663:
236:
408:
394:
31:
785:, while at the same time Catholic documents were published in these languages. Stephen Batory participated in the Counter-Reformation by granting revenues and estates confiscated from Protestants to the Catholic Church and by initiating a (largely unsuccessful) recruitment campaign for Catholic colonists.
475:), and continuation of the traditional German jurisdiction and administration. The terms regarding religious freedom forbade any regulation of the traditional Protestant order by religious or secular authorities, and ruled that cases of disagreements be judged only by Protestant scholars.
300:. The order ceded about one seventh of its territory, allowed Sigismund to garrison its most important castles, and agreed to share with him any conquests made from Ivan IV. The alliance was intended to neutralize the imminent threat of annexation of the order's lands by
312:
and unable to prevent the occupation of most of
Livonia by Russian forces. After the treaty, the disintegrating order agreed to secularization if necessary, and since Sigismund was reluctant to support it militarily, continued its search for a protector at the courts of
424:
In
November 1561 the new Grand Master Gotthard Kettler secularized the Order and surrendered Livonia to Sigismund Augustus, retaining the Duchy of Courland for himself as Polish-Lithuanian vassal. The Northern Crusade was over, the Northern Wars had begun.
592:, Livonia's administrative division was re-organized with its castellans becoming members of the Lithuanian senate. The union however did not impact Livonian jurisdiction, which was to be carried out according to the traditional customs. When in 1569 the
705:
and
Augsburg Confession, but revoked their status as elementary right and else did not contain any privileges. The traditional German administration and jurisdiction was gradually impaired by the establishment of
788:
These measures however proved to have only limited impact on the
Estonian and Latvian population, while alienating the German gentry to a degree that they supported the Swedish take-over of Livonia (without
1277:
Sahanowitsch, Henads (2001). "Der
Eintritt des Großfürstentum Litauens in die polnische Adelsrepublik. Weißrußland im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert". In Beyrau, Dietrich; Lindener, Rainer (eds.).
1356:
1441:
1431:
1988:
325:
1581:
1451:
1349:
1406:
1396:
1391:
738:
1342:
221:
829:
for protection. Charles IX expelled the Polish forces from
Estonia, and his campaigns in the Duchy of Livonia were concluded in 1621 by his successor
1603:
1411:
1401:
1416:
1201:
Grudulis, Ludwig (1998). "The
Reformation and Public Education in 16th and 17th Century Latvia". In Golz, Reinhard; Mayrhofer, Wolfgang (eds.).
1574:
1456:
305:
79:
1993:
1567:
1167:. Völker, Staaten und Kulturen in Ostmitteleuropa (in German). Vol. 2. Munich: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. pp. 51–72.
1163:
Dybaś, Bogusław (2006). "Livland und Polen-Litauen nach dem
Frieden von Oliva (1660)". In Willoweit, Dietmar; Lemberg, Hans (eds.).
1998:
1461:
253:, while another faction violently opposed it. After a civil war starting in 1556, the pro-Polish faction gained the upper hand.
132:
806:
1305:
1191:
853:
151:
1701:
666:
608:
565:, a stable political system was established on the basis of the 1561 treaty, and only in 1617 this was modified by the
848:
Swedish rule ended the
Counter-Reformation, and the privileges of the Livonian nobles resembled those outlined in the
1324:
1286:
1267:
1248:
1229:
1210:
1172:
1153:
1134:
2018:
1220:
Kahle, Wilhelm (1984). "Die
Bedeutung der Confessio Augustana für die Kirche im Osten". In Hauptmann, Peter (ed.).
794:
674:
562:
491:
120:
24:
1446:
1919:
99:
1671:
1656:
1298:
Die Zivilrechtsordnungen des Baltikums unter dem Einfluss ausländischer, insbesondere deutscher Rechtsquellen
1746:
1661:
1549:
652:
136:
1858:
1517:
1334:
1165:
Reiche und Territorien in Ostmitteleuropa. Historische Beziehungen und politische Herrschaftslegitimation
830:
597:
250:
2013:
1914:
1492:
1436:
769:- a disputed interpretation since the German Livonian estates traditionally spoke for all Livonians.
442:
by which the Livonian estates accepted Polish-Lithuanian superiority. This document is also known as
1300:. Osnabrücker Schriften zur Rechtsgeschichte (in German). Vol. 16. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
457:
guaranteed the Livonian estates several privileges, including religious freedom with respect to the
329:
1691:
1522:
1487:
678:
624:
589:
503:
337:
281:
183:
59:
521:, with Kettler installed as Sigismund's "Royal administrator". These territories however excluded
2008:
1946:
1924:
1904:
1899:
1834:
1626:
1621:
636:
345:
232:
in 1517, and afterward it had spread to all of Livonia; religious freedom was declared in 1554.
513:
In contrast, Livonia north of the Daugava was subordinated directly to Sigismund II Augustus as
2003:
1961:
1938:
1873:
1631:
1512:
1386:
1381:
693:
Báthory however regarded the re-conquered territories as his war booty, refused to confirm the
644:
577:
373:
261:
246:
239:
225:
55:
376:
concluded a treaty with Poland–Lithuania on 28 November 1561, subordinating themselves to the
30:
1983:
1721:
1651:
1636:
1532:
742:
454:
413:
377:
333:
309:
297:
83:
1819:
249:
was in decline due to internal struggles, a faction of the order favored rapprochement with
1863:
1814:
1731:
826:
802:
495:
289:
285:
201:
189:
1951:
1780:
16:
1561 transfer of territory from the Livonian Confederation to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
8:
1785:
1616:
1527:
834:
734:
723:
458:
296:, had put the order's lands under protection of Polish king and Grand Duke of Lithuania,
277:
140:
1676:
1224:. Kirche im Osten (in German). Vol. 27. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 9–35.
662:
1909:
1853:
1741:
1502:
857:
810:
632:
628:
526:
365:
318:
128:
71:
1666:
1883:
1878:
1845:
1775:
1713:
1641:
1320:
1301:
1282:
1263:
1244:
1225:
1206:
1187:
1168:
1149:
1130:
798:
774:
616:
530:
369:
361:
265:
93:
1868:
1824:
1809:
1770:
1726:
1681:
1611:
1559:
1537:
1507:
1482:
1421:
865:
842:
818:
782:
778:
753:(Tartu). The respective Jesuit colleges and the Catholic bishopric with its see in
746:
670:
656:
648:
585:
514:
499:
399:
257:
213:
205:
197:
179:
124:
116:
139:(Batory) ignored the privileges of 1561, granted a new constitution and initiated
1829:
1804:
1646:
838:
814:
715:
711:
682:
593:
576:
The situation north of the Daugava was quite different. On 25 December 1566, the
468:
430:
349:
159:
144:
822:
1796:
1765:
1757:
1736:
1465:
1203:
Luther and Melanchthon in the educational thought of central and eastern Europe
600:
573:, which granted the indigenous nobles additional rights at the duke's expense.
550:
341:
314:
293:
193:
171:
108:
1977:
1956:
1426:
479:
148:
96:
and confirmed the Livonian estates' traditional privileges, laid out in the
1595:
1366:
707:
640:
507:
269:
175:
51:
1364:
1184:
The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721
770:
304:, yet despite earning military support from Polish-Lithuanian chancellor
112:
627:, in addition to his Livonian possessions, bought the succession in the
407:
235:
604:
581:
19:
This article is about the 1561 treaty. For other treaties concluded in
1591:
762:
463:
790:
758:
686:
635:
under Ivan IV's patronage. After the Polish-Swedish victory in the
546:
483:
393:
757:(Cēsis) were founded in 1566. Counter-reformation focussed on the
754:
639:, Russian forces were subsequently expelled from Livonia, and the
538:
534:
502:, Courland and Semigallia was thus made a hereditary fief of the
487:
217:
67:
63:
20:
952:
De Madariaga (2006), pp. 129-130; Sahanowitsch (2001), pp. 93-94
490:(Semgallen, Zemgale, Žiemgala), were established as the secular
1243:. Neue deutsche Geschichte (in German). Vol. 4. C.H.Beck.
1205:. Texts on Theory and History of Education. Vol. 10. LIT.
542:
353:
301:
209:
1222:
Studien zur osteuropäischen Kirchengeschichte und Kirchenkunde
750:
733:
Under Stephen Báthory, the Duchy of Livonia was subjected to
710:, the appointment of Royal officials, and the replacement of
273:
765:
population, since they were not explicitly mentioned in the
719:
522:
357:
229:
75:
264:
had turned to Poland–Lithuania for protection, triggering
224:(Valmiera) forbade any future secularization in 1546. The
66:. With the treaty, the non-Danish and non-Swedish part of
1319:. Beck'sche Reihe (in German). Vol. 2355. C.H.Beck.
864:, with the respective references being confirmed in the
545:
protection, and the westernmost part of Estonia with
111:
was the "final act" in Livonia's transition from the
1589:
821:, whereupon the local nobles turned to the duke of
204:, which led to the establishment of the Protestant
1241:Reich und Glaubensspaltung. Deutschland 1500-1600
1083:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1067:
92:. In turn, Sigismund granted protection from the
1975:
992:
990:
988:
986:
655:(Batory) was able to re-assume control over the
860:, the capitulations explicitly referred to the
1989:Treaties of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1260:The early Vasas. A history of Sweden 1523-1611
1078:
1064:
722:was added to Polish-Lithuanian Livonia by the
50:was concluded on 28 November 1561, during the
1575:
1350:
1095:
1093:
983:
1314:
1276:
1143:
960:
958:
934:
932:
930:
928:
900:
898:
896:
894:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
196:bought his order out of the union with the
119:. The territories were re-organized in the
1582:
1568:
1552:which contain agreements regarding Livonia
1357:
1343:
1107:
1105:
1090:
1030:
1028:
1026:
268:'s intervention in what was to become the
1281:(in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
976:
974:
972:
970:
955:
925:
891:
854:Estonia and Livonia capitulated to Russia
143:. These measures were reversed after the
1200:
1046:
1037:
999:
661:
234:
29:
1295:
1257:
1102:
1023:
433:: The Northern Wars, Harlow 2000, p. 5.
1976:
1279:Handbuch der Geschichte Weissrusslands
967:
1563:
1338:
1219:
1181:
1162:
1124:
611:, Livonia became a Polish-Lithuanian
272:. In 1558, Ivan IV had conquered the
152:Livonia capitulated to Russia in 1710
89:Pacta subiectionis (Provisio ducalis)
1238:
948:
946:
944:
697:, and in 1582 replaced it with the
651:. Only then, Sigismund's successor
282:Treaty of Vilnius of 31 August 1559
13:
1548:Treaties primarily concerning the
478:The Livonian regions south of the
200:. Thus, the secularization of the
14:
2030:
941:
809:had begun in 1600, when Catholic
797:), formalized in the treaties of
730:similarly reducing its freedoms.
1994:Treaties of the Duchy of Livonia
1317:Geschichte der baltischen Länder
813:tried to incorporate Protestant
728:Corpus Privilegiorum Stephanorum
726:of 14 January 1581, including a
675:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
669:superimposed on modern borders,
563:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
492:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
406:
392:
310:defeated in Ērģeme (Ermes, 1560)
127:, the latter competing with the
121:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
1117:
1055:
556:
276:(Tartu) area, annihilating the
1999:Treaties of the Livonian Order
1462:Báthory's campaign (1577–1582)
1365:Campaigns and treaties of the
916:
907:
882:
862:Privilegium Sigismundi Augusti
850:Privilegium Sigismundi Augusti
767:Privilegium Sigismundi Augusti
695:Privilegium Sigismundi Augusti
667:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
609:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
498:as its duke. Shaped after the
451:Privilegium Sigismundi Augusti
156:Privilegium Sigismundi Augusti
100:Privilegium Sigismundi Augusti
1:
1672:Franco-Polish Alliance (1524)
1144:De Madariaga, Isabel (2006).
1127:Als die Bayern Bonn eroberten
876:
306:Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł
165:
1315:Tuchtenhagen, Ralph (2005).
913:Grudulis (1998), pp. 128-129
773:were forbidden to preach in
718:as administrative language.
549:(Ösel, Saaremaa), which was
70:, with the exception of the
7:
922:De Madariaga (2006), p. 127
817:into the Polish-Lithuanian
643:ended with the treaties of
541:(Tallinn), which was under
23:(Vilna, Wilna, Wilno), see
10:
2035:
1087:Tuchtenhagen (2005), p. 38
1075:Tuchtenhagen (2005), p. 37
996:Tuchtenhagen (2005), p. 36
871:
482:(Düna, Dvina), comprising
169:
131:during the war. After its
107:The secularization of the
78:, subjected itself to the
34:German translation of the
18:
1937:
1892:
1843:
1794:
1755:
1711:
1700:
1602:
1550:Northern Seven Years' War
1546:
1475:
1374:
1296:Steinke, Dimitri (2009).
1258:Roberts, Michael (1986).
1148:. Yale University Press.
438:The treaty comprised the
383:
260:, concluded in 1557, the
1182:Frost, Robert I (2000).
825:and later Swedish king,
679:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
590:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
184:Treaty of Vilnius (1559)
135:, Sigismund's successor
60:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
2019:16th century in Vilnius
1915:Preobrazhenskoye (1699)
1737:Niemieża / Vilna (1656)
1457:Radziwiłł's raid (1581)
795:Courland and Semigallia
741:, who had converted to
699:Constitutiones Livoniae
637:Battle of Wenden (1578)
623:between 1572 and 1577.
504:Grand Duke of Lithuania
352:subordinated itself to
328:sold his bishoprics of
147:. When after a further
80:Grand Duke of Lithuania
1962:Franco-Polish alliance
1939:Second Polish Republic
1910:Wehlau–Bromberg (1657)
1657:Brześć Kujawski (1435)
1125:Bülow, Werner (2003).
1099:Steinke (2009), p. 120
1061:Steinke (2009), p. 121
964:Roberts (1986), p. 162
938:Steinke (2009), p. 119
904:Roberts (1986), p. 157
833:, who established the
690:
621:Livonia transdunanesis
619:subdued nearly all of
517:, also referred to as
472:
449:Also included was the
427:
374:Livonian Confederation
326:Johann von Münchhausen
262:Livonian Confederation
247:Livonian Confederation
242:
240:Livonian Confederation
226:Protestant Reformation
56:Livonian Confederation
39:
841:from the bulk of the
665:
519:Livonia transdunensis
455:Sigismund II Augustus
422:
414:Sigismund II Augustus
378:Sigismund II Augustus
372:, the remnant of the
298:Sigismund II Augustus
238:
170:Further information:
84:Sigismund II Augustus
33:
1747:Eternal Peace (1686)
1239:Rabe, Horst (1989).
1052:Dybaś (2006), p. 110
1020:Dybaś (2006), p. 109
673:shown in dark grey,
631:and established the
496:Gotthard von Kettler
286:Gotthard von Kettler
202:Teutonic Order State
1874:Bila Tserkva (1651)
1722:Yam-Zapolsky (1582)
1186:. Harlow: Longman.
1111:Kahle (1984), p. 18
1043:Bülow (2003), p. 75
1034:Kahle (1984), p. 17
980:Rabe (1989), p. 308
807:Polish–Swedish wars
735:Counter-Reformation
724:Treaty of Drohiczyn
459:Augsburg Confession
278:Bishopric of Dorpat
141:Counter-Reformation
1920:Altranstädt (1706)
1129:(in German). Utz.
888:Frost (2000), p. 5
858:Great Northern War
811:Sigismund III Vasa
739:Otto von Schenking
701:, which tolerated
691:
633:Kingdom of Livonia
629:Bishopric of Reval
527:Free imperial city
440:Pacta subiectionis
368:. Hard-pressed by
366:Free imperial city
360:had turned to the
319:Holy Roman Emperor
243:
129:Kingdom of Livonia
72:Free imperial city
40:
36:Pacta subiectionis
2014:1561 in Lithuania
1971:
1970:
1933:
1932:
1859:Pereyaslav (1630)
1815:Stuhmsdorf (1635)
1732:Polyanovka (1634)
1702:Polish–Lithuanian
1604:Kingdom of Poland
1557:
1556:
1307:978-3-89971-573-6
1193:978-0-582-06429-4
1146:Ivan the Terrible
831:Gustavus Adolphus
803:Stuhmsdorf (1635)
617:Ivan IV of Russia
598:Polish-Lithuanian
571:Statuta Curlandiæ
567:Formula regiminis
531:Holy Roman Empire
370:Ivan IV of Russia
362:Holy Roman Empire
266:Ivan IV of Russia
216:, did not affect
158:was confirmed by
94:Tsardom of Russia
44:Treaty of Vilnius
2026:
1820:Kėdainiai (1655)
1786:Karlowitz (1699)
1742:Andrusovo (1667)
1709:
1708:
1617:Merseburg (1033)
1584:
1577:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1447:Wenden (1577–78)
1359:
1352:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1311:
1292:
1273:
1254:
1235:
1216:
1197:
1178:
1159:
1140:
1112:
1109:
1100:
1097:
1088:
1085:
1076:
1073:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1021:
1018:
997:
994:
981:
978:
965:
962:
953:
950:
939:
936:
923:
920:
914:
911:
905:
902:
889:
886:
866:Treaty of Nystad
843:Duchy of Livonia
819:Duchy of Livonia
783:Russian language
671:Duchy of Livonia
657:Duchy of Livonia
596:transformed the
586:Duchy of Livonia
515:Duchy of Livonia
444:Provisio ducalis
434:
431:Frost, Robert I.
410:
400:Gotthard Kettler
396:
348:. In June 1561,
258:Treaty of Pozvol
251:Poland–Lithuania
222:Recess of Wolmar
206:Duchy of Prussia
198:Teutonic Knights
180:Treaty of Pozvol
145:Swedish conquest
125:Duchy of Livonia
117:Early Modern era
2034:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2023:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1929:
1888:
1854:Kurukove (1625)
1839:
1790:
1751:
1703:
1696:
1632:Raciążek (1404)
1627:Namysłów (1348)
1598:
1588:
1558:
1553:
1542:
1471:
1442:Reval (1576–77)
1432:Reval (1571–72)
1370:
1363:
1333:
1327:
1308:
1289:
1270:
1262:. CUP Archive.
1251:
1232:
1213:
1194:
1175:
1156:
1137:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1103:
1098:
1091:
1086:
1079:
1074:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1024:
1019:
1000:
995:
984:
979:
968:
963:
956:
951:
942:
937:
926:
921:
917:
912:
908:
903:
892:
887:
883:
879:
874:
852:. When in 1710
839:Swedish Livonia
815:Swedish Estonia
683:Swedish Estonia
677:in light grey,
653:Stephen Báthory
594:Union of Lublin
578:Union of Grodno
559:
506:, later of the
436:
429:
420:
419:
418:
417:
416:
411:
403:
402:
397:
386:
350:part of Estonia
228:had started in
186:
168:
160:Peter the Great
137:Stephen Báthory
28:
25:Treaty of Vilna
17:
12:
11:
5:
2032:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2009:1561 in Europe
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1959:
1954:
1952:Suwałki (1920)
1949:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1879:Hadiach (1658)
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1810:Altmark (1629)
1807:
1801:
1799:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1781:Żurawno (1676)
1778:
1776:Buchach (1672)
1773:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1758:Ottoman Empire
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1727:Deulino (1618)
1724:
1718:
1716:
1706:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1692:Stettin (1570)
1689:
1687:Vilnius (1561)
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1652:Łęczyca (1433)
1649:
1644:
1642:Lubowla (1412)
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1612:Bautzen (1018)
1608:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1596:peace treaties
1587:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1564:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1498:Vilnius (1561)
1495:
1490:
1488:Vilnius (1559)
1485:
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799:Altmark (1629)
737:led by bishop
601:personal union
580:established a
558:
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500:Prussian model
486:(Kurland) and
421:
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404:
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391:
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315:Denmark-Norway
308:, Kettler was
294:Livonian Order
194:Livonian Order
172:Livonian Order
167:
164:
149:series of wars
109:Livonian Order
54:, between the
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2031:
2020:
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2004:1561 treaties
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1947:Warsaw (1920)
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1925:Vienna (1738)
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1905:Vienna (1657)
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649:Narva-Plyussa
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480:Daugava River
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364:and became a
363:
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343:
340:, brother of
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188:In 1513, the
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61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
37:
32:
26:
22:
1984:Livonian War
1830:Oliwa (1660)
1766:Busza (1617)
1704:Commonwealth
1686:
1667:Ólafu (1474)
1662:Thorn (1466)
1647:Melno (1422)
1637:Thorn (1411)
1538:Narva-Plussa
1533:Jam Zapolski
1497:
1452:Narva (1581)
1382:Narva (1558)
1367:Livonian War
1316:
1297:
1278:
1259:
1240:
1221:
1202:
1183:
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1145:
1126:
1118:Bibliography
1057:
1048:
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909:
884:
861:
849:
847:
823:Södermanland
787:
766:
749:of Riga and
732:
727:
708:voivodeships
702:
698:
694:
692:
645:Jam Zapolski
641:Livonian War
620:
612:
584:between the
575:
570:
566:
560:
557:Consequences
518:
512:
508:Polish Crown
477:
462:
450:
448:
443:
439:
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423:
346:Frederick II
323:
290:Grand Master
270:Livonian War
255:
244:
220:, where the
190:Grand Master
187:
176:Livonian War
155:
106:
98:
97:
88:
87:
52:Livonian War
47:
43:
41:
35:
1957:Riga (1921)
1893:With others
1369:(1558–1583)
856:during the
743:Catholicism
685:and Danish
681:in purple,
613:condominium
280:. With the
113:Middle Ages
1978:Categories
1407:Zessvengen
877:References
827:Charles IX
745:, and the
605:real union
582:real union
533:, part of
488:Semigallia
208:under the
166:Background
133:reconquest
1756:With the
1528:Drohiczyn
1437:Wesenberg
1397:Neuhausen
1392:Neishloss
1375:Campaigns
771:Lutherans
703:Indigenat
689:in green.
525:, then a
473:Indygenat
464:Indigenat
453:by which
330:Ösel-Wiek
324:In 1560,
256:With the
86:with the
1846:Cossacks
1518:Roskilde
1503:Mozhaysk
1493:Novgorod
1476:Treaties
868:(1721).
835:dominion
791:Latgalia
775:Estonian
763:Estonian
484:Courland
334:Courland
317:and the
123:and the
58:and the
1714:Muscovy
1590:Polish
1523:Stettin
872:Sources
779:Latvian
759:Latvian
747:Jesuits
603:into a
561:In the
543:Swedish
535:Estonia
529:of the
292:of the
245:As the
218:Livonia
214:in 1525
192:of the
115:to the
68:Livonia
64:Vilnius
21:Vilnius
1964:(1921)
1797:Sweden
1592:truces
1513:Grodno
1508:Dorpat
1483:Pozvol
1422:Ergeme
1402:Ringen
1323:
1304:
1285:
1266:
1247:
1228:
1209:
1190:
1171:
1152:
1133:
805:. The
755:Wenden
751:Dorpat
716:Polish
712:German
625:Magnus
607:, the
551:Danish
469:Polish
461:, the
384:Treaty
354:Sweden
342:Danish
338:Magnus
302:Russia
274:Dorpat
210:Polish
182:, and
154:, the
1844:With
1795:With
1712:With
1466:Pskov
714:with
539:Reval
537:with
494:with
344:king
212:king
48:Vilna
1594:and
1417:Erms
1321:ISBN
1302:ISBN
1283:ISBN
1264:ISBN
1245:ISBN
1226:ISBN
1207:ISBN
1188:ISBN
1169:ISBN
1150:ISBN
1131:ISBN
801:and
781:and
761:and
720:Riga
687:Øsel
647:and
588:the
569:and
547:Øsel
523:Riga
358:Riga
332:and
230:Riga
76:Riga
42:The
1427:Ula
845:.
837:of
510:.
336:to
74:of
62:in
46:or
1980::
1104:^
1092:^
1080:^
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893:^
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659:.
615:.
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471::
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321:.
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1358:e
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467:(
38:.
27:.
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