57:
356:
328:
909:
2180:
84:
69:
342:
370:
826:
718:
855:
1193:"Sicut", inquit, "pater sancte, terram sanctam Ierosolimitanum, que est terra filii, sanctitatis tue studio fovere non desinis, sic Lyvoniam, que est terra matris, derelinquere non debes." "Holy Father", he said, "as you have not ceased to cherish the Holy Land of Jerusalem, the country of the Son, so also you ought not to abandon Livonia, the land of the Mother
845:
by reserving (contrary to canon law) the right to appoint the bishops of Reval to himself and his successor kings of
Denmark. The decision to simply nominate to the See of Reval was unique in the whole Catholic Church at the time and was disputed by bishops and the Pope. During this era, the election
870:
The most important ally of the
Livonian Order was the German nobility in the Danish Duchy of Estonia. In the beginning of the 14th century Denmark was no longer a powerful state and the local German nobility had effectively become the rulers of the territory. After the Estonians of Harju started a
705:
This crusade differed from many other crusades because, in this case, the Pope allowed people intending to go on a crusade to the Holy Land to go instead to crusade in
Livonia. Members of this crusade were made to wear the insignia of the cross as well, which showed that they were legally bound to
862:
Throughout the existence of medieval
Livonia there was a constant struggle for superiority in the rule over the lands by the Church, the order, the secular nobles of German descent who ruled the fiefs and the citizens of the Hanseatic town of Riga. Two major civil wars were fought in 1296â1330,
1014:
on 4 December 1435, by the archbishop of Riga, the bishops of
Courland, Dorpat, Ăsel-Wiek and Reval; the representatives of the Livonian Order and vassals, and the deputies of Riga, Reval and Dorpat city municipal councils.
802:, the Livonian Order controlled about 67,000 square kilometers of the Old Livonia and the Church about 41,000 km (16,000 sq mi). The lands of the Order were divided into about 40 districts governed by a
879:
occupied the territories. The overthrow of Danish rule came two days after the Order had defeated the
Estonian revolt. The Danish viceroy was imprisoned in cooperation with the pro-German vassals. The castles in
642:. This crusade is often compared to the crusade of the Franks and Charlemagne. However, this crusade was not officially announced until 1197 or 1198, but the first account of this crusade is in a letter by
846:
of bishops was never established in Reval, and the royal rights to the bishopric and to nominate the bishops were even included in the treaty when the territories were sold to the
Teutonic Order in 1346.
500:
Throughout the existence of medieval
Livonia there was a constant struggle over supremacy, between the lands ruled by the Church, the Order, the secular German nobility, and the citizens of the
2042:, inquit, 'pater sancte, terram sanctam Ierosolimitanum, que est terra filii, sanctitatis tue studio fovere non desinis, sic Lyvoniam, que est terra matris, derelinquere non debes. '
959:
in 1410. The
Livonian Order managed to maintain an independent existence, as it did not participate in the battle and suffered no casualties, having obtained a truce with Grand Duke
2038:'Holy Father', he said, 'as you have not ceased to cherish the Holy Land of Jerusalem, the country of the Son, so also you ought not to abandon Livonia, the land of the Mother '
1141:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1111:
1110:
1604:
Brundage, James. Thirteenth-Century
Livonian Crusade: Henricus De Lettis and the First Legatine Mission of Bishop William of Modena. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 1â9
1145:
1118:
1006:, claiming the lives of the Master and several high-ranking knights, brought the order closer to its Livonian neighbours. The Livonian confederation agreement (
2423:
2418:
2413:
2443:
1134:
1104:
1140:
2238:
709:
After the success of the crusade, the German- and Danish-occupied territory was divided into feudal principalities by William of Modena.
822:. The nominal head of Terra Mariana as well as the city of Riga was the Archbishop of Riga as the apex of the ecclesiastical hierarchy.
2433:
2096:
1178:
1116:
1322:
1143:
2428:
17:
1994:
1892:
1778:
1351:
2403:
1509:
782:
Medieval Livonia was intermittently ruled first by the Brothers of the Sword, since 1237 by the semi-autonomous branch of
2135:
1115:
576:
31:
2268:
1113:
1112:
2360:
540:
56:
2025:
1967:
1919:
1862:
1835:
1805:
1751:
1700:
1670:
1643:
1584:
1519:
1492:
1361:
1334:
1105:
1135:
1106:
1089:
1085:
548:
532:
454:
349:
335:
321:
2393:
892:
in 1345. In 1346, the Estonian territories (Harria and Vironia) were sold by the king of Denmark for 19,000 KĂśln
1959:
Trade, diplomacy and cultural exchange: continuity and change in the North Sea area and the Baltic, c. 1350â1750
2438:
2309:
1136:
872:
864:
737:
671:
482:
232:
740:, both factions led by Germans, after the German knights had conquered and subdued the territories of several
690:
and asked permission to attack the Estonians from the North. The last to be subjugated and Christianised were
2243:
2089:
1186:
2330:
1534:
478:
1436:
1303:
1419:
68:
2291:
2164:
517:
995:
was chosen as the site of the Diet. The Diet comprised members of the Livonian Order, Livonian Bishops,
83:
2408:
1878:
985:
cities throughout the existence of medieval Livonia. To solve internal disputes, the Livonian Diet or
1114:
799:
1023:
819:
2228:
2082:
1057:
670:
rivers. The stronghold of Riga (capital of modern Latvia) was established in 1201, and in 1202 the
536:
272:
1942:
1142:
1056:
and gained control over the northern part of Old Livonia. The Livonian Order was dissolved by the
1030:
2398:
2208:
2142:
2114:
1042:
1034:
686:, leader of the crusaders fighting the Estonians from the south, paid a visit to the German King
1003:
842:
795:
2233:
2213:
2201:
1069:
679:
408:
259:
1852:
1741:
1484:
2320:
2315:
1984:
1957:
1825:
1768:
1572:
1209:
1182:
1061:
1027:
975:
900:. The shift of sovereignty from Denmark to the Teutonic Order took place on 1 November 1346.
811:
807:
791:
623:
470:
466:
888:
were handed over to the Order by the German nobility party on 16 May 1343 and the castle at
2130:
1276:
867:
resulted in the annexation of the Danish Duchy of Estonia within the Teutonic Ordensstaat.
8:
2325:
2256:
1377:
1203:
815:
520:
fell into decline, but the Livonian Order managed to maintain its independent existence.
474:
2340:
1936:
1537:. President of the Republic of Estonia, Estonian State Decorations. Retrieved 2011-01-22
2365:
2261:
2248:
2223:
2152:
2054:
2010:
Jensen, Carsten Selch (2009). "8: How to Convert a Landscape: Henry of Livonia and the
1221:
1077:
956:
838:
741:
627:
513:
2169:
2159:
2021:
1990:
1963:
1915:
1888:
1858:
1831:
1801:
1774:
1747:
1696:
1666:
1639:
1580:
1515:
1488:
1477:
1393:
1385:
1357:
1330:
1231:
1170:
971:
733:
675:
651:
643:
564:
450:
436:
432:
191:
166:
152:
148:
95:
829:
Citizens (upper panel) and commoners (lower panel) in medieval Livonia, 16th century
722:
2278:
2147:
1453:
1401:
1272:
1162:
982:
955:
The Teutonic Order fell into decline after Poland and Lithuania defeated it in the
783:
760:
748:
687:
619:
605:
584:
580:
544:
501:
458:
420:
363:
291:
156:
2218:
2105:
2015:
1909:
1882:
1795:
1690:
1660:
1633:
639:
486:
462:
2335:
2251:
2302:
2297:
1166:
897:
876:
787:
683:
528:
494:
490:
404:
2179:
1060:
in 1561. The following year, the Livonian Diet decided to ask protection from
2387:
1011:
992:
967:
893:
682:
free rein to annex as much land as he could conquer in Estonia. Additionally
126:
981:
Conflict commonly occurred between the Order, the bishops, and the powerful
908:
2196:
2188:
1226:
1081:
1019:
772:
730:
699:
524:
447:
912:
834:
659:
209:
1206:
991:
gathered in 1419 at the initiative of Archbishop Ambundii. The city of
764:
611:
497:. In 1346 the Livonian Order bought the Duchy of Estonia from Denmark.
144:
1080:
and the rest of the territory was split between two Polish-Lithuanian
825:
717:
583:, was instituted to honor the independence of Estonia. Terra Mariana (
527:, Terra Mariana ceased to exist. Its northern parts were ceded to the
1065:
776:
768:
752:
695:
691:
655:
572:
188:
2055:"Steam Community :: Europa Universalis IV :: Achievements"
1018:
The states of the Livonian Confederation ceased to exist during the
2370:
2122:
1174:
960:
635:
631:
552:
440:
102:
2074:
978:. He became known as the organizer of the Livonian confederation.
431:. It was established on 2 February 1207, as a principality of the
1268:
1038:
987:
885:
663:
647:
588:
556:
424:
388:
245:
178:
173:
1547:
1046:
489:, the surviving members of the Brothers merged in 1237 with the
1279:
that was formed from part of its territories after its breakup.
996:
615:
428:
392:
295:
1133:
1103:
1068:). With the end of government by the last Archbishop of Riga,
1053:
889:
881:
744:
667:
509:
140:
1709:
1202:"Terra Mariana" appears as an achievement in the historical
1041:. The Danish king gave the territory to his younger brother
854:
2347:
1938:
Recollections of a tour in the north of Europe in 1836â1837
1721:
1073:
803:
756:
505:
481:; and territories under the military administration of the
114:
1617:
1600:
1598:
1596:
646:. At the start of the 13th century, German crusaders from
2020:. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 165.
1511:
The Cambridge History of Scandinavia: Prehistory to 1520
810:(18,000 km, 6,900 sq mi) followed by the
1593:
1460:
1215 proclaimed it the Terra Mariana, subject directly.
1002:
On 1 September 1435 the Livonian Order's defeat in the
453:
divided Terra Mariana into feudal principalities: the
2017:
The Clash of Cultures on the Medieval Baltic Frontier
736:in 1228 as a compromise between the church and the
423:, and its territories were composed of present-day
1476:
1327:Estonia and the Estonians: Second Edition, Updated
729:This division of medieval Livonia was created by
2385:
1619:An Historical Overview of the Crusade to Livonia
587:: MÄras zeme) is also used as a poetic name for
1662:Danish Medieval History & Saxo Grammaticus
535:, its southern territories became part of the
2424:1200s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
2419:States and territories disestablished in 1561
2090:
1715:
1665:. Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 113â115.
1658:
1793:
1727:
1570:
1474:
1356:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 29â30.
858:Coins of Medieval Livonia, 15thâ16th century
794:. By the mid 14th century, after buying the
2239:County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos
1514:. Cambridge University Press. p. 269.
806:. The largest ecclesiastical state was the
2414:States and territories established in 1207
2097:
2083:
1989:. Cambridge University Press. p. 95.
1579:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 35.
1434:
559:. Since the beginning of the 20th century
82:
1907:
1739:
903:
439:proclaimed it as directly subject to the
1877:
1766:
1577:Culture and customs of the Baltic states
1470:
1468:
1451:
1417:
907:
853:
824:
814:(4,500 km, 1,700 sq mi),
716:
419:. It was formed in the aftermath of the
2444:Principalities of the Holy Roman Empire
1982:
1823:
1631:
1535:The Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana
610:The lands on the eastern shores of the
14:
2386:
2009:
1986:A Concise History of the Baltic States
1850:
1819:
1817:
1349:
849:
2078:
1955:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1612:
1610:
1465:
1197:
1934:
1507:
1421:Latvian-Russian Relations: Documents
1320:
1298:
1296:
1250:In administrative and liturgical use
721:Three Mighty Ladies from Livonia by
571:) has been used as a poetic name or
516:in 1410, the Teutonic Order and the
435:, and lost this status in 1215 when
2104:
1962:. Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 17.
1871:
1814:
1435:Herbermann, Charles George (1907).
1045:who in 1560 landed with an army on
1033:(1542â1560) sold his lands to King
599:
577:Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana
539: â and thus eventually of the
493:of Prussia and became known as the
32:Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana
24:
1746:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 503.
1679:
1607:
1267:. to distinguish it from the rump-
1064:(King of Poland and Grand Duke of
1052:In 1561, a Swedish army landed in
25:
2455:
1293:
2434:1561 disestablishments in Europe
2178:
1857:. Scarecrow Press. p. 169.
1854:Historical dictionary of Estonia
1797:The History of the Baltic States
1743:Das Stift NeumĂźnster in WĂźrzburg
1353:Historical Dictionary of Estonia
1086:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
863:1313â1330, and in 1343â1345 the
712:
549:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
368:
354:
350:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
340:
326:
67:
55:
30:For an Estonian decoration, see
2047:
2003:
1976:
1949:
1928:
1901:
1844:
1787:
1760:
1733:
1695:. University Press of America.
1652:
1625:
1564:
1540:
1528:
1501:
1173:the importance of his see as a
1156:
1128:
1098:
2310:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
2197:Latin Empire of Constantinople
1935:Vane, Charles William (1838).
1770:Latvia as an Independent State
1445:
1428:
1411:
1370:
1343:
1314:
1253:
1244:
738:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
672:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
541:PolishâLithuanian Commonwealth
512:. Following its defeat in the
483:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
13:
1:
2429:1207 establishments in Europe
2244:Lordship of Argos and Nauplia
2014:". In Murray, Alan V. (ed.).
1827:The Latvians: a short history
1659:Skyum-Nielsen, Niels (1981).
1635:The Latvians: A Short History
1323:"Medieval Livonia, 1200â1561"
1286:
1259:Referred to by historians as
1830:. Hoover Press. p. 23.
1329:. Hoover Press. p. 15.
932: Bishopric of ĂselâWiek
322:Duchy of Estonia (1219â1346)
27:Vassal state of the Holy See
7:
2404:State of the Teutonic Order
2292:State of the Teutonic Order
2165:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
1475:Christiansen, Eric (1997).
1215:
1022:of 1558â1582. In 1559, the
950: Archbishopric of Riga
926: Bishopric of Courland
915:, before the Livonian War:
873:St. George's Night Uprising
518:State of the Teutonic Order
411:') was the formal name for
233:St. George's Night Uprising
10:
2460:
1908:Ellington, Lucien (2005).
1887:. Argo. pp. 118â119.
1773:. Read Books. p. 67.
1740:Wendehors, Alfred (1989).
1452:Bilmanis, Alfreds (1945).
1441:. Robert Appleton Company.
1418:Bilmanis, Alfreds (1944).
1308:The Encyclopedia Americana
1031:Johannes V von MĂźnchhausen
1008:eiine fruntliche eyntracht
999:and city representatives.
603:
594:
29:
2356:
2277:
2187:
2176:
2121:
2112:
1983:Plakans, Andrejs (2011).
1824:Plakans, Andrejs (1995).
1767:Bilmanis, Alfred (2007).
1632:Plakans, Andrejs (1995).
1438:The Catholic Encyclopedia
938: Bishopric of Dorpat
575:for Estonia. In 1995 the
384:
301:
286:
282:
269:
256:
242:
229:
219:
215:
205:
197:
184:
172:
162:
136:
110:
90:
81:
51:
46:
39:
2229:Duchy of the Archipelago
1794:O'Connor, Kevin (2003).
1571:O'Connor, Kevin (2005).
1237:
1088:(Polish vassal) and the
537:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
2209:Kingdom of Thessalonica
2143:Principality of Antioch
2115:List of Crusader states
1914:. Bloomsbury Academic.
1689:Urban, William (1981).
1424:. The Latvian legation.
1389:
1381:
1321:Raun, Toivo U. (2002).
1310:. Americana Corp. 1967.
1043:Duke Magnus of Holstein
1035:Frederick II of Denmark
260:Confederation Agreement
2394:Livonian Confederation
2331:Bishopric of ĂselâWiek
2234:Triarchy of Negroponte
2214:Principality of Achaea
2202:Duchy of Philippopolis
1851:Miljan, Toivo (2004).
1548:"MÄras zeme | TÄzaurs"
1405:
1397:
1350:Miljan, Toivo (2015).
1195:
1187:Fourth Lateran Council
1185:when reporting to the
1070:William of Brandenburg
952:
904:Livonian Confederation
859:
830:
820:Bishopric of Ăsel-Wiek
726:
680:Valdemar II of Denmark
614:were the last part of
568:
479:Bishopric of ĂselâWiek
18:Livonian Confederation
2439:Former principalities
2321:Bishopric of Courland
2316:Archbishopric of Riga
1956:Brand, Hanno (2005).
1884:Vana-Liivimaa maapäev
1479:The Northern Crusades
1210:Europa Universalis IV
1191:
1179:association with Mary
1062:Sigismund II Augustus
911:
857:
828:
812:Bishopric of Courland
808:Archbishopric of Riga
792:Roman Catholic Church
720:
624:Roman Catholic Church
471:Bishopric of Courland
467:Archbishopric of Riga
137:Common languages
2131:Kingdom of Jerusalem
1716:Skyum-Nielsen (1981)
1508:Knut, Helle (2003).
1455:The Church in Latvia
1277:Livonian Governorate
1092:(Lithuanian vassal).
1004:Battle of WiĹkomierz
920: Livonian Order
674:was formed. In 1218
531:and formed into the
523:In 1561, during the
101:Vassal state of the
94:Principality of the
2326:Bishopric of Dorpat
2257:Knights Hospitaller
1800:. Greenwood Press.
1728:Christiansen (1997)
1483:. Penguin. p.
1183:the Mother of Jesus
1024:Bishop of Ăsel-Wiek
974:to the position of
871:rebellion in 1343 (
850:Livonian civil wars
816:Bishopric of Dorpat
475:Bishopric of Dorpat
221:⢠Established
2366:Crusading movement
2262:Hospitaller Rhodes
2224:Duchy of Neopatras
2059:steamcommunity.com
2012:Chronicon Livoniae
1222:Kingdom of Livonia
1198:In popular culture
1078:free imperial city
976:Archbishop of Riga
957:Battle of Grunwald
953:
944: City of Riga
860:
839:Bishopric of Reval
831:
727:
628:Pope Celestine III
514:Battle of Grunwald
2409:Northern Crusades
2381:
2380:
2348:Free City of Riga
2170:Kingdom of Cyprus
2160:County of Tripoli
1996:978-0-521-54155-8
1894:978-9949-415-84-7
1780:978-1-4067-2870-5
1232:Northern Crusades
1171:Pope Innocent III
1154:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1123:
1122:
1058:Treaty of Vilnius
972:Johannes Ambundii
734:William of Modena
676:Pope Honorius III
652:Holy Roman Empire
650:and the northern
644:Pope Innocent III
485:. After the 1236
451:William of Modena
437:Pope Innocent III
433:Holy Roman Empire
398:
397:
380:
379:
376:
375:
273:Treaty of Vilnius
192:elective monarchy
167:Roman Catholicism
132:
124:
96:Holy Roman Empire
16:(Redirected from
2451:
2341:Order of DobrzyĹ
2269:Genoese colonies
2182:
2148:County of Edessa
2099:
2092:
2085:
2076:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2035:
2034:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1821:
1812:
1811:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1692:Livonian Crusade
1686:
1677:
1676:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1638:. Hoover Press.
1629:
1623:
1614:
1605:
1602:
1591:
1590:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1482:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1458:. Drauga vÄsts.
1449:
1443:
1442:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1415:
1409:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1300:
1280:
1273:Duchy of Livonia
1261:Medieval Livonia
1257:
1251:
1248:
1227:ĂxkĂźll (Ikťġile)
1163:Henry of Livonia
1129:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1090:Duchy of Livonia
1010:) was signed in
949:
943:
937:
931:
925:
919:
843:Duchy of Estonia
796:Duchy of Estonia
784:Teutonic knights
688:Philip of Swabia
662:lands along the
606:Livonian Crusade
600:Livonian Crusade
581:state decoration
551:. The island of
545:Duchy of Livonia
533:Duchy of Estonia
459:dominum directum
455:Duchy of Estonia
421:Livonian Crusade
413:Medieval Livonia
372:
371:
364:Duchy of Livonia
358:
357:
344:
343:
330:
329:
318:
317:
303:
302:
130:
118:
86:
71:
59:
37:
36:
21:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2361:Military orders
2352:
2281:
2273:
2219:Duchy of Athens
2183:
2174:
2117:
2108:
2106:Crusader states
2103:
2073:
2072:
2063:
2061:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1954:
1950:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1879:Raudkivi, Priit
1876:
1872:
1865:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1738:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1630:
1626:
1615:
1608:
1603:
1594:
1587:
1569:
1565:
1556:
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1541:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1473:
1466:
1450:
1446:
1433:
1429:
1416:
1412:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1319:
1315:
1304:"Terra Mariana"
1302:
1301:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1218:
1200:
1159:
1146:
1144:
1119:
1117:
951:
947:
945:
941:
939:
935:
933:
929:
927:
923:
921:
917:
906:
865:Estonian revolt
852:
715:
640:Northern Europe
608:
602:
597:
555:became part of
487:Battle of Saule
463:king of Denmark
391:
369:
355:
341:
336:Swedish Estonia
327:
290:Artig, Denier,
275:
265:4 December 1435
262:
249:
235:
222:
155:
151:
147:
143:
129:
125:
117:
105:
100:
98:
77:
76:
75:
72:
64:
63:
60:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2457:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2399:Livonian Order
2396:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2303:Livonian Order
2300:
2298:Teutonic Order
2288:
2286:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2254:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2193:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2127:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2079:
2071:
2070:
2046:
2026:
2002:
1995:
1975:
1968:
1948:
1927:
1920:
1911:Eastern Europe
1900:
1893:
1870:
1863:
1843:
1836:
1813:
1806:
1786:
1779:
1759:
1752:
1732:
1730:, p. 227.
1720:
1718:, p. 129.
1708:
1701:
1678:
1671:
1651:
1644:
1624:
1616:William Urban.
1606:
1592:
1585:
1563:
1539:
1527:
1520:
1500:
1493:
1464:
1444:
1427:
1410:
1369:
1362:
1342:
1335:
1313:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1252:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1214:
1199:
1196:
1177:venue and its
1169:emphasized to
1167:Albert of Riga
1158:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1132:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1102:
946:
940:
934:
928:
922:
916:
905:
902:
898:Teutonic Order
877:Teutonic order
851:
848:
800:Christopher II
788:Livonian Order
723:Albrecht DĂźrer
714:
711:
684:Albert of Riga
654:conquered the
604:Main article:
601:
598:
596:
593:
529:King of Sweden
495:Livonian Order
491:Teutonic Order
405:Medieval Latin
396:
395:
386:
382:
381:
378:
377:
374:
373:
366:
360:
359:
352:
346:
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243:
240:
239:
236:
230:
227:
226:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
212:
207:
206:Historical era
203:
202:
199:
195:
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186:
182:
181:
176:
170:
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164:
160:
159:
138:
134:
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112:
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92:
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54:
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44:
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40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2456:
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2432:
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2427:
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2417:
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2301:
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2287:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2263:
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2259:
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2255:
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2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
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2212:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2095:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2043:
2041:
2029:
2027:9780754664833
2023:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2006:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1979:
1971:
1969:90-6550-881-3
1965:
1961:
1960:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1921:9781576078006
1917:
1913:
1912:
1904:
1896:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1866:
1864:0-8108-4904-6
1860:
1856:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1837:0-8179-9302-9
1833:
1829:
1828:
1820:
1818:
1809:
1807:9780313323553
1803:
1799:
1798:
1790:
1782:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1763:
1755:
1753:3-11-012057-7
1749:
1745:
1744:
1736:
1729:
1724:
1717:
1712:
1704:
1702:0-8191-1683-1
1698:
1694:
1693:
1685:
1683:
1674:
1672:87-88073-30-0
1668:
1664:
1663:
1655:
1647:
1645:9780817993030
1641:
1637:
1636:
1628:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1611:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1588:
1586:0-313-33125-1
1582:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1536:
1531:
1523:
1521:0-521-47299-7
1517:
1513:
1512:
1504:
1496:
1494:0-14-026653-4
1490:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1471:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1448:
1440:
1439:
1431:
1423:
1422:
1414:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1398:Vana-Liivimaa
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1365:
1363:9780810875135
1359:
1355:
1354:
1346:
1338:
1336:9780817928537
1332:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1161:According to
1131:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1082:vassal states
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
989:
984:
979:
977:
973:
969:
968:Pope Martin V
964:
962:
958:
914:
910:
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
878:
874:
868:
866:
856:
847:
844:
840:
836:
827:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
743:
739:
735:
732:
724:
719:
713:Establishment
710:
707:
706:the crusade.
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
630:called for a
629:
625:
621:
620:Christianized
617:
613:
607:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
561:Terra Mariana
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
407:for 'Land of
406:
402:
401:Terra Mariana
394:
390:
387:
385:Today part of
383:
367:
365:
362:
361:
353:
351:
348:
347:
339:
337:
334:
333:
325:
323:
320:
319:
316:
314:
313:
310:
307:
305:
304:
300:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
274:
268:
264:
261:
255:
251:
247:
241:
237:
234:
228:
224:
218:
214:
211:
208:
204:
200:
196:
193:
190:
187:
183:
180:
177:
175:
171:
168:
165:
161:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
139:
135:
128:
122:
116:
113:
109:
104:
97:
93:
89:
85:
80:
70:
58:
50:
45:
41:Terra Mariana
38:
33:
19:
2336:DobrzyĹ Land
2283:
2252:Stato da MĂ r
2062:. Retrieved
2058:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2031:. Retrieved
2016:
2011:
2005:
1985:
1978:
1958:
1951:
1937:
1930:
1910:
1903:
1883:
1873:
1853:
1846:
1826:
1796:
1789:
1769:
1762:
1742:
1735:
1723:
1711:
1691:
1661:
1654:
1634:
1627:
1618:
1576:
1566:
1555:. Retrieved
1551:
1542:
1530:
1510:
1503:
1478:
1459:
1454:
1447:
1437:
1430:
1420:
1413:
1382:Oolt-Livland
1372:
1352:
1345:
1326:
1316:
1307:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1246:
1201:
1192:
1160:
1157:Nomenclature
1051:
1020:Livonian War
1017:
1007:
1001:
986:
980:
965:
954:
869:
861:
837:created the
832:
781:
773:Semigallians
731:Papal Legate
728:
708:
704:
700:Semigallians
634:against the
609:
560:
525:Livonian War
522:
499:
448:papal legate
445:
416:
412:
400:
399:
309:Succeeded by
308:
120:
99:(1207â1215)
74:Coat of arms
1390:JemÄ-LÄŤvĂľmĹ
1265:Old Livonia
1037:for 30,000
913:Old Livonia
835:Valdemar II
417:Old Livonia
210:Middle Ages
198:Legislature
131:(from 1435)
106:(1215â1561)
2388:Categories
2064:2021-08-13
2033:2017-07-12
1941:. p.
1573:"Religion"
1557:2024-03-07
1552:tezaurs.lv
1378:Low German
1287:References
1275:) and the
1207:video game
970:nominated
765:Latgalians
763:-speaking
751:-speaking
742:indigenous
660:Latgallian
626:. In 1193
612:Baltic Sea
189:Theocratic
185:Government
174:Demonym(s)
145:Low German
1189:in 1215:
1175:crusading
1165:, Bishop
1076:became a
1066:Lithuania
983:Hanseatic
966:In 1418,
886:Wesenberg
833:In 1240,
777:Curonians
769:Selonians
753:Estonians
696:Curonians
692:Oeselians
573:sobriquet
569:Maarjamaa
543:â as the
504:towns of
502:Hanseatic
292:Schilling
238:1343â1344
163:Religion
47:1207â1561
2371:Crusades
2249:Venetian
1881:(2007).
1406:Livonija
1394:Estonian
1386:Livonian
1216:See also
1204:strategy
1028:Courland
961:Vytautas
790:and the
656:Livonian
591:region.
565:Estonian
553:Saaremaa
547:and the
441:Holy See
287:Currency
179:Livonian
153:Estonian
149:Livonian
121:de facto
103:Holy See
2284:Livonia
2279:Prussia
2136:vassals
1402:Latvian
1269:Livonia
1039:thalers
997:vassals
988:Landtag
896:to the
841:in the
786:called
664:Daugava
648:Gotland
632:crusade
622:by the
595:History
589:Latgale
585:Latvian
557:Denmark
465:); the
461:to the
425:Estonia
389:Estonia
271:â˘
258:â˘
248:formed
246:Landtag
244:â˘
231:â˘
201:Landtag
157:Latvian
111:Capital
2189:Greece
2153:Marash
2123:Levant
2024:
1993:
1966:
1918:
1891:
1861:
1834:
1804:
1777:
1750:
1699:
1669:
1642:
1583:
1518:
1491:
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1084:: the
948:
942:
936:
930:
924:
918:
875:) the
818:, and
761:Baltic
759:, and
749:Finnic
745:tribes
725:(1521)
636:pagans
618:to be
616:Europe
477:; the
473:; the
469:; the
429:Latvia
393:Latvia
296:Thaler
91:Status
2040:Sicut
1238:Notes
1054:Reval
894:marks
890:Narva
882:Reval
798:from
678:gave
668:Gauja
510:Reval
141:Latin
2282:and
2022:ISBN
1991:ISBN
1964:ISBN
1916:ISBN
1889:ISBN
1859:ISBN
1832:ISBN
1802:ISBN
1775:ISBN
1748:ISBN
1697:ISBN
1667:ISBN
1640:ISBN
1581:ISBN
1516:ISBN
1489:ISBN
1358:ISBN
1331:ISBN
1074:Riga
1047:Ăsel
1026:and
1012:Walk
993:Walk
884:and
804:Vogt
775:and
757:Livs
755:and
698:and
666:and
658:and
579:, a
508:and
506:Riga
446:The
427:and
409:Mary
278:1561
252:1419
225:1207
127:Walk
115:Riga
62:Flag
1943:178
1485:111
1263:or
638:in
415:or
2390::
2294:*
2057:.
2036:.
1816:^
1681:^
1609:^
1595:^
1575:.
1550:.
1487:.
1467:^
1404::
1400:,
1396::
1392:,
1388::
1384:,
1380::
1325:.
1306:.
1295:^
1212:.
1181:,
1072:,
1049:.
963:.
779:.
771:,
767:,
747::
702:.
694:,
567::
443:.
294:,
2312:*
2098:e
2091:t
2084:v
2067:.
1999:.
1972:.
1945:.
1924:.
1897:.
1867:.
1840:.
1810:.
1783:.
1756:.
1705:.
1675:.
1648:.
1622:.
1589:.
1560:.
1524:.
1497:.
1408:)
1376:(
1366:.
1339:.
1271:(
563:(
457:(
403:(
123:)
119:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
