female counterpart 287: 8550: 8398: 7750: 7564: 7542: 7535: 7438: 6971: 6591: 6407: 6352: 5973: 5779: 5752: 4160: 2602: 2425: 825: 539: 209: 5122:

Constituting communities Theravada Buddhism and the religious cultures of South and Southeast Asia

1901: 708: 8528: 8452: 8335: 8315: 7646: 7626: 7383: 7113: 6357: 5261: 3636: 3430: 1914: 1358:

According to the Pali tradition, Maudgalyāyana's death comes in November of the same year as the

1077:

and Mahākasyapa are depicted much more, and Maudgalyāyana and Śāriputra are depicted much less.

8345: 8185: 7853: 7823: 7596: 7547: 7388: 7336: 7331: 7093: 6914: 6811: 6563: 6558: 6307: 5537: 5500:. From Xianghuan to Ceylon: The Life and Legacy of the Chinese Buddhist Monk Faxian (337–422). 4327:

Huber, E. (1906). "Etudes de littérature bouddhique" [Studies in Buddhist literature].

2677: 2637: 1787: 1668: 1391:, Maudgalyāyana does not carry the murder through though, touched by the words of his parents. 712: 6675: 4622: 1557:

Apart from the Ghost Festival, Maudgalyāyana also has an important role in the celebration of

1461: 8668: 8350: 8320: 7901: 7833: 7666: 7581: 7576: 7500: 7495: 7413: 5943: 4778: 4429: 3889: 3877: 1733:

Thera. During the succeeding centuries, Xuan Zang and other Chinese pilgrims reported that a

1653: 1520:

Day), or from 13 to 15 July (Japan). It is believed that in this period ancestors reborn as

860:(structures with relics), and is used in their consecration rituals. According to Indologist 828:). Maudgalyāyana and Śāriputra attain enlightenment one to two weeks later, Maudgalyāyana in 686: 610: 291: 6966: 2069:

Remembering Stalwarts: Biographical Sketches of Scholars from Archaeological Survey of India

8616: 8506: 8373: 8340: 8325: 7843: 7740: 7686: 7571: 7510: 7478: 7473: 7458: 7443: 7433: 7398: 7311: 7003: 6926: 6229: 6169: 5918: 5885: 5835: 5766: 4738:"Sacred Relics of Lord Buddha brought to Sirasa Vesak Zone; thousands gather to pay homage" 4416: 3689: 3681: 1857: 1761: 1749: 1687: 917: 570:

were found attributed to him, which have been widely venerated. His female counterpart was

439: 8213: 6828: 6697: 6623: 6499: 6237: 5497:"Please Be Seated": Faxian's Account and Related Legends Concerning the First Buddha Image 1059:

Moreover, Maudgalyāyana is often included in traditional lists of 'four great disciples' (

502:), he is considered the second of the Buddha's two foremost male disciples, together with 8: 8565: 8180: 8059: 7893: 7868: 7858: 7818: 7795: 7678: 7651: 7611: 7530: 7520: 7448: 7375: 6806: 6663: 6444: 6422: 6374: 6194: 5994: 5850: 5830: 5547: 5513: 4973: 1726: 1027: 555: 425: 6154: 6081: 909: 491: 8545: 8243: 8148: 7990: 7953: 7948: 7878: 7828: 7775: 7770: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7621: 7606: 7591: 7586: 7525: 7505: 7468: 7393: 7198: 6899: 6823: 6701: 6643: 6484: 6384: 6312: 6287: 5933: 5863: 5716: 5521: 5356: 5253: 5049: 4939: 4884: 4694: 3755: 3405: 2421: 1799: 1645: 1299: 865: 327: 8042: 2189: 1869:

Most scholars lean towards the interpretation that Emperor Asoka referred to the text

1853: 8523: 8501: 8421: 8383: 8079: 8064: 8027: 8012: 7785: 7701: 7616: 7453: 7418: 7403: 7130: 7120: 6801: 6648: 6633: 6504: 6427: 6347: 6282: 6214: 6101: 5858: 5678: 5665: 5651: 5610: 5551: 5509: 5481: 5449: 5414: 5337:

McDermott, James P. (1 January 1976), "Is There Group Karma in Theravāda Buddhism?",

5324: 5297: 5221: 5170: 5129: 5100: 5053: 4990: 4943: 4511: 4295: 4210: 4031: 3951: 3893: 3759: 3747: 3609: 3434: 3409: 3315: 3298:"Visitors from hell: transformative hospitality to ghosts in a Lao Buddhist festival" 2724: 2592: 2550: 2430: 2109: 1904:

canons, it is their own proposal to go, for which they ask the Buddha his permission.

1897: 1744: 1620: 1616: 1583: 1497: 1493: 1437: 1371: 1269: 1198: 1044: 1032: 1002: 977: 908:, Chapter 6 (Bestowal of Prophecy), the Buddha is said to predict that the disciples 861: 769: 532: 249: 7365: 6159: 6059: 4287:

The Legend and Cult of Upagupta: Sanskrit Buddhism in North India and Southeast Asia

973: 8656: 8599: 8069: 8022: 8017: 7873: 7838: 7813: 7808: 7559: 7515: 7428: 7103: 6759: 6752: 6536: 6526: 6412: 6076: 5948: 5739: 5724: 5701: 5690: 5640: 5575: 5529: 5445: 5387: 5348: 5310: 5041: 4961: 4931: 4911: 4876: 4686: 4475: 4338: 4206: 3739: 3718: 3669:

Saccakiriyā: The Belief in the Power of True Speech in Theravāda Buddhist Tradition

3397: 3311: 2201: 1551: 1401: 1396: 1277: 1176: 1081:

other to find the essence of the spiritual life, their friendship remains. In many

985: 874: 869: 633: 543: 517:

Maudgalyayana and Śāriputra have a deep spiritual friendship. They are depicted in

355: 341: 223: 197: 7148: 1428: 8746: 8433: 8378: 8330: 8258: 8128: 7926: 7906: 7848: 7760: 7423: 7321: 7168: 6904: 6887: 6872: 6850: 6402: 6272: 6106: 6086: 5655: 5606: 5471: 5339: 5281: 5088: 4952: 4842: 4810: 4285: 4200: 3941: 3673: 3424: 2712: 2632: 2540: 2483: 2103: 1792: 1265: 1247: 1190: 1147: 1105: 595: 301: 7178: 6332: 6322: 5544:

The historical Buddha: the times, life, and teachings of the founder of Buddhism

4895: 4865:

Ashikaga, Ensho (1 January 1951), "Notes on Urabon ("Yü Lan P'ên, Ullambana")",

4455: 1417: 1160: 8570: 8388: 8091: 7941: 7723: 7303: 7283: 7203: 6892: 6882: 6816: 6653: 6139: 6002: 5712: 5517: 2546: 1502: 1339: 1315: 1281: 1055: 968: 936: 849: 664: 660: 654: 625: 551: 547: 546:

to his mother. This led to a tradition in many Buddhist countries known as the

503: 477: 469: 377: 275: 129: 47: 8444: 5367: 4935: 3743: 3401: 2426:"That the True Dhamma Might Last a Long Time: Readings Selected by King Asoka" 1167:, twelve centuries later, that Devadatta's sect had still continued to exist. 614: 554:

to their ancestors. Maudgalyāyana has also traditionally been associated with

8735: 8663: 8158: 8007: 7316: 7218: 7076: 6877: 6855: 6791: 6462: 6257: 6252: 5813: 5217: 5084: 4965: 4503: 4035: 3751: 1893: 1706: 1664: 1649: 1628: 1591: 1577: 1546: 1450: 1327: 1110: 1010: 737: 716: 691: 673: 575: 563: 495: 482: 451: 399: 8560: 6616: 6606: 5978: 5694: 5644: 5391: 4915: 4479: 4342: 1682:

of SARIPUTRA"; that to the north bore Maha Mogalanasa, " of MAHA MOGALANA".

1524:

or hungry ghosts wander around. In China, this was the time when the yearly

745:), one of the first five disciples of the Buddha, who is walking to receive 8516: 8248: 8233: 8203: 8153: 8143: 7985: 7780: 7273: 7108: 6986: 6774: 6769: 6596: 6467: 6342: 5803: 5410: 5268: 2536: 1803: 1569: 1565: 1481: 1441: 1351: 1319: 1273: 1261: 1023: 890: 882: 518: 7031: 7016: 6976: 6673: 6337: 5913: 5579: 5564:

Seidel, Anna (1989), "Chronicle of Taoist Studies in the West 1950–1990",

5120:, in Holt, John Clifford; Kinnard, Jacob N.; Walters, Jonathan S. (eds.), 5045: 4091:"Filial piety and Buddhism: The Indian antecedents to a "Chinese" problem" 2205: 2082: 1921:

stated that Cunningham had no interest in the relics, only in the caskets.

1258:

The Transformation Text on Mu-lien Saving His Mother from the Dark Regions

939:

and Maudgalyāyana, together with Sañjaya's five hundred students, went to

777: 32: 8535: 8218: 8047: 7188: 7173: 6956: 6764: 6692: 6472: 6302: 6204: 6051: 5923: 1640: 1359: 1180: 1152: 964: 905: 629: 571: 8208: 6668: 1138: 719:, however, he is depicted as a teacher with admirable qualities such as 8595: 8511: 8479: 8475: 8163: 8121: 7997: 7803: 7728: 7342: 7326: 7288: 7268: 7163: 7138: 7046: 6981: 6961: 6707: 6638: 6509: 6392: 6362: 6297: 6247: 5905: 5895: 5868: 5360: 5003: 4742: 4698: 4128: 2484:"Buddhist Inscription of King Priyadarśi: Translation and Observations" 1808: 1573: 1558: 1433: 1295: 1097: 1019: 940: 921: 878: 841: 837: 804:. After having ordained, all except Śāriputra and Maudgalyāyana attain 781: 591: 559: 507: 472:'s closest disciples. Described as a contemporary of disciples such as 7183: 6179: 4888: 4070: 317: 8591: 8138: 8111: 7278: 7153: 6865: 6781: 6658: 6548: 6521: 6514: 6477: 6434: 6397: 6164: 6129: 6096: 6071: 6026: 5477: 3885: 1840: 1753: 1542: 1164: 1142: 886: 700: 527: 8575: 7911: 6747: 6601: 6367: 6149: 6018: 6010: 5495: 5352: 5075: 4690: 1615:

Traditions have also connected Maudgalyāyana with the symbol of the

1074: 746: 261: 145: 8491: 8428: 8268: 8223: 8168: 8133: 8037: 7696: 7263: 7258: 7208: 7143: 7061: 7026: 7021: 6682: 6553: 6541: 6452: 6111: 5808: 5501: 4880: 4023: 3852: 3630: 3297: 2192:(1947). "La légende du Buddha" [The legend of the Buddha]. 1730: 1600: 1517: 1376: 901: 169: 98: 7253: 7243: 7228: 7051: 6921: 6189: 5089:"Tales of miraculous teachings: miracles in early Indian Buddhism" 4058: 2979: 703:

and Mahāsāṃghika canons, Sañjaya is described as a teacher in the

415: 37:

Statue of Moggallana, depicting his dark skin color (blue, black).

8587: 8173: 8116: 8101: 7248: 7238: 7213: 7088: 7083: 7041: 7011: 6943: 6909: 6796: 6737: 6732: 6586: 6489: 6327: 6277: 6064: 5890: 4024:"Popularization of Stories and Parables on Filial Piety in China" 3250: 2489:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

2134: 1738: 1737:

with Maudgalyāyana's relics could be found under the Indian city

1717:

in honor of Maudgalyāyana. According to the Divyāvadāna, emperor

1657: 1252: 1126: 913: 896:

Although in the Pali tradition, Maudgalyāyana is described as an

829: 720: 682: 668: 538:

Through post-canonical texts, Maudgalyāyana became known for his

473: 87: 67: 6860: 6628: 4462:

d'après les Vinayapitaka" [The construction and cult of the

2773: 2749: 2212: 1218: 8646: 8253: 8238: 8074: 7936: 7916: 7691: 7353: 7233: 7223: 7158: 6786: 6742: 6727: 6717: 6687: 6611: 6494: 6262: 6134: 5878: 5873: 4308: 4223: 3629:

Hoffman, L.; Patz-Clark, D.; Looney, D.; Knight, S. K. (2007).

1873:

instead. However, this consensus is still considered tentative.

1856:

school, relate this verse differently, with one line about the

1765: 1718: 1636: 1535: 1388: 1185: 1134: 1060: 981: 960: 732: 727: 523: 235: 3637:

115th Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association

2387: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2158: 1652:

in the mind (greed, hatred and delusion), and the teaching of

1049: 605:). Sri Lankan scholar Karaluvinna believes that originally a 8626: 8621: 8393: 8228: 8086: 8052: 8032: 8002: 7931: 7348: 7193: 7071: 7066: 7036: 6991: 6838: 6833: 6712: 6417: 6242: 6209: 6199: 5444:. Dynamics in the History of Religions. Vol. 2. Leiden: 5159:

An introduction to Buddhism: teachings, history and practices

4705: 4654: 4652: 3628: 3447: 3189: 3187: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3032: 3030: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2826: 2824: 2295: 2293: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 1783: 1526: 1226: 1083: 997: 904:

traditions this is sometimes interpreted differently. In the

856: 806: 801: 71: 4806:"Relics of the Buddha's chief disciples exhibited in Sanchi" 4771:"Buddhist center breaks tradition, shows pope revered relic" 4397: 4250: 2908:

Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

2122: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 972:

relating a story from the past. He says that both disciples

8263: 7056: 6722: 6219: 3964: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3572: 3570: 3471: 3042: 2737: 2463: 2329: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1508: 1464:

in which Maudgalyāyana's rescue of his mother is described

1367: 1363: 945: 812: 786: 183: 5546:] (in German), translated by Walshe, M. O' C., Delhi: 4717: 4649: 3991: 3603: 3533: 3531: 3184: 3165: 3141: 3129: 3027: 3000:"The Amazing Transformations of Arahant Theri Uppalavanna" 2871: 2848: 2836: 2821: 2785: 2290: 2269: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1752:

discovered bone fragments attributed to Maudgalyāyana and

7921: 6457: 4637: 4587: 4422:

The Bhilsa topes, or, Buddhist monuments of central India

4180: 3981: 3979: 3066: 2797: 2377: 2375: 2360: 2305: 1985: 1030:, Buddhas are commonly depicted with two main disciples ( 4541: 4539: 4373: 4240: 4238: 3797: 3567: 3331: 3329: 3279: 3277: 3107: 3105: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 1310:

Another account involving Maudgalyayana, related in the

1276:. When Maudgalyāyana tries to offer her food through an 5592:

as a Means of Communicating Buddhist Philosophy in the

4575: 4563: 4524: 4349: 4003: 3882:

Encyclopedia of religious rites, rituals, and festivals

3543: 3528: 3214: 3054: 2922: 2883: 2404: 2402: 2317: 2248: 1934: 1407:

being a gradual process built up through many lifetimes

4551: 4436: 4361: 4262: 4046: 3976: 3906: 3840: 3816: 3773: 3204: 3202: 2692: 2372: 1572:

tradition, Maudgalyāyana is said to have composed the

1037: 367: 360: 5290:

Buddhist funeral cultures of Southeast Asia and China

4599: 4536: 4385: 4235: 3943:

Buddhist funeral cultures of Southeast Asia and China

3828: 3785: 3647: 3582: 3326: 3274: 3238: 3226: 3153: 3117: 3102: 3090: 3078: 2967: 2946: 2040: 1608:

teachings, whereas Maudgalyāyana was honored for his

1530:

for monastics came to an end (normally translated as

535:

of having killed his own parents in a previous life.

5681:(2008), "The Wheel of Rebirth in Buddhist Temples", 5073: 4671:

Miller, Roy Andrew (February 1954). "Book review of

4076: 4064: 3918: 3858: 3555: 2934: 2809: 2563: 2451: 2399: 2236: 2224: 2170: 2146: 2140: 2016: 1453:

by Buddhist monks up until the twelfth century C.E.

1125:

Maudgalyāyana and Devadatta in hell.Illustration by

46:

Foremost disciple, left hand side chief disciple of

4924:

Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences

3483: 3459: 3262: 3199: 2761: 2612: 2072:. Director General, Archaeological Survey of India. 2028: 2004: 760:And he tells, too, how each shall come to its end, 5751:, History of Civilization (2nd ed.), London: 5588:"Character, Disposition, and the Qualities of the 5271:(1996), "Karma, character, and consequentialism", 1324:the Buddha pays a visit to the Trāyastriṃśa Heaven 1170: 542:through a popular account of him transferring his 5282:"Feeding the dead: ghosts, materiality and merit" 5074:Ditzler, E.; Pearce, S.; Wheeler, C. (May 2015), 3383:"Tai Khun Buddhism And Ethnic–Religious Identity" 2657: 1432:Floating lanterns made from lotus leaves: people 1379:, which might be equated with modern Udaya Hill. 8733: 5631:Skilling, Peter (2003), "Traces of the Dharma", 430: 8474: 4279: 4277: 1798:Sri Lanka also obtained a portion, kept at the 1538:to integrate it in their own funeral services. 332: 5767:Vivid report about Ghost festival in Singapore 5633:Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient 5380:Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient 4904:Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient 4627:Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient 4468:Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient 4330:Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient 3936: 3303:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 2105:Buddha and Buddhist synods in India and abroad 927: 778:the first stage on the Buddhist spiritual path 265: 254: 174: 8460: 5787: 2496:. West Strand: John W. Parker and Son: 363–4. 1913:At the time, the museum was still called the 683:sense of disenchantment and spiritual urgency 636:considered this improbable, though. Windisch 346: 239: 228: 213: 202: 6569:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 5319:, vol. 2 (1st Indian ed.), Delhi: 5309: 4971: 4403: 4274: 4256: 4229: 4186: 4156:"The Majestic Navam Perahera of Gangaramaya" 3453: 3426:The Oxford Handbook of Religion and the Arts 3350:"Buddhicizing the Warrior-King Gesar in the 3256: 3048: 2755: 2715:. In Kieschnick, John; Shahar, Meir (eds.). 2509:"Expansion of Buddhism into South-east Asia" 2354: 2299: 2164: 1979: 1302:, Maudgalyāyana being a model for the king. 1225:Nandopananda, which requires mastery of the 640:consider Maudgalyāyana a historical person. 306: 5605:(first ed.), Chichester, West Sussex: 5508: 5247: 4499:Encyclopedia of ancient Asian civilizations 3871: 3869: 3867: 3036: 2877: 2865: 2842: 2830: 2791: 2506: 2323: 2284: 2128: 1998: 1305: 900:who will no longer be reborn again, in the 389: 382: 280: 8467: 8453: 5794: 5780: 5182: 4415: 3731:Comparative Studies in Society and History 3599: 3597: 3477: 1646:different realms of the cycle of existence 1541:The festival has striking similarities to 1145:. Through his ability to communicate with 949: 818: 790: 404: 188: 31: 5336: 4458:(1962). "La construction et le culte des 3576: 3549: 3500: 3498: 2630: 2581: 1484:, later Chinese accounts inspired by the 881:explained that the stanza was a bold and 50:; second chief disciple of Gautama Buddha 5630: 5535: 5008:"Ashvajit's Stanza and Its Significance" 4921: 4868:Journal of the American Oriental Society 4864: 4735: 4009: 3970: 3864: 3717: 3639:. San Francisco, California. p. 7. 3608:. Singaport Buddhist Meditation Centre. 3537: 3380: 3193: 3178: 3147: 3135: 2928: 2889: 2631:Epasinghe, Premasara (29 January 2010). 2263: 2065: 2053: 1743: 1467: 1427: 1375:Kālasilā Cave, on the Isigili Hill near 1350: 1120: 1091: 931: 868:, the verses were recommended in one of 847:Aśvajit's brief statement, known as the 620:In some Chinese accounts, the clan name 7756:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 5112: 5024: 4803: 4723: 4685:(2). The Government of Tibet: 223–225. 4658: 4581: 4569: 4530: 4268: 4198: 3779: 3594: 3335: 3295: 3111: 3072: 3060: 2675: 2420: 2188: 8734: 8716: 7959:List of Buddhist architecture in China 5738: 5700: 5677: 5650: 5563: 5493: 5469: 5434: 5409:, New York : Macmillan Reference USA, 5397: 5279: 5155: 5083: 4949: 4894: 4785:from the original on 30 September 2017 4768: 4750:from the original on 30 September 2017 4711: 4670: 4643: 4605: 4593: 4557: 4492: 4454: 4442: 4379: 4367: 4355: 4283: 4168:from the original on 27 September 2017 4136:from the original on 27 September 2017 4088: 4052: 3997: 3985: 3912: 3846: 3822: 3810: 3684:. p. 211 n.2. uk.bl.ethos.428120. 3678:School of Oriental and African Studies 3606:Parents and Children: Key to Happiness 3504: 3495: 3489: 3465: 3347: 3283: 3268: 3244: 3232: 3208: 3159: 3123: 3096: 3084: 2985: 2973: 2961: 2940: 2901: 2535: 2481: 2469: 2152: 2101: 2034: 2022: 1234: 16:One of the Buddha's foremost disciples 8448: 5775: 5366: 5267: 5206: 5189:Studies in Buddhist Art of South Asia 5095:, Cambridge Companions to Religions, 5002: 4617: 4545: 4391: 4326: 4314: 4244: 3924: 3834: 3791: 3653: 3588: 3561: 3422: 3220: 2815: 2803: 2779: 2743: 2698: 2663: 2645:from the original on 13 February 2017 2569: 2457: 2408: 2393: 2381: 2366: 2311: 2242: 2230: 2218: 2176: 2010: 754:Of all phenomena sprung from a cause 667:but now identified as Juafardih near 648: 108:Mother: Moggalī, father: name unknown 8742:Foremost disciples of Gautama Buddha 8706: 5721:Encyclopaedia of religion and ethics 5657:The ghost festival in medieval China 5585: 5526:Encyclopaedia of religion and ethics 4804:Santosh, Neeraj (27 November 2016). 4121: 4021: 3665: 3348:Mikles, Natasha L. (December 2016). 2767: 2710: 2618: 2439:from the original on 28 October 2017 2108:. Abhinav Publications. p. 66. 1635:). Accounts in the Mūlasarvāstivāda 776:These words help Upatiṣya to attain 5093:The Cambridge companion to miracles 4124:"Today is Navam Full Moon Poya Day" 4096:. In Slater, P.; Wiebe, D. (eds.). 3723:"Buddhist karma and social control" 3604:Weragoda Sarada Maha Thero (1994). 2066:Ray, Purnima; Patil, C. B. (2014). 1748:In the 19th century, archaeologist 1440:through several ceremonies, so the 566:school. In the nineteenth century, 13: 7746:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 5603:A companion to Buddhist philosophy 5126:State University of New York Press 4122:Dias, Keshala (10 February 2017). 4077:Ditzler, Pearce & Wheeler 2015 4065:Ditzler, Pearce & Wheeler 2015 3875: 3859:Ditzler, Pearce & Wheeler 2015 2991: 2141:Ditzler, Pearce & Wheeler 2015 1697:Relics of Sariputta and Moggallana 1444:may be reborn in a better rebirth. 14: 8788: 8686:Gautama Buddha in world religions 5760: 5660:(2nd ed.), Princeton, N.J.: 5091:, in Twelftree, Graham H. (ed.), 4979:Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. 2997: 2194:Revue de l'histoire des religions 763:For such is the word of the Sage. 757:The Teacher the cause hath told; 609:skin was meant, not blue. In the 510:under him. Maudgalyāyana attains 8715: 8705: 8427: 8417: 8416: 7974:Thai temple art and architecture 7719:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 5959:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 5825: 5812: 5802: 5734:from the original on 2013-09-25. 5601:, in Emmanuel, Steven M. (ed.), 5202:from the original on 2017-11-11. 4850:from the original on 6 May 2017. 4830: 4797: 4769:Akkara, Anto (15 January 2015). 4762: 4736:Santiago, Melanie (3 May 2015). 4729: 4664: 4611: 4486: 4448: 4409: 4320: 4192: 4148: 4115: 4111:from the original on 2017-05-06. 4102:Wilfrid Laurier University Press 4082: 4042:from the original on 2015-01-20. 4015: 3930: 3711: 3659: 3643:from the original on 2017-05-06. 3622: 3423:Brown, Frank Burch, ed. (2013). 3370:from the original on 2017-04-27. 3322:from the original on 2017-05-10. 3316:10.1111/j.1467-9655.2012.01765.x 2918:from the original on 2017-05-06. 2904:"The Early Saṃgha and the Laity" 2721:University of Pennsylvania Press 2717:India in the Chinese imagination 2688:from the original on 2017-05-02. 2525:from the original on 2017-02-20. 1907: 920:, and Maudgalyāyana will become 728:"ambrosia" of the spiritual life 5826: 5745:The History of Buddhist Thought 5706:"Saints and martyrs (Buddhist)" 5405:, in Buswell, Robert E. (ed.), 5316:Dictionary of Pāli proper names 5273:The Journal of Religious Ethics 4818:from the original on 6 May 2017 3880:. In Salamone, Frank A. (ed.). 3416: 3374: 3341: 3289: 3016:from the original on 2015-10-17 2895: 2713:"Transformation as Imagination" 2704: 2669: 2624: 2575: 2529: 2500: 2475: 2414: 2182: 1886: 1876: 1863: 1846: 1833: 1171:Teaching through psychic powers 83:before the Buddha's parinibbana 7964:Japanese Buddhist architecture 7766:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 6846:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 6037:Places where the Buddha stayed 5494:Revire, Nicolas (March 2017). 5321:Motilal Banarsidass Publishers 4292:Motilal Banarsidass Publishers 4202:Buddhism: A Modern Perspective 3381:Karlsson, Klemens (May 2009). 3296:Ladwig, Patrice (June 2012a). 2719:(1st ed.). Philadelphia: 2633:"Why Navam Poya is important?" 2095: 2076: 2059: 1203:(heavenly beings), and asking 1065: 943:under the Buddha in Veṇuvana ( 784:under the Buddha in Veṇuvana ( 70:(today in the Indian State of 1: 8772:5th-century BC Buddhist monks 7979:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 5195:. Delhi: Kanak Publications. 5165:(second ed.), New York: 4857: 4838:"Thai princess visits Sanchi" 4466:after the Vinayapitaka]. 3352:dMyal gling rDzogs pa Chen po 2676:Epstein, Ron (October 2005). 1795:, in the same year as India. 1287: 7736:Buddhism and the Roman world 7712:Decline of Buddhism in India 7707:History of Buddhism in India 5807: Topics in 5256:; Weeraratne, W. G. (eds.), 4846:. Bhopal. 22 November 2016. 4199:Prebish, Charles S. (2010). 3511:Buddhist Publication Society 2988:, pp. 92, 103–104, 124. 1928: 1500:, and Korea, and led to the 7: 8752:5th-century BC Indian monks 6934:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 6674: 5723:. Vol. 11. Edinburgh: 5115:"The Insight Guide to Hell" 4028:Journal of Buddhist Studies 3674:published as a book in 2012 2782:, pp. 417–9, 477, 535. 2221:, pp. 430–2, 440, 448. 1821:The ten principal disciples 1814: 1465: 1423: 1285: 1050: 1038: 928:Śāriputra and Maudgalyāyana 800:being the name of Kolita's 599: 416: 390: 368: 318: 292: 266: 240: 214: 10: 8793: 7884:The unanswerable questions 5715:; Selbie, John Alexander; 5662:Princeton University Press 5528:, vol. 8, Edinburgh: 5520:; Selbie, John Alexander; 5294:Cambridge University Press 5288:; Ladwig, Patrice (eds.), 5167:Cambridge University Press 5097:Cambridge University Press 4987:Princeton University Press 3948:Cambridge University Press 3940:; Ladwig, Patrice (2012). 3884:(new ed.). New York: 2507:De Casparis, J.G. (1990). 1852:Some schools, such as the 1779:Victoria and Albert Museum 1694: 1468:§ Rescuing his mother 1238: 652: 601: 8701: 8487: 8412: 8364: 8279: 8194: 7969:Buddhist temples in Korea 7892: 7794: 7677: 7374: 7302: 7129: 7002: 6942: 6577: 6532:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 6443: 6435:Three planes of existence 6383: 6228: 6120: 6050: 6042:Buddha in world religions 5904: 5849: 5821: 5258:Encyclopaedia of Buddhism 4936:10.1007/s40647-015-0060-4 4678:The Far Eastern Quarterly 4317:, pp. 509, 514, 517. 3878:"China: Popular Religion" 3744:10.1017/S0010417500007751 3505:Hecker, Hellmuth (1979). 3402:10.1080/14639940902968939 3361:Revue d'Études Tibétaines 2396:, pp. 435, 438, 451. 2102:Thakur, Amarnath (1996). 1674: 1632: 1624: 1595: 1587: 1331: 1241:Mulian Rescues His Mother 1156: 1114: 1014: 1006: 750:teaching in these words: 741: 695: 677: 585: 579: 499: 486: 455: 438: 424: 405: 398: 383: 376: 369:Mo'u 'gal gy i bu chen po 361: 354: 347: 340: 326: 307: 300: 281: 274: 255: 248: 241:Mùlián/Móhēmùjiānqiánlián 229: 222: 203: 196: 182: 168: 159: 135: 125: 120: 112: 104: 94: 79: 59: 54: 42: 30: 23: 8632:Physical characteristics 7751:Persecution of Buddhists 6972:Four stages of awakening 6353:Three marks of existence 5939:Physical characteristics 5753:Routledge and Kegan Paul 5536:Schumann, H.W. (2004) , 5407:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 5398:Mrozik, Suzanne (2004), 5280:Ladwig, Patrice (2012), 5248:Karaluvinna, M. (2002), 5210:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 5034:Journal of Burma Studies 4972:Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; 4966:10.1163/156852707X211564 4404:Buswell & Lopez 2013 4284:Strong, John S. (1994). 4257:Buswell & Lopez 2013 4230:Buswell & Lopez 2013 4187:Buswell & Lopez 2013 3454:Buswell & Lopez 2013 3257:Buswell & Lopez 2013 3049:Buswell & Lopez 2013 2756:Buswell & Lopez 2013 2711:Mair, Victor H. (2014). 2582:Tsugunari, Kubo (2007). 2355:Buswell & Lopez 2013 2300:Buswell & Lopez 2013 2165:Buswell & Lopez 2013 1919:archeologist Louis Finot 1826: 1688:Sir Alexander Cunningham 1346: 1306:Making the Udāyana image 1018:) for Maudgalyāyana and 963:. According to the Pali 348:මහමුගලන් මහ රහතන් වහන්සේ 148:Thera or Rāhula Sthavira 8529:ten principal disciples 7114:Ten principal disciples 5997:(aunt, adoptive mother) 5695:10.3406/arasi.2008.1666 5645:10.3406/befeo.2003.3615 5392:10.3406/befeo.1954.5607 5262:Government of Sri Lanka 5113:Gifford, Julie (2003), 4916:10.3406/befeo.1991.1769 4480:10.3406/befeo.1962.1534 4343:10.3406/befeo.1906.2077 3431:Oxford University Press 2902:Brekke, Torkel (1997). 1915:South Kensington Museum 1141:caused by the disciple 836:in the process. In the 643: 7824:Buddhism and democracy 7337:Tibetan Buddhist canon 7332:Chinese Buddhist canon 6564:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 6559:Early Buddhist schools 5567:Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie 5539:Der Historische Buddha 5435:Neelis, Jason (2011). 5207:Irons, Edward (2007), 5156:Harvey, Peter (2013), 4714:, pp. 295–7, 301. 4430:Smith, Elder & Co. 3769:on September 30, 2017. 2746:, pp. 407, 416–7. 2682:Religion East and West 2638:The Island (Sri Lanka) 2542:Essays in Zen Buddhism 1843:addition to the story. 1757: 1713:the Buddha to build a 1690:, The Bhilsa topes 1684: 1669:early Buddhist schools 1445: 1366:tradition states that 1355: 1129: 956: 950: 870:Emperor Asoka's edicts 819: 791: 774: 713:Chinese Buddhist Canon 562:texts, as well as the 550:, during which people 431: 333: 189: 176:Maudgalyāyana Sthavira 175: 8762:Indian Buddhist monks 7834:Eight Consciousnesses 5944:Life of Buddha in art 5580:10.3406/asie.1989.950 5470:Powers, John (2015), 5430:on September 12, 2015 5046:10.1353/jbs.1999.0002 4779:Catholic News Service 4417:Cunningham, Alexander 4089:Strong, John (1983). 3390:Contemporary Buddhism 3259:, pp. 499, 1045. 2472:, pp. 89–90 n72. 2206:10.3406/rhr.1947.5599 1747: 1679: 1654:dependent origination 1431: 1354: 1124: 1092:Role in the community 935: 752: 696:Sañjaya Belatthiputta 552:dedicate their merits 464:or by his birth name 8507:Noble Eightfold Path 8311:East Asian religions 7741:Buddhism in the West 7312:Early Buddhist texts 6927:Four Right Exertions 6393:Ten spiritual realms 5886:Noble Eightfold Path 5586:Shaw, Sarah (2013), 5476:, Routledge Worlds, 5025:Daulton, J. (1999), 4974:Lopez, Donald S. Jr. 4494:Higham, Charles F.W. 4164:. 22 February 2016. 4022:Xing, Guang (2010). 3682:University of London 3429:. Oxford Handbooks. 2806:, pp. 433, 475. 2758:, pp. 287, 456. 2723:. p. 221 n.16. 2369:, pp. 412, 433. 2314:, pp. 429, 439. 1762:Alexander Cunningham 1750:Alexander Cunningham 1709:and other laypeople 1191:unhappy destinations 687:Sañjaya Vairatiputra 514:shortly after that. 440:Glossary of Buddhism 8777:People from Magadha 8566:Mahapajapati Gotami 8434:Religion portal 8181:Temple of the Tooth 8060:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 7099:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 6592:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 6375:Two truths doctrine 6195:Mahapajapati Gotamī 5995:Mahapajapati Gotamī 5548:Motilal Banarsidass 5400:"Mahāmaudgalyāyana" 5254:Malalasekera, G. P. 4000:, pp. 7, 20–1. 3876:Wu, Fatima (2004). 3666:Kong, C.F. (2006). 2422:Bhikkhu, Thanissaro 1917:. Already in 1917, 1729:, on the advice of 1667:school, one of the 1480:already encouraged 1312:Chinese translation 1235:Rescuing his mother 598:in many lifetimes ( 319:Mongryŏn/Mokkŏllyŏn 8757:Buddhist mythology 8546:Great Renunciation 8541:Eight Great Events 8356:Western philosophy 7954:Dzong architecture 7776:Vipassana movement 7771:Buddhist modernism 7199:Emperor Wen of Sui 6967:Pratyekabuddhayāna 6900:Threefold Training 6702:Vipassana movement 6418:Hungry Ghost realm 6238:Avidyā (Ignorance) 6185:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 5934:Great Renunciation 5929:Eight Great Events 5811: 5679:Teiser, Stephen F. 5652:Teiser, Stephen F. 5473:The Buddhist World 5413:, pp. 487–8, 5311:Malalasekera, G.P. 4726:, pp. 115–20. 4661:, pp. 108–13. 4646:, pp. 277–95. 4596:, pp. 273–78. 4232:, pp. 7, 252. 3223:, pp. 54, 98. 3075:, pp. 72, 77. 2998:Therī, Tathālokā. 2167:, pp. 1012–3. 1800:Maha Bodhi Society 1758: 1599:) of teachings as 1492:became popular in 1446: 1418:impermanent things 1356: 1300:Epic of King Gesar 1130: 1022:for Śāriputra. In 982:monastic community 957: 866:Thanissaro Bhikkhu 649:Meeting the Buddha 524:monastic community 8729: 8728: 8502:Four Noble Truths 8442: 8441: 8080:Om mani padme hum 7786:Women in Buddhism 7702:Buddhist councils 7572:Western countries 7360:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 7121:Shaolin Monastery 6698:Samatha-vipassanā 6308:Pratītyasamutpāda 6112:Metteyya/Maitreya 6030: 6022: 6014: 6006: 5998: 5990: 5982: 5859:Four Noble Truths 5740:Thomas, Edward J. 5725:T. & T. Clark 5702:Thomas, Edward J. 5626:on March 16, 2015 5616:978-0-470-65877-2 5530:T. & T. Clark 5510:Rhys Davids, T.W. 5487:978-1-317-42017-0 5455:978-90-04-18159-5 5303:978-1-107-00388-0 5250:"Mahā-Moggallāna" 5227:978-0-8160-5459-6 5176:978-0-521-85942-4 5106:978-0-521-89986-4 4996:978-0-691-15786-3 4985:, Princeton, NJ: 4382:, pp. 145–6. 4301:978-81-208-1154-6 4216:978-0-271-03803-2 4079:, pp. 6, 13. 3973:, p. 71 n.2. 3957:978-1-107-00388-0 3813:, pp. 262–3. 3719:Gombrich, Richard 3697:External link in 3480:, pp. 48–49. 3456:, pp. 932–3. 3440:978-0-19-972103-0 2730:978-0-8122-0892-4 2701:, pp. 510–1. 2598:978-1-886439-39-9 2556:978-0-8021-9877-8 2431:Access to Insight 2384:, pp. 451–3. 2131:, pp. 768–9. 1980:Malalasekera 1937 1768:Stūpa and at the 1617:Wheel of Becoming 1576:texts called the 1270:merit transferred 1045:Classical Tibetan 978:Buddha Aṇomadassī 770:T. W. Rhys Davids 721:meditative vision 462:Mahāmaudgalyāyana 460:), also known as 445: 444: 267:Mokuren/Mokkenren 215:ʃɪ̀ɴməhàmaʊʔɡəlàɴ 204:ရှင်မဟာမောဂ္ဂလာန် 155: 154: 8784: 8767:Buddhist martyrs 8719: 8718: 8709: 8708: 8605:pilgrimage sites 8600:Mahabodhi Temple 8469: 8462: 8455: 8446: 8445: 8432: 8431: 8420: 8419: 8259:Sacred languages 8107:Maya Devi Temple 8070:Mahabodhi Temple 7874:Secular Buddhism 7839:Engaged Buddhism 6679: 6527:Tibetan Buddhism 6478:Vietnamese Thiền 6077:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 6028: 6020: 6012: 6004: 5996: 5988: 5980: 5829: 5828: 5816: 5806: 5796: 5789: 5782: 5773: 5772: 5755: 5750: 5735: 5733: 5710: 5697: 5674: 5647: 5627: 5625: 5619:, archived from 5600: 5582: 5560: 5532: 5505: 5490: 5466: 5464: 5458:. Archived from 5446:Brill Publishers 5443: 5431: 5429: 5423:, archived from 5404: 5394: 5377: 5363: 5333: 5306: 5276: 5264: 5244: 5243: 5242: 5236: 5230:, archived from 5215: 5203: 5201: 5194: 5184:Huntington, J.C. 5179: 5164: 5152: 5151: 5150: 5144: 5138:, archived from 5119: 5109: 5080: 5070: 5069: 5068: 5062: 5056:, archived from 5031: 5021: 4999: 4984: 4968: 4946: 4918: 4891: 4852: 4851: 4834: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4733: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4567: 4561: 4555: 4549: 4543: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4427: 4413: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4358:, pp. 68–9. 4353: 4347: 4346: 4324: 4318: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4281: 4272: 4266: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4207:Penn State Press 4196: 4190: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4100:. Vol. 14. 4095: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3873: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3762:. Archived from 3727: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3695: 3693: 3685: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3601: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3522: 3513:. Archived from 3507:"Mahamoggallana" 3502: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3387: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3358: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3324: 3323: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3197: 3191: 3182: 3176: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3063:, pp. 74–5. 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3037:Karaluvinna 2002 3034: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3021: 3015: 3004: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2878:Karaluvinna 2002 2875: 2869: 2866:Rhys Davids 1908 2863: 2846: 2843:Karaluvinna 2002 2840: 2834: 2831:Karaluvinna 2002 2828: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2792:Karaluvinna 2002 2789: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2601:. Archived from 2590: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2524: 2513: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2479: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2433:(Legacy Edition) 2418: 2412: 2406: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2327: 2324:Rhys Davids 1908 2321: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2288: 2285:Rhys Davids 1908 2282: 2267: 2261: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2209: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2129:Rhys Davids 1908 2126: 2120: 2119: 2099: 2093: 2092: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2063: 2057: 2051: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2008: 2002: 1999:Karaluvinna 2002 1996: 1983: 1977: 1922: 1911: 1905: 1902:Mūlasarvāstivāda 1890: 1884: 1880: 1874: 1867: 1861: 1850: 1844: 1837: 1691: 1634: 1626: 1597: 1589: 1552:ancestor worship 1471: 1402:Richard Gombrich 1360:Buddha's passing 1333: 1290: 1278:ancestral shrine 1177:Aṅguttara Nikāya 1158: 1116: 1067: 1053: 1041: 1016: 1008: 986:Sakyamuni Buddha 953: 875:T.W. Rhys Davids 824:; last stage of 822: 794: 772: 743: 717:Tibetan accounts 709:Mūlasarvāstivāda 697: 679: 634:Edward J. Thomas 604: 581: 501: 488: 459: 434: 419: 417:Phra Mokkhanlana 408: 407: 393: 386: 385: 371: 364: 363: 362:མོའུ་འགལ་གྱི་བུ་ 350: 349: 336: 321: 310: 309: 295: 293:Preah Mokkealean 284: 283: 269: 258: 257: 243: 232: 231: 217: 206: 205: 192: 190:Moggallāna Thera 178: 157: 156: 144:many, including 66:Kolita village, 35: 21: 20: 8792: 8791: 8787: 8786: 8785: 8783: 8782: 8781: 8732: 8731: 8730: 8725: 8697: 8483: 8473: 8443: 8438: 8426: 8408: 8360: 8275: 8190: 7927:Ordination hall 7888: 7790: 7761:Buddhist crisis 7673: 7370: 7322:Mahayana sutras 7298: 7294:Thích Nhất Hạnh 7125: 6998: 6938: 6888:Bodhisattva vow 6573: 6439: 6379: 6338:Taṇhā (Craving) 6273:Five hindrances 6224: 6116: 6046: 5900: 5845: 5817: 5800: 5763: 5758: 5748: 5731: 5713:Hastings, James 5708: 5683:Arts Asiatiques 5672: 5623: 5617: 5607:Wiley-Blackwell 5598: 5558: 5518:Hastings, James 5488: 5462: 5456: 5441: 5427: 5421: 5402: 5375: 5353:10.2307/3269557 5331: 5304: 5260:, vol. 6, 5240: 5238: 5234: 5228: 5213: 5199: 5192: 5177: 5162: 5148: 5146: 5142: 5136: 5117: 5107: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5029: 4997: 4982: 4860: 4855: 4843:Hindustan Times 4836: 4835: 4831: 4821: 4819: 4811:Hindustan Times 4802: 4798: 4788: 4786: 4775:Catholic Philly 4767: 4763: 4753: 4751: 4734: 4730: 4722: 4718: 4710: 4706: 4691:10.2307/2942082 4669: 4665: 4657: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4616: 4612: 4604: 4600: 4592: 4588: 4580: 4576: 4568: 4564: 4556: 4552: 4544: 4537: 4529: 4525: 4518: 4491: 4487: 4453: 4449: 4441: 4437: 4425: 4414: 4410: 4402: 4398: 4390: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4366: 4362: 4354: 4350: 4325: 4321: 4313: 4309: 4302: 4294:. p. 143. 4282: 4275: 4267: 4263: 4255: 4251: 4243: 4236: 4228: 4224: 4217: 4209:. p. 284. 4197: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4171: 4169: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4120: 4116: 4108: 4093: 4087: 4083: 4075: 4071: 4063: 4059: 4051: 4047: 4020: 4016: 4008: 4004: 3996: 3992: 3984: 3977: 3969: 3965: 3958: 3935: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3900: 3874: 3865: 3857: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3833: 3829: 3821: 3817: 3809: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3766: 3725: 3716: 3712: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3687: 3686: 3664: 3660: 3652: 3648: 3627: 3623: 3616: 3602: 3595: 3587: 3583: 3575: 3568: 3560: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3536: 3529: 3520: 3518: 3503: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3478:Huntington 1985 3476: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3433:. p. 371. 3421: 3417: 3385: 3379: 3375: 3367: 3356: 3346: 3342: 3334: 3327: 3310:(S1): S92–S93. 3294: 3290: 3282: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3243: 3239: 3231: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3207: 3200: 3192: 3185: 3177: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3122: 3118: 3110: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3028: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3002: 2996: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2960: 2947: 2939: 2935: 2927: 2923: 2900: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2876: 2872: 2864: 2849: 2841: 2837: 2829: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2802: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2778: 2774: 2766: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2742: 2738: 2731: 2709: 2705: 2697: 2693: 2674: 2670: 2662: 2658: 2648: 2646: 2629: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2608:on 21 May 2015. 2605: 2599: 2588: 2585:The Lotus Sutra 2580: 2576: 2568: 2564: 2557: 2534: 2530: 2522: 2511: 2505: 2501: 2482:Wilson (1856). 2480: 2476: 2468: 2464: 2456: 2452: 2442: 2440: 2419: 2415: 2407: 2400: 2392: 2388: 2380: 2373: 2365: 2361: 2353: 2330: 2322: 2318: 2310: 2306: 2298: 2291: 2283: 2270: 2262: 2249: 2241: 2237: 2229: 2225: 2217: 2213: 2187: 2183: 2175: 2171: 2163: 2159: 2151: 2147: 2139: 2135: 2127: 2123: 2116: 2100: 2096: 2081: 2077: 2064: 2060: 2052: 2041: 2033: 2029: 2021: 2017: 2009: 2005: 1997: 1986: 1978: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1925: 1912: 1908: 1891: 1887: 1881: 1877: 1871:Sariputta Sutta 1868: 1864: 1851: 1847: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1817: 1793:Kaba Aye Pagoda 1699: 1693: 1686: 1677: 1458:Ullambana Sutra 1426: 1349: 1334:) to teach his 1308: 1288:§ Heritage 1248:Ullambana Sutra 1243: 1237: 1173: 1106:Samyutta Nikaya 1094: 1056:Buddhist canons 941:ordain as monks 930: 924:in the future. 864:and translator 782:ordain as monks 773: 767: 657: 651: 646: 588: 508:ordain as monks 409: 387: 365: 311: 285: 259: 233: 207: 161: 160:Translations of 151: 141: 140: 90: 86:Kālasilā Cave, 84: 75: 64: 38: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8790: 8780: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8727: 8726: 8724: 8723: 8713: 8702: 8699: 8698: 8696: 8695: 8694: 8693: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8672: 8671: 8661: 8660: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8608: 8607: 8602: 8580: 8579: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8532: 8531: 8521: 8520: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8497:Core teachings 8494: 8488: 8485: 8484: 8480:Gautama Buddha 8472: 8471: 8464: 8457: 8449: 8440: 8439: 8437: 8436: 8424: 8413: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8370: 8368: 8362: 8361: 8359: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8307: 8306: 8301: 8291: 8285: 8283: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8273: 8272: 8271: 8266: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8200: 8198: 8192: 8191: 8189: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8177: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8125: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8083: 8082: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8056: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7994: 7993: 7991:Greco-Buddhist 7983: 7982: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7945: 7944: 7942:Burmese pagoda 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7898: 7896: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7800: 7798: 7792: 7791: 7789: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7732: 7731: 7724:Greco-Buddhism 7721: 7716: 7715: 7714: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7683: 7681: 7675: 7674: 7672: 7671: 7670: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7657:United Kingdom 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7602:Czech Republic 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7569: 7568: 7567: 7562: 7552: 7551: 7550: 7540: 7539: 7538: 7533: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7492: 7491: 7481: 7476: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7380: 7378: 7372: 7371: 7369: 7368: 7366:Abhidharmadīpa 7363: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7308: 7306: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7284:B. R. Ambedkar 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7204:Songtsen Gampo 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7135: 7133: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7123: 7118: 7117: 7116: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7080: 7079: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7008: 7006: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6996: 6995: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6948: 6946: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6936: 6931: 6930: 6929: 6919: 6918: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6897: 6896: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6883:Eight precepts 6880: 6870: 6869: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6843: 6842: 6841: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6820: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6778: 6777: 6772: 6762: 6757: 6756: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6671: 6661: 6656: 6654:Five Strengths 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6620: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6594: 6589: 6583: 6581: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6545: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6481: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6449: 6447: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6437: 6432: 6431: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6395: 6389: 6387: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6377: 6372: 6371: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6293:Mental factors 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6234: 6232: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6145:Mahamoggallāna 6142: 6137: 6132: 6126: 6124: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6060:Avalokiteśvara 6056: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6033: 6032: 6024: 6016: 6008: 6000: 5992: 5984: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5910: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5882: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5861: 5855: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5799: 5798: 5791: 5784: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5762: 5761:External links 5759: 5757: 5756: 5736: 5717:Gray, Louis H. 5698: 5675: 5670: 5648: 5639:(1): 273–287, 5628: 5615: 5583: 5561: 5556: 5533: 5522:Gray, Louis H. 5506: 5491: 5486: 5467: 5465:on 2017-02-20. 5454: 5432: 5419: 5395: 5386:(2): 405–554, 5364: 5334: 5329: 5307: 5302: 5286:Williams, Paul 5277: 5265: 5245: 5226: 5204: 5180: 5175: 5153: 5134: 5110: 5105: 5085:Gethin, Rupert 5081: 5071: 5040:(1): 101–128, 5022: 5000: 4995: 4969: 4960:(3): 270–303, 4947: 4919: 4892: 4881:10.2307/595226 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4853: 4829: 4796: 4761: 4728: 4716: 4704: 4663: 4648: 4636: 4610: 4598: 4586: 4584:, p. 108. 4574: 4572:, p. 107. 4562: 4560:, p. 274. 4550: 4548:, p. 416. 4535: 4533:, p. 104. 4523: 4516: 4485: 4447: 4445:, p. 275. 4435: 4408: 4406:, p. 245. 4396: 4394:, p. 158. 4384: 4372: 4370:, p. 141. 4360: 4348: 4319: 4307: 4300: 4273: 4261: 4259:, p. 535. 4249: 4247:, p. 520. 4234: 4222: 4215: 4191: 4179: 4147: 4114: 4081: 4069: 4057: 4055:, p. 268. 4045: 4014: 4002: 3990: 3988:, p. 290. 3975: 3963: 3956: 3938:Williams, Paul 3929: 3917: 3915:, p. 262. 3905: 3898: 3863: 3851: 3849:, p. 263. 3839: 3837:, p. 335. 3827: 3825:, p. 488. 3815: 3796: 3794:, p. 475. 3784: 3772: 3738:(2): 215 n.7. 3710: 3658: 3656:, p. 341. 3646: 3621: 3614: 3593: 3591:, p. 476. 3581: 3577:McDermott 1976 3566: 3564:, p. 342. 3554: 3550:McDermott 1976 3542: 3540:, p. 244. 3527: 3494: 3482: 3470: 3458: 3446: 3439: 3415: 3373: 3340: 3325: 3288: 3286:, p. 295. 3273: 3261: 3249: 3247:, p. 127. 3237: 3235:, p. 289. 3225: 3213: 3198: 3183: 3164: 3162:, p. 137. 3152: 3140: 3128: 3126:, p. 128. 3116: 3101: 3099:, p. 226. 3089: 3087:, p. 222. 3077: 3065: 3053: 3051:, p. 498. 3041: 3039:, p. 449. 3026: 2990: 2978: 2976:, p. 111. 2966: 2964:, p. 487. 2945: 2933: 2931:, p. 233. 2921: 2894: 2892:, p. 232. 2882: 2880:, p. 250. 2870: 2868:, p. 769. 2847: 2845:, p. 451. 2835: 2833:, p. 450. 2820: 2818:, p. 478. 2808: 2796: 2794:, p. 448. 2784: 2772: 2770:, p. 452. 2760: 2748: 2736: 2729: 2703: 2691: 2668: 2656: 2623: 2621:, p. 455. 2611: 2597: 2574: 2572:, p. 449. 2562: 2555: 2547:Grove Atlantic 2528: 2516:Ancient Ceylon 2499: 2474: 2462: 2460:, p. 413. 2450: 2413: 2411:, p. 180. 2398: 2386: 2371: 2359: 2357:, p. 499. 2328: 2316: 2304: 2289: 2287:, p. 768. 2268: 2266:, p. 273. 2247: 2245:, p. 432. 2235: 2233:, p. 426. 2223: 2211: 2181: 2179:, p. 434. 2169: 2157: 2145: 2133: 2121: 2114: 2094: 2075: 2058: 2039: 2027: 2025:, p. 119. 2015: 2013:, p. 433. 2003: 2001:, p. 452. 1984: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1906: 1885: 1875: 1862: 1860:of the Dharma. 1845: 1831: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1823: 1816: 1813: 1695:Main article: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1462:Mahāyāna sūtra 1438:transfer merit 1425: 1422: 1348: 1345: 1318:, in the Thai 1316:Ekottara Agāma 1307: 1304: 1282:ghost festival 1256:(for example, 1239:Main article: 1236: 1233: 1172: 1169: 1093: 1090: 998:psychic powers 929: 926: 850:Ye Dharma Hetu 768:Translated by 765: 705:Indian Sceptic 661:Buddhist texts 655:Ye Dharma Hetu 650: 647: 645: 642: 639: 626:Ernst Windisch 608: 587: 584: 558:and sometimes 548:ghost festival 443: 442: 436: 435: 428: 422: 421: 402: 396: 395: 380: 374: 373: 358: 352: 351: 344: 338: 337: 330: 324: 323: 304: 298: 297: 278: 272: 271: 252: 246: 245: 226: 220: 219: 200: 194: 193: 186: 180: 179: 172: 166: 165: 153: 152: 150: 149: 138: 137: 136: 133: 132: 130:Gautama Buddha 127: 123: 122: 121:Senior posting 118: 117: 114: 110: 109: 106: 102: 101: 96: 92: 91: 85: 81: 77: 76: 65: 61: 57: 56: 52: 51: 48:Gautama Buddha 44: 40: 39: 36: 28: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8789: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8739: 8737: 8722: 8714: 8712: 8704: 8703: 8700: 8692: 8689: 8688: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8670: 8667: 8666: 8665: 8664:Buddha in art 8662: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8644: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8586: 8585: 8584: 8581: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8553: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8530: 8527: 8526: 8525: 8522: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8499: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8489: 8486: 8481: 8477: 8470: 8465: 8463: 8458: 8456: 8451: 8450: 8447: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8423: 8415: 8414: 8411: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8371: 8369: 8367: 8363: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8296: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8286: 8284: 8282: 8278: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8261: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8201: 8199: 8197: 8196:Miscellaneous 8193: 8187: 8186:Vegetarianism 8184: 8182: 8179: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8151: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8099: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8081: 8078: 8077: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8030: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8008:Buddha in art 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7992: 7989: 7988: 7987: 7984: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7943: 7940: 7939: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7903: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7891: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7801: 7799: 7797: 7793: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7730: 7727: 7726: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7713: 7710: 7709: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7682: 7680: 7676: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7662:United States 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7573: 7570: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7557: 7556: 7553: 7549: 7546: 7545: 7544: 7541: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7528: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7489: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7471: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7377: 7373: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7361: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7344: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7301: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7219:Padmasambhava 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7134: 7132: 7131:Major figures 7128: 7122: 7119: 7115: 7112: 7111: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7078: 7077:Western tulku 7075: 7074: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7005: 7001: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6974: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6941: 6935: 6932: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6923: 6920: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6901: 6898: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6878:Five precepts 6876: 6875: 6874: 6871: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6856:Dhamma vicaya 6854: 6852: 6849: 6848: 6847: 6844: 6840: 6837: 6836: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6703: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6624:Buddhābhiṣeka 6622: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6576: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6523: 6520: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6442: 6436: 6433: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6382: 6376: 6373: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6268:Enlightenment 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6258:Dhamma theory 6256: 6254: 6253:Buddha-nature 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6227: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6119: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6092:Samantabhadra 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6061: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6049: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6031: 6025: 6023: 6017: 6015: 6009: 6007: 6001: 5999: 5993: 5991: 5985: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5903: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5848: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5824: 5823: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5797: 5792: 5790: 5785: 5783: 5778: 5777: 5774: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5754: 5747: 5746: 5741: 5737: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5673: 5671:0-691-02677-7 5667: 5663: 5659: 5658: 5653: 5649: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5629: 5622: 5618: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5597: 5595: 5591: 5584: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5568: 5562: 5559: 5557:81-208-1817-2 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5540: 5534: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5498: 5492: 5489: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5474: 5468: 5461: 5457: 5451: 5447: 5440: 5439: 5433: 5426: 5422: 5420:0-02-865720-9 5416: 5412: 5408: 5401: 5396: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5382:(in French), 5381: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5341: 5335: 5332: 5330:81-208-3022-9 5326: 5322: 5318: 5317: 5312: 5308: 5305: 5299: 5295: 5292:, Cambridge: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5246: 5237:on 2017-05-17 5233: 5229: 5223: 5219: 5218:Facts on File 5212: 5211: 5205: 5198: 5191: 5190: 5185: 5181: 5178: 5172: 5168: 5161: 5160: 5154: 5145:on 2020-04-14 5141: 5137: 5135:0-7914-5691-9 5131: 5127: 5123: 5116: 5111: 5108: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5072: 5063:on 2019-12-29 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5028: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5014: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4998: 4992: 4988: 4981: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4954: 4948: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4930:(1): 95–120, 4929: 4925: 4920: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4906:(in French), 4905: 4901: 4900:Vinayapitakas 4897: 4896:Bareau, André 4893: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4849: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4833: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4807: 4800: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4765: 4749: 4745: 4744: 4739: 4732: 4725: 4720: 4713: 4708: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4679: 4674: 4667: 4660: 4655: 4653: 4645: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4608:, p. 78. 4607: 4602: 4595: 4590: 4583: 4578: 4571: 4566: 4559: 4554: 4547: 4542: 4540: 4532: 4527: 4519: 4517:0-8160-4640-9 4513: 4509: 4505: 4504:Facts On File 4501: 4500: 4495: 4489: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4470:(in French). 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4456:Bareau, André 4451: 4444: 4439: 4431: 4424: 4423: 4418: 4412: 4405: 4400: 4393: 4388: 4381: 4376: 4369: 4364: 4357: 4352: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4333:(in French). 4332: 4331: 4323: 4316: 4311: 4303: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4288: 4280: 4278: 4271:, p. 78. 4270: 4265: 4258: 4253: 4246: 4241: 4239: 4231: 4226: 4218: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4203: 4195: 4188: 4183: 4167: 4163: 4162: 4157: 4151: 4135: 4131: 4130: 4125: 4118: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4085: 4078: 4073: 4066: 4061: 4054: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4018: 4012:, p. 72. 4011: 4010:Ashikaga 1951 4006: 3999: 3994: 3987: 3982: 3980: 3972: 3971:Ashikaga 1951 3967: 3959: 3953: 3950:. p. 8. 3949: 3946:. Cambridge: 3945: 3944: 3939: 3933: 3927:, p. 54. 3926: 3921: 3914: 3909: 3901: 3899:0-415-94180-6 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3861:, p. 13. 3860: 3855: 3848: 3843: 3836: 3831: 3824: 3819: 3812: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3793: 3788: 3782:, p. 82. 3781: 3776: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3732: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3706: 3691: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3672:(PhD thesis, 3671: 3670: 3662: 3655: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3625: 3617: 3615:981-00-6253-2 3611: 3607: 3600: 3598: 3590: 3585: 3579:, p. 78. 3578: 3573: 3571: 3563: 3558: 3552:, p. 77. 3551: 3546: 3539: 3538:Schumann 2004 3534: 3532: 3517:on 2006-02-18 3516: 3512: 3508: 3501: 3499: 3491: 3486: 3479: 3474: 3467: 3462: 3455: 3450: 3442: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3427: 3419: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3384: 3377: 3366: 3362: 3355: 3353: 3344: 3338:, p. 76. 3337: 3332: 3330: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3304: 3299: 3292: 3285: 3280: 3278: 3270: 3265: 3258: 3253: 3246: 3241: 3234: 3229: 3222: 3217: 3210: 3205: 3203: 3195: 3194:Berezkin 2015 3190: 3188: 3180: 3179:Berezkin 2015 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3161: 3156: 3149: 3148:Berezkin 2015 3144: 3137: 3136:Berezkin 2015 3132: 3125: 3120: 3114:, p. 74. 3113: 3108: 3106: 3098: 3093: 3086: 3081: 3074: 3069: 3062: 3057: 3050: 3045: 3038: 3033: 3031: 3012: 3008: 3001: 2994: 2987: 2982: 2975: 2970: 2963: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2943:, p. 93. 2942: 2937: 2930: 2929:Schumann 2004 2925: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2898: 2891: 2890:Schumann 2004 2886: 2879: 2874: 2867: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2844: 2839: 2832: 2827: 2825: 2817: 2812: 2805: 2800: 2793: 2788: 2781: 2776: 2769: 2764: 2757: 2752: 2745: 2740: 2732: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2707: 2700: 2695: 2687: 2684:(5). note 2. 2683: 2679: 2672: 2665: 2660: 2644: 2640: 2639: 2634: 2627: 2620: 2615: 2604: 2600: 2594: 2587: 2586: 2578: 2571: 2566: 2558: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2543: 2538: 2537:Suzuki, D. T. 2532: 2521: 2517: 2510: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2490: 2485: 2478: 2471: 2466: 2459: 2454: 2438: 2434: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2417: 2410: 2405: 2403: 2395: 2390: 2383: 2378: 2376: 2368: 2363: 2356: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2325: 2320: 2313: 2308: 2302:, p. 77. 2301: 2296: 2294: 2286: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2265: 2264:Skilling 2003 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2244: 2239: 2232: 2227: 2220: 2215: 2207: 2203: 2200:(1–3): 65–6. 2199: 2196:(in French). 2195: 2191: 2185: 2178: 2173: 2166: 2161: 2155:, p. 14. 2154: 2149: 2142: 2137: 2130: 2125: 2117: 2115:9788170173175 2111: 2107: 2106: 2098: 2090: 2086: 2079: 2071: 2070: 2062: 2056:, p. 94. 2055: 2054:Schumann 2004 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2037:, p. 50. 2036: 2031: 2024: 2019: 2012: 2007: 2000: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1981: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1933: 1920: 1916: 1910: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1894:Dharmaguptaka 1889: 1879: 1872: 1866: 1859: 1855: 1849: 1842: 1836: 1832: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1812: 1810: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1707:Anāthapiṇḍika 1704: 1698: 1692: 1689: 1683: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1665:Dharmaguptaka 1661: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1650:three poisons 1647: 1642: 1638: 1630: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1585: 1579: 1578:Dharmaskandha 1575: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1560: 1555: 1553: 1548: 1547:Neo-Confucian 1544: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1532:rains retreat 1529: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1510: 1505: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1469: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1451:monastic name 1443: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1421: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1392: 1390: 1384: 1380: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1353: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1289: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1254: 1249: 1242: 1232: 1230: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1215: 1209: 1206: 1202: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1187: 1182: 1178: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1128: 1123: 1119: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1066:sida shengwen 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1046: 1040: 1035: 1034: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1004: 999: 993: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 970: 966: 962: 954: 952: 947: 942: 938: 934: 925: 923: 919: 918:Mahakatyayana 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 894: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 871: 867: 863: 859: 858: 852: 851: 845: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 826:enlightenment 823: 821: 815: 814: 809: 808: 803: 799: 798:Maudgalyāyana 795: 793: 788: 783: 779: 771: 764: 761: 758: 755: 751: 748: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 693: 688: 684: 680: 675: 670: 666: 662: 659:According to 656: 641: 637: 635: 631: 627: 623: 622:Maudgalyāyana 618: 616: 612: 606: 603: 597: 593: 583: 577: 573: 569: 565: 564:Dharmaguptaka 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 536: 534: 529: 525: 520: 515: 513: 512:enlightenment 509: 505: 497: 493: 489: 484: 479: 475: 471: 468:, was one of 467: 463: 458: 453: 449: 448:Maudgalyāyana 441: 437: 433: 432:Mục-kiền-liên 429: 427: 423: 418: 413: 406:พระโมคคัลลานะ 403: 401: 397: 392: 381: 379: 375: 370: 359: 357: 353: 345: 343: 339: 335: 331: 329: 325: 320: 315: 305: 303: 299: 294: 289: 279: 277: 273: 268: 263: 253: 251: 247: 242: 237: 227: 225: 221: 216: 211: 201: 199: 195: 191: 187: 185: 181: 177: 173: 171: 167: 164: 163:Maudgalyayana 158: 147: 143: 142: 134: 131: 128: 124: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 100: 97: 93: 89: 82: 78: 73: 69: 62: 58: 53: 49: 45: 41: 34: 29: 25:Maudgalyayana 22: 19: 8374:Bodhisattvas 8294:Christianity 8289:Baháʼí Faith 8154:Dharmachakra 8144:Prayer wheel 8134:Prayer beads 7902:Architecture 7781:969 Movement 7565:Saudi Arabia 7543:Central Asia 7536:South Africa 7358: 7341: 7274:Panchen Lama 7179:Buddhapālita 6775:Satipatthana 6770:Mindful Yoga 6683:Recollection 6597:Brahmavihara 6468:Japanese Zen 6463:Chinese Chan 6423:Animal realm 6230:Key concepts 6144: 6052:Bodhisattvas 5864:Three Jewels 5744: 5720: 5686: 5682: 5656: 5636: 5632: 5621:the original 5602: 5593: 5589: 5571: 5565: 5543: 5538: 5525: 5514:"Moggallāna" 5496: 5472: 5460:the original 5437: 5425:the original 5411:Thomson Gale 5406: 5383: 5379: 5368:Migot, André 5347:(1): 67–80, 5344: 5338: 5315: 5289: 5272: 5257: 5239:, retrieved 5232:the original 5216:, New York: 5209: 5188: 5158: 5147:, retrieved 5140:the original 5121: 5092: 5076: 5065:, retrieved 5058:the original 5037: 5033: 5017: 5011: 4978: 4957: 4951: 4927: 4923: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4875:(1): 71–75, 4872: 4866: 4841: 4832: 4820:. Retrieved 4809: 4799: 4787:. Retrieved 4774: 4764: 4752:. Retrieved 4741: 4731: 4724:Daulton 1999 4719: 4707: 4682: 4676: 4672: 4666: 4659:Daulton 1999 4639: 4630: 4626: 4619:Finot, Louis 4613: 4601: 4589: 4582:Daulton 1999 4577: 4570:Daulton 1999 4565: 4553: 4531:Daulton 1999 4526: 4502:. New York: 4498: 4488: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4450: 4438: 4432:p. 191. 4421: 4411: 4399: 4387: 4375: 4363: 4351: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4310: 4286: 4269:Gifford 2003 4264: 4252: 4225: 4201: 4194: 4182: 4170:. Retrieved 4161:Daily Mirror 4159: 4150: 4138:. Retrieved 4127: 4117: 4097: 4084: 4072: 4067:, p. 5. 4060: 4048: 4027: 4017: 4005: 3993: 3966: 3942: 3932: 3920: 3908: 3881: 3854: 3842: 3830: 3818: 3787: 3780:Gifford 2003 3775: 3764:the original 3735: 3729: 3713: 3668: 3661: 3649: 3631: 3624: 3605: 3584: 3557: 3545: 3519:. Retrieved 3515:the original 3492:, p. 8. 3485: 3473: 3468:, p. 4. 3461: 3449: 3425: 3418: 3396:(1): 75–83. 3393: 3389: 3376: 3360: 3351: 3343: 3336:Gifford 2003 3307: 3301: 3291: 3271:, p. 7. 3264: 3252: 3240: 3228: 3216: 3211:, p. 6. 3155: 3143: 3131: 3119: 3112:Gifford 2003 3092: 3080: 3073:Gifford 2003 3068: 3061:Gifford 2003 3056: 3044: 3018:. Retrieved 3007:bhikkhuni.et 3006: 2993: 2981: 2969: 2936: 2924: 2911: 2907: 2897: 2885: 2873: 2838: 2811: 2799: 2787: 2775: 2763: 2751: 2739: 2716: 2706: 2694: 2681: 2671: 2659: 2647:. Retrieved 2636: 2626: 2614: 2603:the original 2584: 2577: 2565: 2541: 2531: 2515: 2502: 2493: 2487: 2477: 2465: 2453: 2441:. Retrieved 2429: 2416: 2389: 2362: 2319: 2307: 2238: 2226: 2214: 2197: 2193: 2184: 2172: 2160: 2148: 2143:, p. 9. 2136: 2124: 2104: 2097: 2088: 2084: 2078: 2068: 2061: 2030: 2018: 2006: 1909: 1898:Sarvāstivāda 1888: 1878: 1870: 1865: 1848: 1835: 1804:Pope Francis 1797: 1775: 1769: 1759: 1734: 1725:and made an 1722: 1721:visited the 1714: 1710: 1702: 1700: 1685: 1680: 1662: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1582: 1570:Sarvāstivāda 1566:Vimānavatthu 1563: 1556: 1540: 1531: 1525: 1521: 1513: 1507: 1506:(China) and 1501: 1489: 1485: 1482:filial piety 1477: 1473: 1460:is the main 1457: 1455: 1447: 1415: 1411: 1405:necessarily 1397:heinous acts 1393: 1385: 1381: 1357: 1340:King Udāyana 1320:Jinakālamālī 1309: 1293: 1274:hungry ghost 1257: 1251: 1244: 1227: 1220: 1213: 1210: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189:(spirits in 1184: 1174: 1161:André Bareau 1146: 1131: 1109: 1101: 1095: 1082: 1079: 1070: 1069:) and eight 1064: 1043: 1031: 1024:Buddhist art 1001: 994: 989: 958: 944: 897: 895: 885:response to 883:iconoclastic 855: 848: 846: 840:to the Pali 817: 811: 805: 797: 785: 775: 762: 759: 756: 753: 736: 725: 690: 672: 658: 621: 619: 611:Mahāsāṃghika 602:§ Death 589: 540:filial piety 537: 519:Buddhist art 516: 481: 465: 461: 456: 447: 446: 282:ព្រះមោគ្គលាន 162: 63:year unknown 18: 8676:Iconography 8669:life in art 8536:Four sights 8219:Dharma talk 8048:Asalha Puja 7844:Eschatology 7647:Switzerland 7627:New Zealand 7555:Middle East 7464:Philippines 7384:Afghanistan 7189:Bodhidharma 7174:Buddhaghosa 7094:Householder 7004:Monasticism 6957:Bodhisattva 6812:Prostration 6765:Mindfulness 6693:Anapanasati 6676:Kammaṭṭhāna 6473:Korean Seon 6413:Asura realm 6408:Human realm 6348:Ten Fetters 6303:Parinirvana 6205:Uppalavanna 6170:Mahākaccana 6155:Mahākassapa 6087:Kṣitigarbha 6082:Ākāśagarbha 5979:Suddhodāna 5924:Four sights 5851:Foundations 5689:: 139–153, 5574:: 223–347, 5004:Carus, Paul 4712:Brekke 2007 4644:Brekke 2007 4606:Brekke 2007 4594:Brekke 2007 4558:Brekke 2007 4443:Brekke 2007 4380:Teiser 2008 4368:Teiser 2008 4356:Thomas 1953 4053:Seidel 1989 3998:Teiser 1996 3986:Powers 2015 3913:Harvey 2013 3847:Harvey 2013 3823:Mrozik 2004 3811:Harvey 2013 3700:|type= 3690:cite thesis 3490:Revire 2017 3466:Revire 2017 3363:(37): 236. 3284:Seidel 1989 3269:Teiser 1996 3245:Ladwig 2012 3233:Powers 2015 3209:Teiser 1996 3160:Ladwig 2012 3124:Ladwig 2012 3097:Gethin 2011 3085:Gethin 2011 2986:Bareau 1991 2974:Bareau 1991 2962:Mrozik 2004 2941:Bareau 1991 2470:Neelis 2011 2443:19 February 2190:Lamotte, E. 2153:Harvey 2013 2035:Thomas 1908 2023:Teiser 1996 1641:Divyāvadāna 1434:make merits 1262:make merits 1181:Utpalavarṇā 967:text, each 965:Buddhavaṃsa 910:Mahākasyapa 906:Lotus Sutra 873:Indologist 711:Canon, the 630:Mahabharata 580:Uppalavaṇṇā 572:Utpalavarṇā 500:Mahākassapa 492:Mahākāśyapa 334:Molun Toyin 8736:Categories 8596:Bodhi Tree 8561:Śuddhodana 8512:Middle Way 8476:The Buddha 8336:Psychology 8316:Gnosticism 8304:Comparison 8299:Influences 8281:Comparison 8164:Bhavacakra 8122:Kushinagar 8097:Pilgrimage 8043:Māgha Pūjā 7998:Bodhi Tree 7814:Buddhology 7804:Abhidharma 7796:Philosophy 7729:Menander I 7597:Costa Rica 7548:Uzbekistan 7389:Bangladesh 7343:Dhammapada 7327:Pali Canon 7289:Ajahn Chah 7269:Dalai Lama 7169:Kumārajīva 7164:Vasubandhu 7139:The Buddha 7047:Zen master 6982:Sakadagami 6962:Buddhahood 6893:Pratimokṣa 6708:Shikantaza 6664:Meditation 6639:Deity yoga 6510:Madhyamaka 6403:Deva realm 6298:Mindstream 6248:Bodhicitta 6160:Aṅgulimāla 6027:Devadatta 6003:Yaśodharā 5906:The Buddha 5896:Middle Way 5241:2017-03-02 5149:2017-05-05 5124:, Albany: 5067:2019-09-24 5013:Open Court 4910:: 87–132, 4858:References 4814:. Bhopal. 4743:News First 4546:Migot 1954 4506:. p. 4474:(2): 264. 4428:. London: 4392:Irons 2007 4315:Migot 1954 4245:Migot 1954 4129:News First 4030:(8): 131. 3925:Irons 2007 3888:. p. 3835:Irons 2007 3792:Migot 1954 3654:Keown 1996 3589:Migot 1954 3562:Keown 1996 3521:2006-07-16 3221:Irons 2007 3020:2019-09-26 2816:Migot 1954 2804:Migot 1954 2780:Migot 1954 2744:Migot 1954 2699:Migot 1954 2664:Migot 1954 2570:Migot 1954 2458:Migot 1954 2409:Carus 1905 2394:Migot 1954 2382:Migot 1954 2367:Migot 1954 2312:Migot 1954 2243:Migot 1954 2231:Migot 1954 2219:Migot 1954 2177:Migot 1954 2085:Purātattva 2011:Migot 1954 1854:Mahīśāsaka 1809:Sirindhorn 1788:legitimate 1633:bhavacakka 1625:bhavacakra 1610:meditation 1606:Abhidharma 1574:Abhidharma 1559:Māgha Pūjā 1296:Phra Malai 1157:Ajātasattu 1153:Ajātasattu 1098:Theragatha 1051:mchog zung 1028:literature 879:Paul Carus 842:Dhammapada 838:Commentary 699:). In the 653:See also: 592:Pali Canon 560:Abhidharma 556:meditation 470:the Buddha 457:Moggallāna 426:Vietnamese 391:Mukilannar 384:முகிலண்ணர் 8721:Wikiquote 8657:footprint 8592:Bodh Gaya 8571:Yaśodharā 8524:Disciples 8404:Festivals 8384:Buddhists 8346:Theosophy 8149:Symbolism 8139:Hama yumi 8112:Bodh Gaya 7879:Socialism 7854:Evolution 7829:Economics 7667:Venezuela 7582:Australia 7577:Argentina 7501:Sri Lanka 7496:Singapore 7414:Indonesia 7376:Countries 7317:Tripiṭaka 7279:Ajahn Mun 7154:Nagarjuna 7149:Aśvaghoṣa 7032:Anagārika 7027:Śrāmaṇerī 7022:Śrāmaṇera 7017:Bhikkhunī 6977:Sotāpanna 6866:Passaddhi 6807:Offerings 6782:Nekkhamma 6659:Iddhipada 6579:Practices 6549:Theravada 6522:Vajrayana 6515:Yogachara 6485:Pure Land 6398:Six Paths 6385:Cosmology 6165:Anuruddha 6140:Sāriputta 6130:Kaundinya 6122:Disciples 6097:Vajrapāṇi 5949:Footprint 5914:Tathāgata 5478:Routledge 5269:Keown, D. 5054:161183926 4944:146215342 4036:1391-8443 3886:Routledge 3760:145404006 3752:1475-2999 3410:143896245 3196:, sec. 6. 3181:, sec. 2. 3150:, sec. 7. 3138:, sec. 3. 2914:(2): 28. 2768:Shaw 2013 2619:Shaw 2013 2518:(14): 2. 1929:Citations 1883:sorcerer. 1858:emptiness 1841:Confucian 1754:Śāriputra 1711:requested 1543:Confucian 1518:Pravāraṇa 1503:Yulan Hui 1332:Tāvatiṃsa 1165:Xuan Zang 1143:Devadatta 1115:sotāpanna 1100:and many 961:disciples 937:Śāriputra 887:Brahmanic 862:Oldenberg 701:Theravāda 528:Devadatta 504:Śāriputra 487:Sāriputta 478:Śāriputra 328:Mongolian 230:目連/摩诃目犍乾连 105:Parent(s) 8691:Hinduism 8627:Prophecy 8617:Birthday 8612:Miracles 8492:Buddhism 8422:Category 8351:Violence 8321:Hinduism 8269:Sanskrit 8224:Hinayana 8209:Amitābha 8169:Swastika 8038:Uposatha 8028:Holidays 8013:Calendar 7859:Humanism 7697:Kanishka 7687:Timeline 7511:Thailand 7479:Kalmykia 7474:Buryatia 7459:Pakistan 7444:Mongolia 7439:Maldives 7434:Malaysia 7399:Cambodia 7264:Shamarpa 7259:Nichiren 7209:Xuanzang 7144:Nagasena 7062:Rinpoche 6792:Pāramitā 6634:Devotion 6554:Navayana 6542:Dzogchen 6505:Nichiren 6453:Mahayana 6445:Branches 6323:Saṅkhāra 6072:Mañjuśrī 6029:(cousin) 6021:(cousin) 5989:(mother) 5981:(father) 5969:Miracles 5919:Birthday 5836:Glossary 5809:Buddhism 5742:(1953), 5729:Archived 5719:(eds.). 5704:(1908). 5654:(1996), 5524:(eds.), 5512:(1908), 5502:Changzhi 5370:(1954), 5313:(1937), 5197:Archived 5087:(2011), 5006:(1905), 4976:(2013), 4848:Archived 4816:Archived 4783:Archived 4748:Archived 4621:(1917). 4496:(2004). 4419:(1854). 4337:: 27–8. 4166:Archived 4134:Archived 4106:Archived 4040:Archived 3721:(1975). 3641:Archived 3365:Archived 3320:Archived 3011:Archived 2916:Archived 2686:Archived 2643:Archived 2539:(2007). 2520:Archived 2437:Archived 2424:(1993). 2091:: 59–73. 1815:See also 1731:Upagupta 1727:offering 1639:and the 1621:Sanskrit 1601:mnemonic 1584:Sanskrit 1514:Avalamba 1424:Heritage 1377:Rājagaha 1219:dragon ( 1039:niky ōji 1033:Japanese 1003:Sanskrit 951:Veḷuvana 902:Mahayāna 834:elements 792:Veḷuvana 766:— 678:Upatissa 308:摩訶目犍連/目連 250:Japanese 170:Sanskrit 139:Students 99:Buddhism 95:Religion 55:Personal 8711:Commons 8588:Lumbini 8517:Sayings 8399:Temples 8379:Buddhas 8341:Science 8331:Judaism 8326:Jainism 8244:Lineage 8204:Abhijñā 8174:Thangka 8117:Sarnath 8102:Lumbini 8023:Funeral 8018:Cuisine 7894:Culture 7869:Reality 7819:Creator 7809:Atomism 7679:History 7652:Ukraine 7612:Germany 7531:Senegal 7521:Vietnam 7449:Myanmar 7249:Shinran 7239:Karmapa 7214:Shandao 7184:Dignāga 7109:Śrāvaka 7089:Donchee 7084:Kappiya 7042:Sayadaw 7012:Bhikkhu 6987:Anāgāmi 6944:Nirvana 6910:Samadhi 6797:Paritta 6738:Tonglen 6733:Mandala 6688:Smarana 6669:Mantras 6617:Upekkha 6587:Bhavana 6537:Shingon 6490:Tiantai 6343:Tathātā 6333:Śūnyatā 6328:Skandha 6318:Saṃsāra 6313:Rebirth 6288:Kleshas 6278:Indriya 6180:Subhūti 6065:Guanyin 6019:Ānanda 6011:Rāhula 5891:Nirvana 5831:Outline 5590:Arahats 5361:3269557 4902:], 4699:2942082 1892:In the 1739:Mathura 1658:Nirvana 1588:mātṛikā 1536:Taoists 1472:. The 1442:spirits 1314:of the 1253:bianwen 1200:brahmas 1175:In the 1155:(Pali: 1127:Hokusai 1104:in the 974:aspired 922:Buddhas 914:Subhuti 830:Magadha 820:arahant 733:Aśvajit 715:and in 669:Nalanda 590:In the 490:), and 474:Subhuti 356:Tibetan 342:Sinhala 224:Chinese 198:Burmese 126:Teacher 88:Magadha 68:Magadha 8747:Arhats 8647:Cetiya 8642:Relics 8583:Places 8576:Rāhula 8551:Family 8394:Sutras 8389:Suttas 8254:Siddhi 8239:Koliya 8214:Brahmā 8129:Poetry 8075:Mantra 8065:Kasaya 7937:Pagoda 7917:Kyaung 7912:Vihāra 7907:Temple 7849:Ethics 7692:Ashoka 7642:Sweden 7637:Poland 7632:Norway 7622:Mexico 7607:France 7592:Canada 7587:Brazil 7526:Africa 7506:Taiwan 7469:Russia 7394:Bhutan 7354:Vinaya 7234:Naropa 7224:Saraha 7159:Asanga 6915:Prajñā 6824:Refuge 6787:Nianfo 6748:Tertön 6743:Tantra 6728:Ganana 6718:Tukdam 6644:Dhyāna 6612:Mudita 6607:Karuṇā 6500:Risshū 6495:Huayan 6428:Naraka 6368:Anattā 6363:Dukkha 6358:Anicca 6263:Dharma 6215:Channa 6150:Ānanda 6135:Assaji 6102:Skanda 6005:(wife) 5974:Family 5954:Relics 5879:Sangha 5874:Dharma 5869:Buddha 5668: 5613: 5594:Suttas 5554: 5484: 5452: 5417: 5359: 5327: 5300: 5224: 5173: 5132: 5103: 5052: 4993: 4942: 4889:595226 4887: 4697: 4514: 4298: 4213: 4034: 3954: 3896: 3758: 3750: 3612: 3437: 3408: 2727: 2595: 2553: 2112: 1770:stūpas 1766:Sanchi 1719:Ashoka 1675:Relics 1648:, the 1637:Vinaya 1596:mātikā 1522:pretas 1389:Jātaka 1372:heaven 1336:mother 1228:jhānas 1186:pretas 1139:schism 1135:Rahula 1102:sutras 1084:sutras 1075:Ānanda 1071:arhats 1063:: 1061:pinyin 1020:wisdom 969:Buddha 891:Suzuki 857:stūpas 742:Assaji 586:Person 568:relics 544:merits 526:after 466:Kolita 302:Korean 288:UNGEGN 262:Rōmaji 236:Pinyin 146:Rāhula 113:School 8681:Films 8652:tooth 8637:Death 8622:Modak 8366:Lists 8234:Kalpa 8229:Iddhi 8092:Music 8087:Mudra 8053:Vassa 8033:Vesak 8003:Budai 7949:Candi 7932:Stupa 7864:Logic 7617:Italy 7516:Tibet 7454:Nepal 7424:Korea 7419:Japan 7409:India 7404:China 7349:Sutra 7304:Texts 7254:Dōgen 7244:Hōnen 7229:Atiśa 7194:Zhiyi 7104:Achar 7072:Tulku 7067:Geshe 7052:Rōshi 7037:Ajahn 6992:Arhat 6952:Bodhi 6922:Vīrya 6839:Sacca 6834:Satya 6829:Sādhu 6817:Music 6760:Merit 6753:Terma 6713:Zazen 6649:Faith 6602:Mettā 6283:Karma 6243:Bardo 6210:Asita 6200:Khema 6190:Upāli 6175:Nanda 6013:(son) 5987:Māyā 5964:Films 5841:Index 5749:(PDF) 5732:(PDF) 5711:. In 5709:(PDF) 5624:(PDF) 5599:(PDF) 5542:[ 5516:, in 5463:(PDF) 5442:(PDF) 5428:(PDF) 5403:(PDF) 5376:(PDF) 5357:JSTOR 5340:Numen 5284:, in 5252:, in 5235:(PDF) 5214:(PDF) 5200:(PDF) 5193:(PDF) 5163:(PDF) 5143:(PDF) 5118:(PDF) 5061:(PDF) 5050:S2CID 5030:(PDF) 4983:(PDF) 4953:Numen 4940:S2CID 4885:JSTOR 4822:1 May 4789:1 May 4754:1 May 4695:JSTOR 4633:: 12. 4464:stūpa 4460:stūpa 4426:(PDF) 4172:1 May 4140:1 May 4109:(PDF) 4094:(PDF) 3767:(PDF) 3756:S2CID 3726:(PDF) 3406:S2CID 3386:(PDF) 3368:(PDF) 3357:(PDF) 3014:(PDF) 3003:(PDF) 2649:1 May 2606:(PDF) 2589:(PDF) 2523:(PDF) 2512:(PDF) 1827:Notes 1784:Nehru 1735:stūpa 1723:stūpa 1715:stūpa 1703:stūpa 1527:varṣa 1498:Japan 1494:China 1490:sūtra 1486:sutra 1478:sutra 1474:sutra 1466:(see 1347:Death 1214:devas 1205:devas 1195:devas 1148:devas 1015:iddhi 1007:ṛddhi 898:arhat 807:arhat 665:Silao 615:Migot 533:karma 378:Tamil 276:Khmer 210:MLCTS 72:Bihar 43:Title 8556:Maya 8264:Pāḷi 8249:Māra 8159:Flag 7560:Iran 7484:Tuva 7429:Laos 7057:Lama 6905:Śīla 6873:Śīla 6861:Pīti 6851:Sati 6802:Puja 6723:Koan 6629:Dāna 6220:Yasa 6107:Tārā 5666:ISBN 5611:ISBN 5552:ISBN 5482:ISBN 5450:ISBN 5415:ISBN 5325:ISBN 5298:ISBN 5275:(24) 5222:ISBN 5171:ISBN 5130:ISBN 5101:ISBN 4991:ISBN 4824:2017 4791:2017 4756:2017 4512:ISBN 4296:ISBN 4211:ISBN 4174:2017 4142:2017 4032:ISSN 3952:ISBN 3894:ISBN 3748:ISSN 3705:help 3610:ISBN 3435:ISBN 2725:ISBN 2651:2017 2593:ISBN 2551:ISBN 2445:2017 2110:ISBN 1900:and 1629:Pali 1592:Pali 1545:and 1509:Obon 1436:and 1368:Jain 1364:Pali 1328:Pali 1286:see 1266:Yama 1221:naga 1197:and 1111:Pali 1011:Pali 990:mahā 946:Pali 813:Pali 802:clan 787:Pali 747:alms 738:Pali 692:Pali 674:Pali 644:Life 607:dark 600:see 596:hell 576:Pali 496:Pali 483:Pali 452:Pali 412:RTGS 400:Thai 184:Pali 80:Died 60:Born 7986:Art 7922:Wat 6458:Zen 5691:doi 5641:doi 5576:doi 5388:doi 5349:doi 5042:doi 5020:(6) 4962:doi 4932:doi 4912:doi 4877:doi 4687:doi 4675:". 4508:215 4476:doi 4339:doi 3740:doi 3676:). 3398:doi 3312:doi 2202:doi 2198:134 1284:. 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