31:
492:
what has been done in war. Were it a time of peace, there might very well have been no problem for the Court to decide, since petitioners then would not need a passport to leave the country. The wartime practice may be the only relevant one, for the discretion with which the Court was concerned was discretionary control over international travel. Only in times of war and national emergency has a passport been required to leave or enter the country, and hence only in such times has passport power necessarily meant power to control travel.
3666:
3690:
397:, the Court reviewed the history of the issuance and regulation of US passports, noting that the passport is "a document which, from its nature and object, is addressed to foreign powers; purporting only to be a request that the bearer of it may pass safely and freely, and is to be considered rather in the character of a political document by which the bearer is recognized in foreign countries as an American citizen" citing
3678:
496:
of passports in peacetime extended to only two categories of cases, those involving allegiance and those involving criminal activity, and (2) that the
Secretary's wartime exercise of his discretion, while admittedly more restrictive, had no relevance to the practice which Congress could have been said to have approved in 1952 — had any validity: the first was contrary to fact, and the second to
504:
any constitutional questions, delegating to the majority's resolution of the authority question, the inability to rule on the constitutional issues raised by petitioners relating to claimed unlawful delegation of legislative power, violation of free speech and association under the First
Amendment, and violation of international travel under the Fifth Amendment.
435:, 41 Iowa L.Rev. 6, 13–14, although all the cases it cited involved interstate travel. The Court concluded that although "Freedom to travel is, indeed, an important aspect of the citizen's liberty" it need not decide the extent to which it can be curtailed because it was first concerned with the extent, if any, to which Congress had authorized its curtailment.
439:
pertinent to the citizenship of the applicant and his allegiance to the United States. Second was the question whether the applicant was participating in illegal conduct, trying to escape the toils of the law, promoting passport frauds, or otherwise engaging in conduct which would violate the laws of the United States. It considered wartime measures, citing
471:, and that where activities or enjoyment natural and often necessary to the wellbeing of an American citizen, such as travel, are involved, the Court will construe narrowly all delegated powers that curtail or dilute them. Consequently, it found that § 1185 and § 211a did not delegate to the Secretary the kind of authority exercised in this case.
445:, for the proposition that the government could exclude citizens from their homes and restrict their freedom of movement only on a showing of "the gravest imminent danger to the public safety". It found that although there were scattered rulings of the State Department concerning Communists, they were not consistently of one pattern.
308:
line". He was told that he would not be issued a passport unless he submitted a non-communist affidavit, which he refused to do although he publicly disavowed party membership. Once he had exhausted his administrative appeals, his case became ripe for a constitutional challenge. Kent, represented by
495:
It faulted the majority's assertion that the passport denials here were beyond the pale of congressional authorization because they do not involve grounds either of allegiance or criminal activity. It argued that neither of the propositions set out by the majority — (1) that the
Secretary's denial
503:
On this multiple basis, then, Judge Clark was constrained to disagree with the majority as to the authority of the
Secretary to deny petitioners' applications for passports and would affirm on the issue of the Secretary's authority to require the affidavits involved in this case. He did not reach
491:
It felt an even more serious error of the majority was its determination that the
Secretary's wartime use of his discretion was wholly irrelevant in determining what discretionary practices were approved by Congress in enactment of § 215. It was not a case of judging what may be done in peace by
483:
with
Justices Burton, Harlan and Whitaker concurring. The minority argued that historically Congress meant the Secretary to deny passports to those whose travel abroad would be contrary to American national security both in wartime and during peace, pointing out that passport restrictions on
438:
It reviewed prior administrative practice, noting that the power of the
Secretary of State over the issuance of passports is expressed in broad terms, but long exercised quite narrowly. Historically, the cases of refusal of passports generally fell into two categories. First was the question
448:
The Court concluded that although the issuance of a passport carries some implication of intention to extend the bearer diplomatic protection, its crucial function is control over exit and that the right of exit is a personal right included within the word "liberty" as used in the
340:
with respect to his membership in the
Communist Party. Briehl, like Kent, refused. His application for a passport was tentatively disapproved. Briehl filed his complaint in the District Court, which held that his case was indistinguishable from Kent's and dismissed it.
403:, and that except in wartime "for most of our history, a passport was not a condition to entry or exit" concluding that the issuance of passports is "a discretionary act" on the part of the Secretary of State.
1887:
3073:
364:
was the first case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the right to travel is a part of the "liberty" of which the citizen cannot be deprived without due process of law under the
368:. It did not decide the extent to which this liberty can be curtailed. The Court was first concerned with the extent, if any, to which Congress had authorized its curtailment by the
379:
of the law because the only law which
Congress had passed expressly curtailing the movement of Communists across U.S. borders had yet to take effect. Six years later, the Court in
746:
716:
3722:
345:
399:
3727:
1658:
919:
891:
866:
841:
816:
791:
766:
685:
663:
588:
571:
546:
253:
120:
76:
738:
708:
421:
1852:
450:
365:
265:
239:
2236:
1640:
1894:
296:
repeatedly applied for passports in order to travel to Europe for pleasure, in order to paint, and to attend peace conferences. He was denied a
1945:
1051:
414:. At that point the Court began to use the phrase "freedom of movement" as in "Freedom of movement is basic in our scheme of values", citing
137:
The right to travel is a part of the "liberty" of which the citizen cannot be deprived without due process of law under the Fifth
Amendment.
2241:
1908:
1720:
3717:
3200:
1795:
385:
found that the law violated First Amendment principles and left unsettled the extent to which this liberty to travel can be curtailed.
1007:
609:
2872:
2258:
1873:
1239:
1235:
1223:
1219:
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1763:
1824:
453:. It found that when that power is delegated, the standards must be adequate to pass scrutiny by the accepted tests, citing
3078:
3360:
2007:
271:
rights. It was the first case in which the U.S. Supreme Court made a distinction between the constitutionally protected
1446:
992:
35:
2216:
1044:
1931:
1845:
372:. The Court found that the Secretary of State exceeded his authority by refusing to issue passports to Communists.
192:
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3365:
2150:
314:
3184:
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1649:
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2801:
1966:
811:
441:
3617:
3226:
2771:
1973:
1802:
1286:
2391:
957:
410:, citing Article 42 in support of the right to travel as a "liberty" right. It referenced Chafee in
3388:
2932:
1859:
1831:
1777:
1728:
518:: 9th Circuit Court of Appeals case involving withholding passports based on overdue child support
3549:
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1502:
1326:
348:
heard the two cases en banc and affirmed the District Court by a divided vote.
310:
3711:
3638:
3581:
3013:
1888:
List of Communist Party USA members who have held office in the United States
1614:
1551:
1523:
1390:
1358:
1310:
1278:
1183:
522:
293:
3569:
1600:
1593:
1418:
1350:
1334:
1231:
1215:
1104:
583:
497:
480:
329:
184:
948:
1474:
1439:
407:
268:
152:
1952:
1838:
1495:
581:
relative to area restrictions/foreign policy, e.g., travel to Cuba and
160:
116:
87:
1029:
984:
647:
337:
304:
and was alleged to have "a consistent and prolonged adherence to the
301:
112:
83:
2016:
1374:
1132:
328:
On appeal, Kent's case was heard with that of Dr. Walter Briehl, a
297:
284:(subsequently characterized as "right to international travel").
598: (1981) relative to personal restrictions/national security.
1002:, Chafee, Zechariah 1956, University of Kansas Press (Lawrence)
30:
1985:
105:
346:
U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
332:. When Briehl applied for a passport, the Director of the
484:
Communists were first implemented shortly after the 1917
1659:
Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board
221:
Douglas, joined by Warren, Black, Frankfurter, Brennan
3723:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court
1015:Rockwell Kent in Winona: A Centennial Celebration
617:Rockwell Kent in Winona: A Centennial Celebration
3709:
1641:Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board
351:
3296:
3728:United States substantive due process case law
1000:Three human rights in the Constitution of 1787
412:Three Human Rights in the Constitution of 1787
2001:
1045:
479:The minority opinion was written by Justice
264:and passport restrictions as they relate to
360:. The Court reversed the Court of Appeals.
3689:
2008:
1994:
1052:
1038:
406:The Court then surveyed Angevin law under
229:Clark, joined by Burton, Harlan, Whittaker
393:In a majority opinion written by Justice
1874:Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party
1008:"Rockwell Kent's Historic Passport Case"
610:"Rockwell Kent's Historic Passport Case"
1059:
488:and continued periodically until 1952.
3710:
1825:American Committee for Spanish Freedom
3592:Laissez-passer and emergency passport
3526:
3415:
3414:
3295:
3161:
2027:
1989:
1033:
1005:
994:Freedom to Travel Campaign v. Newcomb
607:
18:1958 United States Supreme Court case
3677:
2028:
1017:. Winona State University and others
619:. Winona State University and others
388:
13:
3527:
3162:
317:, sued in U.S. District Court for
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
3759:
3718:United States Supreme Court cases
3269:Aboriginal Provisional Government
3201:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
2259:Congo, Democratic Republic of the
926:116 (1958) is available from:
908:
3688:
3676:
3665:
3664:
3232:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2873:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1946:Relations with African Americans
29:
2676:Micronesia, Federated States of
879:
854:
829:
804:
779:
315:Emergency Civil Liberties Union
3748:Communist Party USA litigation
3733:1958 in United States case law
1650:Aptheker v. Secretary of State
756:
726:
698:
681:Aptheker v. Secretary of State
673:
653:
631:
601:
559:
536:
382:Aptheker v. Secretary of State
1:
2015:
1932:San Francisco Workers' School
1695:Keyishian v. Board of Regents
529:
352:Decision of the Supreme Court
321:. The District Court granted
287:
252:, 357 U.S. 116 (1958), was a
3074:British Overseas Territories
7:
3297:International organizations
2742:Netherlands, Kingdom of the
2232:China, People's Republic of
837:Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan
507:
456:Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan
300:because he was allegedly a
10:
3764:
1967:Young Communist League USA
985:Oyez (oral argument audio)
812:Korematsu v. United States
474:
442:Korematsu v. United States
3660:
3626:
3618:Machine-readable passport
3605:
3537:
3533:
3522:
3498:
3476:
3425:
3421:
3410:
3381:
3353:
3327:
3306:
3302:
3291:
3274:Haudenosaunee Confederacy
3261:
3209:
3193:
3185:Vatican City and Holy See
3172:
3168:
3157:
2996:
2855:
2719:
2573:
2407:
2327:Dominica, Commonwealth of
2297:
2189:
2038:
2034:
2023:
1974:Young Pioneers of America
1816:
1787:
1755:
1748:
1631:
1410:
1254:
1159:
1076:
1069:
238:
233:
225:
217:
212:
146:
141:
136:
131:
100:
95:
63:
49:
42:
28:
23:
3194:Other sovereign entities
2217:Central African Republic
1860:International Publishers
1832:Bill of Rights socialism
1729:Watkins v. United States
356:The cases were heard on
1902:New York Workers School
1713:Scales v. United States
1677:Dennis v. United States
862:Cantwell v. Connecticut
462:Cantwell v. Connecticut
375:It did not rule on the
370:U.S. Secretary of State
336:asked him to supply an
273:substantive due process
2264:Congo, Republic of the
2151:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1853:English-language press
1738:Yates v. United States
1517:Elizabeth Gurley Flynn
1489:Shirley Graham Du Bois
1398:Rossana Cambron &
1265:(1919–1920; 1922–1927)
567:Califano v. Aznavorian
282:right to travel abroad
197:William J. Brennan Jr.
3433:British Indian Empire
2888:São Tomé and Príncipe
2863:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1939:Soviet Negro Republic
1846:Communist Labor Party
1704:Noto v. United States
1482:Benjamin J. Davis Jr.
1295:L. E. Katterfeld
1263:C. E. Ruthenberg
787:Edwards v. California
428:Edwards v. California
45:Decided June 16, 1958
43:Argued April 10, 1958
3499:Sovereignty disputed
3477:Former organizations
3210:Sovereignty disputed
3064:United Arab Emirates
1895:National conventions
1587:William L. Patterson
887:Niemotko v. Maryland
705:Urtetiqui v. D'Arbel
644:248 F.2d 600
468:Niemotko v. Maryland
400:Urtetiqui v. D'Arbel
240:U.S. Const. amend. V
205:Charles E. Whittaker
58:, Secretary of State
3738:World Peace Council
3634:Camouflage passport
3577:Diplomatic passport
3453:Mandatory Palestine
3249:(Republic of China)
3029:Trinidad and Tobago
2071:Antigua and Barbuda
1867:Language federation
1062:Communist Party USA
976:Library of Congress
433:Freedom of Movement
292:From 1950 to 1955,
277:freedom of movement
3613:Biometric passport
3173:UN observer states
2332:Dominican Republic
1960:Yokinen Show Trial
1668:De Jonge v. Oregon
1559:Antoinette Konikow
1531:Dorothy Ray Healey
1271:Alfred Wagenknecht
734:Crandall v. Nevada
486:Russian Revolution
417:Crandall v. Nevada
395:William O. Douglas
358:writ of certiorari
319:declaratory relief
258:U.S. Supreme Court
173:William O. Douglas
157:Associate Justices
82:78 S. Ct. 1113; 2
56:John Foster Dulles
3705:
3704:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3587:Internal passport
3518:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3484:League of Nations
3416:Defunct passports
3406:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3345:Central America-4
3287:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3148:
2357:Equatorial Guinea
1983:
1982:
1909:Non-English press
1881:Lincoln Battalion
1812:
1811:
1608:Charles E. Taylor
1545:Oakley C. Johnson
1426:William Albertson
1411:Prominent members
1367:William Z. Foster
1343:William Z. Foster
1313:(1922; 1927–1929)
1303:William Weinstone
1250:
1249:
1160:Vice Presidential
1121:Charlene Mitchell
1085:William Z. Foster
1006:Gernander, Kent.
763:Williams v. Fears
608:Gernander, Kent.
515:Eunique v. Powell
422:Williams v. Fears
377:constitutionality
254:landmark decision
245:
244:
193:John M. Harlan II
169:Felix Frankfurter
3755:
3692:
3691:
3680:
3679:
3668:
3667:
3597:Service passport
3561:Animal passport
3545:Alien's passport
3535:
3534:
3524:
3523:
3426:Dissolved states
3423:
3422:
3412:
3411:
3335:Andean Community
3304:
3303:
3293:
3292:
3170:
3169:
3159:
3158:
2802:Papua New Guinea
2656:Marshall Islands
2036:
2035:
2029:UN member states
2025:
2024:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1817:Related articles
1805:
1798:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1753:
1752:
1741:
1732:
1723:
1721:Smith Act trials
1716:
1707:
1698:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1662:
1653:
1644:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1580:Karl Emil Nygard
1575:
1568:
1566:Claude Lightfoot
1561:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1468:Ella Reeve Bloor
1463:
1456:
1454:Walter Bernstein
1449:
1442:
1435:
1433:Herbert Aptheker
1428:
1421:
1403:
1394:
1386:
1378:
1370:
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1354:
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1338:
1330:
1322:
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1211:
1199:
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1116:
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1024:
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989:
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953:
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827:
808:
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783:
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730:
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696:
677:
671:
657:
651:
641:
635:
629:
628:
626:
624:
614:
605:
599:
563:
557:
540:
389:Majority opinion
323:summary judgment
181:Harold H. Burton
142:Court membership
54:Kent, et al. v.
33:
32:
21:
20:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3648:
3622:
3601:
3555:1954 Convention
3550:1951 Convention
3529:
3510:
3494:
3472:
3417:
3398:
3377:
3349:
3323:
3298:
3279:
3257:
3227:Northern Cyprus
3205:
3189:
3164:
3145:
2992:
2933:Solomon Islands
2851:
2772:North Macedonia
2715:
2569:
2403:
2293:
2185:
2030:
2019:
2014:
1984:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1925:Red diaper baby
1923:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1719:
1710:
1701:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1665:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1538:Manning Johnson
1536:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1461:Marc Blitzstein
1459:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1406:
1397:
1389:
1381:
1373:
1365:
1357:
1349:
1341:
1333:
1325:
1319:James P. Cannon
1317:
1309:
1301:
1293:
1285:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1246:
1230:
1214:
1202:
1182:
1168:Benjamin Gitlow
1166:
1155:
1131:
1119:
1103:
1083:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1020:
1018:
1010:
987:
981:
978:
972:
969:
963:
960:
954:
951:
945:
942:
936:
933:
927:
911:
906:
905:
884:
880:
859:
855:
834:
830:
809:
805:
784:
780:
761:
757:
731:
727:
703:
699:
678:
674:
670:116 (1958).
658:
654:
637:
636:
632:
622:
620:
612:
606:
602:
564:
560:
541:
537:
532:
510:
477:
451:Fifth Amendment
391:
366:Fifth Amendment
354:
334:Passport Office
306:Communist Party
290:
266:First Amendment
262:right to travel
195:
183:
171:
91:
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3761:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3686:
3674:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3644:World Passport
3641:
3636:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3541:
3539:
3538:Document types
3531:
3530:
3528:Passport types
3520:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3438:Czechoslovakia
3435:
3429:
3427:
3419:
3418:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3394:United Nations
3391:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3371:laissez-passer
3366:European Union
3363:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3310:
3308:
3300:
3299:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3262:No recognition
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3166:
3165:
3163:Other entities
3155:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3069:United Kingdom
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2289:Czech Republic
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2032:
2031:
2021:
2020:
2013:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1917:People's World
1912:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1759:
1757:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1733:
1724:
1717:
1708:
1699:
1690:
1686:Kent v. Dulles
1681:
1672:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1622:Richard Wright
1618:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1510:Albert Goldman
1506:
1503:Richard Durham
1499:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1402:(2019–present)
1395:
1387:
1379:
1371:
1363:
1355:
1347:
1339:
1331:
1327:Caleb Harrison
1323:
1315:
1307:
1299:
1291:
1283:
1275:
1267:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1228:
1212:
1200:
1180:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1129:
1117:
1101:
1080:
1078:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1057:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1003:
997:
990:
958:Google Scholar
916:Kent v. Dulles
910:
909:External links
907:
904:
903:
878:
853:
828:
803:
778:
755:
725:
697:
672:
660:Kent v. Dulles
652:
639:Kent v. Dulles
630:
600:
558:
543:Kent v. Dulles
534:
533:
531:
528:
527:
526:
519:
509:
506:
476:
473:
431:, and Vestal,
390:
387:
362:Kent v. Dulles
353:
350:
311:Leonard Boudin
289:
286:
249:Kent v. Dulles
243:
242:
236:
235:
231:
230:
227:
223:
222:
219:
215:
214:
210:
209:
208:
207:
158:
155:
150:
144:
143:
139:
138:
134:
133:
129:
128:
127:881 (1957)
102:
98:
97:
93:
92:
81:
65:
61:
60:
51:
50:Full case name
47:
46:
40:
39:
34:
26:
25:
24:Kent v. Dulles
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3760:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3698:
3697:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3639:Fake passport
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3582:Hajj passport
3580:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3525:
3521:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3448:Korean Empire
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3409:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3314:African Union
3312:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3290:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3242:South Ossetia
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3156:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3101:United States
3099:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2611:Liechtenstein
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2460:Guinea-Bissau
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2392:Åland Islands
2390:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2310:Faroe Islands
2308:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2006:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
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1847:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1815:
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1800:
1797:
1793:
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1790:
1786:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1749:State parties
1747:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1706:
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1655:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1615:Emma Tenayuca
1612:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1552:Claudia Jones
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1524:Harry Haywood
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16:
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3606:Data formats
3463:Soviet Union
3443:East Germany
3253:Transnistria
3044:Turkmenistan
2943:South Africa
2913:Sierra Leone
2893:Saudi Arabia
2176:Burkina Faso
1915:
1736:
1727:
1711:
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1639:
1601:Tupac Shakur
1594:Paul Robeson
1573:Steve Nelson
1447:John Bernard
1419:Bernard Ades
1351:Earl Browder
1335:Abram Jakira
1232:Angela Davis
1216:Jarvis Tyner
1105:Earl Browder
1077:Presidential
1021:December 17,
1019:. Retrieved
1014:
999:
993:
915:
901: (1951).
885:
881:
876: (1940).
860:
856:
851: (1935).
849:388, 420-430
835:
831:
826: (1944).
810:
806:
801: (1941).
785:
781:
776: (1900).
762:
758:
753: (1868).
732:
728:
723: (1835).
704:
700:
695: (1964).
679:
675:
659:
655:
638:
633:
623:December 17,
621:. Retrieved
616:
603:
584:Haig v. Agee
582:
565:
561:
556: (1958).
542:
538:
521:
513:
502:
498:common sense
494:
490:
478:
466:
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437:
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343:
330:psychiatrist
327:
291:
281:
275:
248:
247:
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234:Laws applied
200:
188:
185:Tom C. Clark
176:
164:
96:Case history
75:
53:
15:
3089:Isle of Man
2983:Switzerland
2953:South Sudan
2948:South Korea
2868:Saint Lucia
2817:Philippines
2767:North Korea
2747:New Zealand
2525:Ivory Coast
2352:El Salvador
2046:Afghanistan
1475:Anne Burlak
1440:Max Bedacht
1393:(2014–2019)
1385:(2000–2014)
1377:(1959–2000)
1369:(1945–1957)
1361:(1945–1959)
1353:(1934–1945)
1345:(1929–1934)
1337:(1922–1923)
1329:(1921–1922)
1321:(1921–1922)
1305:(1921–1922)
1289:(late 1920)
1281:(1920–1921)
1273:(1919–1921)
650: 1957).
408:Magna Carta
269:free speech
153:Earl Warren
119:. granted,
86:1204; 1958
3712:Categories
3627:Imitations
3468:Yugoslavia
3276:(Iroquois)
3237:Somaliland
3111:Uzbekistan
3004:Tajikistan
2908:Seychelles
2883:San Marino
2706:Mozambique
2696:Montenegro
2661:Mauritania
2626:Madagascar
2621:Luxembourg
2565:Kyrgyzstan
2545:Kazakhstan
2337:East Timor
2269:Costa Rica
2212:Cape Verde
2111:Bangladesh
2096:Azerbaijan
1953:Ware Group
1839:Browderism
1632:Litigation
1496:Bella Dodd
530:References
288:Background
161:Hugo Black
88:U.S. LEXIS
3743:Passports
3180:Palestine
3121:Venezuela
2963:Sri Lanka
2918:Singapore
2752:Nicaragua
2666:Mauritius
2616:Lithuania
2495:Indonesia
2450:Guatemala
2315:Greenland
2237:Hong Kong
2086:Australia
2076:Argentina
2017:Passports
648:D.C. Cir.
481:Tom Clark
338:affidavit
302:communist
113:D.C. Cir.
84:L. Ed. 2d
64:Citations
3671:Category
3486:(Nansen)
3458:Rhodesia
3389:Interpol
3328:Americas
3217:Abkhazia
3141:Zimbabwe
3084:Guernsey
3014:Thailand
3009:Tanzania
2973:Suriname
2928:Slovenia
2923:Slovakia
2827:Portugal
2807:Paraguay
2787:Pakistan
2691:Mongolia
2641:Maldives
2636:Malaysia
2555:Kiribati
2475:Honduras
2377:Ethiopia
2372:Eswatini
2322:Djibouti
2249:Colombia
2202:Cameroon
2197:Cambodia
2171:Bulgaria
2156:Botswana
2116:Barbados
1771:Maryland
1400:Joe Sims
1383:Sam Webb
1375:Gus Hall
1133:Gus Hall
1070:Nominees
914:Text of
899:268, 271
874:296, 307
774:270, 274
721:692, 699
508:See also
298:passport
280:and the
218:Majority
3683:Commons
3506:Artsakh
3340:CARICOM
3126:Vietnam
3116:Vanuatu
3106:Uruguay
3059:Ukraine
3034:Tunisia
2938:Somalia
2898:Senegal
2837:Romania
2762:Nigeria
2727:Namibia
2711:Myanmar
2701:Morocco
2681:Moldova
2601:Liberia
2596:Lesotho
2591:Lebanon
2530:Jamaica
2510:Ireland
2485:Iceland
2480:Hungary
2445:Grenada
2430:Germany
2425:Georgia
2387:Finland
2367:Estonia
2362:Eritrea
2342:Ecuador
2305:Denmark
2274:Croatia
2254:Comoros
2181:Burundi
2146:Bolivia
2126:Belgium
2121:Belarus
2106:Bahrain
2101:Bahamas
2091:Austria
2081:Armenia
2061:Andorra
2056:Algeria
2051:Albania
1796:Alabama
1788:Defunct
1764:Georgia
1756:Current
1255:Leaders
949:Findlaw
931:Cornell
475:Dissent
313:of the
260:on the
256:of the
226:Dissent
132:Holding
115:1957);
3693:
3382:Global
3354:Europe
3319:ECOWAS
3307:Africa
3247:Taiwan
3222:Kosovo
3136:Zambia
3094:Jersey
3054:Uganda
3049:Tuvalu
3039:Turkey
2978:Sweden
2903:Serbia
2847:Rwanda
2842:Russia
2822:Poland
2797:Panama
2777:Norway
2686:Monaco
2671:Mexico
2631:Malawi
2586:Latvia
2560:Kuwait
2540:Jordan
2515:Israel
2465:Guyana
2455:Guinea
2440:Greece
2420:Gambia
2399:France
2284:Cyprus
2207:Canada
2166:Brunei
2161:Brazil
2141:Bhutan
2131:Belize
2066:Angola
1803:Hawaii
1297:(1921)
988:
982:
979:
973:
970:
967:Justia
964:
961:
955:
952:
946:
943:
937:
934:
928:
890:,
865:,
840:,
815:,
790:,
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642:,
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570:,
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199:
191:
189:·
187:
179:
177:·
175:
167:
165:·
163:
3565:Horse
3490:UNMIK
3131:Yemen
3079:BN(O)
3024:Tonga
2988:Syria
2968:Sudan
2958:Spain
2878:Samoa
2832:Qatar
2792:Palau
2757:Niger
2737:Nepal
2732:Nauru
2651:Malta
2606:Libya
2550:Kenya
2535:Japan
2520:Italy
2490:India
2470:Haiti
2435:Ghana
2415:Gabon
2347:Egypt
2242:Macau
2227:Chile
2136:Benin
1778:Texas
1011:(PDF)
922:
894:
869:
844:
819:
794:
769:
747:Wall.
741:
711:
688:
666:
613:(PDF)
591:
574:
549:
123:
101:Prior
3696:List
3361:EFTA
3019:Togo
2812:Peru
2782:Oman
2646:Mali
2581:Laos
2505:Iraq
2500:Iran
2382:Fiji
2279:Cuba
2222:Chad
1240:1984
1236:1980
1224:1976
1220:1972
1208:1968
1196:1940
1192:1936
1188:1932
1176:1928
1172:1924
1149:1984
1145:1980
1141:1976
1137:1972
1125:1968
1113:1940
1109:1936
1097:1932
1093:1928
1089:1924
1023:2017
924:U.S.
896:U.S.
871:U.S.
846:U.S.
821:U.S.
796:U.S.
771:U.S.
743:U.S.
717:Pet.
713:U.S.
690:U.S.
668:U.S.
625:2017
593:U.S.
576:U.S.
551:U.S.
344:The
125:U.S.
117:cert
106:F.2d
104:248
77:more
69:U.S.
67:357
3570:Pet
2997:T–Z
2720:N–R
2574:L–M
2408:G–K
2298:D–F
2039:A–B
920:357
892:340
867:310
842:293
824:214
817:323
799:160
792:314
767:179
745:(6
715:(9
693:500
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664:357
596:280
589:453
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572:439
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