Liberalism and progressivism within Islam

1438:, broke the rigidity of the Muslim ritual, dogma, and family ties. Abduh argued that Muslims could not simply rely on the interpretations of texts provided by medieval clerics, they needed to use reason to keep up with changing times. He said that in Islam man was not created to be led by a bridle, man was given intelligence so that he could be guided by knowledge. According to Abduh, a teacher's role was to direct men towards study. He believed that Islam encouraged men to detach from the world of their ancestors and that Islam reproved the slavish imitation of tradition. He said that the two greatest possessions relating to religion that man was graced with were independence of will and independence of thought and opinion. It was with the help of these tools that he could attain happiness. He believed that the growth of western civilization in Europe was based on these two principles. He thought that Europeans were roused to act after a large number of them were able to exercise their choice and to seek out facts with their minds. In his works, he portrays God as educating humanity from its childhood through its youth and then on to adulthood. According to him, Islam is the only religion whose dogmas can be proven by reasoning. He was against 1784:. For explaining better the commitment to democracy, he at first divides between two concepts. One of them is Syasat and the other is politic. Syasat is a philosophy by the government that want to have the responsibility of changing and becoming the society, not its being and existence. In fact, Syasat is a progressive and dynamic thing. The aim of the government in the philosophy of Syasat is to change social foundations, institutions and even all the norms of society namely culture, morality and desires etc. in simple word, Syasat want to make exist the people. On contrary, there is no making in politics. In other words, politics is the following of having people not making them. Of course, Shariati prefers Syasat on politics because the former is more progressive. He considers making human (Ensan Sazi). In fact, his 3526:

but they have agreed that one of them is religions. This means that a corrupt man is not suitable for a religious woman. They have also differed as to whether lineage should be considered. So most of the scholars do consider this aspect for suitability, therefore a non-Arab is not suitable for an Arab. And a non-Qurayshi is not suitable for a Qurayshi woman. This means that if an Arab woman wants to refuse marriage to a non-Arab, she may, and her guardian can not force her. Also, the guardian can refuse an Arab woman’s marriage to a non-Arab, if she wishes. But if an Arab girl is content, as well as he guardian, with marrying a non-Arab, it is perfectly permissible for them to marry and their marriage contract is valid. This is what most of the scholars have decided.

3447:"Salafism is, therefore, a modern phenomenon, being the desire of contemporary Muslims to rediscover what they see as the pure, original and authentic Islam, ... However, there is a difference between two profoundly different trends which sought inspiration from the concept of salafiyya. Indeed, between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of 20th century, intellectuals such as Jamal Edin al-Afghani and Muhammad Abdu used salafiyya to mean a renovation of Islamic thought, with features that would today be described as rationalist, modernist and even progressive. This salafiyya movement is often known in the West as 'Islamic modernism.' However, the term salafism is today generally employed to signify ideologies such as 3438:"Islamic modernism was the first Muslim ideological response to the Western cultural challenge. Started in India and Egypt in the second part of the 19th century ... reflected in the work of a group of like-minded Muslim scholars, featuring a critical reexamination of the classical conceptions and methods of jurisprudence and a formulation of a new approach to Islamic theology and Quranic exegesis. This new approach, which was nothing short of an outright rebellion against Islamic orthodoxy, displayed astonishing compatibility with the ideas of the Enlightenment." 1396:. There, he studied at an educational mission for five years, returning in 1831. Tahtawi was appointed director of the School of Languages. At the school, he worked translating European books into Arabic. Tahtawi was instrumental in translating military manuals, geography, and European history. In total, al-Tahtawi supervised the translation of over 2,000 foreign works into Arabic. He even made favorable comments about French society in some of his books. Tahtawi stressed that the Principles of Islam are compatible with those of European Modernity. 3345:"The Qur’an is not the speech of God, just as the loaf of bread is not the work of the farmer. God produced the raw material, which was inspiration, just as the farmer produces the raw material, which is wheat. But it is the baker who turns the wheat or flour into bread according to his own unique way, artistic expertise and creative ability. Thus it is the Prophet who was responsible for interpreting the inspiration and turning it into actual phrases and words according to his own unique view." 3006: 7849: 1804:. According to him, an Imam is one who wants to guide humans not only in political, social and economic dimensions but also in all existential dimensions. He believes that Imam is alive everywhere and every time. On one hand, Imamate is not a metaphysical belief but a revolutionary guide philosophy. He added that Imam has to guide people not according to his desire like a dictator but to Islamic ideology and authentic values. 1689: 2255: 1417: 7838: 648: 1520:, which "challenged mainstream views" on the Qur'an sparking "controversy and debate". While not denying that the Qur'an was of divine origin, Zayd argued that it was a "cultural product" that had to be read in the context of the language and culture of seventh century Arabs, and could be interpreted in more than one way. He also criticized the use of religion to exert political power. In 1995 an Egyptian 2079: 3018: 57: 2029:. They say that slavery opposed Islamic principles which they believe to be based on justice and equality and some say that verses relating to slavery or "Ma malakat aymanukum" now can not be applied due to the fact that the world has changed, while others say that those verses are totally misinterpreted and twisted to legitimize slavery. In the 20th century, South Asian scholars 1995: 6323: 3477:

never be matched by any person not sharing their lineage, no matter his profession and family status. The Sayyids are suitable matches for one another, since they share descent from the Quraishi tribe. Thus, marriages between themselves are correct and permitted without any condition as appearing in Durrul Mukhtar:

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law has been shaped in all its complexity by serving for centuries as "the backbone" of legal systems of Muslim states, while millions of Muslim now live in non-Muslim states. Islam also lacks a "widely recognized religious hierarchy to explain doctrinal changes or to enforce them" because it has no

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whereas Christian and Jewish reform evolved over centuries, in relatively organic and self-generated—albeit often bloody—fashion, the challenge to Islam of such concepts as empirical reasoning, the nation-state, the theory of evolution, and individualism arrived all in a heap and all too often at the

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Over the course of the 19th and 20th centuries, in accordance with their increasingly modern societies and outlooks, liberal Muslims have tended to reinterpret many aspects of the application of their religion in their life in an attempt to reconnect. This is particularly true of Muslims who now find

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This is notably in direct contrast to the Prophet Muhammad's last sermon, "...All mankind is from Adam and Eve, an Arab has no superiority over a non-Arab nor a non-Arab has any superiority over an Arab; also a white has no superiority over a black nor a black has any superiority over white except by

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also varies. On the one hand, secularism is condemned by some Muslim intellectuals who do not feel that religious influence should be removed from the public sphere. On the other hand, secularism is claimed by others to be compatible with Islam. For example, the quest for secularism has inspired some

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declaring that Sisters In Islam, as well as any other organisation promoting religious liberalism and pluralism, deviate from the teachings of Islam. According to the edict, publications that are deemed to promote liberal and pluralistic religious thinking are to be declared unlawful and confiscated,

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A. This issue is known as the issue of suitability in marriage. What is meant by this is that a woman and her guardians have the right that she not be married off except to someone that is suitable for her. The scholars have differed in the characteristics that should be considered for suitability,

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and practice, was not recorded in written form until more than two centuries after the death of the Muhammad, and contain perceived internal errors and contradictions. Quranists believe Muhammad himself was a Quranist and the founder of Quranism, and that his followers distorted the faith and split

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as an example for what could become of Islamic civilizations; at one point all Romans are united under one Caesar but split into East and West. After splitting, the two nations see "all its wars ended in defeat, and it retreated from a perfect existence to nonexistence." Tahtawi understands that if

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authority and political rights and liberty; his ideas regarding how a modern civilized society ought to be and what constituted by extension a civilized or "good Egyptian"; and his ideas on public interest and public good. Tahtawi's work was the first effort in what became an Egyptian renaissance

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The Jurists have stated that among Arabs, a non-Quraishi male is not a match (Kuf) for a Quraishi woman, nor can any person of non-Arab descent be a match for a woman of Arab descent. For example, the Sayyids, whether Siddique or Farooque, Uthmaani or Alawi, or belonging to some other branch can

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problems was the emergence of private ownership. He believed that in the modern era, the appearance of the machine was the second most fundamental change in the human condition. In fact, private ownership and the emergence of the machine, if considered one of two curves of history, belong to the

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by the Egyptian thinker Abdul Hamid Jowdat-al-Sahar (ar:عبد الحميد جودة السحار). According to this book, Abu Dhar was the very first socialist. Then, Shariarti's father declared that his son believed that the principles of Abu Dhar are fundamental. Even some thinkers described Shariati as the

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has become a source of great concern to most liberal Muslims. Liberal Muslims differ with their culturally conservative counterparts in that they believe that all humanity is represented under the umbrella of human rights. Many Muslim majority countries have signed international human rights

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has been considered a precursor to modern secularism. Ibn Rushd accepts the principle of women's equality. According to him they should be educated and allowed to serve in the military; the best among them might be tomorrow's philosophers or rulers. The 13th-century philosophical movement in

1225: 2237:; "enforcing through coercive power of the state negates its religious nature, because Muslims would be observing the law of the state and not freely performing their religious obligation as Muslims" says Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im, a professor of law at Emory University and author of 1740:

second period of history. The first period is collective ownership. However, Shariati gave a critique of the historical development of religion and the modern philosophical and ideological movements and their relationship to both private ownership and the emergence of the machine.

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During recent times, the concept of Islamic feminism has grown further with Islamic groups looking to garner support from many aspects of society. In addition, educated Muslim women are striving to articulate their role in society. Examples of Islamic feminist groups are the

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Egypt is unable to remain united, it could fall prey to outside invaders. He stresses the importance of citizens defending the patriotic duty of their country. One way to protect one's country according to Tahtawi, is to accept the changes that come with a modern society.

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did not represent religious authority, because he was not infallible nor was the Caliph the person whom the revelation was given to; therefore, according to Abduh, the Caliph and other Muslims are equal. ʿAbduh argued that the Caliph should have the respect of the

3341:, Sayyed Ahmad Al-Qabbanji, Hassan Radwan) have argued for taking "the bold step of challenging the very idea that the Qur’an and Sunna are infallible", and asserting that instead the Qur'an is "divinely inspired but … human-authored". Saeed Nasheed writes: 1321:. Ibn Rushd became something of a symbolic figure in the debate over the decline and proposed revitalization of Islamic thought and Islamic society in the later 20th century. A notable proponent of such a revival of Averroist thought in Islamic society was 1734:

with the ideological means for its own liberation. One of his premises was that Islam by nature is a revolutionary ideology. Therefore, Islam could relate to the modern world as an ideology. According to Shariati, the historical and original origin of

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Islam is often described as possessing a "decidedly egalitarian spirit", and "in principle egalitarian, recognizing no superiority of one believer over another by birth or descent, race or nationality, or social status". Nonetheless, Muslims known as

1821:(lit. "effort, physical or mental, expended in a particular activity") is an Islamic legal term referring to independent reasoning or the thorough exertion of a jurist's mental faculty in finding a solution to a legal question. It is contrasted with 3521:

Q. I heard that an Arab father has the right to refuse the proposal of a non-Arab to his daughter. How is this in line with the teachings of Islam? How could one, for example, reject a God-fearing man like Bilal, may Allah be well pleased with

2228:, especially the place of religion in society, varies among Muslim countries as it does among non-Muslim countries. As the concept of secularism varies among secularists in the Muslim world, reactions of Muslim intellectuals to the pressure of 3506:(Suitability in marriage for a female) is in the lineage (ancestry of the man), and in religiousness, and his being a free man (not a slave), and in his profession, and his being free of defects that can cause the annulment of the marriage. 2108:

The Safra Project for women is based in the UK. It supports and works on issues relating to prejudice LGBTQ Muslim women. It was founded in October 2001 by Muslim LBT women. The Safra Project's "ethos is one of inclusiveness and diversity".

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in 2002. Islamic feminists ground their arguments in Islam and its teachings, seek the full equality of women and men in the personal and public sphere, and can include non-Muslims in the discourse and debate. Islamic feminism is defined by

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varies, but the more established groups have thoroughly criticised the authenticity of the hadith and refused it for many reasons, the most prevalent being the Quranist claim that hadith is not mentioned in the Quran as a source of

2093:(MASGD) was launched. The organization was formed by members of the Queer Muslim Working Group, with the support of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. Several initial MASGD members previously had been involved with the 2009:

Moderate Islamic political thought contends that the nurturing of the Muslim identity and the propagation of values such as democracy and human rights are not mutually exclusive, but rather should be promoted together.

1482:. Broadly speaking, he preached brotherhood between all schools of thought in Islam. Abduh regularly called for better friendship between religious communities. As Christianity was the second biggest religion in 4965: 1442:

and thought that it was an archaic custom. He believed in a form of Islam that would liberate men from enslavement, provide equal rights for all human beings, abolish the religious scholar's monopoly on

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The ruling relevant to non-Arabs is as follows: ‘An Ajmi (non-Arab) cannot be a match for a woman of Arab descent, no matter that he be an Aalim (religious scholar) or even a Sultan (ruling authority).

1126:, tradition, and other ritualistic practices in Islam. Liberal Muslims claim that the re-interpretation of the Islamic scriptures is important in order to preserve their relevance in the 21st century. 2161:. It was described by the press as the first gay-friendly mosque in Europe. The reaction from the rest of the Muslim community in France has been mixed, and the opening has been condemned by the 6185:

in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol. II, pp. 486–490.

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Fiqh by Qibla.com ... Answered by Shaykh Amjad Rasheed") states: "… most of the scholars do consider this aspect for suitability, therefore a non-Arab is not suitable for an Arab. And a non-

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Kügelgen, Anke von. "ʿAbduh, Muḥammad." Encyclopaedia of Islam, v. 3. Edited by: Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas and Everett Rowson. Brill, 2009. Syracuse University. 23 April 2009

1837:), and is not employed where authentic and authoritative texts (Qur'an and hadith) are considered unambiguous with regard to the question, or where there is an existing scholarly consensus ( 5083:, Nezar Alsayyad (ed.), Chapter 7: "Hamas in Gaza Refugee camps: The Construction of Trapped Spaces for the Survival of Fundamentalism", Francesca Giovannini. Taylor & Francis, 2010. 4852: 967:, differentiate between "Progressive Muslims" (post-colonial, anti-imperialist, and critical of modernity) versus "Liberal advocates of Islam" (an older movement embracing modernity). 4042:"Ahmed, K. S. "Arabic Medicine: Contributions and Influence". The Proceedings of the 17th Annual History of Medicine Days, March 7th and 8th, 2008 Health Sciences Centre, Calgary, AB" 3318:. Ghulam Ahmed Pervez did not reject all hadiths; however, he only accepted hadiths which "are in accordance with the Quran or do not stain the character of the Prophet or his 6308: 4378:ʿAbduh, Muhammad. "al-Idtihad fi al-Nasraniyya wa al-Islam." In al-A'mal al-Kamila li al-Imam Muhammad ʿAbduh. edited by Muhammad ʿAmara. Cairo: Dar al-Shuruk, 1993. 257-368. 4983: 1338: 4887: 4877:

Rob L. Wagner: "Saudi-Islamic Feminist Movement: A Struggle for Male Allies and the Right Female Voice", University for Peace (Peace and Conflict Monitor), March 29, 2011

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Most liberal Muslims believe that Islam promotes the notion of absolute equality of all humanity, and that it is one of its central concepts. Therefore, a breach of

7598: 4969: 9712: 7480: 3884: 3147:. It featured a "critical reexamination of the classical conceptions and methods of jurisprudence" and a new approach to Islamic theology and Quranic exegesis ( 6848: 5546: 1945: 3123:, is a movement that has been described as "the first Muslim ideological response" attempting to reconcile Islamic faith with modern Western values such as 1612:

The text changed from the very first moment - that is, when the Prophet recited it at the moment of its revelation - from its existence as a divine text (

9503: 7465: 5625: 1575:) par excellence, but because the language of the Quran is not self-explanatory, this implied Islamic Arab culture was also a culture of interpretation ( 928: 5949: 1976:

while social media is also to be monitored and restricted. As fatwas are legally binding in Malaysia, SIS is challenging it on constitutional grounds.

4139: 3755:"'Islam against Religious Extremism and Fanaticism': speech delivered by Imam Abdul Jalil Sajid at a meeting on International NGO Rights and Humanity" 1769:. She was described as , 'the symbol of a responsible, fighting woman when facing her time and the fate of her society.' Also, he criticised Western 2557: 1486:, he devoted special efforts towards friendship between Muslims and Christians. He had many Christian friends and many a time he stood up to defend 7564: 2325:

Discrimination also exists in regards of intermarriage between persons of Arab and non-Arab lineages, as can be found in a number of fatwa sites.

4041: 3048: 2090: 1914: 5806: 3662: 1624:). The Prophet's understanding of the text is one of the first phases of movement resulting from the text's connection with the human intellect. 1599:(interpretation) for efforts to understand the Quran, while in the Islamic sciences, the literature that explained the Quran was referred to as 4926: 3776: 3066: 9528: 9498: 6051: 4849: 1566:

Abu Zayd strongly opposed the belief in a "single, precise and valid interpretation of the Qur'an handed down by the Prophet for all times".

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modern-day Abu Dhar in Iran. Of all his thoughts, there is his insistence on the necessity of revolutionary action. Shariati believed that

3480:"And Kafaah in lineage. Thus the Quraysh are suitable matches for one another as are the (other) Arabs suitable matches for one another." 7495: 5650:

Naʻīm, ʻAbd Allāh Aḥmad. Islam and the secular state : negotiating the future of Shariʻa. Cambridge:Harvard University Press, 2008.

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to trace the various interpretations and historical settings of the single Qur'anic text from the early days of Islam up to the present;

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In Canada, Salaam was founded as the first gay Muslim organization in Canada and the second in the world. Salaam was found in 1993 by

9533: 7485: 5859: 3848: 3166:– that emerged in the middle of the 19th century in reaction to the rapid changes of the time, especially the perceived onslaught of 1985: 1169: 7586: 5779: 5448: 5374: 2352:(non-Arab) is not suitable for an Arab woman', … " (the quote goes on to discourage marriages between Muslims of different tribes). 4987: 1843:). Ijtihad is considered to be a religious duty for those qualified to perform it. An Islamic scholar who is qualified to perform 1370:

was part of the statewide effort to modernize the Egyptian infrastructure and education. They introduced his Egyptian audience to

9513: 7549: 7470: 6012: 5912: 3828: 3062: 921: 431: 4891: 3088:, reason and science, the separation of religion and politics—that the other two Abrahamic faiths did not have to grapple with: 8969: 8941: 7490: 6438: 6406: 4435: 2983: 2304: 9580: 8890: 8602: 7500: 7457: 6390: 6371: 6355: 6337: 5879: 5734: 5088: 4768: 4737: 4695: 4635: 4345: 3995: 3754: 3205:

movement" is often known in the West as "Islamic modernism," although it is very different from what is currently called the

2891: 2219: 318: 2146:

religious studies scholar, alongside Muslim gay-rights activists El-Farouk Khaki and Troy Jackson. Unity Mosque / ETJC is a

8865: 8791: 8731: 8664: 8622: 7885: 5279: 9717: 6141: 9553: 9158: 8936: 8637: 5586: 4829: 4786: 3041: 2527: 2480: 2049:, Pervez argued that the past tense of this expression means that the Quran had imposed "an unqualified ban" on slavery. 1833: 1587:) in understanding the Quran, as opposed to "a hermeneutical approach which gives priority to the narrated traditions " ( 1280: 4591: 2333:

fiqh) quoting Raddul Muhtar: 'An Ajmi (non-Arab) cannot be a match for a woman of Arab descent, no matter that he be an

1702:: علی شریعتی مزینانی, 23 November 1933 – 18 June 1977) was an Iranian revolutionary and sociologist who focused on the 9727: 9722: 8976: 8946: 8850: 8756: 8669: 8632: 8627: 4269: 4243: 3070: 2916: 1270: 914: 4017: 3874: 1777:

nations and instead promoted Commitment Democracy. Commitment Democracy was, according to Shariati, the government of

9543: 9302: 8761: 7352: 7306: 6966: 6960: 6227: 6061: 5980: 5655: 4206: 4177: 3729: 3634: 3594: 2798: 2290: 1896: 1608:

For Abu Zayd, interpretation goes beyond explanation or commentary, "for without" the Qur'an would not have meaning:

794: 496: 4802: 2758: 8781: 7223: 7079: 6614: 6510: 5666:

Ira M. Lapidus (October 1975). "The Separation of State and Religion in the Development of Early Islamic Society",

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Catherine Patch, "Queer Muslims find peace; El-Farouk Khaki founded Salaam Offers a place to retain spirituality",

2272: 96: 5615:

Asad, Talal. Formation of Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003. 5-6.

8921: 8099: 7707: 7523: 3808:"Interfaith Marriage in Islam: An Examination of the Legal Theory Behind the Traditional and Reformist Positions" 2125: 2065: 678: 5036: 1210:

had in general triumphed in Islam. According to the Ashʿarītes, reason must be subordinate to the Quran and the

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thought about Islamic understanding and practice. Their work is sometimes characterized as "progressive Islam" (

9352: 8131: 7772: 7330: 7228: 6190: 5692: 5163: 4445: 4387:

Hourani, Albert. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age 1798-1939. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. 156.

3395: 3034: 784: 623: 17: 5629: 5515: 5153: 714: 8716: 8701: 8617: 7140: 6899: 6634: 5946: 2241:. Moreover, some scholars argue that secular states have existed in the Muslim world since the Middle Ages. 1244: 367: 5205: 974:

of the 18th-19th centuries. Liberal and progressive ideas within Islam are considered controversial by some

8552: 7692: 7669: 7289: 7145: 7135: 7041: 6752: 2901: 2112:

In Australia, Nur Wahrsage has been an advocate for LGBTI Muslims and founded Marhaba, a support group for

1796:. Commitment democracy appeared out of his lecture in Hoseyniyeh Ershad; a famous lecture with the name of 1081: 975: 743: 399: 6318: 4136: 2773: 1264:. Being described as "founding father of secular thought in Western Europe", he was known by the nickname 9432: 8559: 8109: 8003: 7794: 7659: 7475: 7243: 7036: 6471: 5970: 5832: 3305: 1910: 1563:, "particularly their idea of the created Qurʿān and their tendency toward metaphorical interpretation". 1139: 799: 769: 446: 273: 9322: 6087: 5319: 5100:

Hassan Mahmoud Khalil: "Islam's position on violence and violation of human rights", Dar Al-Shaeb, 1994.

3415: 9737: 9357: 9038: 8478: 8448: 8094: 7554: 7437: 6954: 6431: 5230: 4481: 4360:

Gelvin, J. L. (2008). The Modern Middle East (2nd ed., pp. 161-162). New York: Oxford university Press.

4165: 1187: 1147: 857: 486: 4048: 3322:". The organization publishes and distributes books, pamphlets, and recordings of Pervez's teachings. 1831:

requires expertise in the Arabic language, theology, revealed texts, and principles of jurisprudence (

1164:, strongly altered the power balances and perceptions of origin of power in the Mediterranean region. 9518: 9312: 8766: 8534: 8353: 8348: 7634: 7335: 7164: 6860: 6640: 6603: 5346: 4859:

by Margot Badran, Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding, Georgetown University, November 30, 2000

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In May 2009, the Toronto Unity Mosque / el-Tawhid Juma Circle (ETJC) was founded by Laury Silvers, a

2078: 724: 694: 581: 293: 4803:"'Islamic feminism means justice to women', The Milli Gazette, Vol.5 No.02, MG96 (16-31 January 04)" 3784: 1927:

has been advocated as "a feminist discourse and practice articulated within an Islamic paradigm" by

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but not rule it; the unity of the umma is a moral unity which does not prevent its division into

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view, emphasizing reason above revelation, and as such are known to modern scholars as the first

729: 108: 9188: 6680: 5012: 2308: 2178:, the film production company Unity Productions Foundation, the 2007 and 2015 documentary films 1862:, which they saw as a return to Islamic origins. Public debates in the Muslim world surrounding 989:

The methodologies of liberal and progressive Islam rest on the re-interpretation of traditional

9523: 9493: 8931: 8870: 8855: 8786: 8751: 8746: 8726: 8488: 7932: 7804: 7733: 7702: 7642: 6624: 6619: 6537: 6029: 4337: 4328: 3385: 2934: 2723: 2618: 2579: 2542: 2537: 2380: 1363:. Islamic Modernists attempted to integrate Islamic principles with European social theories. 1322: 1202:; they were supported by a secular aristocracy who sought freedom of action independent of the 1195: 1153: 1105: 1049:) "as an organizing principle for human society and the basis of religious knowledge, history, 719: 562: 328: 5132:"Writer and Islamic thinker "Gamal al-Banna": The Muslim Brotherhood is not fit to rule (1-2)" 5111:"Writer and Islamic thinker "Gamal al-Banna": The Muslim Brotherhood is not fit to rule (2-2)" 5078: 4336:. Vol. I: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. pp. 3985: 1628:

Abu Zayd's critical approach to classical and contemporary Islamic discourse in the fields of

9673: 9595: 9570: 9538: 9437: 9412: 9402: 9307: 9138: 9123: 9023: 8900: 8833: 8796: 8776: 8706: 8654: 8649: 8607: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8483: 8473: 8468: 7750: 7728: 6547: 6424: 4592:"From revelation to interpretation: Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd and the Literary study of the Qur'an" 4528: 4198: 3692: 3626: 3419: 2956: 2803: 2768: 2630: 2564: 2552: 2162: 2158: 2143: 2046: 1906: 1703: 1529: 1448: 1393: 1254: 1085: 835: 815: 557: 382: 166: 121: 9282: 5724: 3570: 2818: 2041:

should be properly read in the past tense. When some called for reinstatement of slavery in

1190:" as it had real implications for governance. This view was challenged by the "rationalist" 9661: 9098: 9063: 8926: 8916: 8885: 8875: 8838: 8771: 8741: 8736: 8721: 8686: 8659: 8612: 8574: 8564: 8524: 8417: 8412: 8400: 8270: 8216: 8182: 8136: 7981: 7417: 7324: 7269: 4868: 4409: 3824: 3375: 3167: 3085: 2973: 2939: 2743: 2728: 2650: 2645: 2475: 2432: 2407: 2209: 2117: 2094: 2069: 2022: 1371: 1367: 1356: 1304:

theology and that there is no inherent contradiction between philosophy and religion; thus

872: 9088: 8539: 5856: 3807: 957: 8: 9656: 9422: 9193: 9133: 9083: 8801: 8529: 8514: 8504: 8463: 8395: 8380: 8365: 8360: 8275: 8194: 8189: 8067: 7986: 7927: 7871: 7647: 7528: 7422: 7238: 6735: 6532: 6264: 6244: 6209: 5754: 3925: 3879: 3815: 3370: 3338: 3315: 3261: 3183: 2951: 2660: 2603: 2586: 2522: 2502: 2470: 2030: 1949: 1720: 1505: 1300:) providing a justification for the emancipation of science and philosophy from official 1093: 1077: 1038: 867: 845: 825: 734: 703: 671: 567: 201: 101: 5784:

Islamic Virtues ~ This day have I perfected your religion for you! ~ al-Ma'idah, Verse 3

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and follow the Quran only. The extent to which Quranists reject the authenticity of the

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and to show how this diversity has been "increasingly neglected" across Islamic history.

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Starting from the 18th century, some Muslim reformers began calling for abandonment of

1749: 1458:

that no one had exclusive religious authority in the Islamic world. He argued that the

1232: 1135: 1089: 990: 877: 591: 548: 518: 501: 476: 421: 377: 89: 9113: 8253: 5131: 5110: 3934: 3911: 2753: 2738: 2085:, founding member of Salaam group and the Toronto Unity Mosque / el-Tawhid Juma Circle 2021:

Muslim liberals often reject traditional interpretations of Islamic law, which allows

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treaties, but the impact of these largely remains to be seen in local legal systems.

1871: 1793: 1770: 1714:

and, in fact, that it was from the beginning. It seems that his eagerness to explore

1661: 1653: 1525: 1435: 1360: 1073: 1023: 850: 830: 820: 789: 774: 632: 596: 543: 456: 416: 278: 30: 5403:"Islamic scholars experience diversity of Muslim practices at U of T summer program" 3844: 2322:) have special privileges in Islam, notably of tax exemptions and a share in Khums. 9614: 9607: 9417: 9367: 9332: 9277: 9183: 9168: 9143: 9078: 9048: 8434: 8407: 8320: 8303: 8298: 8221: 8126: 8077: 8052: 8035: 8030: 7964: 7814: 7799: 7559: 7264: 6986: 6924: 6914: 6904: 6889: 6695: 6598: 6570: 6458: 5430: 4086: 3929: 3276: 2944: 2843: 2838: 2783: 2778: 2512: 2497: 2180: 2102: 1953: 1933: 1924: 1892: 1699: 1314: 1199: 1109: 441: 436: 387: 372: 357: 266: 145: 9337: 5594: 3762: 2858: 9477: 9467: 9452: 9372: 9362: 9342: 9233: 9213: 9173: 9148: 9058: 8206: 8163: 8151: 8141: 8082: 7942: 7937: 7740: 7447: 7392: 7192: 6878: 6838: 6789: 6741: 6515: 6296: 6290: 6274: 6215: 6100: 5953: 5863: 5179: 4874: 4856: 4833: 4790: 4651: 4143: 3566: 3405: 3380: 3360: 3243: 3231: 3206: 3191: 3144: 2848: 2591: 2569: 2485: 2465: 2437: 2417: 2136: 2082: 1878:

which emphasize substantive moral values over traditional juridical methodology.

1827:(imitation, conformity to legal precedent). According to classical Sunni theory, 1657: 1310: 1240: 1123: 1061: 1020: 971: 949: 576: 392: 352: 341: 323: 226: 171: 84: 5547:"In 'A Sinner in Mecca,' a Gay Director Ponders His Sexuality and Islamic Faith" 5062:"Sisters in Islam files for judicial review on fatwa - Nation - The Star Online" 4294:

Cleveland, William L. (2008)"History of the Modern Middle East" (4th ed.) pg.93.

4115: 1532:

Egypt several week later. (He later "quietly" returned to Egypt where he died.)

9678: 9651: 9646: 9619: 9575: 9392: 9327: 9178: 9153: 9118: 9068: 9008: 8375: 8280: 8236: 8146: 8047: 8008: 7998: 7852: 7579: 7432: 7274: 6976: 4906:"Muslim women's group demands complete ban on Shariah courts | india-news" 4091: 4074: 3400: 3311: 3175: 3140: 2853: 2833: 2823: 2713: 2693: 2574: 2412: 2229: 2034: 2002: 1902: 1665: 1468: 1431: 1420: 1143: 1113: 1034: 664: 536: 523: 481: 426: 40: 9382: 9203: 4966:"Syariah court fails to protect and safeguard Muslim girls — Sisters in Islam" 4826: 4783: 3242:

in that it embraces contemporary European institutions, social processes, and

2157:

by gay Islamic scholar and founder of the group Homosexual Muslims of France,

1936:

as being more radical than secular feminism, and as being anchored within the

9706: 9634: 9427: 9387: 9317: 9287: 9253: 9248: 9228: 9108: 9033: 8806: 8327: 8231: 8199: 8156: 8019: 7755: 7592: 7442: 6981: 6944: 6919: 6804: 6343: 5284: 4100: 4075:"The Philosopher as the Heir of the Prophets: Averroes's Islamic Rationalism" 3959: 3943: 3836: 3739: 3582: 3410: 3081: 2793: 2748: 2708: 2703: 2608: 2388: 2233:

Muslim scholars who argue that secular government is the best way to observe

2191: 1928: 1677: 1536: 979: 945: 882: 748: 601: 506: 466: 6319:

The Reformist Islamic Thinker Muhammad Shahrur: In the Footsteps of Averroes

5375:"Queer and going to the mosque: 'I've never felt more Muslim than I do now'" 4602: 4222: 3644: 3604: 2056:

based on the Quranic verse that "There shall be no compulsion in religion."

9668: 9472: 9447: 9377: 9223: 9053: 9043: 8674: 8243: 8057: 7842: 7767: 7427: 7279: 7157: 6873: 6777: 6765: 6479: 5407: 5379: 4890:. U.S. Congressional Human Rights Caucus. December 18, 2001. Archived from 3721: 3456: 3197:

The early Islamic Modernists (al-Afghani and Muhammad Abdu) used the term "

3132: 2763: 2683: 2678: 2147: 2014: 1957: 1874:. Among contemporary Muslims in the West there have emerged new visions of 1754: 1692: 1669: 1517: 1065: 1029:

Liberal Muslims see themselves as returning to the principles of the early

901: 652: 608: 345: 77: 66: 8642: 4951: 2120:. In May 2016, Wahrsage revealed that he is homosexual in an interview on 1569:

In his view, the Quran made Islamic Arab culture a 'culture of the text` (

1560: 1191: 9457: 9258: 9243: 9218: 9013: 8998: 8308: 8248: 8116: 7969: 7917: 7404: 6894: 6833: 6760: 6647: 6254: 6199: 5972:

Islamic Modernism, Nationalism, and Fundamentalism: Episode and Discourse

3495: 3285: 3217:

of its original reformism by both secularist rulers and by "the official

3171: 3136: 3124: 2990: 2881: 2688: 2427: 2341: 2174: 2139:, who organized the Salaam / Al-Fateha International Conference in 2003. 2098: 2073: 1961: 1774: 1731: 1404: 1352: 1069: 1050: 983: 404: 362: 286: 3912:"Discursive Contest between Liberal and Literal Islam in Southeast Asia" 3201:" to refer to their attempt at renovation of Islamic thought, and this " 1053:, aesthetics, and ethics, as well as social, economic and world order". 9624: 9590: 9585: 9238: 9028: 9003: 8121: 7974: 7954: 7895: 7697: 6794: 6769: 3981: 3713: 3227: 3223:" whose "task it is to legitimise" rulers' actions in religious terms. 3155: 2968: 2813: 2402: 2356: 2225: 1633: 1403:

Tahtawi discusses the patriotic responsibility of citizenship. He uses

1375: 1348: 1301: 1275: 1258: 1236: 1207: 1016: 409: 1652:

to build a bridge between their own tradition and the modern world of

1268:

for his precious commentaries on Aristotle's works. His main work was

9163: 8332: 7412: 6843: 6658: 6287:

Islam and Science: Religious Orthodoxy and the Battle for Rationality

6237: 5926: 5490: 5080:

The Fundamentalist City?: Religiosity and the Remaking of Urban Space

5040: 3658: 3618: 3448: 3214: 3210: 3128: 3005: 2532: 2442: 2169: 1937: 1715: 1707: 1673: 1501: 1498: 1427: 1345: 1318: 1305: 1250: 1228: 1203: 1097: 1057: 1011:). This can vary from the slight to the most liberal, where only the 964: 308: 2239:

Islam and the secular state : negotiating the future of Shariʻa

9629: 9602: 9018: 8811: 8679: 8211: 8072: 7745: 7251: 7109: 7061: 6855: 6809: 6773: 6498: 6142:"Muslims can reinterpret their faith: it's the best answer to Isis" 5523: 5351: 3293: 3255: 3239: 3235: 3163: 3159: 3084:) has noted several challenges to "reform"—i.e. accommodation with 2911: 2828: 2547: 2319: 2042: 1968: 1758: 1744: 1645: 1641: 1629: 1513: 1444: 1439: 1261: 1161: 1101: 1056:

Liberal Muslims affirm the promotion of progressive values such as

618: 586: 300: 234: 4888:"RAWA testimony to the Congressional Human Rights Caucus Briefing" 3951: 1688: 944:

involve professed Muslims who have created a considerable body of

9208: 8025: 7959: 7760: 7366: 7054: 6934: 6826: 6819: 6814: 6556: 6013:

Salafism, Modernist Salafism from the 20th Century to the Present

5626:"From the article on secularism in Oxford Islamic Studies Online" 3452: 3355: 3319: 2655: 2422: 2360: 2196: 2026: 1818: 1813: 1801: 1766: 1727: 1416: 1174: 1003: 779: 451: 128: 6383:

Contesting the Saudi State: Islamic Voices from a New Generation

5807:"Arab father refusing the proposal of non-Arab for his daughter" 5465: 5209: 5009:"Sisters In Islam: News / Comments / Dress and Modesty in Islam" 1224: 8843: 8089: 7284: 7258: 7217: 7178: 7095: 7008: 6929: 6784: 6730: 6725: 6492: 6416: 6281:

Unveiling Traditions: Postcolonial Islam in a Polycentric World

4927:"SC admits Muslim woman's plea to declare triple talaq illegal" 4784:

Al-Ahram Weekly | Culture | Islamic feminism: what's in a name?

4120:

Everything you wanted to know about Islam but was afraid to Ask

3578: 3281: 3271: 3267: 3179: 3148: 3098: 2886: 2330: 2315: 1994: 1823: 1785: 1762: 1649: 1521: 1459: 1212: 1118: 1042: 998: 471: 461: 250: 218: 210: 195: 189: 73: 7863: 7533: 7358: 7312: 7300: 7102: 7088: 7047: 6720: 6577: 6563: 6484: 6447: 6364:

Veiled Atrocities: True Stories of Oppression in Saudi Arabia

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Vanessa Karam, Olivia Samad and Ani Zonneveld, eds. (2011).

5780:"Non-Arab men are NOT suitable for marriage with Arab Women" 4399:

Benzine, Rachid. Les nouveaux penseurs de l'islam, p. 43-44.

4018:"John Carter Brown Library Exhibitions – Islamic encounters" 3746: 1474:

Mohammad Abduh made great efforts to preach harmony between

1206:. By the late ancient period, however, the "traditionalist" 978:, who criticize liberal Muslims on the grounds of being too 7199: 7171: 7121: 7068: 7013: 6584: 3718:

No god but God: the origins, evolution, and future of Islam

3289: 2129: 1839: 1479: 242: 150: 6103:, Florida International University, accessed May 22, 2013. 5850: 3508:

And the ajami (non-Arab) is not suitable for an Arab woman

3502:(Reliance of the Traveller and Tools of the Worshipper)" " 3154:

It was the first of several Islamic movements – including

1337: 2337:(religious scholar) or even a Sultan (ruling authority).' 1915:

Religious views on female genital mutilation § Islam

1781: 1637: 1620:), because it changed from revelation to interpretation ( 4482:"Nasr Abu Zayd, Who Stirred Debate on Koran, Dies at 66" 2066:

LGBT in Islam § LGBT-related movements within Islam

6298:

Islam is Mercy: Essential Features of a Modern Religion

5915:

Modernist Salafism from the 20th Century to the Present

5710:

The Middle East, A Brief History of the Last 2000 Years

5701: 5571:"Jordan: a gay magazine gives an hope to Middle East", 4312:

Ahmed H. Al-Rahim (January 2006). "Islam and Liberty",

3651: 1359:(1801-1873) is considered one of the early adapters to 1019:, with its expression in words seen as the work of the 6234:

Progressive Muslims: On Justice, Gender, and Pluralism

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Religious Freedom: A Foundation for Individual Freedom

4601:. Oxford University Press. p. 172. Archived from 2318:(those accepted as descendants of the Islamic prophet 1616:), and became something understandable, a human text ( 1385:) that flourished in the years between 1860 and 1940. 6135: 6133: 5180:"Sudan death penalty reignites Islam apostasy debate" 4036: 4034: 3623:

Progressive Muslims: on justice, gender and pluralism

3325:

Tolu-e-Islam does not belong to any political party,

2346:

Reliance of the Traveller and Tools of the Worshipper

1946:

Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan

5347:"What It's Like To Pray At A Queer-Inclusive Mosque" 3213:". Since its inception, Modernism has suffered from 1952:, Muslim Women's Quest for Equality from India, and 1648:, promoted modern Islamic thought that might enable 1600: 1594: 1588: 1582: 1576: 1570: 1547: 9504:

Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party

6088:

Identifying Assumptions in the Hadith/Sunnah Debate

1129: 6130: 5280:"Being gay and muslim: 'death is your repentance'" 4754: 4719: 4681: 4577:Kermani, "From revelation to interpretation", 2004 4572: 4570: 4562:Kermani, "From revelation to interpretation", 2004 4550:Kermani, "From revelation to interpretation", 2004 4464:Kermani, "From revelation to interpretation", 2004 4459: 4457: 4327: 4195:Averroes (Ibn Rushd) His Life, Works and Influence 4031: 1593:). As a reflection of this Abu Zayd used the term 6348:Islam Without Extremes: A Muslim Case for Liberty 5676: 5206:"Muslim Alliance for Sexual and Gender Diversity" 5031: 5029: 4626:"10. Reformers. Reformers in the Modern Period". 4476: 4474: 4472: 3327:nor does it belong to any religious group or sect 2168:Examples of Muslim LGBT media works are the 2006 1773:for its direct relationship to the plundering of 1546:to demonstrate the "interpretational diversity" ( 1434:, regarded as one of the key founding figures of 9704: 5880:"How She Wants to Modify Muslims [Review of 5466:"About UPF - UPF (Unity Productions Foundation)" 4752: 4717: 3906:Zubaidah Rahim, Lily (2006). Capano, Giliberto; 3611: 3209:, which generally signifies "ideologies such as 1539:"three key themes" emerge from Abu Zayd's work: 6093: 5968: 5873: 5871: 4630:. Gyan Publishing House. 2009. pp. 166–7. 4567: 4555: 4543: 4454: 3783:. Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Archived from 2091:Muslim Alliance for Sexual and Gender Diversity 1622:li-annahu tahawwala min al-tanzil ila al-ta'wil 1401:The Extraction of Gold or an Overview of Paris, 9713:Liberal and progressive movements within Islam 5748: 5746: 5151: 5026: 4619: 4588:Naqd al-hhitab al-dini, p. 93., translated by 4469: 3905: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3067:Liberal and progressive Islam in North America 2153:In November 2012, a prayer room was set up in 1788:is constructed with three concepts of Gnosis, 1041:intent of the Quran. The reform movement uses 9529:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties 9499:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe 7879: 6432: 6271:The Unthought in Contemporary Islamic Thought 6111: 6109: 5804: 5158:. Oxford University Press. pp. 198–200. 5037:"Selangor | Portal Rasmi Fatwa Malaysia" 3186:for a brief period before his death in 1905, 3042: 1940:of Islam with the Quran as its central text. 1866:continue to the present day. The advocacy of 1508:is one of the leading liberal theologians in 922: 672: 29:For modernist reform movements in Islam, see 6206:American Muslims: Bridging Faith and Freedom 6043: 5924: 5868: 5668:International Journal of Middle East Studies 5491:"A JIHAD FOR LOVE:::A FIlm by Parvez Sharma" 5094: 4688:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 4427: 4012: 4010: 3685:"Liberalism - Oxford Islamic Studies Online" 970:Liberal Islam originally emerged out of the 5964: 5962: 5743: 4952:"Polygamy not a God-given right to Muslims" 4264:(Repr. ed.). Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 4238:(Repr. ed.). Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 4137:The debate on Islam and secularism in Egypt 3910:; Jarvis, Darryl S. L.; Ramesh, M. (eds.). 3866: 3761:. Muslim Council of Britain. Archived from 3542: 3077:themselves living in non-Muslim countries. 2355:Still another site ("Answered according to 1765:women around the world and a woman who was 1552:) that exists within the Islamic tradition; 7886: 7872: 6439: 6425: 6380: 6106: 6023: 6021: 6001:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World 5975:. University of Chicago Press. p. 2. 5882:Heretic: Why Islam Needs a Reformation Now 5072: 4599:Modern Muslim Intellectuals and the Qur'an 4437:The Koran : A Very Short Introduction 4395: 4393: 4259: 4233: 4066: 3875:"Muslim Women Can Marry Outside The Faith" 3799: 3049: 3035: 1990:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam 1971:Islamic Religious Council (MAIS) issued a 929: 915: 679: 665: 9534:International Federation of Liberal Youth 5877: 5344: 4507:Mafhum al-nass: dirasa fi 'ulum al-Qur'an 4090: 4007: 3933: 3332: 2291:Learn how and when to remove this message 1986:Human rights in Muslim-majority countries 1743:In addition to socialism, he believed in 942:Liberalism and progressivism within Islam 6385:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 6156: 6082: 6080: 6056:. Oxford University Press. p. 318. 5959: 5223: 5124: 4159: 3872: 3753:Sajid, Abdul Jalil (December 10, 2001). 3230:in that it insists on the importance of 2077: 1993: 1687: 1415: 1336: 1274:in which he defended philosophy against 1223: 1156:, based on both the transmission of the 9514:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats 6361: 6049: 6018: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5833:"What did the Prophet say about Racism" 5772: 5726:Sayyids and Sharifs in Muslim Societies 5707: 5544: 5428: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4589: 4440:. Oxford University Press. p. 46. 4390: 4223:"Mohamed Abed Al-Jabri's new Averroism" 3829:Indiana University Maurer School of Law 3571:"Liberal Islam and Its Islamic Context" 3565: 3063:Liberal and progressive Islam in Europe 2363:is not suitable for a Qurayshi woman …" 2340:The website Islamic Virtues quotes the 2309:Kafa'ah § The Hadhrami Controversy 1718:began with the translation of the book 1559:Abu Zayd saw himself as an heir to the 1528:, this led to threats of death and his 1456:Al-Idtihad fi Al-Nasraniyya wa Al-Islam 14: 9705: 6139: 6027: 5830: 5682: 5431:"Gay-friendly 'mosque' opens in Paris" 5400: 5145: 5103: 4880: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4319: 4192: 4072: 3805: 3706: 3174:on the Muslim world. Founders include 2305:Caste system among South Asian Muslims 1870:has been particularly associated with 1493: 1168:emphasized an inexorable link between 7867: 7619: 7387: 7003: 6420: 6407:Charles Kurzman's Liberal Islam links 6243:"Debating Moderate Islam", edited by 6077: 5722: 5372: 5299: 5277: 4827:"Islamic feminism: what's in a name?" 3980: 3854:from the original on 23 November 2018 3752: 3712: 3669:. Averroes Foundation. Archived from 2262:This section may contain information 2220:Application of Islamic law by country 2194:, and the Jordanian LGBT publication 1430:Islamic jurist and religious scholar 1292:. Ibn Rushd presented an argument in 7388: 7004: 5989: 5233:. OutSmart Magazine. October 1, 2013 5208:. Muslimalliance.org. Archived from 4679: 4660: 4512: 4433: 4325: 3617: 3105: 2329:According to Darul Ifta Birmingham ( 2248: 2052:Liberal Muslims have argued against 1757:the daughter of the Islamic prophet 1581:). Abu Zayd emphasized "intellect" ( 1512:. He is famous for his project of a 1332: 1317:based on Ibn Rushd's work is called 1026:in his particular time and context. 9554:Liberal South East European Network 6162: 6140:Radwan, Hassan (16 December 2015). 6090:, 19.org, Accessed December 5, 2013 5805:Amjad Rasheed (14 September 2012). 5429:Banerji, Robin (30 November 2012). 5345:Mastracci, Davide (April 4, 2017). 4908:. Hindustan Times. 6 September 2016 4763:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4732:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4704: 4690:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4518: 4002:By the ninth and tenth centuries... 1454:Muhammad Abduh claimed in his book 1281:The Incoherence of the Philosophers 1015:of the Quran is considered to be a 953: 24: 6175: 6028:Atzori, Daniel (August 31, 2012). 5878:Rodenbeck, Max (3 December 2015). 5545:Webster, Andy (3 September 2015). 5155:Islam and the Abolition of Slavery 4402: 4363: 3887:from the original on 25 March 2017 3873:Jahangir, Junaid (21 March 2017). 3500:‘Umdat as-Salik wa ‘Uddat an-Nasik 3071:List of Islamic feminist movements 2224:The definition and application of 1881: 1271:The Incoherence of the Incoherence 25: 9749: 9544:Liberal Network for Latin America 6400: 6366:. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. 5401:Gillis, Wendy (August 25, 2013). 5231:"The Progressive Muslim Movement" 3990:. Random House Inc. p. 153. 2244: 1897:Hermeneutics of feminism in Islam 1411: 7848: 7847: 7836: 7367:Schools of islamic jurisprudence 6615:Timeline of the history of Islam 6446: 6309:The Viability of Islamic Science 6251:Qur'an, Liberation and Pluralism 6222:. Oxford University Press, USA. 6006: 5940: 5918: 5906: 5729:. Routledge. pp. 131, 132. 5152:Clarence-Smith, William (2006). 4576: 4561: 4549: 4463: 4135:Fauzi M. Najjar (Spring, 1996). 3657: 3441: 3432: 3119:, also sometimes referred to as 3016: 3004: 2253: 1388:In 1826, Al-Tahtawi was sent to 1200:speculative theologians of Islam 1130:Background in Islamic philosophy 646: 55: 7708:List of ex-Muslim organisations 5824: 5798: 5716: 5712:. Touchstone Book. p. 179. 5660: 5644: 5618: 5609: 5579: 5564: 5538: 5508: 5483: 5458: 5441: 5422: 5394: 5366: 5338: 5312: 5271: 5253:"The Safra Project - rabble.ca" 5245: 5198: 5172: 5054: 5001: 4976: 4958: 4944: 4919: 4898: 4862: 4843: 4820: 4795: 4777: 4746: 4644: 4597:. In Taji-Farouki, Suha (ed.). 4582: 4500: 4381: 4372: 4354: 4306: 4297: 4288: 4279: 4253: 4227: 4215: 4186: 4153: 4129: 4108: 3974: 3899: 3513: 3488: 3468: 3299: 2045:upon its independence from the 1979: 1723:: The God-Worshipping Socialist 1683: 8132:Separation of church and state 7893: 6350:. W. W. Norton & Company. 5969:Mansoor Moaddel (2005-05-16). 4761:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 4753:John L. Esposito, ed. (2014). 4730:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 4718:John L. Esposito, ed. (2014). 3769: 3720:(Updated ed.). New York: 3677: 3396:Muslims for Progressive Values 3310:The movement was initiated by 3061:For individual movements, see 2059: 13: 1: 6330:Progressive Muslim Identities 6313:Economic and Political Weekly 6030:"The rise of global Salafism" 5278:Power, Shannon (3 May 2016). 4686:. In John L. Esposito (ed.). 4628:Faith and Philosophy of Islam 4525:Oxford Islamic Studies Online 4332:. In Hoiberg, Dale H. (ed.). 3935:10.1016/S1449-4035(06)70091-1 3806:Leeman, A. B. (Spring 2009). 3573:. In Kurzman, Charles (ed.). 3535: 3498:manual of Islamic law titled 3337:Some Muslims (Saeed Nasheed, 2203: 2128:, being the first openly gay 7693:Apostasy in Islam by country 7570:Liberalism and progressivism 6409:, compiled by the author of 5373:Habib, Samra (3 June 2016). 4850:"Exploring Islamic Feminism" 4162:Averroes On Plato's Republic 4148:Arab Studies Quarterly (ASQ) 3689:www.oxfordislamicstudies.com 3663:"What is Progressive Islam?" 2371: 1341:Rifa'a al-Tahtawi, 1801–1873 1219: 1008: 785:Pre-Islamic Arabian religion 7: 6411:Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook 6381:Al-Rasheed, Madawi (2007). 6261:Revival and Reform in Islam 6220:Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook 5956:Tony Blair Faith Foundation 5925:Tore Kjeilen (2006-01-18). 5857:Being a Muslim in the U.S.ا 4262:The Modern History of Egypt 4236:The Modern History of Egypt 3575:Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook 3455:ideology of the Kingdom of 3349: 3314:, and later spearheaded by 3306:Tolu-e-Islam (organization) 3249: 2037:argued that the expression 1911:Islam and domestic violence 1886: 1747:, as evidenced in his book 1605:(commentary, explanation). 1601: 1595: 1589: 1583: 1577: 1571: 1548: 1327:Critique de la Raison Arabe 1284:. His other works were the 1140:List of Muslim philosophers 972:Islamic revivalist movement 958: 230:("Stories of the Prophets") 10: 9754: 7620: 5752:(Raddul Muhtar p.209 v.4, 5687:. Touchstone. p. 91. 5575:, retrieved 11 August 2012 4260:Vatikiotis, P. J. (1976). 4234:Vatikiotis, P. J. (1976). 4092:10.3989/alqantara.2015.002 3303: 3259: 3253: 3109: 3060: 2302: 2213: 2207: 2063: 2054:death penalty for apostasy 1983: 1956:from Malaysia, founded by 1900: 1890: 1811: 1807: 1504:thinker, author, academic 1451:and religious compulsion. 1148:Political aspects of Islam 1133: 963:). Some scholars, such as 28: 9728:LGBT and multiculturalism 9723:LGBT Muslim organizations 9689: 9674:Sexually liberal feminism 9581:Bias in American academia 9561: 9519:European Democratic Party 9487: 9269: 8989: 8957: 8909: 8822: 8573: 8497: 8456: 8447: 8354:Constitutional patriotism 8341: 8289: 8261: 8181: 8174: 7903: 7831: 7716: 7683: 7633: 7629: 7615: 7542: 7509: 7481:Geography and cartography 7456: 7403: 7399: 7383: 7209: 7131: 7078: 7027: 7023: 6999: 6869: 6751: 6711: 6594: 6546: 6470: 6466: 6455: 6167:. Beirut: Dar al-Tanweer. 6050:Ruthven, Malise (2006) . 5685:God Has Ninety-Nine Names 5449:"Channel 4 in a Nutshell" 4680:Rabb, Intisar A. (2009). 4326:Kerr, Malcolm H. (2010). 4073:Sarrió, Diego R. (2015). 3391:Modern Islamic philosophy 3234:in public life, and from 3097:In addition, traditional 2268:to the article's subject. 991:Islamic sacred scriptures 8014:Labor theory of property 7790:Islamic view of miracles 6015:oxfordbibliographies.com 5888:New York Review of Books 5884:by Ayaan Hirsi Ali]" 5862:January 3, 2010, at the 5723:Kazuo, Morimoto (2012). 5134:. Ahewar.org. 2008-02-18 4170:Cornell University Press 4114:Abdel Wahab El Messeri. 3781:oxfordislamicstudies.com 3425: 2368:piety and good action." 1964:among other five women. 1919:List of Muslim feminists 1192:Muʿtazilite philosophers 1166:Early Islamic philosophy 319:Medieval Islamic science 9718:Women's rights in Islam 9509:Arab Liberal Federation 8391:Neoclassical liberalism 7913:Consent of the governed 7555:Creationism (evolution) 5708:Bernard, Lewis (1995). 5683:Miller, Judith (1996). 5320:"El-tawhid juma circle" 4789:March 20, 2015, at the 4590:Kermani, Navid (2004). 4521:"Abu Zayd, Nasir Hamid" 4414:Encyclopædia Britannica 4334:Encyclopædia Britannica 3667:averroes-foundation.org 3587:Oxford University Press 3226:Modernism differs from 3188:Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani 3080:At least one observer ( 2641:Sustainable development 2565:Progressive nationalism 2216:Criticism of Sharia law 1761:is as a role model for 1753:, where he argued that 1698:Ali Shariati Mazinani ( 1549:al-ta 'addud alta 'wili 1108:; and a modern view of 1100:and total rejection of 997:) and other texts (the 9524:European Liberal Youth 9494:Africa Liberal Network 7933:Economic globalization 7805:Persecution of Muslims 7703:List of former Muslims 6620:Succession to Muhammad 6362:Alrabaa, Sami (2010). 6086:Richard Stephen Voss, 4488:. REUTERS. 6 July 2010 4434:Cook, Michael (2000). 4193:Fakhry, Majid (2001). 3485: 3386:Jaringan Islam Liberal 3347: 3333:Scriptural fallibility 3095: 2935:Economic progressivism 2619:Ecological engineering 2580:Social justice warrior 2543:Philosophy of progress 2538:Philosophical progress 2086: 2006: 1730:could not provide the 1695: 1626: 1524:court declared him an 1424: 1342: 1323:Mohammed Abed al-Jabri 1247: 1106:Islamic fundamentalism 329:Succession to Muhammad 9571:Anti-authoritarianism 9539:Liberal International 7599:Conversion to mosques 7466:Alchemy and chemistry 6324:A Liberal Muslim Blog 6117:"Bazm-e-Tolu-e-Islam" 6003:, Thomson Gale (2004) 5759:Darul Ifta Birmingham 4840:, January 17–23, 2002 4410:"Naṣr Ḥāmid Abū Zayd" 4199:Oneworld Publications 4116:Episode 21: Ibn Rushd 3787:on September 17, 2017 3627:Oneworld Publications 3474: 3420:Mahmoud Mohammed Taha 3343: 3284:and factions such as 3266:Quranists reject the 3090: 3023:Philosophy portal 3011:Liberalism portal 2957:Libertarian socialism 2631:Scientific management 2553:Progressive education 2266:important or relevant 2163:Grand Mosque of Paris 2159:Ludovic-Mohamed Zahed 2144:University of Toronto 2089:In January 2013, the 2081: 2047:British colonial rule 1997: 1984:Further information: 1907:Gender roles in Islam 1704:sociology of religion 1691: 1610: 1535:According to scholar 1449:racial discrimination 1419: 1340: 1241:14th-century painting 1227: 1172:, and the process of 1086:freedom of expression 1033:and as promoting the 959:al-Islām at-taqaddumī 8401:Right-libertarianism 8271:Liberal conservatism 8137:Separation of powers 7325:Ma malakat aymanukum 6900:Association football 6332:. Oracle Releasing. 4653:Religion vs Religion 4519:Shepard, William E. 4314:Journal of Democracy 4124:Philosophia Islamica 3926:Taylor & Francis 3825:Bloomington, Indiana 3376:Islam and secularism 3168:Western Civilization 2974:Classical radicalism 2940:Democratic socialism 2809:Roosevelt (Theodore) 2804:Roosevelt (Franklin) 2651:Techno-progressivism 2646:Technological change 2476:Economic development 2433:New Culture Movement 2408:Age of Enlightenment 2273:improve this section 2210:Islam and secularism 2118:Melbourne, Australia 2095:Al-Fatiha Foundation 2070:Al-Fatiha Foundation 2039:ma malakat aymanukum 2023:Ma malakat aymanukum 1710:was compatible with 1257:as Averroes, was an 1170:religion and science 1001:), a process called 954:الإسلام التقدمي 868:Religious conversion 368:Association football 8396:Paleolibertarianism 8381:Left-libertarianism 8095:Civil and political 8068:Popular sovereignty 7928:Economic liberalism 6311:by S. Irfan Habib, 6305:2012; English 2014. 6265:Fazlur Rahman Malik 6245:M. A. Muqtedar Khan 6210:M. A. Muqtedar Khan 5573:Ilgrandecolibri.com 4509:. Cairo, 1990. p.11 4316:17 (1), p. 166-169. 3908:Howlett, Michael P. 3880:The Huffington Post 3816:Indiana Law Journal 3695:on November 4, 2013 3371:Islam and modernity 3339:Abdul Karim Soroush 3316:Ghulam Ahmed Pervez 3262:Criticism of Hadith 3192:Sir Syed Ahmed Khan 3184:Al-Azhar University 2952:Left-libertarianism 2759:Kirchner (Cristina) 2604:Scientific progress 2587:Social organization 2523:Liberation theology 2503:Freedom of movement 2471:Cultural liberalism 2190:, both produced by 2150:, LGBT+ affirming. 2031:Ghulam Ahmed Pervez 1950:Meena Keshwar Kamal 1706:. He believed that 1506:Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd 1494:Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd 1231:was the preeminent 1094:freedom of religion 1082:interfaith marriage 1078:religious pluralism 976:traditional Muslims 705:Abrahamic religions 697:and other religions 129:Profession of Faith 102:Day of Resurrection 8548:Centrist reformist 8063:Permissive society 8043:Limited government 7810:Quran and miracles 7724:Criticism of Islam 7438:Geometric patterns 7290:Gender segregation 6861:Non-denominational 6303:Mouhanad Khorchide 6183:Progressive Islam, 6053:Islam in the World 5952:2015-03-11 at the 5786:. 13 December 2013 5551:The New York Times 5526:on 10 October 2018 5066:www.thestar.com.my 4873:2011-04-10 at the 4855:2005-04-16 at the 4836:by Margot Badran, 4832:2015-03-20 at the 4486:The New York Times 4221:Nicola Missaglia, 4142:2010-04-04 at the 3917:Policy and Society 3121:Modernist Salafism 2964:Left-wing populism 2799:Rodríguez Zapatero 2626:Self-determination 2614:Sustainable design 2493:Empirical evidence 2087: 2007: 1999:Abdul Ghaffar Khan 1925:Islam and feminism 1872:Islamic modernists 1696: 1425: 1405:Roman civilization 1343: 1248: 1245:Andrea di Bonaiuto 1235:in the history of 1208:Ashʿarīte theology 1194:, who held a more 1136:Islamic philosophy 1090:freedom of thought 9738:Islam in Pakistan 9700: 9699: 9693:Liberalism Portal 9586:Bias in the media 8985: 8984: 8824:Latin America and 8443: 8442: 8386:Geolibertarianism 8316:Liberal socialism 8227:Civic nationalism 8100:Natural and legal 7861: 7860: 7827: 7826: 7823: 7822: 7795:Domestic violence 7785:Islamic terrorism 7780:Islamic extremism 7611: 7610: 7607: 7606: 7379: 7378: 7375: 7374: 7165:Marriage contract 6995: 6994: 6955:Political aspects 6742:Story of Prophets 6511:Prophets of Islam 6392:978-0-521-85836-6 6373:978-1-61614-159-2 6356:978-0-393-07086-6 6338:978-0-9837161-0-5 6163:Nasheed, Sa’eed. 5736:978-0-415-51917-5 5673:(4), pp. 363-385 5520:A Sinner in Mecca 5495:AJihadForLove.org 5089:978-0-415-77936-4 4894:on June 28, 2007. 4770:978-0-19-512558-0 4739:978-0-19-512558-0 4697:978-0-19-530513-5 4637:978-81-7835-719-5 4347:978-1-59339-837-8 4329:"'Abduh Muhammad" 4160:Averroes (2005). 3997:978-1-58836-445-6 3589:. pp. 1–26. 3190:(1838–1897), and 3117:Islamic Modernism 3112:Islamic Modernism 3106:Islamic Modernism 3086:the enlightenment 3059: 3058: 2979:Social liberalism 2754:Kirchner (Néstor) 2636:Scientific method 2597:List of countries 2518:Industrialisation 2508:Human enhancement 2301: 2300: 2293: 2187:A Sinner in Mecca 1923:A combination of 1771:liberal democracy 1654:freedom of speech 1578:hadarat al-ta'wil 1436:Islamic Modernism 1368:Rifa'a al-Tahtawi 1361:Islamic Modernism 1357:Rifa'a al-Tahtawi 1333:Rifa'a al-Tahtawi 1298:Decisive Treatise 939: 938: 689: 688: 31:Islamic Modernism 16:(Redirected from 9745: 9615:Economic freedom 9608:Radical centrism 8454: 8453: 8408:Radical centrism 8321:Social democracy 8304:Liberal feminism 8179: 8178: 8127:Secular humanism 8053:Natural monopoly 8004:Internationalism 7898: 7888: 7881: 7874: 7865: 7864: 7851: 7850: 7843:Islam portal 7841: 7840: 7839: 7631: 7630: 7623: 7617: 7616: 7458:Medieval science 7401: 7400: 7391: 7385: 7384: 7042:Economic history 7025: 7024: 7001: 7000: 6987:Islam by country 6820:Bektashi Alevism 6468: 6467: 6459:Outline of Islam 6441: 6434: 6427: 6418: 6417: 6396: 6377: 6283:by Anouar Majid. 6196:Qur'an and Woman 6169: 6168: 6160: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6137: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6113: 6104: 6097: 6091: 6084: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6025: 6016: 6010: 6004: 5998: 5987: 5986: 5966: 5957: 5944: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5934: 5922: 5916: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5875: 5866: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5766: 5750: 5741: 5740: 5720: 5714: 5713: 5705: 5699: 5698: 5680: 5674: 5664: 5658: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5632:on June 17, 2013 5628:. 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articles: 2297: 2286: 2280: 2277: 2270: 2258: 2254: 2247: 2222: 2212: 2206: 2172:'s documentary 2137:El-Farouk Khaki 2083:El-Farouk Khaki 2076: 2064:Main articles: 2062: 1992: 1982: 1921: 1899: 1891:Main articles: 1889: 1884: 1882:Specific issues 1816: 1810: 1686: 1658:minority rights 1572:hadarat al-nass 1496: 1469:national states 1414: 1335: 1311:Latin Christian 1266:the Commentator 1222: 1150: 1134:Main articles: 1132: 1062:gender equality 1021:Islamic prophet 935: 906: 780:Pagan Sabianism 757:Other religions 704: 696: 685: 647: 645: 638: 637: 582:Other religions 577:Arabic language 539: 529: 528: 457:Moral teachings 348: 334: 333: 324:Spread of Islam 269: 259: 258: 246:(jurisprudence) 228:Qisas al-Anbiya 177: 176: 156: 155: 124: 114: 113: 69: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9751: 9741: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9698: 9697: 9695: 9690: 9687: 9686: 9682: 9681: 9679:Utilitarianism 9676: 9671: 9666: 9665: 9664: 9659: 9652:Libertarianism 9649: 9647:Land value tax 9644: 9643: 9642: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9620:Egalitarianism 9617: 9612: 9611: 9610: 9600: 9599: 9598: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9576:Anti-communism 9573: 9567: 9566: 9565: 9563: 9562:Related topics 9559: 9558: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9489: 9485: 9484: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9274: 9273: 9271: 9267: 9266: 9262: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9084:Wollstonecraft 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8995: 8994: 8993: 8991: 8987: 8986: 8983: 8982: 8980: 8979: 8974: 8973: 8972: 8961: 8959: 8955: 8954: 8952: 8951: 8950: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8919: 8913: 8911: 8907: 8906: 8904: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8847: 8846: 8836: 8830: 8828: 8820: 8819: 8817: 8816: 8815: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8782:United Kingdom 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8683: 8682: 8677: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8646: 8645: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8579: 8577: 8571: 8570: 8568: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8556: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8501: 8499: 8495: 8494: 8492: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8460: 8458: 8451: 8445: 8444: 8441: 8440: 8438: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8426: 8425: 8420: 8410: 8405: 8404: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8376:Libertarianism 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8357: 8356: 8349:Constitutional 8345: 8343: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8324: 8323: 8313: 8312: 8311: 8301: 8295: 8293: 8287: 8286: 8284: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8267: 8265: 8259: 8258: 8256: 8254:Encyclopaedist 8251: 8246: 8241: 8240: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8203: 8202: 8197: 8187: 8185: 8176: 8172: 8171: 8167: 8166: 8161: 8160: 8159: 8154: 8147:Social justice 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8113: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8087: 8086: 8085: 8080: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8048:Market economy 8045: 8040: 8039: 8038: 8033: 8023: 8016: 8011: 8009:Invisible hand 8006: 8001: 7999:Harm principle 7996: 7995: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7978: 7977: 7972: 7957: 7952: 7951: 7950: 7945: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7909: 7908: 7907: 7905: 7901: 7900: 7891: 7890: 7883: 7876: 7868: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7855: 7845: 7832: 7829: 7828: 7825: 7824: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7776: 7775: 7765: 7764: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7743: 7738: 7737: 7736: 7731: 7720: 7718: 7717:Related topics 7714: 7713: 7711: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7689: 7687: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7656: 7655: 7650: 7639: 7637: 7627: 7626: 7613: 7612: 7609: 7608: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7601: 7596: 7589: 7584: 7583: 7582: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7546: 7544: 7540: 7539: 7537: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7515: 7513: 7507: 7506: 7504: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7462: 7460: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7409: 7407: 7397: 7396: 7381: 7380: 7377: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7369: 7364: 7363: 7362: 7350: 7348:Sources of law 7345: 7340: 7339: 7338: 7328: 7321: 7316: 7309: 7304: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7255: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7226: 7221: 7213: 7211: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7203: 7196: 7189: 7182: 7175: 7168: 7161: 7153: 7151: 7149: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7132: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7125: 7118: 7113: 7106: 7099: 7092: 7084: 7082: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7072: 7065: 7058: 7051: 7044: 7039: 7033: 7031: 7021: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7011: 7005: 6997: 6996: 6993: 6992: 6990: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6972:Social welfare 6969: 6964: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6881: 6876: 6870: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6852: 6851: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6830: 6829: 6824: 6823: 6822: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6781: 6780: 6757: 6755: 6749: 6748: 6746: 6745: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6717: 6715: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6656: 6651: 6644: 6637: 6635:Historiography 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6606: 6601: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6588: 6581: 6574: 6567: 6560: 6552: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6507: 6506: 6496: 6489: 6488: 6487: 6476: 6474: 6464: 6463: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6444: 6443: 6436: 6429: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6402: 6401:External links 6399: 6398: 6397: 6391: 6378: 6372: 6359: 6341: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6306: 6294: 6284: 6278: 6268: 6258: 6248: 6241: 6231: 6218:, ed. (1998). 6213: 6203: 6193: 6177: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6155: 6144:. The Guardian 6129: 6105: 6101:The Qur’anists 6092: 6076: 6062: 6042: 6017: 6005: 5988: 5981: 5958: 5939: 5917: 5905: 5867: 5849: 5823: 5797: 5771: 5742: 5735: 5715: 5700: 5693: 5675: 5659: 5643: 5617: 5608: 5578: 5563: 5537: 5507: 5482: 5457: 5440: 5421: 5393: 5365: 5337: 5311: 5298: 5270: 5244: 5222: 5197: 5171: 5164: 5144: 5123: 5102: 5093: 5071: 5053: 5025: 5000: 4975: 4972:on 2014-07-14. 4957: 4954:. 21 May 2010. 4943: 4918: 4897: 4879: 4861: 4842: 4819: 4794: 4776: 4769: 4745: 4738: 4703: 4696: 4659: 4656:. Abjad. 1980. 4643: 4636: 4618: 4581: 4566: 4554: 4542: 4511: 4499: 4468: 4453: 4446: 4426: 4401: 4389: 4380: 4371: 4362: 4353: 4346: 4318: 4305: 4303:Galvin 160-161 4296: 4287: 4278: 4271:978-0297772620 4270: 4252: 4245:978-0297772620 4244: 4226: 4214: 4207: 4185: 4178: 4152: 4128: 4107: 4065: 4030: 4006: 3996: 3987:No god but God 3973: 3898: 3865: 3798: 3768: 3745: 3730: 3705: 3676: 3650: 3635: 3621:, ed. (2003). 3610: 3595: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3527: 3523: 3512: 3487: 3466: 3465: 3462: 3461: 3440: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3423: 3422: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3351: 3348: 3334: 3331: 3312:Muhammad Iqbal 3304:Main article: 3301: 3298: 3254:Main article: 3251: 3248: 3176:Muhammad Abduh 3110:Main article: 3107: 3104: 3057: 3056: 3054: 3053: 3046: 3039: 3031: 3028: 3027: 3026: 3025: 3013: 2998: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2988: 2987: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2966: 2961: 2960: 2959: 2949: 2948: 2947: 2942: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2878: 2875: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2867: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2684:Abbott (Grace) 2681: 2679:Abbott (Edith) 2675: 2672: 2671: 2668: 2667: 2664: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2622: 2621: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2600: 2599: 2589: 2584: 2583: 2582: 2575:Social justice 2572: 2567: 2562: 2561: 2560: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2528:Linear history 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2489: 2488: 2483: 2481:Broad measures 2473: 2468: 2463: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2450: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2413:Industrial Age 2410: 2405: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2373: 2370: 2365: 2364: 2353: 2338: 2299: 2298: 2261: 2259: 2252: 2246: 2245:Egalitarianism 2243: 2230:secularization 2208:Main article: 2205: 2202: 2132:in Australia. 2061: 2058: 2003:Mahatma Gandhi 1981: 1978: 1903:Women in Islam 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1812:Main article: 1809: 1806: 1745:women's rights 1685: 1682: 1666:social justice 1662:women's rights 1557: 1556: 1553: 1544: 1495: 1492: 1432:Muhammad Abduh 1421:Muhammad Abduh 1413: 1412:Muhammad Abduh 1410: 1399:In his piece, 1374:ideas such as 1334: 1331: 1290:Kitab al-Kashf 1221: 1218: 1144:Islamic ethics 1131: 1128: 1074:women's rights 937: 936: 934: 933: 926: 919: 911: 908: 907: 905: 904: 899: 893: 890: 889: 888: 887: 886: 885: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 854: 853: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 810: 809: 805: 804: 803: 802: 800:Zoroastrianism 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 759: 758: 754: 753: 752: 751: 746: 741: 740: 739: 738: 737: 727: 717: 709: 708: 700: 699: 687: 686: 684: 683: 676: 669: 661: 658: 657: 656: 655: 640: 639: 636: 635: 629: 628: 627: 626: 621: 611: 606: 605: 604: 599: 589: 584: 579: 573: 572: 571: 570: 565: 560: 552: 551: 546: 540: 537:Related topics 535: 534: 531: 530: 527: 526: 521: 519:Social welfare 516: 511: 510: 509: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 413: 412: 407: 397: 396: 395: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 349: 340: 339: 336: 335: 332: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 305: 304: 297: 290: 282: 281: 276: 270: 265: 264: 261: 260: 257: 256: 248: 239: 238: 232: 224: 216: 207: 206: 186: 178: 175: 174: 169: 163: 162: 161: 158: 157: 154: 153: 148: 143: 137: 136: 131: 125: 120: 119: 116: 115: 112: 111: 109:Predestination 105: 104: 99: 93: 92: 90:Revealed Books 87: 81: 80: 70: 65: 64: 61: 60: 52: 51: 45: 44: 18:Liberal Muslim 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9750: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9710: 9708: 9694: 9691: 9688: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9654: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9641: 9638: 9637: 9636: 9635:Individualism 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9609: 9606: 9605: 9604: 9601: 9597: 9594: 9593: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9568: 9564: 9560: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9488:Organisations 9486: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9272: 9268: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8978: 8975: 8971: 8968: 8967: 8966: 8963: 8962: 8960: 8956: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8924: 8923: 8922:United States 8920: 8918: 8915: 8914: 8912: 8910:North America 8908: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8845: 8842: 8841: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8831: 8829: 8827: 8826:the Caribbean 8821: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8784: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8672: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8644: 8641: 8640: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8580: 8578: 8576: 8572: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8543: 8538: 8537: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8502: 8500: 8496: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8461: 8459: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8446: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8415: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8378: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8371:International 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8355: 8352: 8351: 8350: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8340: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8328:Progressivism 8326: 8322: 8319: 8318: 8317: 8314: 8310: 8307: 8306: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8296: 8294: 8292: 8288: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8264: 8260: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8222:Anti-clerical 8220: 8219: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8184: 8180: 8177: 8173: 8165: 8162: 8158: 8157:Welfare state 8155: 8153: 8150: 8149: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8092: 8091: 8088: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8028: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8021: 8020:Laissez-faire 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7966: 7963: 7962: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7940: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7897: 7889: 7884: 7882: 7877: 7875: 7870: 7869: 7866: 7854: 7846: 7844: 7834: 7833: 7830: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7774: 7771: 7770: 7769: 7766: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7756:Post-Islamism 7754: 7752: 7749: 7748: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7726: 7725: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7715: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7690: 7688: 7686: 7682: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7654: 7653:Protestantism 7651: 7649: 7646: 7645: 7644: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7618: 7614: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7594: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7581: 7578: 7577: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7541: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7512: 7508: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7496:Ophthalmology 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7459: 7455: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7410: 7408: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7386: 7382: 7368: 7365: 7361: 7360: 7356: 7355: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7337: 7334: 7333: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7326: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7314: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7302: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7260: 7256: 7254: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7244:Death penalty 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7219: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7210:Other aspects 7208: 7202: 7201: 7197: 7195: 7194: 7190: 7188: 7187: 7183: 7181: 7180: 7176: 7174: 7173: 7169: 7167: 7166: 7162: 7160: 7159: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7133: 7130: 7124: 7123: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7111: 7107: 7105: 7104: 7100: 7098: 7097: 7093: 7091: 7090: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7077: 7071: 7070: 7066: 7064: 7063: 7059: 7057: 7056: 7052: 7050: 7049: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7015: 7014:Jurisprudence 7012: 7010: 7007: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6962: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6868: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6828: 6825: 6821: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6764: 6763: 6762: 6759: 6758: 6756: 6754: 6753:Denominations 6750: 6744: 6743: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6710: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6666: 6662: 6661: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6649: 6645: 6643: 6642: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6593: 6587: 6586: 6582: 6580: 6579: 6575: 6573: 6572: 6568: 6566: 6565: 6561: 6559: 6558: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6545: 6539: 6538:Holiest sites 6536: 6534: 6533:Judgement Day 6531: 6529: 6528: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6460: 6454: 6449: 6442: 6437: 6435: 6430: 6428: 6423: 6422: 6419: 6412: 6408: 6405: 6404: 6394: 6388: 6384: 6379: 6375: 6369: 6365: 6360: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6344:Mustafa Akyol 6342: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6314: 6310: 6307: 6304: 6300: 6299: 6295: 6292: 6288: 6285: 6282: 6279: 6276: 6272: 6269: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6246: 6242: 6239: 6235: 6232: 6229: 6228:0-19-511622-4 6225: 6221: 6217: 6214: 6211: 6207: 6204: 6201: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6166: 6159: 6143: 6136: 6134: 6118: 6112: 6110: 6102: 6096: 6089: 6083: 6081: 6065: 6063:9780195305036 6059: 6055: 6054: 6046: 6031: 6024: 6022: 6014: 6009: 6002: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5984: 5982:9780226533339 5978: 5974: 5973: 5965: 5963: 5955: 5951: 5948: 5943: 5928: 5921: 5914: 5909: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5883: 5874: 5872: 5865: 5861: 5858: 5853: 5838: 5837:islamcity.org 5834: 5827: 5812: 5808: 5801: 5785: 5781: 5775: 5760: 5756: 5749: 5747: 5738: 5732: 5728: 5727: 5719: 5711: 5704: 5696: 5690: 5686: 5679: 5672: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5656:9780674027763 5653: 5647: 5631: 5627: 5621: 5612: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5582: 5576: 5574: 5567: 5552: 5548: 5541: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5511: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5471: 5467: 5461: 5450: 5444: 5436: 5432: 5425: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5397: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5369: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5341: 5325: 5321: 5315: 5308: 5302: 5287: 5286: 5285:Star Observer 5281: 5274: 5258: 5254: 5248: 5232: 5226: 5212:on 2014-08-05 5211: 5207: 5201: 5186:. 15 May 2014 5185: 5181: 5175: 5167: 5161: 5157: 5156: 5148: 5133: 5127: 5112: 5106: 5097: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5081: 5075: 5067: 5063: 5057: 5043:on 2014-11-03 5042: 5038: 5032: 5030: 5015:on 2013-08-23 5014: 5010: 5004: 4990:on 2014-07-14 4989: 4985: 4979: 4971: 4967: 4961: 4953: 4947: 4932: 4928: 4922: 4907: 4901: 4893: 4889: 4883: 4876: 4872: 4869: 4865: 4858: 4854: 4851: 4846: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4828: 4823: 4808: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4788: 4785: 4780: 4772: 4766: 4762: 4757: 4749: 4741: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4722: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4699: 4693: 4689: 4684: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4655: 4654: 4647: 4639: 4633: 4629: 4622: 4608:on 2022-10-04 4604: 4600: 4593: 4585: 4578: 4573: 4571: 4563: 4558: 4551: 4546: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4515: 4508: 4503: 4487: 4483: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4465: 4460: 4458: 4449: 4443: 4439: 4438: 4430: 4415: 4411: 4405: 4396: 4394: 4384: 4375: 4366: 4357: 4349: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4322: 4315: 4309: 4300: 4291: 4282: 4273: 4267: 4263: 4256: 4247: 4241: 4237: 4230: 4224: 4218: 4210: 4208:1-85168-269-4 4204: 4200: 4196: 4189: 4181: 4179:0-8014-8975-X 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4138: 4132: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4069: 4050: 4043: 4037: 4035: 4019: 4013: 4011: 4003: 3999: 3993: 3989: 3988: 3983: 3977: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3902: 3886: 3882: 3881: 3876: 3869: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3817: 3809: 3802: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3731:9780812982442 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3709: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3680: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3636:9781851683161 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3614: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3596:9780195116229 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3541: 3524: 3520: 3519: 3516: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3494:"the classic 3491: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3471: 3467: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3411:Post-Islamism 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3353: 3346: 3342: 3340: 3330: 3328: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3307: 3297: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3222: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3194:(1817–1898). 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3103: 3100: 3094: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3082:Max Rodenbeck 3078: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3052: 3047: 3045: 3040: 3038: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3029: 3024: 3014: 3012: 3007: 3002: 3001: 3000: 2999: 2992: 2989: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2937: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2918: 2917:United States 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2789:Ocasio-Cortez 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2670: 2669: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2620: 2617: 2616: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2609:Social change 2607: 2605: 2602: 2598: 2595: 2594: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2581: 2578: 2577: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2478: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2390: 2389:Progressivism 2387: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2377: 2369: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2327: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2310: 2306: 2295: 2292: 2284: 2274: 2269: 2267: 2260: 2251: 2250: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2227: 2221: 2217: 2211: 2201: 2199: 2198: 2193: 2192:Parvez Sharma 2189: 2188: 2183: 2182: 2177: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2057: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2016: 2011: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1987: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1967:In 2014, the 1965: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1948:, founded by 1947: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1929:Margot Badran 1926: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1898: 1894: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1841: 1836: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1694: 1690: 1681: 1679: 1678:globalisation 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1597: 1591: 1585: 1579: 1573: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1540: 1538: 1537:Navid Kermani 1533: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1500: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1422: 1418: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1384: 1383: 1377: 1373: 1372:Enlightenment 1369: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1355:intellectual 1354: 1350: 1347: 1339: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1294:Fasl al-Maqal 1291: 1287: 1286:Fasl al-Maqal 1283: 1282: 1278:'s claims in 1277: 1273: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1217: 1215: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1182:— in effect, 1181: 1177: 1176: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1154:rise of Islam 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1005: 1000: 996: 992: 987: 985: 984:rationalistic 981: 977: 973: 968: 966: 962: 960: 951: 947: 943: 932: 927: 925: 920: 918: 913: 912: 910: 909: 903: 900: 898: 895: 894: 892: 891: 884: 881: 880: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 852: 849: 848: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 813: 812: 811: 807: 806: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 762: 761: 760: 756: 755: 750: 747: 745: 742: 736: 733: 732: 731: 730:Protestantism 728: 726: 723: 722: 721: 718: 716: 713: 712: 711: 710: 707: 702: 701: 698: 693: 692: 682: 677: 675: 670: 668: 663: 662: 660: 659: 654: 644: 643: 642: 641: 634: 631: 630: 625: 622: 620: 617: 616: 615: 612: 610: 607: 603: 600: 598: 595: 594: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 574: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 555: 554: 553: 550: 547: 545: 542: 541: 538: 533: 532: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 508: 505: 504: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 492:Proselytizing 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 411: 408: 406: 403: 402: 401: 400:Denominations 398: 394: 391: 390: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 350: 347: 343: 338: 337: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 306: 303: 302: 298: 296: 295: 291: 289: 288: 284: 283: 280: 277: 275: 272: 271: 268: 263: 262: 255: 253: 249: 247: 245: 241: 240: 236: 233: 231: 229: 225: 223: 221: 217: 215: 213: 209: 208: 204: 203: 198: 197: 192: 191: 187: 185: 184: 180: 179: 173: 170: 168: 165: 164: 160: 159: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 138: 135: 132: 130: 127: 126: 123: 118: 117: 110: 107: 106: 103: 100: 98: 95: 94: 91: 88: 86: 83: 82: 79: 75: 72: 71: 68: 63: 62: 58: 54: 53: 50: 47: 46: 42: 38: 37: 32: 27: 19: 9669:Pirate Party 9398:Lloyd George 8990:Philosophers 8932:Jeffersonian 8675:Berlusconism 8541: 8479:South Africa 8422: 8263:Conservative 8249:Physiocratic 8110:To bear arms 8058:Open society 8018: 7768:Islamophobia 7643:Christianity 7591: 7569: 7524:Contemporary 7418:Architecture 7357: 7323: 7311: 7299: 7257: 7250: 7216: 7198: 7193:Nikah mut'ah 7191: 7184: 7177: 7170: 7163: 7156: 7120: 7108: 7101: 7094: 7087: 7067: 7060: 7053: 7046: 6959: 6740: 6664: 6646: 6639: 6583: 6576: 6569: 6562: 6555: 6548:Five Pillars 6525: 6491: 6480:God in Islam 6457: 6410: 6382: 6363: 6347: 6329: 6312: 6297: 6286: 6280: 6270: 6260: 6250: 6236:, edited by 6233: 6219: 6205: 6195: 6182: 6181:Safi, Omid, 6164: 6158: 6146:. Retrieved 6120:. Retrieved 6095: 6067:. Retrieved 6052: 6045: 6033:. Retrieved 6008: 6000: 5971: 5942: 5931:. Retrieved 5929:. I-cias.com 5920: 5908: 5896:. Retrieved 5891: 5887: 5881: 5852: 5840:. Retrieved 5836: 5831:Yusuf Khan. 5826: 5814:. Retrieved 5810: 5800: 5788:. Retrieved 5783: 5774: 5763:. Retrieved 5761:. 2019-07-01 5758: 5725: 5718: 5709: 5703: 5684: 5678: 5670: 5667: 5662: 5646: 5634:. Retrieved 5630:the original 5620: 5611: 5599:. Retrieved 5595:the original 5590: 5581: 5572: 5566: 5554:. Retrieved 5550: 5540: 5528:. Retrieved 5524:the original 5519: 5510: 5498:. Retrieved 5494: 5485: 5473:. Retrieved 5469: 5460: 5443: 5434: 5424: 5412:. Retrieved 5408:Toronto Star 5406: 5396: 5384:. Retrieved 5380:The Guardian 5378: 5368: 5356:. Retrieved 5350: 5340: 5328:. Retrieved 5324:the original 5314: 5307:Toronto Star 5306: 5301: 5289:. Retrieved 5283: 5273: 5261:. Retrieved 5256: 5247: 5237:November 18, 5235:. Retrieved 5225: 5214:. 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Liberalism and progressivism within Islam

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