1176:
858:
810:
719:
1121:
771:
587:
371:
265:
192:
123:
1224:
1064:
1000:
960:
663:
548:
319:
1347:. The early meaning was a costly, dense and smooth cloth made of wool. The cloth could be any color, but was usually dyed red. In the late medieval centuries the word took on the meaning of red color, concurrently with continued meaning as a high-quality woolen cloth. The origin of the word is an unsettled issue. No candidate parent word in Latin is known of. So an Arabic origin is possible. A specific Arabic source has been proposed, but the evidence for it is not good. A Germanic source has also been proposed and has been preferred by some historians of medieval textiles.
457:
924:
892:
520:
1750:(year 1957). The earliest French is 1653 – CNRTL.fr. The earliest English is 1684 – NED. "Natron" and the closely associated "anatron" were established together in English dictionaries from 1706. Nathan Bailey's English Dictionary in 1737 defined natron as "a kind of black, greyish salt taken out of a lake of stagnant water in the territory of Terrana in Egypt" –
786:
Calico wound about their heads." In the later 17th century in
English, "shash" still had that original meaning, and additionally it took on the meaning of a ribbon of fine cloth wrapped around the waist. About the beginning of the early 18th century the predominant wordform in English changed from "shash" to "sash". In Arabic today
530:), salt marsh. This Arabic word occurs occasionally in English and French in the 19th century. Sabkha with a technical meaning as coastal salt-flat terrain came into general use in sedimentology in the 20th century through numerous studies of the coastal salt flats on the eastern side of the Arabian peninsula.
3718:
had come from
Persian. To the knowledge of people in the 19th century, there was no suitable parent word to be seen in Latin, Greek, Arabic, or Germanic, but there was one in Persian. However, researchers in the 20th century have rejected the idea that the European word could have come from Persian,
1328:
who drew from Arabic medical sources, and surely he did take the anatomy word from Arabic. But there is no evidence to connect the anatomy word with the game word racquet. It would be a big leap in semantics to re-use the bones word as a word for a racquet. To warrant belief that this leap occurred,
1627:
which is dated 1290 but most of its contents were taken from a variety of earlier sources, including 9th- and 10th-century sources. Often Ibn Manzur names his source then quotes from it. Therefore, if the reader recognizes the name of Ibn Manzur's source, a date considerably earlier than 1290 can
1552:
by
Johannes de Sacrobosco. Sacrobosco's book was influenced by Arabic astronomy; e.g. it quotes by name the Arabic astronomer Al-Farghani (aka Alfraganus) five times. In the context of talking about how planet Earth blocks sunlight from reaching the Moon during a lunar eclipse, Sacrobosco says in
785:
which entered
English and other Western languages about the same time. In English the early records are in travellers' reports and among the earliest is this comment from an English traveller in the Middle East in 1615: "All of them wear on their heads white shashes.... Shashes are long towels of
145:
in medieval Arabic more broadly meant "counterpart". "The Arabic 'z' here used is the 17th letter of the Arabic alphabet, an unusual letter with a difficult sound, which came to be rendered by 'd' in Low Latin." The word's earliest records in the West are in 12th- and 13th-century Latin astronomy
279:
from a
Dravidian language. The orange tree came from India. It was introduced to the Mediterranean region by the Arabs in the early 10th century, at which time all oranges were bitter oranges. The word is in all the Mediterranean Latin languages from the later medieval centuries. Today it is
3117:, by Berthold Laufer, year 1919, pages 392-398. A subspecies of spinach has been found growing in the wild in northern Iran and is thought to occur natively there; and the cultivation of spinach is thought to have originated in Iran not long before the Islamic conquest of Iran –
381:), realgar, arsenic sulfide. In medieval times, realgar was used as a rodent poison, as a corrosive, and as a red paint pigment. The ancient Greeks & Romans knew the substance. Other names for it in medieval Arabic writings include "red arsenic" and "rodent poison".
202:) with the same meaning. Today's European word natron, meaning hydrated sodium carbonate, is descended from the Arabic. In Europe shortly after sodium was isolated as an element for the first time, in the early 19th century, sodium was given the scientific abbreviation
2396:(year 1885) reports that the ancient Greeks and Romans have not left any clear written evidence that they were acquainted with the safflower plant, particularly not for its use as a dye, even though the evidence is excellent that the ancient Egyptians used safflower –
3195:
is on record in Arabic from the late 9th century, which is nearly three centuries before a record of spinach in a
Western language. In a Western language the first known records of the plant under any name are in the 12th century in Provençal (CNRTL.fr) and Catalan
2387:
The safflower is an annual plant that is native to a truly arid climate that has an annual rainy season. The plant has poor defenses against many types of fungal diseases in damp and rainy weather. This greatly restricts the areas in which it can be grown reliably;
1022:. Among the earliest records in England are these entries in the account books of an Anglo-Norman abbey in Durham: year 1302 "Zuker Marok", 1309 "succre marrokes", 1310 "Couker de Marrok", 1316 "Zucar de Cypr". In Latin the early records are about year 1100 spelled
974:, spinach. "The spinach plant was unknown to the ancient Greeks and Romans. It was the Arabs who introduced the spinach into Spain, whence it spread to the rest of Europe," and the same is true of the name as well. The first records in English are around year 1400.
3719:
and none of the above references lend any support to it, and the last two above go into reasons why it ought to be rejected. In continuation from the 19th century tradition, some dictionaries today still summarily say the word came from
Persian (not Arabic); e.g.
1642:
contains much of the main contents of the medieval Arabic dictionaries in
English translation. At AlWaraq.net, in addition to searchable copies of medieval Arabic dictionaries, there are searchable copies of a large number of medieval Arabic texts on various
938:. The Arabic was adopted into Turkish, and from Turkish it entered Western languages in the 16th century meaning a Middle-Eastern-style dais with rugs and cushions. The Western-style meaning —a sofa with legs— started in late-17th-century French.
3344:
Quote: "Sultān in Arabic is an abstract noun, meaning authority and rule, and was used from early times to denote the government.... It first became official in the eleventh century, when the
Seljuks adopted it as their chief regnal title." –
1153:
became the predominant name in Latin. The Arabic name is found in Latin starting in the 10th century and as such it is one of the earliest loanwords on this list. From the Latin, the word is in late medieval
English medical books spelled
2803:
John Kersey's English dictionary of 1708 and Nathan Bailey's English dictionary of 1726 have "shash" defined as "the linen of which a Turkish turbant is made; also a kind of girdle made of silk, etc. to tie about the waist"
2640:= "saphenous vein" in Haly Abbas, Albucasis and Avicenna, and on page 45 has Al-Razi's usage. Albucasis's description of how to take blood from the saphenous vein is in Arabic together with English translation in the book
1629:
2778:. In the Middle East around that time it was the custom for men to wear a turban that consisted of about seven meters of fine lightweight muslin cloth wound around the head. Another traveller's description was given by
2669:
824:, also meaning the place where coins were minted, and also meaning coinage in general. In its early use in English and French, sequin was the name of Venetian and Turkish gold coins, and it came from Italian
3638:. A minority of English dictionaries judge that there is not enough evidence from late medieval European writings to warrant belief that the word for the wrist bones generated the word for the racquet (e.g.
1074:), authority, ruler. The first ruler to use Sultan as a formal title was an Islamic Turkic-speaking ruler in Central Asia in the 11th century. He borrowed the word from Arabic. In Arabic grammar سلطانة
902:), sheikh. It has been in English since the 17th century meaning an Arab sheikh. In the 20th century it took on a slangy additional meaning of "strong, romantic man". This is attributed to a hit movie,
2178:
The medieval Arabs often used the substance realgar but generally not the name realgar. The name realgar has its parentage in mostly oral, non-literary, medieval Maghrebi Arabic, as demonstrated in
1177:
859:
811:
720:
1238:
with the same meaning. Constantinus Africanus (died c. 1087), who was fluent in Arabic, is the author of the earliest known records in Latin. The change from sound /ʃ/ to sound /s/ in going from
1122:
772:
588:
372:
266:
193:
124:
1018:= "sugar". Cane sugar developed in ancient India originally. It was produced by the medieval Arabs on a pretty extensive scale although it always remained expensive throughout the medieval era.
685:(location in Genoa in Italy, in a commercial contract). The name saffron became predominant in all the Western languages in the late medieval centuries, in word-forms that led to today's French
3277:("History of the Expedition to Jerusalem") by Albert of Aachen. The ancient Greeks & Romans knew sugar as an import from India, and they used it as a medicine, not as a food. Ancient Greek
1225:
1065:
1001:
961:
840:
ended in 1797. "The word might well have followed the coin into oblivion, but in the 19th century it managed to get itself applied to the small round shiny pieces of metal applied to clothing."
753:(died c. 1087) translating Haly Abbas. Bloodletting, which was practiced in ancient Greek and Latin medicine, was revamped in later-medieval Latin medicine under influence from Arabic medicine.
664:
549:
320:
29:
The following English words have been acquired either directly from Arabic or else indirectly by passing from Arabic into other languages and then into English. Most entered one or more of the
1718:. According to all those English dictionaries, the transfer from Arabic to the Western languages was through Spanish, at an unspecified date. But all the main Spanish dictionaries say Spanish
458:
2653:
2103:
1802:
1234:), a word with two senses in Arabic, "a drink" and "syrup". Medieval Arabic medical writers used it to mean a medicinal syrup, and this was passed into Latin in the late 11th century as
3771:
3707:
3635:
3111:). The oldest written evidence for people eating spinach anywhere in the world comes from the 7th century AD in China; and Chinese sources indicate the plant came to China from Iran –
3630:
Most of today's English etymology dictionaries report that "racquet" is of Arabic ancestry, but they don't explain how. Some aspects of an origin in Arabic anatomy terminology are at
2094:
Parrots come from tropical or at least semi-tropical environs. Parrots were imported to Mediterranean Europe in antiquity. The ancient Greek and classical Latin name for a parrot was
97:
3048:
in the early 19th century) was a post-medieval development and perhaps started in Turkish. The following are depictions of Turkish sofas painted in the early 18th century in Turkey:
1809:
868:), an old Arabic name for the island of Sri Lanka. Fortified in English by its resemblance to the etymologically unrelated "serenity". The tale with the serendipitous happenings was
3710:. The argument for a Germanic source has good plausibility, but again some room for doubt exists. The following is a 12-page argument that the medieval Latin word came from Arabic:
3309:
was the parent of the later-medieval Latin word. On the other hand, modern English "saccharin" and "saccharide" were created as scientific terms as modern borrowings of the ancient
3049:
137:
diametrically opposite some other point; or a direction to outer space diametrically opposite some other direction. That sense for the word was used by, e.g., the astronomer
601:, safflower. The flower of this plant was commercially cultivated for use as a dye in the Mediterranean region in medieval times. From the medieval Arabic word plus Arabic
1746:
17:
1582:
1272:= "a sweet lemonade" entered with that meaning into Italian and French as "sorbet" and directly into English as "sherbet". The Turkish was from the Arabic word-form شربة
1329:
evidence would be necessary. Other etymology ideas try to connect racquet with other pre-existing words in late medieval Europe, but again with shortfalls in evidence.
329:), parrot. The change from medieval Arabic sound /b/ to medieval Latin and French sound /p/ also occurs in the loanwords Julep, Jumper, Spinach, and Syrup. The French
1379:= "soda ash". Although of uncertain origin, an Arabic origin one way or another is considered likely by many reporters. It is most often said to be from Arabic سواد
925:
893:
521:
1603:
A number of large dictionaries were written in Arabic during medieval times. Searchable copies of nearly all of the main medieval Arabic dictionaries are online at
1504:
In the mid-12th century, Plato Tiburtinus did an Arabic-to-Latin translation of an astronomy book by Al-Battani (died 929). In the translation, Al-Battani's Arabic
3547:), whose ways of doing medicine were much influenced by Constantinus Africanus. The word is frequent in the Arabic-to-Latin medical translations of the translator
3691:
Le Drap ESCARLATE au Moyen Age: Essai sur l'étymologie et la signification du mot écarlate et notes techniques sur la fabrication de ce drap de laine au moyen age
3053:
3555:. In late medieval western Europe, "syrup" usually meant a medicinal syrup (sugar + liquid + medicine) – that is well documented for 15th-century English in the
423:. The Arabic word for a bundle spread to most European languages along with paper itself, with the initial transfer from Arabic happening in Iberia. Spanish was
333:= "parrot" has a late-12th-century start date and the English dates from a century later. The wordform was affected by the pre-existing (from classical Latin)
3706:
came from Germanic. It agrees with Weckerlin's conclusion, and takes some of its information from Weckerlin, but mostly follows a different line of evidence:
677:
meaning saffron is commonplace from the outset of writings in Arabic. It was common in medieval Arab cookery. The ancient Romans used saffron but called it
419:, bale, bundle. Paper itself was introduced to the Latins via the Arabs in and around the 12th and 13th centuries – the adoption by the Latins went slowly;
3057:
2098:. In the medieval era, the imports of parrots to Europe often and probably usually came through Arabic speakers. Medieval Arabic from an early date has
1339:
This word was in all Western European languages in the late medieval centuries. It first appears in European languages in Latin about year 1100 spelled
1258:
was usually medicinal. Separately from syrup, in the 16th century the same Arabic root word re-entered Western European languages from Turkish. Turkish
2874:. Its earliest record in Italian is in 1207-1208 in a trade treaty between merchants of Venice and the Sultan of Aleppo. This record is quoted at TLIO.
44:
1472:
2591:
1137:). Anciently and medievally, different components of the sumac were used in leather making, in dyeing, and in medicine. The Arabic geography writer
3808:
39:
A handful of dictionaries has been used as the source for the list. Words associated with the Islamic religion are omitted; for Islamic words, see
1324:
of the feet. The earliest records of this Latin anatomy word are in two 11th-century Latin medical texts, one of which was by the Arabic-speaking
1762:
was brought to Europe from Egypt in the medieval centuries as well as in the early modern centuries. The usual word for it in medieval Latin was
222:. Also in the early 19th century, elemental potassium was isolated for the first time and was soon afterwards given the scientific abbreviation
2082:
3243:. Those are Latinizations of oral Romance speech. Of the early records in Latin, the earliest is in the Arabic-to-Latin medical translator
2962:
from the old Arabic name for Sri Lanka. The mineral Serendibite has since been found in North America and elsewhere, but remains very rare.
1459:
90:
78:
71:
64:
57:
2486:
3728:
1103:
are other Arabic-origin words connected with rulers. Their use in English is mostly confined to discussions of Middle Eastern history.
3544:
489:
may have come from Persian too. But not from the same word. All available evidence supports the view that the two meanings of Arabic
2478:
787:
1484:. Footnotes for individual words have supplementary other references. The most frequently cited of the supplementary references is
2690:
3564:
3494:
3061:
1628:
often be assigned to what is said. A list giving the year of death of a number of individuals who Ibn Manzur quotes from is in
906:, 1921, starring Rudolph Valentino, and after the movie was a hit the book it was based on became a hit, and spawned imitators.
3695:
2702:
1707:
43:. Archaic and rare words are also omitted. A bigger listing including many words very rarely seen in English is available at
393:" (literally: "cavern powder"). In European languages the name's earliest known records are in 13th-century Spanish spelled
3699:
1608:
3164:
2327:
729:), saphenous vein (saphena vein). The saphena vein is in the human leg. It was one of the veins used in medieval medical
3643:
2768:"A relation of a journey begun in 1610... containing a description of the Turkish Empire, of Egypt, of the Holy Land..."
3702:. Weckerlin's argument has evidence gaps and leaves room for doubt. The following is a 7-page argument in English that
3252:
2451:= "bastard saffron", meaning "safflower", was used in an ordinance of king Martin I of Aragon (died 1410), as cited in
2114:
is a grammatical affix: masculine singular nominative-case nouns end in 's' in Greek grammar), and the medieval French
184:
with the meaning of naturally occurring sodium carbonate and similar salts. The medieval Arabs had this spelled نطرون
3759:
1442:
1296:
Racquet with today's meaning has a late medieval start date. There are unanswered questions about its origin. French
3072:
in both Turkish and Arabic in the same way as what is depicted in those paintings, and defined it as a porch also –
1405:
is "of unknown origin" is very defensible today. The name "sodium" was derived from soda in the early 19th century.
1247:
3556:
3223:
3172:
2238:
1771:
1393:. But that etymon suffers from a want of documentary evidence at a sufficiently early date. Also the Catalan form
2932:
tales). In a translation of these tales in 1885, the translator Richard F. Burton has a footnote that the Arabic
2753:
by Reinhard Dozy, year 1845, on pages 235 - 243, goes into detail on the old meaning of the Arabic clothing word
2428:
2423:. A summary of the Italian evidence for the Arabic origin of the word "safflower" in late medieval Italian is in
706:
3358:
1887:. Despite those precedents in Latin, today's official dictionary of the French language judges that the French
493:
sprang from two independent and different roots. The chess rook is in French from about 1150 onward spelled as
435:, first record 1287, looks to be the forerunner of the English word-form. The first record in English is 1356.
3514:
3237:
sucrum, succarum, sucharum, sucarium, succurum, zucrum, zucara, zuccarum, zuchar, zucharum, zuccura, zucurium
2641:
2454:
Vocabulario del comercio medieval: Colección de aranceles aduaneros de la Corona de Aragón (siglo XIII y XIV)
2452:
1989:
870:
734:
3421:
Ambergris, Azure, Camphor and Galangal have 9th-century Latin records; www.CNRTL.fr. Those are the earliest.
3141:
1737:
1525:
37:
To qualify for this list, a word must be reported in etymology dictionaries as having descended from Arabic.
2809:
2805:
2633:
2424:
1779:
1751:
1612:
1448:
733:, which was the context of use of the word medievally. Medical writers who used the word in Arabic include
645:
would be unexceptional in Arabic speech and would be a little better fit to the Romance language wordforms.
3711:
3510:
3502:
3401:
3104:
3037:
3019:
2833:
2783:
2183:
2179:
1755:
1715:
3639:
3501:
for medical purposes, where fruit juices are boiled to reduce water by evaporation, and sugar is added –
2018:
1430:
2748:
2123:
2005:
3112:
2081:
in French language. Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales (CNRTL) is a division of the
1844:
1454:
1190:, coast). Historically Swahili was the language used in commerce along the east coast of Africa, along
158:, with the same meaning as the Arabic, and the earliest is in an Arabic-to-Latin translation. Crossref
3634:. More historical info about the medieval anatomy word meaning the wrist bones and tarsal bones is at
3405:
2397:
1979:
1798:
162:, which was transferred from Arabic astronomy to Latin astronomy on the same pathway at the same time.
3540:
3118:
2775:
2416:
1361:
Soda first appears in Western languages in late medieval Latin and Italian meaning the seaside plant
3448:
3305:(with its letter 'u'). Instead, etymology dictionaries are longstandingly unanimous that the Arabic
2821:
2812:. Roman Catholic and Anglican clergy sometimes wore a sash wrapped around the waist or midriff (see
2466:
2956:. In Sri Lanka in year 1902 a previously unknown type of mineral was discovered and given the name
1334:
1207:
1163:
1051:
238:, which for the medieval Arabs was a mixture of potassium carbonate and sodium carbonate. Crossref
3168:
2473:= "safflower", although not often used nowadays, is still listed in modern Catalan dictionaries –
3535:. No records pre-dating Constantinus Africanus are known in Latin. In the 12th century in Latin,
3393:
3147:. That Andalusian Arabic wordform is phonetically close to the medieval Catalan and Spanish form
1868:
1436:
3714:, by George Foot Moore, year 1913. In the 19th century it was often said that the medieval word
3412:
can be cited from many medieval Arabic medicine writers, as it was commonly used in medicaments.
3724:
3552:
3520:
3244:
3188:
3024:
2808:. Those dictionaries have a separate entry for "sash" which they define as "a sort of girdle"
2698:
2573:
2511:= "the safflower". In the 13th century in Occitan Romance language in southern France there is
1638:
1325:
850:
This word was created in English in 1754 from "Serendip", an old fairy-tale place, from سرنديب
750:
3646:). Alternative etymologies are discussed at length in German in "Zur Herkunft von französisch
3532:
3490:
3346:
3286:
2825:
2520:
2339:
2272:
1908:
1884:
1828:
1541:
1529:
3651:
3073:
2599:
1863:(died 1541) – Paracelsus was influenced by Pseudo-Geber – and then by Paracelsus's followers
1352:
3408:. Lammens also cites a couple of other medieval Arabic geography writers who used the word.
1570:
1465:
3767:
3519:, year 2011 pages 461-464. In Latin, the word is in the Arabic-to-Latin medical translator
3180:
1985:
1557:
is a point in outer space directly opposite to the sun." That statement by Sacrobosco uses
3723:. Others of today's dictionaries say the medieval Latin word is "of unknown origin"; e.g.
3011:
2892:
2791:
2689:. It receives a paragraph of discussion in an article about Constantinus's terminology by
1711:
8:
3272:
2958:
2537:= "saffron". By the way, according to Alphonse de Candolle and others, the ancient Greek
2164:
1657:
1537:
1533:
1387:, one or more species of glassworts whose ashes yielded soda ash, especially the species
781:), a ribbon of fine cloth wrapped to form a turban, and usually made of muslin. Crossref
3689:
3107:. The spinach plant is on record in Latin Europe from the 12th century onward (see e.g.
3045:
1819:
occurs in Latin in Italy in a book by Simon of Genoa in the late 13th century, in which
1736:, "are modern technical terms borrowed from French", says the Spanish and Arabic expert
749:(died 1037). In Latin the earliest known record is in an Arabic-to-Latin translation by
3314:
2953:
2656:. In addition to medical books, some medieval Arabic general-purpose dictionaries have
2458:
3176:
2949:
2922:
The Arabic "Sarandib" meaning Sri Lanka also occurs in English in translations of the
2705:. In the Latin surgery book of Lanfranc of Milan (died 1306) the word is spelled both
2474:
1790:
3548:
3065:
2924:
2714:
1936:
1574:
831:
134:
40:
30:
3720:
2482:
1949:
1703:
292:
in French, and this wordform with the loss of the leading 'n' occurs early as Latin
3694:, by J.-B. Weckerlin, year 1905. Weckerlin's argument has been endorsed by, e.g.,
1903:
had undesirable ambiguity, as can be seen in the several incompatible meanings for
1801:. That is natron. Many more examples from medieval Arabic are at AlWaraq.net under
1691:
1019:
903:
559:
420:
98:
List of English words of Arabic origin: Addenda for certain specialist vocabularies
1847:. Both of those two medieval Latin writers had some knowledge of Arabic language.
1149:
in Latin in the classical and early medieval periods. In the late medieval period
306:
3523:(died c. 1087) with the early surviving copies of his work spelling it variously
2665:
2632:, Translated from the Original Arabic by William Alexander Greenhill, year 1848,
2420:
2389:
2331:
2205:
1766:(etymologically from ancient Greek without Arabic intermediation). It was called
1754:; and defined "anatron" as any of several salts including one taken from Egypt –
444:
3758:
The etymology of the word "soda" is discussed in depth in German in the article
3684:
The following is a 90-page essay in French arguing that the medieval Latin word
2972:
1839:) occurs in Latin around year 1300 in a book by the influential Latin alchemist
1548:
in the West is dated circa 1233 in the short and influential astronomy textbook
3770:). A review in English that takes information from Arnald Steiger's article is
3226:. "Marrok" meant Morocco – that is clear from elsewhere in the same dictionary.
2324:
2030:
1722:
is from French. That includes the official dictionary of the Spanish language,
1481:
1375:, and simultaneously meaning soda ash itself. In medieval Catalan the name was
1284:
1195:
234:
meaning potassium carbonate, which goes back etymologically to medieval Arabic
3513:. Some comments on the use of syrups among the medieval Arabs are in the book
2824:, but the spelling was changed to "sash" in the 1705 edition of the same book
2555:
1871:(died 1602) – ref: Raja Tazi, year 1998. Martin Ruland also used the spelling
1467:
Arabismen im Deutschen: lexikalische Transferenzen vom Arabischen ins Deutsche
3802:
2829:
2779:
2771:
2630:
A Treatise on Small-Pox and Measles by Abu Becr Mohammed Ibn Zacariya Ar-Razi
2144:
2004:) had been introduced to Arabic-speaking lands only a few decades previously
1521:
1489:
1191:
1133:
837:
473:
382:
252:
3741:
3667:
3613:
3461:
3206:
2731:
2612:
2335:
2221:
2029:
dated 1189 and attributed to a Latin author of the later 12th century named
1565:
was used, which in Arabic had a core meaning of "counterpart". Sacrobosco's
3595:
3528:
3371:
3264:
2990:
2905:
2817:
2370:
2352:
2047:
1962:
1864:
1840:
1363:
1321:
1317:
1138:
730:
467:), (1) the rook piece in the game of chess, (2) a mythological bird in the
440:
3577:
3431:
3327:
3132:
A 12th-century Andalusian Arab called Ibn Hisham Al-Lakhmi called spinach
3114:
Sino-Iranica... with special reference to the history of cultivated plants
2828:. The change in English from earlier "shash" to later "sash" is a case of
2598:. The first known record of the name saffron in a European language is in
2545:
is to be interpreted as a thistle-type plant different from the safflower.
2412:
is the plant that produces a well-known dye and also means the dye itself
1695:
1670:
1254:
is a carrier of Latin grammar and nothing more. In late medieval Europe a
617:= "flower". But the source of the English word was medieval Italian. The "
3784:
3350:
3259:
dated 3rd quarter of the 12th century as a physical manuscript spells it
3160:
3108:
3086:
2868:
2846:
2718:
2529:= "safflower" with the alteration clearly showing influence from Occitan
2447:= "safflower" was used by Francesc Eiximenis (died 1409) and the Catalan
2440:
2289:
2254:
2034:
1922:(the parent of "nitrogen"). Undoubtedly this encouraged adoption of name
1372:
845:
825:
637:, all meaning safflower. In medieval Arabic dictionaries the spelling is
218:, which goes back etymologically to the medieval and early modern Arabic
2888:
2701:
and this is noted in a book about the history of anatomy terminology by
2307:
1896:
3772:
English Words That Are Of Arabic Etymological Ancestry: Note #186, Soda
2404:. In medieval Arabic the most-often-used name for safflower was عُصفُر
1860:
1859:
was adopted in Latin in Germany in the widely disseminated writings of
1620:
738:
410:
345:
138:
3631:
3015:
2017:
George Gallesio's history of the culture of citrus fruits (year 1811)
1990:"Études sur les noms arabes des végétaux: l'oranger et ses congénères"
1699:
3449:
Swahili-to-English Dictionary, with etymologies for the Swahili words
2533:= "saffron"; it is not understood as a simple direct re-purposing of
1997:
1368:
742:
574:
2587:
3482:
1895:, from Egypt, in the mid-17th century, meaning sodium carbonate –
1604:
1586:
821:
746:
698:
629:" which is Italian for flower. Medieval Italian spellings included
3240:
2652:
on 32 different pages in the context of bloodletting treatments –
2578:, by M. Rodinson, A.J. Arberry and C. Perry, year 2001, 527 pages.
2501:= "safflower". In Spanish the usual word for safflower was and is
2277:
ORIENS: Journal of the International Society for Oriental Research
2076:
1619:
which is dated around and shortly after year 1000. The biggest is
1425:
Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales: Etymologies
1423:
1042:= "sugar" produced the modern chemistry terms sucrose and sucrase.
3235:
Spellings of the word for sugar in later-medieval Latin included
2134:
is in Persian. An origin in a tropical locale has been suggested.
1996:
sixième série Tome XV, pages 17 to 41, year 1870. The geographer
1290:
987:
983:
943:
650:
558:), journey. Safari entered English in the late 19th century from
386:
358:
334:
2502:
1723:
681:. The earliest known for the name saffron in Latin is year 1156
348:". Parrots were imported to medieval Europe via Arabic speakers.
3247:(died c. 1087). Constantinus has the word a dozen times in his
3036:
had further usages in medieval Arabic; more from E. W. Lane at
2813:
1759:
1744:
in Spanish is year 1817, says the Spanish etymology dictionary
1389:
1356:
1211:
1099:
1084:
1047:
879:
797:
633:
asfiore, asflore, asfrole, astifore, affiore, zaflore, saffiore
535:
507:
175:
171:
167:
3289:. No historical continuity exists between the classical Latin
2169:
by R. Dozy & W.H. Engelmann. 430 pages. Published in 1869.
1540:), and its 12th century translation by Plato Tiburtinus is at
3497:(died 1330) has another set of dozens of recipes for viscous
3451:, compiled by Andras Rajki, year 2005, containing 2000 words.
1919:
1203:
1108:
979:
911:
110:
2750:
Dictionnaire détaillé des noms des vêtements chez les Arabes
2166:
Glossaire des mots espagnols et portugais dérivés de l'arabe
1690:
English dictionaries saying "natron" is from Arabic include
1486:
Glossaire des mots espagnols et portugais dérivés de l'arabe
1476:(a.k.a. "NED") (published in pieces between 1888 and 1928),
1285:
Addendum for words that may or may not be of Arabic ancestry
3727:. Others say the word came from Arabic (not Persian); e.g.
3251:, which on the whole is a translation of a medical book of
3064:. The year 1680 Turkish-Arabic-Persian-Latin Dictionary of
2790:. More quotations of early use of "sash" in English are in
2600:
The Cartulary of Giovanni Scriba during the years 1154-1164
2122:, and similar forms in other medieval European languages –
1855:
were rare in medieval Latin. However, in the 16th century,
1581:
in this original sense was used by Roger Bacon (died 1294)
1198:, with about one-third of its vocabulary taken from Arabic.
1092:
1088:
935:
758:
2697:
circa 1170 in Gerard of Cremona's translation of Avicenna
2413:
2106:. It is taken to be the parent word of the medieval Greek
1988:(year 1885), pages 183–188 for orange. Further details in
1145:
as one of the commercial crops of Syria. Sumac was called
401:. Records in English of the 15th century often spelled it
385:
in the early 13th century wrote: "Among the people of the
2525:. This Occitan form is understood as altered from Arabic
50:
3636:
English Words Of Arabic Etymological Ancestry: Note #185
956:
in medieval Arabic but, the main word for it is سبانخ (
2944:
is the same thing as the old English name "Ceylon" and
1747:
Diccionario crítico etimológico de la lengua castellana
1544:. The earliest reported secure record for the wordform
230:, which was derived from 18th century scientific Latin
3509:... is very common in Arabic medical writings", says
2685:
The saphena vein is in Constantinus Africanus spelled
2186:. Dozy cites two medieval Arabic texts with رهج الغار
1528:. The 10th century text by Al-Battani is in Arabic at
2427:
and much of Yule & Burnell's evidence comes from
1793:. In Arabic, a 9th-century Arabic minerals book said
1778:
as "a kind of salt brought from Alexandria", Egypt –
1422:
The dictionaries used to compile the list are these:
275:), orange (a citrus fruit), via Persian and Sanskrit
2000:
writing in the 940s (AD) said that the orange tree (
1520:. This was remarked on in a history of astronomy by
1308:) is widely reported as derived from medieval Latin
3491:
Book V, Treatise 6: On potions and thickened juices
3123:, by Alphonse De Candolle, year 1885, pages 98-100.
2885:
Word Origins: The Hidden Histories of English Words
2566:
2271:Some uncertainty exists about what the roots were.
3032:was "an appurtenance of a house" akin to a porch.
2489:. In Portuguese, an old and near-obsolete form is
2102:= "parrot" as a well-known and commonplace word –
1785:. In the medieval Latin literature more generally
1654:An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language
1611:. One of the most esteemed of the dictionaries is
2973:"Definition of serendipity | Dictionary.com"
2887:, by John Ayto (year 2005). Likewise reported at
1473:A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles
1010:), sugar. The word is ultimately from Sanskritic
836:(early 13th century). Production of the Venetian
625:" part of the Arabic word mutated in Italian to "
3800:
3400:is in the "Commerce" section. This was noted by
2160:
2158:
1789:could also be a name for other alkaline salts –
3388:Extracts from Al-Muqaddasi's late-10th-century
3315:New English Dictionary on Historical Principles
2556:"Definition of safflower | Dictionary.com"
597:), safflower; or a non-standard variant عُصفُر
3477:
3475:
3136:and another Andalusian Arab source spelled it
3103:The quote is from the etymology dictionary by
2820:published in 1685 the word is spelled "shash"
2575:Medieval Arab Cookery: Essays and Translations
2145:"Definition of popinjay | Dictionary.com"
2083:French National Centre for Scientific Research
1012:
830:(early 16th century), which came from Italian
3742:"Definition of scarlet | Dictionary.com"
3668:"Definition of racquet | Dictionary.com"
3614:"Definition of sherbet | Dictionary.com"
3462:"Definition of swahili | Dictionary.com"
3207:"Definition of spinach | Dictionary.com"
3179:. At Baghdad in the 10th century cookbook of
2732:"Definition of saphena | Dictionary.com"
2613:"Definition of saffron | Dictionary.com"
2222:"Definition of realgar | Dictionary.com"
2155:
2027:Ad Petrum Panormitanae Ecclesiae Thesaurarium
1942:
1926:to reduce the potential for misunderstanding.
1823:was stated to be simply "the Arabic word for
1774:. One late medieval Latin dictionary defined
1266:
1260:
631:
3596:"Definition of sorbet | Dictionary.com"
3372:"Definition of sultan | Dictionary.com"
2991:"Definition of sheikh | Dictionary.com"
2906:"Definition of sequin | Dictionary.com"
2522:Medical Synonym Lists from Medieval Provence
2371:"Definition of safari | Dictionary.com"
2353:"Definition of sabkha | Dictionary.com"
2048:"Definition of orange | Dictionary.com"
1963:"Definition of natron | Dictionary.com"
1797:is a type of salt used as a washing agent –
1599:
1597:
1595:
1478:An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English
1274:
477:completed in 1290 said the chess-piece name
91:List of English words of Arabic origin (T-Z)
85:List of English words of Arabic origin (N-S)
79:List of English words of Arabic origin (K-M)
72:List of English words of Arabic origin (G-J)
65:List of English words of Arabic origin (C-F)
58:List of English words of Arabic origin (A-B)
18:List of English words of Arabic origin (N-S)
3578:"Definition of syrup | Dictionary.com"
3472:
3432:"Definition of sumac | Dictionary.com"
3328:"Definition of sugar | Dictionary.com"
2200:
2198:
2196:
2182:, and a supplement to what Dozy says is in
1671:"Definition of nadir | Dictionary.com"
1514:
1341:
1310:
1028:
208:
206:from a newly created Latin name, initially
148:
3785:"Definition of soda | Dictionary.com"
3489:and has dozens of different syrups in his
3301:(with its letter 'a') was the ancestor of
3087:"Definition of sofa | Dictionary.com"
2870:Tesoro della Lingua Italiana delle Origini
2847:"Definition of sash | Dictionary.com"
2290:"Definition of rook | Dictionary.com"
2255:"Definition of ream | Dictionary.com"
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
1397:is historically prior to the Italian form
1250:did not use an /ʃ/ sound ever. The -us of
3688:(English scarlet) is of Germanic origin:
2381:
2308:"Definition of roc | Dictionary.com"
2126:. In Arabic it is not known how the word
1592:
1500:
1498:
609:= "safflower". Medieval Catalan also had
397:, and 13th-century Italian-Latin spelled
3267:. Another of the early Latin records is
3224:"Sugar" in the Middle English Dictionary
3157:espinache, espinage, espinoche, espinace
3006:
3004:
2717:. Some more etymology references are at
2660:= "saphenous vein". One of these is the
2654:Search results for الصافن at AlWaraq.net
2273:"Of Rukhs and Rooks, Camels and Castles"
2193:
2190:= "realgar", and Lammens cites one more.
1899:. In early 17th century Europe the name
1686:
1684:
1371:plants used to make soda ash for use in
1131:), sumac species of shrub or its fruit (
3809:Lists of English words of Arabic origin
2457:, by Miguel Gual Camarena, year 1968. (
2336:A Proposed Formal Definition for Sabkha
2058:
1950:Elementymology & Elements Multidict
1937:Elementymology & Elements Multidict
1891:arrived in French directly from Arabic
1461:Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
14:
3801:
3516:Food and Foodways of Medieval Cairenes
3274:Historia Hierosolymitanae expeditionis
2693:. Another early record in Latin is as
2691:Gotthard Strohmaier, year 1994 page 98
2644:, year 1973 pages 652–653. Avicenna's
2493:= "safflower" and Portuguese also has
1740:. The earliest known modern record of
1495:
51:Loanwords listed in alphabetical order
3537:siropus | sirupus | syropus | syrupus
3271:about 1125 in the Crusades chronicle
3001:
2035:Du Cange's Glossary of Medieval Latin
1681:
3760:"Soda" by Arnald Steiger in journal
3297:, and nobody nowadays contends that
2642:Albucasis on Surgery and Instruments
1918:was becoming potassium nitrate, aka
1646:
3044:in Arabic to mean a sofa (found in
2408:. Medieval Arabic dictionaries say
2025:used in Latin in a letter entitled
1770:in late medieval English as well –
952:in Andalusian Arabic, and إِسفاناخ
24:
3565:Dictionary of late medieval French
3183:, the word for spinach is spelled
2936:is etymologically from Sanskritic
411:ream (quantity of sheets of paper)
226:representing a created Latin name
25:
3820:
2816:). In a book about the clergy by
1656:, by Walter W. Skeat, year 1888.
1443:Concise Oxford English Dictionary
565:= "journey" which is from Arabic
3559:and is evident in the entry for
3539:is frequent in the works of the
3155:, and the medieval French forms
2676:dictionary – صافن @ Baheth.info.
2461:'s usages were in his 1383 book
1585:and Nicholas Oresme (died 1382)
970:). more generally, from Persian
697:. Also English organic chemical
180:The ancient Greeks had the word
3777:
3752:
3734:
3678:
3660:
3624:
3606:
3588:
3570:
3454:
3442:
3424:
3415:
3382:
3364:
3338:
3320:
3287:(examples from ancient writers)
3255:(died c. 990). A manuscript of
3229:
3217:
3199:
3143:A Dictionary of Andalusi Arabic
3126:
3097:
3079:
2983:
2965:
2916:
2898:
2877:
2857:
2839:
2797:
2760:
2742:
2724:
2679:
2623:
2605:
2581:
2548:
2363:
2345:
2318:
2300:
2282:
2265:
2247:
2232:
2214:
2172:
2137:
2088:
2040:
2011:
1973:
3392:in English translation are at
2425:Yule & Burnell (year 1903)
2392:. Alphonse de Candolle in his
2275:, by Remke Kruk, year 2001 in
2104:الببغا + الببغاء @ AlWaraq.net
1955:
1929:
1845:Pseudo-Geber as published 1542
1738:Federico Corriente (year 2008)
1663:
1416:
485:. The bird meaning for Arabic
13:
1:
3541:Salernitan school of medicine
3293:and the later-medieval Latin
2948:is Sanskritic for "island" –
2928:tales (which are part of the
2863:Medieval examples of Italian
2634:translator's note on page 154
2594:Arabismi Medievali di Sicilia
1512:was written down in Latin as
1194:. Swahili is grammatically a
871:The Three Princes of Serendip
471:tales. The Arabic dictionary
3721:Merriam-Webster's Dictionary
3253:'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi
2596:by Girolamo Caracausi (1983)
2340:Formal Definition for Sabkha
2100:al-bab(a)ghāʾ | al-babbaghāʾ
1992:, by J.J. Clément-Mullet in
1696:American Heritage Dictionary
1613:Ismail ibn Hammad al-Jawhari
1470:, by Raja Tazi (year 1998),
1449:American Heritage Dictionary
1409:
1236:siropus | siruppus | syrupus
613:= "safflower" where Catalan
481:came from Persian; crossref
7:
3650:", by Christian Schmitt in
3406:Arabic text of Al-Muqaddasi
3120:Origin of Cultivated Plants
2930:Thousand Nights and a Night
2774:, first published in 1615:
2703:Singer and Rabin, year 1946
2463:Regiment de la cosa publica
2435:. Italian variant spelling
2394:Origin of Cultivated Plants
1981:Origin of Cultivated Plants
1431:Online Etymology Dictionary
1141:(died circa 1000) mentions
10:
3825:
3766:(with main conclusions on
3725:Collins English Dictionary
3503:ref (in Arabic and French)
3481:The Arabic medical writer
2279:, volume 36 pages 288-298.
2130:originated. The same word
1914:. The primary meaning for
1455:Collins English Dictionary
798:sequin (clothing ornament)
3729:Concise Oxford Dictionary
3557:Middle English Dictionary
3485:(died 1037) called syrup
3028:says the medieval Arabic
2507:which is from the Arabic
2207:Middle English Dictionary
1300:(synonymous with Italian
731:bloodletting (phlebotomy)
33:before entering English.
3655:, year 1996, pages 47-55
3525:syrop_ | sirop_ | sirup_
3402:Henri Lammens, year 1890
2184:Henri Lammens, year 1890
2180:Reinhart Dozy, year 1869
1885:Martin Ruland, year 1612
1561:in the sense the Arabic
1192:2000 kilometers of coast
707:saphena (saphenous vein)
3511:Reinhart Dozy year 1869
2952:. Further discussed at
2419:29 October 2013 at the
2110:= "parrot" (the 's' in
2033:. The same is cited in
1732:, and also the variant
1700:Random House Dictionary
1437:Random House Dictionary
1246:reflects the fact that
605:, medieval Catalan had
3521:Constantinus Africanus
3245:Constantinus Africanus
3159:, and similar forms –
3040:. However, the use of
3025:Arabic-English Lexicon
2830:phonetic dissimilation
1639:Arabic-English Lexicon
1632:Arabic-English Lexicon
1575:in English translation
1515:
1342:
1326:Constantinus Africanus
1311:
1275:
1267:
1261:
1029:
1013:
792:means gauze or muslin.
751:Constantinus Africanus
641:, but an oral variant
632:
209:
149:
3764:year 1937 pages 53-76
3493:. The medical writer
1909:Martin Ruland's 1612
1320:of the wrist and the
1186:), coasts (plural of
934:), a low platform or
822:minting die for coins
45:Wiktionary dictionary
3390:Description of Syria
3303:zuccharum | sucharum
3295:zuccharum | sucharum
3281:and classical Latin
3181:Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq
3046:Bocthor's dictionary
3016:CNRTL.fr (in French)
2810:(online in Bailey's)
2806:(online in Bailey's)
2636:gives citations for
2541:and classical Latin
2400:Carthamus tinctorius
2330:25 June 2014 at the
1986:Alphonse de Candolle
1879:was synonymous with
1829:Raja Tazi, year 1998
1636:(year 1863). Lane's
1634:, volume 1, page xxx
501:
352:
313:babaghāʾ | babbaghāʾ
300:
296:(late 12th century).
246:
104:
3712:"Ciclatoun Scarlet"
3353:proclaimed himself
3349:. The Seljuk ruler
3020:Lammens (in French)
2934:Sarandīb | Serendīb
2338:. Also a different
2325:An Intro to Sabkhas
2118:, medieval Spanish
2078:CNRTL.fr Etymologie
1401:. A judgement that
1078:is the feminine of
1038:or the French form
745:(died c. 1013) and
469:1001 Arabian Nights
3789:www.dictionary.com
3746:www.dictionary.com
3672:www.dictionary.com
3618:www.dictionary.com
3600:www.dictionary.com
3582:www.dictionary.com
3495:Najm al-Din Mahmud
3466:www.dictionary.com
3436:www.dictionary.com
3376:www.dictionary.com
3332:www.dictionary.com
3261:zucharum | zucharo
3211:www.dictionary.com
3091:www.dictionary.com
2995:www.dictionary.com
2977:www.dictionary.com
2954:Names of Sri Lanka
2910:www.dictionary.com
2851:www.dictionary.com
2766:The quote is from
2736:www.dictionary.com
2719:saphène @ CNRTL.fr
2617:www.dictionary.com
2560:www.dictionary.com
2515:= "safflower" and
2497:= "safflower" and
2459:Francesc Eiximenis
2375:www.dictionary.com
2357:www.dictionary.com
2312:www.dictionary.com
2294:www.dictionary.com
2259:www.dictionary.com
2226:www.dictionary.com
2204:Documented in the
2149:www.dictionary.com
2052:www.dictionary.com
1967:www.dictionary.com
1857:anatron | anathron
1675:www.dictionary.com
1293:or racket (tennis)
3549:Gerard of Cremona
3257:Theorica Pantegni
3249:Theorica Pantegni
3196:(Diccionari.cat).
3105:Lammens year 1890
3066:Mesgnien-Meninski
2925:Sinbad the Sailor
2672:. Another is the
2646:Canon of Medicine
2588:Safran @ CNRTL.fr
1994:Journal Asiatique
1911:Lexicon Alchemiae
1034:. The Latin form
508:sabkha (landform)
307:popinjay (parrot)
41:Glossary of Islam
31:Romance languages
16:(Redirected from
3816:
3793:
3792:
3781:
3775:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3738:
3732:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3664:
3658:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3574:
3568:
3479:
3470:
3469:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3413:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3368:
3362:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3324:
3318:
3233:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3203:
3197:
3130:
3124:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3083:
3077:
3012:NED (in English)
3008:
2999:
2998:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2969:
2963:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2902:
2896:
2881:
2875:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2843:
2837:
2801:
2795:
2784:Fynes Moryson's
2764:
2758:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2728:
2722:
2683:
2677:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2609:
2603:
2585:
2579:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2552:
2546:
2519:= "safflower" –
2439:year 1310 is in
2385:
2379:
2378:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2349:
2343:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2286:
2280:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2251:
2245:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2218:
2212:
2202:
2191:
2176:
2170:
2162:
2153:
2152:
2141:
2135:
2092:
2086:
2075:More details at
2073:
2056:
2055:
2044:
2038:
2023:arangias acetoso
2015:
2009:
2002:shajar al-nāranj
1977:
1971:
1970:
1959:
1953:
1946:
1940:
1933:
1927:
1867:(died 1609) and
1758:. The substance
1688:
1679:
1678:
1667:
1661:
1650:
1644:
1601:
1590:
1550:De Sphaera Mundi
1542:Books.Google.com
1518:
1502:
1493:
1420:
1345:
1316:which meant the
1314:
1278:
1270:
1264:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1032:
1020:History of sugar
1016:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1004:
969:
968:
967:
966:
964:
933:
932:
931:
930:
928:
901:
900:
899:
898:
896:
867:
866:
865:
864:
862:
819:
818:
817:
816:
814:
780:
779:
778:
777:
775:
728:
727:
726:
725:
723:
672:
671:
670:
669:
667:
635:
596:
595:
594:
593:
591:
560:Swahili language
557:
556:
555:
554:
552:
529:
528:
527:
526:
524:
466:
465:
464:
463:
461:
421:history of paper
380:
379:
378:
377:
375:
328:
327:
326:
325:
323:
288:in Italian, and
284:in Spanish, but
274:
273:
272:
271:
269:
212:
201:
200:
199:
198:
196:
152:
135:celestial sphere
133:), a point on a
132:
131:
130:
129:
127:
21:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3757:
3753:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3708:Ref (year 2015)
3700:Ref (in French)
3696:Ref (in French)
3683:
3679:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3653:Romania Arabica
3629:
3625:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3551:(died c. 1187)
3480:
3473:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3447:
3443:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3387:
3383:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3343:
3339:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3234:
3230:
3222:
3218:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3131:
3127:
3102:
3098:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3022:. E. W. Lane's
3009:
3002:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2921:
2917:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2882:
2878:
2862:
2858:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2802:
2798:
2792:NED (year 1914)
2765:
2761:
2747:
2743:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2699:(ref: in Latin)
2684:
2680:
2628:
2624:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2586:
2582:
2571:
2567:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2527:ʿusfur | ʿasfar
2469:). The Catalan
2421:Wayback Machine
2386:
2382:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2332:Wayback Machine
2323:
2319:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2270:
2266:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2237:
2233:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2203:
2194:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2156:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2093:
2089:
2074:
2059:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2016:
2012:
1978:
1974:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1947:
1943:
1934:
1930:
1831:. The wordform
1815:. The wordform
1725:Diccionario RAE
1692:Merriam-Webster
1689:
1682:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1651:
1647:
1625:"Lisan Al-Arab"
1602:
1593:
1589:, among others.
1538:Al-Hakawati.net
1503:
1496:
1488:(year 1869) by
1480:(year 1921) by
1421:
1417:
1412:
1287:
1248:Latin phonology
1226:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1002:
999:
998:
997:
962:
959:
958:
957:
926:
923:
922:
921:
894:
891:
890:
889:
860:
857:
856:
855:
812:
809:
808:
807:
773:
770:
769:
768:
741:(died c. 990),
737:(died c. 930),
721:
718:
717:
716:
665:
662:
661:
660:
627:-flore | -fiore
589:
586:
585:
584:
550:
547:
546:
545:
522:
519:
518:
517:
504:
459:
456:
455:
454:
445:roc (mythology)
373:
370:
369:
368:
355:
321:
318:
317:
316:
303:
267:
264:
263:
262:
249:
194:
191:
190:
189:
125:
122:
121:
120:
107:
53:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3822:
3812:
3811:
3795:
3794:
3776:
3751:
3733:
3677:
3659:
3623:
3605:
3587:
3569:
3471:
3453:
3441:
3423:
3414:
3381:
3363:
3337:
3319:
3285:meant "sugar"
3265:Codex EÖ.II.14
3228:
3216:
3198:
3177:Diccionari.cat
3125:
3096:
3078:
3000:
2982:
2964:
2915:
2897:
2876:
2856:
2838:
2834:Weekley (1921)
2796:
2759:
2741:
2723:
2678:
2668:(died 1038) –
2648:uses the word
2622:
2604:
2580:
2565:
2547:
2443:. The Catalan
2380:
2362:
2344:
2317:
2299:
2281:
2264:
2246:
2231:
2213:
2192:
2171:
2154:
2136:
2124:popinjay @ NED
2087:
2057:
2039:
2031:Hugo Falcandus
2010:
1972:
1954:
1941:
1928:
1728:. The Spanish
1680:
1662:
1645:
1591:
1530:AlChamel14.org
1494:
1482:Ernest Weekley
1414:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1359:
1349:
1348:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1294:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1214:
1200:
1199:
1196:Bantu language
1166:
1160:
1159:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1054:
1044:
1043:
990:
976:
975:
946:
940:
939:
914:
908:
907:
882:
876:
875:
848:
842:
841:
800:
794:
793:
761:
755:
754:
709:
703:
702:
653:
647:
646:
577:
571:
570:
538:
532:
531:
510:
503:
500:
499:
498:
447:
437:
436:
431:. The Catalan
413:
407:
406:
361:
354:
351:
350:
349:
309:
302:
299:
298:
297:
255:
248:
245:
244:
243:
178:
164:
163:
113:
106:
103:
102:
101:
94:
87:
82:
75:
68:
61:
52:
49:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3821:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3790:
3786:
3780:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3763:
3755:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3681:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3656:
3654:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3601:
3597:
3591:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3476:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3450:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3418:
3411:
3407:
3404:, citing the
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3341:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3225:
3220:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3075:
3071:
3068:defined صفّة
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3005:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2950:ref (page 64)
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2919:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2873:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2789:
2787:
2781:
2780:Fynes Moryson
2777:
2773:
2772:George Sandys
2769:
2763:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2675:
2674:Lisan al-Arab
2671:
2667:
2663:
2662:Fiqh al-Lugha
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2601:
2597:
2595:
2589:
2584:
2577:
2576:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2432:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2414:(Baheth.info)
2411:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2243:
2241:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2210:
2208:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2168:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1951:
1945:
1938:
1935:"Natrium" at
1932:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1869:Martin Ruland
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1835:(formed from
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1522:Jean Delambre
1519:
1517:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1491:
1490:Reinhart Dozy
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1415:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1279:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1134:Rhus coriaria
1126:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1005:
995:
991:
989:
985:
981:
978:
977:
973:
965:
955:
951:
947:
945:
942:
941:
937:
929:
919:
915:
913:
910:
909:
905:
897:
887:
883:
881:
878:
877:
873:
872:
863:
853:
849:
847:
844:
843:
839:
838:sequin (coin)
835:
834:
829:
828:
823:
815:
805:
801:
799:
796:
795:
791:
790:
784:
776:
766:
762:
760:
759:sash (ribbon)
757:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
724:
714:
710:
708:
705:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
668:
658:
654:
652:
649:
648:
644:
640:
636:
634:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
592:
582:
578:
576:
573:
572:
568:
564:
561:
553:
543:
539:
537:
534:
533:
525:
515:
511:
509:
506:
505:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
475:
474:Lisan al-Arab
470:
462:
452:
448:
446:
442:
439:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
412:
409:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
389:it is called
388:
384:
383:Ibn al-Baitar
376:
366:
362:
360:
357:
356:
347:
343:
339:
338:
332:
324:
314:
310:
308:
305:
304:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
270:
260:
256:
254:
251:
250:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
211:
205:
197:
187:
183:
179:
177:
173:
169:
166:
165:
161:
157:
153:
151:
144:
140:
136:
128:
118:
114:
112:
109:
108:
100:
99:
95:
93:
92:
88:
86:
83:
81:
80:
76:
74:
73:
69:
67:
66:
62:
60:
59:
55:
54:
48:
46:
42:
38:
34:
32:
27:
19:
3788:
3779:
3762:Vox Romanica
3761:
3754:
3745:
3736:
3715:
3703:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3671:
3662:
3652:
3647:
3626:
3617:
3608:
3599:
3590:
3581:
3572:
3560:
3536:
3524:
3515:
3506:
3498:
3486:
3465:
3456:
3444:
3435:
3426:
3417:
3409:
3397:
3389:
3384:
3375:
3366:
3354:
3340:
3331:
3322:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3260:
3256:
3248:
3236:
3231:
3219:
3210:
3201:
3192:
3184:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3119:
3113:
3099:
3090:
3081:
3069:
3041:
3033:
3029:
3023:
2994:
2985:
2976:
2967:
2957:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2918:
2909:
2900:
2884:
2879:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2850:
2841:
2818:John Eachard
2799:
2785:
2767:
2762:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2735:
2726:
2710:
2706:
2694:
2686:
2681:
2673:
2666:Al-Tha'alibi
2661:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2616:
2607:
2593:
2583:
2574:
2568:
2559:
2550:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2470:
2462:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2436:
2430:
2429:Pegolotti's
2409:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2383:
2374:
2365:
2356:
2347:
2320:
2311:
2302:
2293:
2284:
2276:
2267:
2258:
2249:
2239:
2234:
2225:
2216:
2206:
2188:rahj al-ghār
2187:
2174:
2165:
2148:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2077:
2051:
2042:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2001:
1993:
1980:
1975:
1966:
1957:
1948:"Kalium" at
1944:
1931:
1923:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1865:Oswald Croll
1856:
1852:
1848:
1841:Pseudo-Geber
1836:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1804:
1794:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1674:
1665:
1658:Downloadable
1653:
1652:Reported in
1648:
1637:
1631:
1624:
1616:
1578:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1553:Latin: "The
1549:
1545:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1485:
1477:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1424:
1418:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1367:and similar
1364:Salsola soda
1362:
1340:
1322:tarsal bones
1318:carpal bones
1309:
1305:
1304:and English
1301:
1297:
1273:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1217:
1187:
1169:
1155:
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1142:
1139:Al-Muqaddasi
1132:
1114:
1098:
1083:
1079:
1075:
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1039:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1011:
993:
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851:
832:
826:
803:
788:
782:
764:
712:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
673:), saffron.
656:
642:
638:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
580:
569:= "journey".
566:
562:
541:
513:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
472:
468:
450:
441:rook (chess)
432:
428:
424:
416:
402:
398:
394:
391:rahj al-ghār
390:
365:rahj al-ghār
364:
341:
336:
330:
312:
293:
289:
285:
281:
276:
258:
242:on the list.
239:
235:
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185:
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159:
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147:
142:
141:(died 929).
116:
96:
89:
84:
77:
70:
63:
56:
36:
35:
28:
26:
3768:pages 73-76
3351:Tughril Beg
3191:. The form
3145:(year 1997)
2959:Serendibite
2938:Selan-dwipa
2883:Quote from
2592:zafarana @
2433:, year 1340
2209:(the "MED")
1708:Concise OED
1609:AlWaraq.net
1605:Baheth.info
1534:Archive.org
1390:Suaeda vera
1373:glassmaking
846:serendipity
344:= English "
3553:(examples)
3357:in 1038 –
3010:"Sofa" in
2242:in the MED
2240:Rem | Reme
1861:Paracelsus
1704:Etymonline
1621:Ibn Manzur
1617:"Al-Sihah"
1569:is online
1567:De Sphaera
1524:in 1819 –
739:Haly Abbas
711:الصَّافِن
693:, Spanish
689:, Italian
427:, Italian
363:رهج الغار
346:jay (bird)
340:= Spanish
139:Al-Battani
3644:Corriente
3355:al-Sultān
3311:saccharum
3299:saccharum
3291:saccharum
3283:saccharum
3279:sakcharon
2786:Itinerary
2782:in 1617:
2509:al-ʿusfur
2465:which is
2431:Mercatura
2096:psittacus
1998:Al-Masudi
1907:given in
1875:and said
1837:al-natrūn
1833:"anatron"
1827:" – ref:
1805:al-natrūn
1643:subjects.
1532:(also at
1410:Footnotes
1383:or سويدة
1369:glasswort
1302:racchetta
1276:sharba(t)
904:The Sheik
743:Albucasis
691:zafferano
575:safflower
210:natronium
146:texts as
3803:Category
3716:scarlata
3704:scarlata
3686:scarlata
3648:raquette
3632:CNRTL.fr
3483:Ibn Sina
3241:Du Cange
3193:isfānākh
3185:isfanākh
3169:Godefroy
3161:CNRTL.fr
3153:espinaca
3138:asbinākh
3134:isbinākh
3109:CNRTL.fr
2889:CNRTL.fr
2658:al-sāfin
2650:al-sāfin
2638:al-sāfin
2445:alazflor
2417:Archived
2328:Archived
2120:papagayo
2019:(online)
1897:CNRTL.fr
1821:"natron"
1817:"natron"
1803:النطرون
1571:in Latin
1343:scarlata
1298:raquette
1252:siroppus
1244:siroppus
1024:zucharum
1014:sharkara
972:aspanākh
954:isfānākh
950:isbinākh
852:Serendīb
827:zecchino
747:Avicenna
713:Alṣṣāfin
699:safranin
683:safranum
675:Zaʿfarān
657:zaʿfarān
611:alazflor
403:resalgar
395:rejalgar
3563:in the
3149:espinac
3062:Sofa--4
3058:Sofa--3
3054:Sofa--2
3050:Sofa--1
2867:are at
2832:, says
2711:saphena
2707:sophena
2695:saphena
2687:sophena
2499:açafroa
2491:açaflor
2471:alasfor
2449:alasfor
2437:zaflore
2334:. Also
2132:babaghā
2128:babaghā
2116:papegai
2112:papagás
2108:papagás
1883:– ref:
1853:anatron
1843:– ref:
1782:Alphita
1734:anatron
1716:Weekley
1630:Lane's
1607:and/or
1516:nadahir
1385:suwayda
1335:scarlet
1312:rascete
1306:racquet
1291:racquet
1268:shurbet
1262:sherbet
1208:sherbet
1170:sawāhil
1164:Swahili
1076:sultāna
1052:sultana
988:sucrase
984:sucrose
948:إسبناخ
944:spinach
916:صُفَّة
735:Al-Razi
695:azafrán
655:زعفران
651:saffron
607:alasfor
579:عُصفُر
399:realgar
387:Maghreb
359:realgar
335:French
331:papegai
294:arangia
286:arancia
282:naranja
277:nāraṅga
236:al-qalī
216:natrium
172:natrium
150:nadahir
115:نَظِير
3507:Sharāb
3499:sharāb
3487:sharāb
3410:Summāq
3398:Summāq
3307:sukkar
3018:, and
2940:where
2872:(TLIO)
2814:fascia
2788:, 1617
2776:online
2543:cnicus
2539:cnikos
2535:safran
2531:safran
2517:safran
2504:alazor
2495:alaçor
2467:online
2410:ʿusfur
2406:ʿusfur
2021:cites
1924:natron
1916:nitrum
1905:nitrum
1901:nitrum
1893:natrūn
1889:natron
1881:nitrum
1877:natron
1873:natron
1849:Natron
1825:nitrum
1812:natrūn
1810:نطرون
1795:natrūn
1787:nitrum
1776:nitrum
1768:nitrum
1764:nitrum
1760:natron
1742:natron
1730:natron
1720:natron
1714:, and
1510:naẓīra
1381:suwwād
1357:sodium
1240:sharāb
1227:listen
1218:sharāb
1212:sorbet
1179:listen
1168:سواحل
1143:summāq
1124:listen
1115:summāq
1113:سمّاق
1100:vizier
1085:Caliph
1080:sultān
1067:listen
1058:sultān
1056:سلطان
1048:sultan
1036:sucrum
1030:zucrum
1003:listen
994:sukkar
963:listen
927:listen
895:listen
886:shaīkh
880:sheikh
861:listen
813:listen
783:muslin
774:listen
722:listen
687:safran
679:crocus
666:listen
643:ʿasfar
639:ʿusfur
621:" or "
599:ʿasfar
590:listen
581:ʿusfur
563:safari
551:listen
536:safari
523:listen
514:sabkha
491:rukhkh
487:rukhkh
479:rukhkh
460:listen
451:rukhkh
374:listen
322:listen
311:ببغاء
290:orange
268:listen
259:nāranj
257:نارنج
253:orange
240:alkali
228:Kalium
220:natrūn
195:listen
186:natrūn
182:nitron
176:kalium
168:natron
160:zenith
126:listen
3561:sirop
3269:zucra
3070:soffa
3042:soffa
3034:Soffa
3030:soffa
2946:dwipa
2942:Selan
2865:zecca
2826:(ref)
2822:(ref)
2770:, by
2755:shāsh
2572:Book
2513:safra
2398:ref (
2006:(ref)
1920:nitre
1780:ref:
1587:(ref)
1583:(ref)
1579:Nadir
1563:naẓīr
1559:nadir
1555:nadir
1546:nadir
1506:naẓīr
1256:sirup
1216:شراب
1204:syrup
1188:sāhil
1156:sumac
1151:sumac
1109:sumac
1040:sucre
992:سكّر
980:sugar
918:soffa
833:zecca
804:sikka
802:سكّة
789:shāsh
765:shāsh
567:safar
542:safar
512:سبخة
483:check
449:رُخّ
433:raima
429:risma
425:resma
417:rizma
415:رزمة
214:then
156:nadir
143:Naẓīr
117:naẓīr
111:nadir
3698:and
2891:and
2709:and
2590:and
2441:TLIO
1851:and
1808:and
1573:and
1536:and
1508:and
1403:soda
1399:soda
1395:sosa
1377:sosa
1353:soda
1147:rhus
1097:and
1093:qadi
1089:emir
1026:and
936:dais
912:sofa
884:شيخ
763:شاش
623:-far
619:-fur
615:flor
540:سفر
342:gayo
232:Kali
154:and
3640:NED
3545:ref
3533:ref
3529:ref
3505:. "
3394:Ref
3359:ref
3347:ref
3189:ref
3173:MED
3165:DMF
3074:ref
3038:Ref
2893:NED
2715:Ref
2670:ref
2664:of
2487:ref
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2475:ref
2390:ref
1984:by
1799:ref
1791:ref
1772:MED
1756:ref
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1712:NED
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495:roc
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