533:. Those have established Arabic ancestry. The following are six textile fabric words whose ancestry is not established and not adequately in evidence, but Arabic ancestry is entertained by many reporters. Five of the six have Late Medieval start dates in the Western languages and the sixth started in the 16th century.
1439:
because they have Latin records beginning in the 9th or 10th centuries. In other words nearly all the names were introduced to Latin in the later-medieval period, specifically from the late 11th through late 13th centuries. Most early Latin users lived in Italy. All of the names, without exception,
368:
in the 14th and 15th centuries. Medieval Arabic botany was primarily concerned with the use of plants for medicines. In a modern etymology analysis of one medieval Arabic list of medicines, the names of the medicines —primarily plant names— were assessed to be 31% ancient
Mesopotamian names, 23%
353:
Over ninety percent of those botanical names were introduced to medieval Latin in a herbal medicine context. They include names of medicinal plants from
Tropical Asia for which there had been no prior Latin or Greek name, such as azedarach, bellerica, cubeba, emblica, galanga, metel, turpethum,
514:
The list above included the six textile fabric names cotton, damask, gauze, macramé, mohair, & muslin, and the three textile dye names anil, crimson/kermes, and safflower, and the garment names jumper and sash. The following are three lesser-used textile words that were not listed:
1864:
wood was treated in warm water; a yellow infusion was obtained which on contact with air turned into brown; with acids it becomes greenish yellow and with alkalies orange; in combination with iron salts, especially with ferrous sulphate a greenish-black was produced." –
55:
To qualify for this list, a word must be reported in etymology dictionaries as having descended from Arabic. A handful of dictionaries have been used as the source for the list. Words associated with the
Islamic religion are omitted; for Islamic words, see
411:
area. For genera and species that did not already have Latin names, Forsskål used the common Arabic names as the scientific names. This became the international standard for most of what he cataloged. Forsskål's
Latinized Arabic plant genus names include
1853:
Fustic in the late medieval centuries was a dye from the wood of a
Mediterranean tree. After the discovery of America, a better, more durable dye from a tree wood was found, and given the same name. The late medieval fustic came from the
1069:
1912:
1599:. Forsskål was a student of Arabic language as well as of taxonomy. His published journals contain the underlying Arabic names as well as his Latinizations of them (downloadable from links at the Knowledge
153:
The following plant names entered medieval Latin texts from Arabic. Today, in descent from the medieval Latin, they are international systematic classification names (commonly known as "Latin" names):
400:, each of which designated plants that were unknown to Western European botanists before Alpini, plants native to tropical Asia that were grown with artificial irrigation in Egypt at the time.
1145:
1920:
2445:
1250:
2136:
600:= "the carthamin dye plant or its seeds". The textile industry was the largest manufacturing industry in the Arabic-speaking lands in the medieval and early modern eras.
704:. Middle Eastern cuisine words were rare before 1970 in English, being mostly confined to travellers' reports. Usage increased rapidly in the 1970s for certain words.
1748:
woollen cloth.... The stuff was made in the Orient and introduced to the
Occident at the same time as the word." The historian Wilhelm Heyd (1886) says: "The Arabic
2080:
1468:, dated about 1245, which was not translated to Latin in the medieval era but was published in the 19th century in German, French, and Arabic – an Arabic copy is at
2089:
1923:. Many dictionaries today report that the Spanish dye name somehow came from this medieval Arabic word. But the proponents of this idea do not cite evidence of
1460:. All of the Arabic predecessor plant-names without exception, and usually with better descriptions of the plants (compared to Ibn Sina's descriptions), are in
879:
References for the medieval Arabic sources and medieval Latin borrowings of those plant names are as follows. Ones marked "(F)" go to the French dictionary at
576:
has provenance in 14th-century French, Italian, Catalan, Spanish, and
English, and today it is often guessed to come ultimately from a Persian word for woven (
2505:
1456:
of Ibn Sina, dated about 1025 in Arabic, which became a widely circulated book in Latin medical circles in the 13th and 14th centuries: an Arabic copy is at
1427:. None of the names are found in Latin in early medieval or classical Latin botany or medicine books -- partially excepting a complication over the name
17:
354:
zedoaria and zerumbet. Another sizeable portion are ultimately
Iranian names of medicinal plants of Iran. The Arabic-to-Latin translation of Ibn Sina's
61:
847:
2544:
1423:; and the few that are not in either of those two dictionaries can be seen in Latin in the book on medicaments by Serapion the Younger circa 1300
2347:
2450:
2392:
2462:
2238:
2187:
2073:
1452:(dated later 13th century Latin). The Arabic predecessors of the great majority of the names can be seen in Arabic as entries in Part Two of
107:
100:
93:
86:
79:
72:
1871:, by Franco Brunello, year 1973 page 382. The earliest record of the word as a dye in the Western languages is in 13th-century Spanish as
1760:. This is the common character of all the camlets . They could be made from diverse materials.... Some were made from fine goat hair." –
2522:
2474:
2227:
2200:
835:
2404:
2399:
2332:
2309:
2294:
2182:
2112:
1961:. This suggests that the use of the word as a dye may have started in Spanish. From a phonetic angle the medieval Spanish and French
67:
Given the number of words which have entered
English from Arabic, this list is split alphabetically into sublists, as listed below:
2511:
2479:
2254:
2206:
2192:
2066:
1888:
859:. Footnotes for individual words have supplementary other references. The most frequently cited of the supplementary references is
2516:
2484:
2457:
2419:
2414:
2337:
2304:
2289:
2264:
2221:
2165:
2097:
1981:. From the semantic angle, since most names of natural dyes referred to both the plant that produces the dye and the dye itself,
2435:
2284:
2271:
2233:
2211:
2176:
2170:
1473:
2469:
2440:
2409:
2387:
2368:
2352:
2342:
2279:
2259:
2216:
2314:
2117:
2049:
1916:
1469:
1167:
2373:
1927:
carrying the dye meaning in Arabic. The use of the word as a dye in medieval Arabic is not recorded under the entry for
608:
The following words are from Arabic, although some of them have entered
Western European languages via other languages.
2378:
1596:
1505:
Analysis of herbal medicine plant-names by Martin Levey reported by him in "Chapter III: Botanonymy" in his 1973 book
1408:. The great majority of the above plant names can be seen in Latin in the late-13th-century medical-botany dictionary
48:
or else indirectly by passing from Arabic into other languages and then into English. Most entered one or more of the
2106:
817:
1824:
meaning a soft flexible leather of goat-skin made in the country of Morocco, or similar leather made anywhere, with
1721:
1137:
380:
stayed in Egypt for several years in the 1580s. He introduced to Latin botany from Arabic from Egypt the names
60:. Archaic and rare words are also omitted. A bigger listing including words very rarely seen in English is at
949:
1266:
1989:. The semantic transformation from "pistachio" to "fustic dye" is poorly understood, assuming it happened.
1816:
The English word morocco, meaning a type of leather, is a refreshed spelling of early 16th-century English
1526:, by Helmut Genaust, year 1996. Another Arabic botanical name introduced by Prospero Alpini from Egypt was
1485:
1301:
1195:
1175:
1017:
961:
945:
823:
1761:
1420:
1404:
1341:
1313:
1238:
1226:
1207:
1191:
1179:
1121:
1101:
1097:
1081:
1058:
1044:
1036:
1040:
957:
953:
805:
829:
779:
2158:
2033:
1954:
1800:
918:
143:
1563:
is a certain vigorously climbing and twisting bean plant. Prospero Alpini called the plant in Latin
1337:
1309:
1297:
1286:
1278:
1242:
1230:
1203:
1171:
1013:
926:
892:
360:
helped establish many Arabic plant names in later medieval Latin. A book about medicating agents by
1390:
1282:
1199:
1155:
965:
1583:
1234:
969:
1648:
comes from an old Spanish name for broom bushes and the Spanish name is from medieval Arabic رتم
1159:
811:
582:
1333:
1304:(Alphita: see editor's footnote quoting Matthaeus Silvaticus and John Gerarde), spelled مازريون
1766:, Volume 2 pages 703–705, by W. Heyd, year 1886. The medieval Arabic word was also in the form
1641:
1441:
41:
2045:
1932:
1258:
1246:
1211:
1021:
1521:
1457:
1400:
900:
596:
is another old textile dye. Its name was borrowed in the late medieval West from Arabic قرطم
356:
1572:
1394:
1386:
1270:
1117:
1061:
840:
1449:
1445:
1183:
1141:
934:
361:
321:
230:
1990:
1657:
1317:
1009:
8:
2013:
1833:
1829:
1028:
746:
466:
258:
1725:
948:(Constantinus Africanus was the introducer of plantname Berberis into medieval Latin),
754:
488:
478:
244:
237:
209:
370:
369:
Greek names, 18% Persian, 13% Indian (often via Persian), 5% uniquely Arabic, and 3%
342:
132:
57:
49:
1600:
404:
1619:
1356:
1043:(Pierre Guigues 1903 in preface to translation of Najm al-Din Mahmud (died 1330)),
696:
541:
335:
328:
314:
115:
List of English words of Arabic origin: Addenda for certain specialist vocabularies
37:
33:
2058:
1424:
2037:
1958:
1866:
1804:
1624:, by L. Marcel Devic, year 1876. The following are supplemental notes. The names
1613:
1532:
1506:
1413:
922:
734:
523:
492:
377:
307:
293:
265:
223:
216:
45:
1841:
1274:
1125:
1073:
856:
483:
279:
1373:
842:
Arabismen im Deutschen: lexikalische Transferenzen vom Arabischen ins Deutsche
2538:
1753:
1461:
864:
738:
610:
196:
1700:
1218:
1856:
1109:
701:
500:
447:
Some additional miscellaneous botanical names with Arabic ancestry include
365:
286:
272:
251:
184:
2019:
1571:
in 1592. It was republished in 1640 with supplements by other botanists –
1381:
985:
1996:
says "the name was transferred from the pistachio to the closely allied
1733:
1350:
1262:
1129:
1105:
1053:
1032:
997:
762:
684:
660:
529:
387:
300:
156:
1978:
1884:
1689:
1549:
1365:
1293:
981:
888:
364:
containing hundreds of Arabic botanical names circulated in Latin among
1685:
1416:
and in the mid-15th-century Latin medical-botany dictionary called the
1377:
1369:
1133:
680:
654:
454:
1837:
1496:, Series X, tome V, pages 473–546, continued in tome VI, pages 49–112.
1005:
1896:
1720:
was a costly fabric and was typically an import from the Near East –
1696:
appears in 16th century Europe with the same core meaning as today's
1665:
1559:
means any kind of climbing and twisting plant. The Latin and English
1254:
1222:
1113:
1077:
993:
692:
592:
553:
474:
200:
176:
168:
1261:(Simon of Genoa year 1292 in Latin, also in Matthaeus Silvaticus);;
726:
646:
642:
638:
618:
470:
450:
395:
160:
800:
Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales: Etymologies
798:
1985:
meaning "little pieces of wood" can plausibly beget the dye name
1677:
1672:= "acerola cherry" which is from medieval Spanish and Portuguese
668:
614:
586:
is a textile dye. The name is traceable to late medieval Spanish
572:
564:
547:
535:
462:
439:
427:
419:
408:
180:
172:
2023:
1974:
1943:
1783:
1653:
114:
1621:
Dictionnaire Étymologique Des Mots Français D'Origine Orientale
766:
742:
718:
688:
676:
672:
650:
630:
626:
517:
496:
458:
431:
423:
391:
188:
164:
29:
1632:
were introduced to scientific botany nomenclature from الحرجل
758:
121:
44:. The following words have been acquired either directly from
1757:
1745:
1612:
Most of those miscellaneous botanical names are discussed in
1595:
A list of 43 of Forsskål's Latinized Arabic fish names is at
1545:
722:
714:
664:
634:
622:
559:
435:
415:
383:
204:
192:
861:
Glossaire des mots espagnols et portugais dérivés de l'arabe
851:(a.k.a. "NED") (published in pieces between 1888 and 1928),
1969:= "boards of wood, timber", which was from classical Latin
730:
2030:
1951:
1791:
1707:
agree it is from Arabic although they do not agree on how.
1618:, by Helmut Genaust, year 1996. About half of them are in
1321:
887:, and other references are identified with terse labels:
712:
Some words used in English in talking about Arabic music:
1162:
says Matthaeus Silvaticus (year 1317); this name is بهمن
908:
750:
590:
dye, which is often guessed to be from an Arabic source.
1728:. Today spelled "camlet", it is synonymous with French
1615:
Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen
1582:
by Prospero Alpini (died 1617) was published in 1639 –
1523:
Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen
1911:
as a color name, yellow-green like the pistachio nut
1567:= "lablab black bean". Prospero Alpini published his
881:
Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales
797:
The dictionaries used to compile the list are these:
2088:
1965:is a diminutive of the medieval Spanish and French
1540:(Lammens 1890; Ibn al-Baitar). The Latin botanical
1440:are in the Arabic-to-Latin medical translations of
1047:(Lammens 1890), the meaning of late medieval Latin
407:systematically cataloged plants and fishes in the
1782:, taken from medieval Arabic dictionaries are in
848:A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles
2536:
1907:= "pistachio". Medieval Arabic additionally had
1466:Comprehensive Book of Simple Medicines and Foods
373:, with the remaining 7% of unassessable origin.
2015:New English Dictionary on Historical Principles
1992:New English Dictionary on Historical Principles
658:. Some cuisine words of lesser circulation are
1259:kali = a marine littoral plant, an Arabic name
946:Berberis is frequent in Constantinus Africanus
2074:
1316:(synonyms of Petrus de Abano, died c. 1316),
972:(Serapion the Younger, medieval Latin);; for
2000:". But the two trees are not closely allied.
1828:literally meaning "Moroccan, from Morocco".
875:
873:
853:An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English
580:), and it might have Arabic intermediation.
137:
108:List of English words of Arabic origin (T-Z)
101:List of English words of Arabic origin (N-S)
94:List of English words of Arabic origin (K-M)
87:List of English words of Arabic origin (G-J)
80:List of English words of Arabic origin (C-F)
73:List of English words of Arabic origin (A-B)
1868:The Art of Dyeing in the History of Mankind
1763:Histoire du commerce du Levant au moyen-âge
122:Addenda for certain specialist vocabularies
2081:
2067:
1903:= "pistachio, which were from Arabic فستق
1640:in the early 19th century by the botanist
1508:Early Arabic Pharmacology: An Introduction
1492:, by Pierre Guigues, published in 1905 in
870:
148:
1680:" which is from medieval Arabic الزعرور
2545:Lists of English words of Arabic origin
836:Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
603:
509:
14:
2537:
2029:. For the word in medieval Arabic see
1942:in the medieval Arabic dictionaries –
2062:
2018:(year 1893). Similarly summarized in
1875:, followed by 14th-century French as
1384:(F), zerumbet is from medieval Latin
773:
707:
2137:Indigenous languages of the Americas
126:
1544:is the parent of the chemical name
1348:in late medieval Latin referred to
1273:(Matthaeus Silvaticus year 1317);;
24:
18:List of Arabic loanwords in English
1144:(Matthaeus Silvaticus anno 1317),
25:
2556:
2009:
1360:, and the medieval Arabic سبستان
977:
818:Concise Oxford English Dictionary
1644:, who had visited North Africa.
1486:"Les Noms Arabes Dans Sérapion,
1308:in Ibn Sina and Ibn al-Baitar;;
1064:– and the medieval Arabic ريباس
2090:English words of foreign origin
2003:
1934:A Dictionary of Andalusi Arabic
1847:
1184:beliligi = belirici = bellerici
1810:
1710:
1606:
1589:
1536:from synonymous Arabic سيسبان
1514:
1499:
1479:
791:
13:
1:
1398:which is from Arabic زرنباد
1068:had the very same meaning –
925:(Fairuzabadi's dictionary),
845:, by Raja Tazi (year 1998),
824:American Heritage Dictionary
784:
7:
2446:with Anglo-Saxon variations
2010:"Carthamin" and "Carthamus"
1820:, from 15th-century French
1674:acerola | azerola | azarola
988:(Etimología), spelled كشوث
806:Online Etymology Dictionary
52:, before entering English.
10:
2561:
1938:nor under the entries for
1716:In late medieval English,
1597:Baheyeldin.com/linguistics
1488:Liber de Simplici Medicina
883:, ones marked "(R)" go to
830:Collins English Dictionary
780:List of Arabic place names
777:
141:
130:
2497:
2428:
2361:
2325:
2247:
2146:
2128:
2096:
1237:(Serapion the Younger);;
913:is also called البرباريس
144:List of Arabic star names
138:List of Arabic star names
1752:meant cloth with a long
1652:with the same meaning –
1285:(Serapion the Younger),
1186:(Simon of Genoa), بليلج
944:(Matthaeus Silvaticus),
598:qartam | qirtim | qurtum
2036:29 October 2013 at the
1957:29 October 2013 at the
1891:. Medieval Spanish had
1803:29 October 2013 at the
1684:= "azarole hawthorn" –
1160:Behemen = behen = behem
1010:Galingale & Galanga
964:(Pierre Guigues 1905),
921:29 October 2013 at the
885:Random House Dictionary
812:Random House Dictionary
1946:Arabic-English Lexicon
1786:Arabic-English Lexicon
1770:. Definitions of خملة
1756:, cloth with a lot of
1565:phaseolus niger lablab
1448:(died c. 1187) and/or
1444:(died c. 1087) and/or
1442:Constantinus Africanus
1006:Garingal & Galanga
960:(Henri Lammens 1890),
149:Arabic botanical names
42:Indo-European language
2506:Australian aboriginal
1736:says is "from Arabic
1454:The Canon of Medicine
1142:azadarach + azedarach
968:(John Gerarde 1597),
376:The Italian botanist
357:The Canon of Medicine
62:Wiktionary dictionary
2050:قرطم @ Ibn al-Baitar
1899:", medieval Catalan
1450:Serapion the Younger
1446:Gerardus Cremonensis
1158:(Devic, year 1876),
604:Arabic cuisine words
510:Arabic textile words
362:Serapion the Younger
2046:قرطم @ Ibn al-Awwam
1973:= "wooden stick" –
1838:maroquin @ CNRTL.fr
1580:De Plantis Exoticis
1555:. The Arabic لبلاب
1364:was Cordia myxa);;
1322:زنبق = دهن الياسمين
1190:in Ibn al-Baitar;;
1096:in Ibn al-Baitar;;
1004:in Ibn al-Baitar;;
1000:(R), spelled درونج
992:in Ibn al-Baitar;;
506:(List incomplete).
403:In the early 1760s
350:(List incomplete.)
2031:قرطم @ Baheth.info
1718:chamelet | chamlet
1574:De Plantis Aegypti
1569:De Plantis Aegypti
1538:saīsabān | saīsbān
1520:Each discussed in
1412:by Simon of Genoa
1410:Synonyma Medicinae
1320:(Simon of Genoa),
1196:kebulus = chebulae
1140:(Garland Cannon),
1120:(Simon of Genoa),
1088:in Alphita, السنى
952:(Raja Tazi 1998),
774:Arabic place names
708:Arabic music words
2532:
2531:
2493:
2492:
2020:CNRTL.fr (French)
1778:, and the plural
1732:which the French
1664:is from tropical
1494:Journal Asiatique
1253:(more details);;
1217:(Ibn al-Awwam);;
1033:Nuphar (nénuphar)
1027:(Ibn al-Baitar),
966:Kakile Serapionis
907:(Ibn Al-Baitar),
133:Glossary of Islam
127:Glossary of Islam
58:Glossary of Islam
50:Romance languages
16:(Redirected from
2552:
2323:
2322:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2060:
2059:
2053:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1851:
1845:
1814:
1808:
1714:
1708:
1678:azarole hawthorn
1610:
1604:
1593:
1587:
1518:
1512:
1503:
1497:
1483:
1477:
1431:, and excepting
1357:Cordia sebestena
1275:mathil->metel
1269:(Ibn al-Awwam),
1029:Muse #4 and Musa
933:(John Gerarde),
927:Galen uses name
877:
868:
795:
697:Tepsi Baytinijan
34:Semitic language
21:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2489:
2424:
2357:
2348:Scottish Gaelic
2321:
2243:
2142:
2124:
2092:
2087:
2057:
2056:
2040:(see also عصفر
2038:Wayback Machine
2025:Diccionario RAE
2008:
2004:
1959:Wayback Machine
1852:
1848:
1815:
1811:
1805:Wayback Machine
1715:
1711:
1703:. Reporters on
1611:
1607:
1594:
1590:
1533:Sesbania sesban
1519:
1515:
1504:
1500:
1484:
1480:
1164:behmen | bahman
956:(Skeat 1888);;
923:Wayback Machine
878:
871:
863:(year 1869) by
855:(year 1921) by
796:
792:
787:
782:
776:
710:
700:. For more see
606:
524:morocco leather
512:
378:Prospero Alpini
151:
146:
140:
135:
129:
124:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2558:
2548:
2547:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2327:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2102:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2063:
2055:
2054:
2002:
1846:
1830:Maroquin @ NED
1809:
1709:
1605:
1601:Peter Forsskål
1588:
1513:
1498:
1478:
1470:Al-Mostafa.com
1458:DDC.AUB.edu.lb
1255:(Salsola) kali
869:
857:Ernest Weekley
789:
788:
786:
783:
778:Main article:
775:
772:
709:
706:
605:
602:
511:
508:
444:, and others.
405:Peter Forsskål
150:
147:
142:Main article:
139:
136:
131:Main article:
128:
125:
123:
120:
119:
118:
111:
104:
97:
90:
83:
76:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2557:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2463:musical terms
2461:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2451:pseudo-French
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2393:pseudo-German
2391:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2107:South African
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2006:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1947:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1850:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1834:morocco @ NED
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1793:Lisan al-Arab
1789:
1787:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1462:Ibn al-Baitar
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:Lisan al-Arab
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1292:(Ibn Sina);;
1291:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:Ibn al-Baitar
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
942:
938:
932:
930:
924:
920:
917:
916:
912:
911:al-ambarbārīs
906:
904:
898:
896:
890:
886:
882:
876:
874:
866:
865:Reinhart Dozy
862:
858:
854:
850:
849:
844:
843:
838:
837:
832:
831:
826:
825:
820:
819:
814:
813:
808:
807:
802:
801:
794:
790:
781:
771:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
705:
703:
699:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
657:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
611:Baba ghanoush
601:
599:
595:
594:
589:
585:
584:
579:
575:
574:
570:. The fabric
569:
567:
562:
561:
556:
555:
550:
549:
544:
543:
538:
537:
532:
531:
526:
525:
520:
519:
507:
505:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
485:
481:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
445:
443:
442:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
410:
406:
401:
399:
398:
397:
393:
389:
385:
379:
374:
372:
367:
363:
359:
358:
351:
349:
347:
346:
340:
339:
333:
332:
326:
325:
319:
318:
312:
311:
305:
304:
298:
297:
291:
290:
284:
283:
277:
276:
270:
269:
263:
262:
256:
255:
249:
248:
242:
241:
235:
234:
228:
227:
221:
220:
214:
213:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
145:
134:
117:
116:
112:
110:
109:
105:
103:
102:
98:
96:
95:
91:
89:
88:
84:
82:
81:
77:
75:
74:
70:
69:
68:
65:
63:
59:
53:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
19:
2521:
2504:
2226:
2199:
2175:
2153:
2135:
2105:
2041:
2024:
2014:
2005:
1998:Rhus cotinus
1997:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1862:Rhus cotinus
1861:
1857:Rhus cotinus
1855:
1849:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1749:
1741:
1740:, plural of
1737:
1729:
1717:
1712:
1704:
1697:
1693:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1661:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1591:
1579:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1507:
1501:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1465:
1453:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1417:
1409:
1399:
1385:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1345:
1329:
1325:
1305:
1288:
1213:
1187:
1163:
1150:
1146:
1124:(Lammens);;
1093:
1089:
1085:
1065:
1052:
1048:
1039:(Lammens);;
1023:
1001:
989:
973:
940:
936:
931:for Berberis
929:"Oxyacantha"
928:
914:
910:
909:الأمبرباريس
902:
899:(Ibn Sina),
894:
884:
880:
860:
852:
846:
841:
834:
828:
822:
816:
810:
804:
799:
793:
713:
711:
702:Arab cuisine
659:
609:
607:
597:
591:
587:
581:
577:
571:
565:
558:
552:
546:
540:
534:
528:
522:
516:
513:
486:
449:
448:
446:
414:
413:
402:
382:
381:
375:
366:apothecaries
355:
352:
344:
337:
330:
323:
316:
309:
302:
295:
288:
281:
274:
267:
260:
259:Phyllanthus
253:
246:
245:Cheiranthus
239:
232:
225:
218:
211:
155:
154:
152:
113:
106:
99:
92:
85:
78:
71:
66:
54:
28:
26:
2441:expressions
2374:place names
2228:Philippines
1994:(year 1901)
1952:Baheth.info
1948:, page 2395
1905:(al-)fustuq
1790:and in the
1474:AlWaraq.net
1351:Cordia myxa
1344:(Alphita) (
1198:(Alphita),
1151:Azadirachta
1104:(Alphita),
1084:(Lammens),
1054:Rheum ribes
1020:(Alphita),
937:amiberberis
915:al-barbārīs
763:Raqs sharqi
661:Ful medames
388:Abelmoschus
322:Operculina
238:Terminalia
231:Terminalia
157:Azadirachta
2523:Polynesian
2475:Portuguese
2159:star names
1795:under خمل
1744:, meaning
1705:Alchemilla
1698:Alchemilla
1694:Alchimilla
1553:@ CNRTL.fr
1289:jūz māthil
1283:nux methel
1204:cheiranthe
1202:(Devic);;
1102:Ataraxacon
1092:and السني
905:= Berberis
903:ambarbārīs
901:امبرباريس
897:= Berberis
895:anbarbārīs
893:انبرباريس
681:Mulukhiyah
455:Alchemilla
224:Centaurea
2405:Old Norse
2400:Norwegian
2379:Australia
2333:Brittonic
2310:Hungarian
2295:Ukrainian
2265:morphemes
2201:Indonesia
2183:Dravidian
2113:Afrikaans
2027:(Spanish)
1897:pistachio
1893:alfóstigo
1682:al-zoʿrūr
1666:New World
1636:and سيال
1391:zurumbeth
1340:(Devic),
1336:(other),
1312:(Devic),
1300:(Devic),
1287:جوز ماثل
1281:(Devic),
1277:(other),
1249:(other),
1245:(Devic),
1233:(Devic),
1206:(Devic),
1182:(Devic),
1180:bellerica
1176:bellerica
1149:produced
1147:azedarach
1138:azedarach
1134:azedarach
1130:alkekengi
1126:alkekengi
1106:Taraxacum
1100:(Skeat),
1098:Taraxacum
1072: ;;
1016:(Devic),
998:Doronicum
994:Doronicum
978:Carthamin
974:Carthamus
785:Footnotes
693:Shanklish
593:Carthamin
568:(padding)
554:Gabardine
475:Avicennia
343:Zingiber
324:turpethum
317:sebestena
308:Jasminum
233:bellerica
219:azedarach
212:alkekengi
210:Physalis
201:Taraxacum
177:Doronicum
169:Carthamus
2539:Category
2512:Hawaiian
2480:Romanian
2362:Germanic
2255:Etruscan
2207:Japanese
2193:Sanskrit
2129:Americas
2034:Archived
1979:Du Cange
1955:Archived
1885:CNRTL.fr
1881:"fustel"
1877:"fustet"
1873:"fustet"
1826:maroquin
1822:maroquin
1818:maroquin
1801:Archived
1788:page 813
1774:| خميلة
1734:CNRTL.fr
1668:Spanish
1530:meaning
1437:zedoaria
1425:(online)
1421:(online)
1414:(online)
1405:zarunbād
1401:zurunbād
1395:zerumbet
1387:zurumbet
1382:zérumbet
1378:zedoaria
1374:zedoaria
1362:sebestān
1346:sebesten
1342:sebesten
1338:sebesten
1334:sebesten
1318:sambacus
1314:zambacca
1306:māzarīūn
1302:mezereon
1298:mézéréon
1294:mezereum
1241:(Tazi),
1229:(Yule),
1194:(Yule),
1178:(Yule),
1172:Ibn Sina
1037:Nénuphar
1031:(NED);;
1012:(NED);;
954:Barberry
950:Berberis
941:Berberis
939:= Latin
919:Archived
889:Berberis
735:Khaleeji
727:Darbouka
685:Ma'amoul
647:Tabouleh
643:Shawarma
639:Lahmacun
619:Fattoush
479:azarolus
471:Averrhoa
451:Abutilon
396:Melochia
371:Egyptian
345:zerumbet
338:zerumbet
336:Alpinia
331:zedoaria
329:Curcuma
296:mezereum
273:Salsola
266:Peganum
161:Berberis
2498:Oceania
2485:Spanish
2458:Italian
2420:Yiddish
2415:Swedish
2338:Gaulish
2305:Finnish
2301:Uralic
2290:Russian
2276:Slavic
2222:Persian
2166:Chinese
1944:Lane's
1909:fustuqī
1860:tree. "
1842:FEW XIX
1784:Lane's
1780:khamlāt
1776:khamīla
1768:khamīla
1738:khamlāt
1730:camelot
1670:acerola
1662:Acerola
1472:and at
1433:galanga
1429:harmala
1418:Alphita
1370:turpeth
1366:turpeth
1271:mahaleb
1267:mahaleb
1263:mahaleb
1251:harmala
1247:harmala
1243:harmale
1239:harmala
1210:(NED),
1200:chébule
1192:chebula
1188:belīlej
1094:al-senī
1090:al-sanā
1002:dorūnaj
990:kushūth
986:Cuscuta
982:Cuscute
970:Chakile
935:Arabic
669:Kushari
655:Za'atar
615:Falafel
573:Taffeta
566:Wadding
548:Fustian
542:Chiffon
536:Buckram
493:lebbeck
484:acerola
463:Argania
440:Themeda
428:Ceruana
420:Arnebia
409:Red Sea
315:Cordia
294:Daphne
287:Datura
282:mahaleb
280:Prunus
268:harmala
261:emblica
240:chebula
181:Galanga
173:Cuscuta
38:English
2436:French
2429:Italic
2388:German
2326:Celtic
2285:Polish
2272:Romani
2248:Europe
2234:Turkic
2212:Korean
2171:Hebrew
2154:Arabic
2098:Africa
2042:ʿusfur
1987:fustet
1983:fustet
1971:fustis
1963:fustet
1940:fustuq
1936:(1997)
1929:fustuq
1925:fustuq
1921:(e.g.)
1917:(e.g.)
1913:(e.g.)
1901:festuc
1772:khamla
1750:khamla
1742:khamla
1701:(e.g.)
1646:Retama
1642:Delile
1634:harjel
1603:page).
1576:, 1640
1561:Lablab
1557:lablāb
1551:abrine
1548:; see
1528:Sesban
1380:(R);;
1372:(R);;
1354:, not
1326:zanbaq
1310:sambac
1235:emblic
1231:emblic
1227:emblic
1225:(R);;
1223:cubeba
1219:cubeba
1214:kheīrī
1132:(R);;
1108:(R);;
962:Cakile
958:Cakile
767:Taqsim
747:Mizmar
719:Baladi
689:Mansaf
677:Mahleb
673:Labneh
651:Tahini
631:Kibbeh
627:Hummus
588:fustet
583:Fustic
578:tāftah
563:, and
527:, and
518:camlet
497:Retama
489:bonduc
459:Alhagi
432:Maerua
424:Cadaba
392:Lablab
310:sambac
301:Rheum
254:cubeba
252:Piper
247:cheiri
217:Melia
189:Nuphar
165:Cakile
46:Arabic
40:is an
30:Arabic
2517:Māori
2470:Latin
2410:Scots
2369:Dutch
2353:Welsh
2343:Irish
2280:Czech
2260:Greek
2217:Malay
2188:Hindi
2177:India
1967:fuste
1797:khaml
1758:plush
1746:plush
1650:ratam
1638:seyāl
1630:seyal
1626:argel
1546:Abrin
1542:Abrus
1376:(F),
1368:(F),
1296:(R),
1279:metel
1265:(F),
1257:(F),
1221:(F),
1212:خيري
1208:keiri
1156:béhen
1136:(F),
1128:(F),
1122:Usnée
1118:Usnee
1116:(R),
1114:Usnea
1112:(F),
1110:Usnea
1080:(R),
1078:Senna
1076:(F),
1074:Senna
1066:rībās
1049:ribes
1045:Ribes
1041:Ribès
1035:(F),
1008:(F),
996:(F),
984:(F),
891:(R),
755:Qanun
743:Mawal
739:Maqam
723:Dabke
715:Ataba
665:Kabsa
635:Kebab
623:Halva
560:Satin
530:tabby
501:seyal
467:argel
436:Maesa
416:Aerva
384:Abrus
303:ribes
289:metel
226:behen
205:Usnea
197:Senna
193:Ribes
32:is a
2315:Sami
2239:Urdu
2147:Asia
2118:Zulu
2048:and
2022:and
1975:DRAE
1879:and
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