1600:
1543:
1327:
179:
1307:
190:
1374:
1574:
1452:
677:
172:
242:
197:
271:
1477:
1343:
254:
436:
1501:
1269:
2426:
2215:
2351:
43:
1630:
1524:
1434:
1395:
1092:
1242:
1745:
to allow evacuation of the troops in
Courland by sea for use in the defense of Germany. Hitler refused and ordered the Wehrmacht, Waffen-SS, Luftwaffe and Kriegsmarine forces in Courland to continue the defense of the area. Germanyās naval capacity to evacuate these forces was restricted as it needed
806:
in the early 13th century, most land was owned by nobles descended from the German invaders. In 1863, the
Russian authorities issued laws to enable Latvians, who formed the bulk of the population, to acquire the farms which they held, and special banks were founded to help them. By this means, some
1785:) on the Courland perimeter. At this time the group consisted of the remnants of some 31 divisions. After May 9, 1945, approximately 203,000 troops of Army Group Courland began to be moved to Soviet prison camps to the east. The majority of them never returned to Germany (Haupt, 1997).
532:
The area comprises 27,286 square kilometres (10,535 sq mi), of which 262 square kilometres (101 sq mi) is made up of lakes. The landscape generally has a low and undulating character, with flat and marshy coastlands. The interior features wooded dunes, covered with
1238:. These provinces corresponded to Latvia's four traditional regions plus Riga. In 1935, Courland had an area of 13,210 square kilometres (5,099 sq mi) and a population of 292,659 making it the least populous of the provinces.
1163:
was charged with managing the large area now under its jurisdiction. Courland
District (which included parts of Semigallia) was made one of three districts of the region, which also came to be known as
1788:
Courland remained part of the
Latvian SSR within the Soviet Union following World War II. Courland was no longer an administrative unit under the Soviets. LiepÄjas apgabals (1952-1953), one of three
1411:
1807:, with an area of 13,596 square kilometres (5,249 sq mi) and a population of 301,621 in 2008, includes much of the traditional region. The remainder of Courland is part of the
556:
plain divides
Courland into two parts, the western side, which is fertile and densely inhabited, except in the north, and the eastern side, less fertile and thinly inhabited.
807:
occupants bought their farms, but the great mass of the population remained landless, and lived as hired labourers, occupying a low position in the social scale.
178:
2414:
2102:
1159:, never to return.) With large territories coming under the Ober Ost's administration as a result of military successes on the Eastern Front, General
837:. The large estates conducted agriculture with skill and scientific knowledge. Fruit grew well. Excellent breeds of cattle, sheep and pigs were kept.
993:
In 1870 the population was 619,154; in 1897 it was 674,437 (of whom 345,756 were women); in 1906 it was estimated at 714,200. Of the whole, 79% were
1799:, Courland became part of independent Latvia once more and it remains so to this day. Although Courland is not an administrative entity today, the
1585:
2392:
1206:
On 18 November 1918, Latvia proclaimed its independence and on 7 December 1918, the German military handed over authority to the pro-German
1184:
608:
549:, with swamps and lakes, and fertile patches between. Courland's elevation never rises more than 213 metres (699 ft) above sea level.
2198:
2235:
2230:
171:
2117:"IedzÄ«votÄju skaits un Ä«patsvars pÄc tautÄ«bas reÄ£ionos, republikas pilsÄtÄs, novados un 21 attÄ«stÄ«bas centrÄ gada sÄkumÄ 2011 - 2022"
1746:
the majority of its transport ships to evacuate troops from East
Prussia and maintain vital trade with Sweden. On January 15, 1945,
2407:
2075:
1482:
1188:
1110:
284:
1615:
729:
The Duchy was one of the smallest
European nations to colonize overseas territories, establishing short-lived outposts on the
2497:
2369:
1222:, much of Courland remained a German stronghold. Latvia eventually signed a cease-fire with Germany on 15 July 1920, and the
1218:, but the provisional government with the aid of German forces pushed back and took back Courland by April. Throughout the
714:, the dukes operated autonomously. In the 18th century, Russia acquired great influence over the Duchy; the future Empress
574:
Owing to its numerous lakes and marshes, Courland has a damp, often foggy, and changeable climate; its winters are severe.
2400:
1558:
1379:
1357:
1332:
711:
600:
107:
2329:
2315:
2301:
2287:
2273:
2181:
1666:
1605:
1548:
1215:
126:
79:
1348:
693:
681:
417:
189:
2492:
1796:
1650:
1223:
270:
86:
1207:
596:
64:
2422:
2078:[Did the Commonwealth have colonies in Africa and America? - or, is my vassal's colony my colony?].
1662:
706:
that existed from 1561 until 1795, encompassing the areas of
Courland and Semigallia. Although nominally a
2487:
2364:
1195:, who offered the crown of the duchy to German Kaiser Wilhelm II. Wilhelm recognised the duchy as a German
384:
253:
2076:"Czy Rzeczpospolita miaÅakolonie w Afryce i Ameryce? ā czyli czy kolonia mojego wasala jest mojÄ
koloniÄ
?"
718:
served as regent there from 1711 until her accession to the
Russian throne in 1730. After the last of the
93:
1789:
1654:
1219:
1120:
196:
2116:
1808:
1175:
began a process of forming provincial councils between
September 1917 and March 1918, competing with
75:
60:
31:
241:
2430:
1942:
1312:
397:
258:
27:
20:
2071:
2374:
1816:
1800:
1684:
1180:
1132:
1076:
53:
2130:
1861:, (1840ā1931), pioneering road and railway builder in Colorado, United States; born in Courland.
2379:
2096:
723:
697:
643:
1171:
As Russian rule in the rest of what is now Latvia began collapsing at the end of World War I,
722:
into which she had married died in 1737, she arranged for the Duchy to be given to her lover,
768:
363:
559:
Nearly one hundred rivers drain Courland, but only three of these rivers ā the Daugava, the
1841:
1812:
1738:
1673:
1152:
1136:
796:
780:
373:
648:
The Livonian Confederation was a loosely organized confederation formed by the German-led
8:
2133:
1988:
1870:
1747:
1703:
1691:
littoral. During the German occupation Courland was administered as LiepÄja County area (
1506:
1421:
1200:
1144:
854:
750:
460:
676:
464:
2384:
1864:
1234:
After World War I, Courland became one of five provinces of the newly formed nation of
1148:
776:
772:
685:
484:
1766:
remained until May 8, 1945, when Army Group Courland, then under its last commander,
671:
100:
2482:
2325:
2311:
2297:
2283:
2269:
2177:
1980:
1930:
1855:
who obtained complete separation of the European and American branches of the church.
850:
803:
661:
2203:. Vol. IV. Chicago, Illinois: The S. J. Clarke publishing company. p. 640.
1211:
416:
are sometimes considered as part of Courland as they were formerly held by the same
2080:
1972:
1964:
1922:
1892:
1782:
1707:
1677:
1160:
490:
When combined with Semigallia and Selonia, Courland's northeastern boundary is the
468:
246:
151:
2084:(in Polish). Vol. 5. pp. 44ā47. Archived from the original on 2021-08-29
1996:
1938:
1849:
1831:
1778:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1731:
1727:
1259:
1246:
757:
480:
472:
226:
1835:
634:
owing to the amalgamation of this order with that of the Brethren of the Sword.
1950:
1774:
1734:
1439:
1400:
1172:
1124:
1080:
998:
792:
761:
715:
660:
and Latvia. It existed from 1228 to the 1560s, when it was dismembered by the
649:
631:
476:
439:
Historical regions of Latvia, together with Latvian cultural groups; Courland (
435:
2336:
A Journey to Nowhere: Detours and Riddles in the Lands and History of Courland
2476:
2356:
2226:
2221:
1688:
1681:
1511:
1489:
1457:
1451:
1294:
1199:
that same month. However, the duchy was absorbed on 22 September 1918 by the
1128:
564:
522:
299:
286:
2046:
1845:
1770:
1742:
1658:
1610:
1579:
1573:
1553:
1417:
1353:
742:
665:
619:
604:
503:
1268:
607:
in the first quarter of the 13th century. Thus in 1230, the Curonian king
1647:
1116:
1072:
1037:
1010:
810:
771:
was directly incorporated into the PolishāLithuanian Commonwealth as the
613:
1214:. By January 1919, much of Courland had been overrun by the Bolsheviks'
1123:
theatre of operations that saw fighting primarily between forces of the
2446:
2239:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 320.
1858:
1723:
568:
507:
444:
409:
1241:
1053:
1045:
1041:
1029:
838:
405:
347:
337:
221:
216:
1852:
1284:
1065:
1018:
866:
858:
730:
653:
588:
511:
424:
354:
211:
567:ā are navigable. They all flow northwestward and discharge into the
42:
2145:
1867:(1761ā1821), Duchess of Courland, wife of the last Duke of Courland
1699:
1463:
1176:
1140:
1097:
1006:
994:
846:
738:
719:
672:
Duchy of Courland and the PolishāLithuanian Commonwealth, 1561ā1795
515:
2268:ā the Baltic & the Catholic Frontier 1100ā1525, London, 1980,
2220:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1661:
annexed the region along with the rest of Latvia which was made a
2461:
2456:
2451:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1049:
1025:
870:
842:
657:
623:
560:
553:
499:
495:
491:
413:
2425:
1635:
1529:
1235:
1196:
1071:
75% of the population belonged to the prevailing denomination,
1061:
1033:
1014:
834:
818:
746:
734:
707:
627:
538:
456:
401:
380:
359:
319:
1901:
873:, there being none on the Courland coast of the Gulf of Riga.
1156:
1057:
862:
826:
703:
592:
542:
1083:
churches. There was a small but vigorous Jewish population.
702:
The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was a semi-independent
408:, which is the third largest city in Latvia. The regions of
1907:
1002:
830:
534:
1187:
formally relinquished control of Courland to Germany. The
1091:
630:
of the pope. In 1237 the area passed into the rule of the
1730:, blockaded by the Red Army and by the Red Baltic Fleet.
1253:
1229:
822:
814:
813:
was the chief occupation, with the principal crops being
786:
546:
2247:, 3rd revised edition, London, 1875. (Includes Kurland).
1086:
865:
was found on the coast. The only seaports were LiepÄja,
2296:ā The Baltic World 1492 -1772, Longman, London, 1990,
2245:
Russia, Poland, and Finland, ā Handbook for Travellers
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
26:
This article is about the region. For other uses, see
1910:
1898:
1722:
troops held out in Courland. With their backs to the
2346:
2159:
Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607ā1896
1913:
1904:
1726:, they remained trapped in what became known as the
857:
took place mostly as a domestic industry. Iron and
2322:
Army Group North: The Wehrmacht in Russia 1941ā1945
2176:. Boulder, Colorado: Pruett Press, Inc. p. 5.
2016:
1895:
1028:(Mitau), Courland's capital (pop. 35,011 in 1897);
845:operated as the principal industrial centres, with
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1191:was proclaimed on 8 March 1918 by a Baltic German
618:(Latvian: Lamekins) made peace directly with the
2474:
2151:
2101:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1151:military hero. (The Russian authorities of the
1135:of 1915, Courland came under the control of the
502:. To the north, Courland's coast lies along the
795:, the territory of the former Duchy formed the
1676:in the summer of 1941, the German Wehrmacht's
603:, subdued the Curonians and converted them to
494:River, which separates it from the regions of
19:"Kurzeme" redirects here. For other uses, see
2408:
2148:at Statoids.com. retrieved 10 September 2015.
2123:
2070:
1792:in Latvia, roughly corresponded to Courland.
1687:overran Courland, along with the rest of the
459:, Courland roughly corresponds to the former
1653:Latvia in conformity with the terms of 1939
1185:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
423:The literal meaning of the name is "Land of
1958:
2415:
2401:
2324:, Schiffer Publishing, Atglen, PA., 1997.
2294:Northern Europe in the Early Modern Period
1024:The chief towns of the ten districts were
886:Residents of Courland by ethnicity (2022)
637:
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
2225:
2033:
1657:on 17 June 1940. On 5 August 1940, the
1412:Duchy of Courland, Semigallia and Pilten
1240:
1090:
675:
434:
430:
2280:The Baltic States and Weimar Ostpolitik
2171:
1179:' moves toward independence. With the
1111:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918)
2475:
2306:Hiden, John W., & Patrick Salmon,
2047:"Courland - historical region, Europe"
1254:Courland during and after World War II
1230:Courland as part of interbellum Latvia
787:Courland as part of the Russian Empire
514:. It lies between 55Ā° 45ā² and 57Ā° 45ā²
2396:
2385:Ritterschaften der Familie in Kurland
2196:
1087:Courland during and after World War I
656:that encompassed much of present-day
2282:, Cambridge University Press, 1987,
2259:Geschichte Liv-, Esth-, und Kurlands
1825:
506:. On the west it is bordered by the
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
2161:. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who. 1963.
13:
1762:. The blockade by elements of the
1267:
861:were the chief minerals; a little
14:
2509:
2342:
1216:Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic
2424:
2349:
2213:
2200:History of Colorado, Illustrated
2091:– via www.niniwa22.cba.pl.
1891:
1663:constituent republic of the USSR
1628:
1598:
1572:
1541:
1522:
1499:
1483:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
1475:
1450:
1432:
1393:
1372:
1349:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
1341:
1325:
1305:
1189:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
849:, agricultural machinery works,
694:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
682:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
582:
269:
252:
240:
195:
188:
177:
170:
41:
2308:The Baltic Nations & Europe
2190:
1797:dissolution of the Soviet Union
1781:(reinforced by elements of the
1032:(Libau) (pop. 64,500 in 1897);
595:tribe, inhabited Courland. The
52:needs additional citations for
2172:Ferrell, Mallory Hope (1973).
2165:
2138:
2109:
2064:
2039:
1884:
1380:PolishāLithuanian Commonwealth
1333:PolishāLithuanian Commonwealth
1208:Latvian Provisional Government
1119:, Courland formed part of the
712:PolishāLithuanian Commonwealth
521:The name is also found in the
275:Location of Courland in Latvia
1:
2261:, Reval, 1895ā1896 (2 vols).
2144:1935 census figures cited at
2009:
876:
853:, glass and soap works. Flax
404:. Courland's largest city is
2498:Historical regions in Latvia
2365:Courland (Kurland) / Kurzeme
2197:Stone, Wilbur Fiske (1919).
1873:(1754ā1833), writer and poet
1226:of 11 August ended the war.
1095:Public notice of the German
7:
1224:LatvianāSoviet Peace Treaty
1220:Latvian War of Independence
1143:commander in the person of
1075:; the rest belonged to the
16:Historical region in Latvia
10:
2514:
2252:Kurlands AgrarverhƤltnisse
1257:
1245:Postage stamp used in the
1108:
1101:region including Courland
1040:(Friedrichstadt) (5,223);
749:on what was then known as
691:
641:
577:
25:
18:
2437:
2310:, Longman, London, 1991,
1968:
1773:, surrendered to Marshal
1718:. However, some 200,000
1625:
1595:
1570:
1538:
1519:
1497:
1473:
1448:
1429:
1409:
1390:
1386:
1370:
1365:
1339:
1323:
1319:
1303:
1292:
1283:
1266:
1183:of 3 March 1918, the new
984:
976:
971:
963:
958:
950:
945:
937:
932:
924:
919:
911:
906:
898:
894:
890:
885:
760:, ceded the Duchy to the
370:
353:
343:
333:
325:
315:
280:
268:
236:
210:From top, left to right:
163:
144:
32:Courland (disambiguation)
2431:Historical Latvian Lands
2146:Municipalities of Latvia
1877:
1313:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
791:After annexation by the
756:In 1795, the last Duke,
741:and at the mouth of the
398:Historical Latvian Lands
28:Kurland (disambiguation)
21:Kurzeme (disambiguation)
2338:, MacLehose Press, 2012
2236:EncyclopƦdia Britannica
1934:
1838:, publisher and author.
1777:, the commander of the
1685:Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb
1655:MolotovāRibbentrop Pact
1288:until the 13th century
1276:Historical affiliations
1181:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
601:Catholic military order
2493:Subdivisions of Latvia
2334:Kauffmann, Jean-Paul,
2072:KoÅodziejczyk, Dariusz
2000:
1992:
1959:
1954:
1943:Scandinavian languages
1926:
1272:
1250:
1133:Russia's Great Retreat
1106:
724:Ernst Johann von Biron
698:Couronian colonization
689:
688:as it appeared in 1740
644:Livonian Confederation
638:Livonian Confederation
518:and 21Ā° and 27Ā° East.
510:, and on the south by
452:
2266:The Northern Crusades
1844:(1740ā1814), born in
1834:(1846ā1930), born in
1706:and re-conquered the
1271:
1244:
1094:
1064:(Tuckum) (7542); and
1052:(Hasenpoth) (3,338);
1044:(Goldingen) (9,733);
802:From the time of the
769:Bishopric of Courland
679:
597:Brethren of the Sword
587:In ancient times the
529:- the Courland wood.
438:
431:Geography and climate
372: ā¢ Summer (
300:57.00000Ā°N 22.00000Ā°E
2264:Christiansen, Eric,
1842:George Henry Loskiel
1752:Heeresgruppe Kurland
1739:German General Staff
1674:Operation Barbarossa
1358:Poland and Lithuania
1153:Courland Governorate
1137:Imperial German Army
797:Courland Governorate
781:Inflanty Voivodeship
455:Situated in western
61:improve this article
2488:Geography of Latvia
2134:Jewish Encyclopedia
1871:Elisa von der Recke
1748:Army Group Courland
1737:, the Chief of the
1710:along with much of
1507:United Baltic Duchy
1201:United Baltic Duchy
1145:Paul von Hindenburg
296: /
2375:Courland 1641ā1795
1865:Dorothea von Medem
1704:siege of Leningrad
1636:Republic of Latvia
1530:Republic of Latvia
1510:, client state of
1299:13th century-1561
1273:
1251:
1107:
1068:(Windau) (7,132).
1060:(Talsen) (6,215);
1056:(Illuxt) (2,340);
773:District of Pilten
690:
686:District of Pilten
453:
305:57.00000; 22.00000
2470:
2469:
2129:Herman Rosenthal
1826:Notable residents
1693:Kreisgebiet Libau
1644:
1643:
989:
988:
804:Northern Crusades
662:Tsardom of Russia
461:Latvian districts
391:
390:
137:
136:
129:
111:
2505:
2429:
2428:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2359:
2354:
2353:
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2194:
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2057:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2003:
1970:
1962:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1888:
1809:planning regions
1783:2nd Baltic Front
1741:, pleaded with
1708:Baltic countries
1678:Army Group North
1672:At the start of
1634:
1632:
1631:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1577:
1576:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1488:client state of
1480:
1479:
1478:
1455:
1454:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1264:
1263:
1161:Erich Ludendorff
1105:District in 1917
1077:Eastern Orthodox
883:
882:
617:
377:
311:
310:
308:
307:
306:
301:
297:
294:
293:
292:
289:
273:
256:
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132:
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37:
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2433:
2423:
2421:
2387:
2355:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2320:Haupt, Werner,
2229:, ed. (1911). "
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2174:Silver San Juan
2170:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2143:
2139:
2128:
2124:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2094:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2032:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2006:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1832:Ephraim Deinard
1828:
1805:Planning Region
1779:Leningrad Front
1768:Colonel-General
1764:Leningrad Front
1760:Lothar Rendulic
1756:Colonel-General
1754:) formed under
1732:Colonel-General
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1836:ValdemÄrpils
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1771:Carl Hilpert
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1743:Adolf Hitler
1698:In 1944 the
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1659:Soviet Union
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344:Largest city
259:Coat of arms
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117:January 2017
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59:Please help
54:verification
51:
2388:(in German)
2081:MĆ³wiÄ
Wieki
1846:Angermuende
1817:Semigallia
1702:lifted the
1667:Latvian SSR
1648:Soviet Army
1606:Latvian SSR
1549:Latvian SSR
1278:of Courland
1117:World War I
1073:Lutheranism
1038:Jaunjelgava
1017:, and some
1011:Lithuanians
1001:, about 8%
951:Belarusians
925:Lithuanians
811:Agriculture
767:The former
733:islands of
664:during the
612: [
599:, a German
451:) in yellow
400:in western
329:6th century
303: /
2477:Categories
2447:Semigallia
2088:2021-08-29
2010:References
1989:Lithuanian
1859:Otto Mears
1724:Baltic Sea
1680:headed by
1621:1944-1990
1616:occupation
1591:1941-1944
1586:occupation
1565:1940-1941
1560:occupation
1534:1918-1940
1469:1915-1918
1464:occupation
1444:1812-1915
1405:1795-1812
1384:1717-1795
1361:1561-1795
1337:1569-1656
1317:1561-1569
1258:See also:
1210:headed by
1109:See also:
938:Ukrainians
877:Population
779:and later
720:ducal line
654:bishoprics
609:Lammekinus
569:Baltic Sea
508:Baltic Sea
445:Semigallia
410:Semigallia
87:newspapers
76:"Courland"
2001:Kurlandia
1977:Kuurinmaa
1969:ŠŃŃŠ»ŃŠ½Š“ŠøŃ
1853:clergyman
1819:(Zemgale)
1803:(Kurzeme)
1801:Courland
1795:With the
1193:Landesrat
1103:(Kurland)
1066:Ventspils
1048:(1,489);
1036:(6,543);
1019:Livonians
867:Ventspils
859:limestone
851:tanneries
847:ironworks
731:Caribbean
726:instead.
589:Curonians
512:Lithuania
485:Ventspils
425:Curonians
355:Time zone
212:Ventspils
150:Kurzeme (
2483:Courland
2442:Courland
2370:Courland
2231:Courland
2131:Courland
2074:(1994).
2056:18 March
1981:Estonian
1960:Couronia
1931:Livonian
1850:Moravian
1700:Red Army
1651:occupied
1166:Ober Ost
1149:Prussian
1141:Ober Ost
1098:Ober Ost
1007:Russians
995:Latvians
912:Russians
899:Latvians
855:spinning
835:potatoes
739:Trinidad
684:and the
563:and the
394:Courland
291:22Ā°0ā²0ā³E
288:57Ā°0ā²0ā³N
146:Courland
2462:Latgale
2457:Vidzeme
2452:Selonia
2224::
1985:Kuramaa
1973:Finnish
1965:Russian
1955:Curonia
1947:Kurland
1927:Kurzeme
1923:Latvian
1790:oblasts
1716:Belarus
1712:Ukraine
1512:Germany
1490:Germany
1125:Russian
1115:During
1054:Ilūkste
1050:Aizpute
1046:GrobiÅa
1042:Kuldīga
1030:LiepÄja
1026:Jelgava
1005:, 1.4%
997:, 8.4%
981:
968:
955:
942:
929:
916:
903:
871:Palanga
843:Jelgava
839:LiepÄja
775:of the
658:Estonia
624:baptism
578:History
561:Lielupe
554:Jelgava
500:Vidzeme
496:Latgale
492:Daugava
469:LiepÄja
465:Kuldīga
449:Zemgale
441:Kurzeme
414:Selonia
406:LiepÄja
348:LiepÄja
338:Kuldīga
334:Capital
316:Country
222:Kuldīga
217:LiepÄja
152:Latvian
101:scholar
2328:
2314:
2300:
2286:
2272:
2218:
2180:
1997:Polish
1993:KurŔas
1939:German
1935:KurÄmÅ
1720:German
1689:Baltic
1665:, the
1633:
1603:
1546:
1527:
1437:
1422:France
1398:
1249:(1945)
1236:Latvia
1197:vassal
1062:Tukums
1034:Bauska
977:Others
833:, and
819:barley
777:Wenden
747:Africa
735:Tobago
708:vassal
628:vassal
545:, and
539:spruce
481:Tukums
473:Saldus
457:Latvia
443:) and
402:Latvia
320:Latvia
158:KurÄmÅ
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
1951:Latin
1878:Notes
1515:1918
1493:1918
1425:1812
1157:Tartu
1058:Talsi
1015:Poles
1013:, 1%
1009:, 1%
964:Poles
920:13.3%
907:77.5%
863:amber
827:wheat
704:duchy
616:]
593:pagan
565:Venta
543:birch
516:North
477:Talsi
381:UTC+3
360:UTC+2
108:JSTOR
94:books
2326:ISBN
2312:ISBN
2298:ISBN
2284:ISBN
2270:ISBN
2178:ISBN
2103:link
2058:2018
1941:and
1815:and
1813:Riga
1758:Dr.
1714:and
1646:The
1147:, a
1127:and
1079:and
1003:Jews
985:1.9%
972:0.6%
959:1.9%
946:2.3%
933:2.5%
869:and
841:and
831:flax
823:oats
737:and
696:and
680:The
591:, a
552:The
535:pine
498:and
483:and
418:duke
412:and
385:EEST
247:Flag
80:news
30:and
2233:".
1902:ŹÉr
1811:of
1695:).
1420:of
1356:of
1139:'s
815:rye
745:in
547:oak
463:of
427:".
374:DST
364:EET
63:by
2479::
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2095:{{
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1979:;
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1957:/
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1911:n
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