William O. Douglas

7196: 3352:, there were several purposes behind Ford's and Nixon's push to have Douglas impeached. First, while it was true that Nixon and Ford were angered at the Senate's determination not to confirm Haynsworth and Carswell, Nixon had a deep-seated hatred of Douglas. An attempt to have Douglas impeached and then brought to a Senate trial would further cement the alleged "Southern Strategy", as most of Ford's congressional allies against Douglas were Southern Democrats. Additionally, Nixon and Kissinger had secretly planned for an April 30 – May 1 invasion of Cambodia and Nixon thought that there was a possibility of using a House investigation into Douglas to deflect news coverage. Professor Kastenberg notes in his recent book on the subject that Attorney General John Mitchell and his deputy, William Wilson, had promised Ford that the Central Intelligence Agency, the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Internal Revenue Service, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation had evidence of Douglas's criminal conduct. In the end, however, none of these agencies had any evidence of wrongdoing by Douglas, but the promise led Ford to accuse Douglas of consorting with organized crime and Communists, and therefore of being a threat to national security. 2813:

lose the political experience, and the moral education and stimulus that come from fighting the question out in the ordinary way, and correcting their own errors"; that the effect of a participation by the judiciary in these processes is "to dwarf the political capacity of the people, and to deaden its sense of moral responsibility." J. Thayer, John Marshall 106, 107 (1901).¶ The late Edmond Cahn, who opposed that view, stated my philosophy. He emphasized the importance of the role that the federal judiciary was designed to play in guarding basic rights against majoritarian control. ... His description of our constitutional tradition was in these words: "Be not reasonable with inquisitions, anonymous informers, and secret files that mock American justice. Be not reasonable with punitive denationalizations, ex post facto deportations, labels of disloyalty, and all the other stratagems for outlawing human beings from the community of mankind. These devices have put us to shame. Exercise the full judicial power of the United States; nullify them, forbid them, and make us proud again." Can the Supreme Court Defend Civil Liberties? in Samuel, ed., Toward a Better America 132, 144 -145 (1968).

3514: 3061:, Douglas hiked the entire 2,000 miles (3,200 km) trail from Georgia to Maine. His love for the environment carried through to his judicial reasoning. His interests in natural history are also reflected in the fact that he collected plant specimens for the herbarium of the University of Texas at Austin. They curate at least 14 vascular plant specimens collected by Douglas together with botanist Donovan Stewart Correll, Head of the Botanical Laboratory, Texas Research Foundation in February and June 1965. The specimens collected in February were from Presidio and Brewster Counties—several from Capote Falls. The specimens collected in June were from Blanco, Gillespie, and Llano Counties—near Austin, Texas. The Rocky Mountain Herbarium at the University of Wyoming curates a lichen collected by William O. Douglas in Snoqualmie National Forest. 3607: 7488: 2986:—a creature of ecclesiastical law—is an acceptable adversary and large fortunes ride on its cases ... So it should be as respects valleys, alpine meadows, rivers, lakes, estuaries, beaches, ridges, groves of trees, swampland, or even air that feels the destructive pressures of modern technology and modern life. The river, for example, is the living symbol of all the life it sustains or nourishes—fish, aquatic insects, water ouzels, otter, fisher, deer, elk, bear, and all other animals, including man, who are dependent on it or who enjoy it for its sight, its sound, or its life. The river as plaintiff speaks for the ecological unit of life that is part of it. 511: 8513: 7833: 2612:

clerks—whom he described as 'the lowest form of human life'—took to calling him "shithead" behind his back." Posner asserts also that "Douglas's judicial oeuvre is slipshod and slapdash," but Douglas's "intelligence, his energy, his academic and government experience, his flair for writing, the leadership skills that he had displayed at the SEC, and his ability to charm when he bothered to try" could have let him "become the greatest justice in history." Brennan once stated that Douglas was one of only "two geniuses" he had met in his life (the other being Posner).

2947:, where he dismissed the Government's argument that he was causing a "constitutional confrontation" by saying, "we live in a world of confrontations. That's what the whole system is about." On August 4, Douglas ordered the military to stop bombing, reasoning "denial of the application before me would catapult our airmen as well as Cambodian peasants into the death zone." The U.S. military ignored Douglas's order. Six hours later the eight other justices reconvened by telephone for a special term and unanimously overturned Douglas's ruling. 3697: 40: 3683: 8576: 8552: 2019: 8564: 2600:

in 1974 Douglas claimed that there had been no 'war' between him and Frankfurter, the evidence to the contrary was overwhelming. Frankfurter and Douglas, two important American jurists whose decades-long bitter debates (indeed, whose 'wars') contributed a great deal to our understanding of constitutionalism in a modern society, could not tolerate each other. Intentionally and unintentionally, they went out of their way to harass each other for over two decades."

2006: 3413: 2533: 2541: 3160:, Douglas wrote that he was sometimes criticized for taking too much time off from the bench, and writing travel books while on the U.S. Supreme Court. However, Douglas maintained that the travel gave him a world-wide perspective that was helpful in resolving cases before the Court. It also gave him a perspective on political systems that did not benefit from the legal protections in the American Constitution. 3334:. Its publisher had served a prison sentence for the distribution of another magazine in 1966 that had been deemed obscene by some critics. Describing Douglas's article, Ford stated, "The article itself is not pornographic, although it praises the lusty, lurid, and risqué along with the social protest of left-wing folk singers." Ford also attacked Douglas for publishing an article in 2621:

observations about current politics, and literature, as much as more conventional judicial sources. Douglas wrote many of his opinions in twenty minutes, often publishing the first draft. Douglas was also known for his fearsome work ethic, by publishing over thirty books and once telling an exhausted secretary, Fay Aull, "If you hadn't stopped working, you wouldn't be tired."

2754:. Whereas Black voted with the majority under strict construction to uphold the state constitutional provision, Douglas and Abe Fortas dissented. According to Douglas, Georgia tradition would guarantee a Maddox victory but he had trailed Callaway by some 3,000 votes in the general election returns. Douglas also saw the issue as a continuation of the earlier decision 8540: 3295:. Besides being personally disgusted by Douglas's lifestyle, Ford was also mindful that Douglas's protégé Abe Fortas was forced to resign because of ties to a similar foundation. Fortas would later say that he "resigned to save Douglas," thinking that the dual investigations of himself and Douglas would stop with his resignation. 3409:: "My ideas are way out of line with current trends, and I see no particular point in staying around and being obnoxious." However, he did not want to do so when a Republican was in the White House and would nominate his successor, saying "I won't resign while there's a breath in my body —until we get a Democratic President." 2654:(1949), overturning the conviction of a Catholic priest who allegedly caused a "breach of the peace" by making anti-Semitic comments during a raucous public speech. Douglas, joined by Black, furthered his advocacy of a broad reading of First Amendment rights by dissenting from the Supreme Court's decision in 3427:, Douglas suffered a debilitating stroke in the right hemisphere of his brain. It paralyzed his left leg and forced him to use a wheelchair. Douglas was severely disabled but insisted on continuing to participate in Supreme Court affairs despite his obvious incapacity. Seven of his fellow justices (with 2677:

after having initially planned to dissent, a vote he later regretted, but, over the course of his career, he grew to become a leading advocate of individual rights. He was suspicious of majority rule as it related to social and moral questions, and frequently expressed concern about forced conformity

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when deciding cases. "But the origin of Douglas and Frankfurter's deep-seated animosity went beyond important jurisprudential differences. Temperamentally, they were opposites. From the beginning of their close associations as justices, the two men simply grated on each other's nerves. . . . Although

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showed that from June to December 1918, Douglas served in the SATC as (what the War Department's regulations termed) "a soldier in the Army of the United States ... placed upon active-duty status immediately." Tom Sherlock, Arlington's official historian, told Lane that an "active-duty recruit whose

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While still married to Riddle, Douglas began openly pursuing Mercedes Hester Davidson in 1951. Other justices at the time kept mistresses as secretaries or kept them away from the Court building according to Douglas's messenger Harry Datcher, but Douglas "did what he did in the open. He didn't give

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received a letter from Roosevelt stating that his choice for the nominee would be either "Harry Truman or Bill Douglas". After Hannegan released the letter to the convention on July 20, the nomination went without incident, and Truman was nominated on the second ballot. Douglas received two votes on

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had no objection to the concept of penumbras, writing, "There is nothing exceptional about thought, other than the language of penumbras and emanations. Courts often give protection to a constitutional freedom by creating a buffer zone, by prohibiting a government from doing something not in itself

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would conclude that because Douglas believed his convictions were merely "a matter of his own emotional biases," Douglas would fail to meet "minimal intellectual responsibilities." Ultimately, Douglas believed that a judge's role was "not neutral" as "The Constitution is not neutral. It was designed

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retired from the Court, and Roosevelt nominated Douglas as his replacement on March 20. Douglas was Brandeis's personal choice as a successor. Douglas later revealed that his appointment had been a great surprise to him (Roosevelt had summoned him to an "important meeting"), and Douglas feared that

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The critical question of "standing" would be simplified and also put neatly in focus if we fashioned a federal rule that allowed environmental issues to be litigated before federal agencies or federal courts in the name of the inanimate object about to be despoiled, defaced, or invaded by roads and

2817:"Critics have sometimes charged that was result oriented and guilty of oversimplification; those who understand how he thought, and who share his compassion, conscience, and sense of fair dealing, see him as courageous and farsighted." "There is no necessary contradiction between these two views." 2812:

There has long been a school of thought here that the less the judiciary does, the better. It is often said that judicial intrusion should be infrequent, since it is "always attended with a serious evil, namely, that the correction of legislative mistakes comes from the outside, and the people thus

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On October 2, 1949, Douglas had thirteen of his ribs broken after he got thrown by a horse and he tumbled down a rocky hillside. As a result of his injuries, Douglas did not return to the Court until March 1950 and did not take part in many of that term's cases. Four months after his return to the

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By 1948, Douglas's presidential aspirations were rekindled by Truman's low popularity, after he had succeeded Roosevelt in 1945. Many Democrats, believing that Truman could not be elected in November, began trying to find a replacement candidate. Attempts were made to draft popular retired General

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After the convention, Douglas's supporters spread the rumor that the note sent to Hannegan had read "Bill Douglas or Harry Truman", not the other way around. These supporters claimed that Hannegan, a Truman supporter, feared that Douglas's nomination would drive Southern white voters away from the

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In general, legal scholars have noted that Douglas's judicial style was unusual in that he did not attempt to elaborate justifications for his judicial positions on the basis of text, history, or precedent. Douglas was known for writing short, pithy opinions which relied on philosophical insights,

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He traveled to New York taking a job tending sheep on a Chicago-bound train, in return for free passage, with hopes to attend the Columbia Law School. Douglas drew on his Beta Theta Pi membership to help him survive in New York, as he stayed at one of its houses and was able to borrow $ 75 from a

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to entrap him. In a private letter to his neighbors, he said: "I wrote you last fall or winter that federal agents were in Yakima and Goose Prairie looking me over at Goose Prairie. I thought they were merely counting fence posts. But I learned in New York City yesterday that they were planting

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vehemently disagreeing) voted to postpone until the next term any argued case in which Douglas's vote might make a difference. Douglas finally retired on November 12, 1975, after 36 years of service. He had been the last serving Supreme Court justice to have been appointed by Roosevelt. Indeed,

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Douglas maintained a busy speaking and publishing schedule to supplement his income. He became severely burdened financially because of a bitter divorce and settlement with his first wife. He sustained additional financial setbacks after divorces and settlements with his second and third wives.

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In the end, Eisenhower refused to be drafted, and Truman won nomination easily. Although Truman approached Douglas about the vice presidential nomination, the justice turned him down. Douglas's close associate Tommy Corcoran was later heard to ask, "Why be a number two man to a number two man?"

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in Arkansas. They put in at the low water bridge at Boxley. That experience made him a fan of the river and the young organization's idea of protecting it. Douglas was instrumental in having the Buffalo preserved as a free-flowing river left in its natural state. The decision was opposed by the

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in which the Court ruled that gays and lesbians were included in the list of “psychopathic personalities” that Congress could deport, arguing that the term “psychopathic personality” was unconstitutionally vague, and even if it were not, not all gays and lesbians are psychopaths. In 1968, in a

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Douglas quit the Cravath firm after four months. After one year, he moved back to Yakima, but soon regretted the move and never practiced law in Washington. After a time of unemployment and another months-long stint at Cravath, he started teaching at Columbia Law School. In 1928, he joined the

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bulldozers and where injury is the subject of public outrage. Contemporary public concern for protecting nature's ecological equilibrium should lead to the conferral of standing upon environmental objects to sue for their own preservation. This suit would therefore be more properly labeled as

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during the latter part of Douglas's tenure, characterized Douglas as "a bored, distracted, uncollegial, irresponsible" Supreme Court justice, as well as "rude, ice-cold, hot-tempered, ungrateful, foul-mouthed, self-absorbed" and so abusive in "treatment of his staff to the point where his law

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For much of his life, Douglas was dogged by various rumors and allegations about his private life, originating from political rivals and other detractors of his liberal legal opinions on the Court—often a matter of controversy. In one such instance in 1966, Republican Representative

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demands." Douglas now outspokenly argued the war was illegal, dissenting whenever the Court passed on an opportunity to hear such claims. In 1968 Douglas issued an order blocking the shipment of Army reservists to Vietnam, before the eight other justices unanimously reversed him.

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represented Riddle in the divorce, securing alimony with an "escalator clause" that gave Douglas a financial motivation to publish more books. Douglas was not informed about Riddle's 1969 death until several months had passed because his children had stopped talking to him.

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During his tenure on the Supreme Court, Douglas set a number of records, all of which still stand. He sat on the U.S. Supreme Court for more than thirty-six years (1939–75), longer than any other justice. During those years, he wrote some thirty books in addition to his

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was officially dedicated to Douglas in honor of his exhaustive efforts dating from the 1950s in support of preserving the historic canal. In 1998, the Park commemorated the 100th Anniversary of Douglas's birth by unveiling a portrait of Justice Douglas hiking along the

3235:, a war hero, for the nomination. A "Draft Douglas" campaign, complete with souvenir buttons and hats, sprang up in New Hampshire and several other primary states. Douglas campaigned for the nomination for a short time, but he soon withdrew his name from consideration. 3487:

had taken his former seat. Douglas reacted with outrage when, returning to his old chambers, he discovered that his clerks had been reassigned to Stevens and when he tried to file opinions for cases in which he had heard arguments before his retirement, Chief Justice

2870:, who reconvened the Court before the appointed date and set aside the stay. Douglas had departed for vacation, but on learning of the special session of the Court, he returned to Washington. Because of widespread opposition to his decision, Douglas briefly faced 3513: 3344:

to remark, "Has anybody read the article – or is everybody over there who has a magazine just looking at the pictures?" As it became clear that the impeachment proceedings would be unsuccessful, they were brought to a close without a public vote.

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and economics, he taught English and Latin at his old high school for the next two years, hoping to earn enough to attend law school. "Finally," he said, "I decided it was impossible to save enough money by teaching and I said to hell with it."

2853:, held that only a jury could pronounce the death penalty. Since at the time the stay was granted the Supreme Court was out of session, this stay meant that the Rosenbergs could expect to wait at least six months before the case was heard. 6274: 4518: 2393:

fraternity brother from Washington, enough to enroll at Columbia. Six months later, Douglas's funds were running out. The appointments office at the law school told him that a New York firm wanted a student to help prepare a

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service was limited to boot camp would qualify" to be buried in Arlington. Lane therefore concluded, "Legally, then, Douglas may have had a plausible claim to be a 'Private, U.S. Army,' as his headstone at Arlington reads."

3003:(1950), Douglas discusses his close childhood connections with nature. In the 1950s, proposals were made to create a highway along the path of the C&O Canal, which ran on the Maryland bank parallel to the Potomac River. 3459:

May I express on behalf of all our countrymen this nation's great gratitude for your more than thirty-six years as a member of the Supreme Court. Your distinguished years of service are unequaled in all the history of the

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editorial page supported the action. However, Douglas, who frequently hiked on the Canal towpath, opposed the plan and challenged reporters to hike the 185-mile length of the Canal with him. After the hike, the

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in eastern Kentucky, when a proposal to build a dam and flood the gorge reached the Court. Douglas personally visited the area on November 18, 1967. The Red River Gorge's Douglas Trail is named in his honor.

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Some scholars have argued that Ford's impeachment attempt was politically motivated. Those who support this contention note Ford's well-known disappointment with the Senate over the failed nominations of

2898:. Douglas became one of the chief promoters for U.S. support of Diem, with CIA deputy director Robert Amory crediting Diem becoming "our man in Indochina" to a conversation with Douglas during a party at 2295:

in 1904, when Douglas was six years old. Douglas later claimed his mother had been left destitute. After moving the family from town to town in the West, his mother, with three young children, settled in

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Sowards, Adam M. " 'He's a Natural': Justice William O. Douglas and the American Environmental Tradition" (PhD Dissertation, Arizona State University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2001. 3004138).

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Joshua E. Kastenberg, The Campaign to Impeach Justice William O. Douglas: Nixon, Vietnam, and the Conservative Attack on Judicial Independence (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2019), 152-154

3340:, which he claimed was known to publish photographs of naked women. The Republican congressmen, however, refused to give the majority Democrats copies of the magazines described, prompting Congressman 3275:, introduced a resolution to impeach him. The resolution was referred the next day to the Judiciary Committee to investigate the charges. On July 7, 1953, the committee voted to end the investigation. 3669:

Lane engaged in further research—consulting applicable provisions of the relevant federal statutes, locating Douglas's honorable discharge and speaking with Arlington Cemetery staff. Records in the

3498:, the nine sitting justices signed a formal letter informing him that his retirement had ended his official duties on the Court. It was only then that Douglas withdrew from Supreme Court business. 8701: 3899:

The papers of William O. Douglas from his career as professor of law, Securities and Exchange commissioner, and associate justice of the United States Supreme Court were bequeathed by him to the

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student writing her thesis about him. In the summer of 1963, he divorced Davidson; on August 5, 1963, at the age of 64, Douglas married 23-year-old Martin. Douglas and Martin divorced in 1966.

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unconstitutional because Congress had never declared war, and generally showed an uncompromising defense of individual rights from which even stalwart liberals Brennan and Marshall shied away.

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and Kevin M. Quinn, he was by far the most liberal justice in the history of the Supreme Court with a Martin-Quinn score of -8 at his most liberal. He voted to strike down the death penalty in

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marijuana with the prospect of a nice big TV-covered raid in July or August. I forgot to tell you that this gang in power is not in search of truth. They are 'search and destroy' people."

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From 1950 to 1961, Douglas travelled extensively in the Middle East and Asia. Douglas wrote many books about his experiences and observations during these trips. Other than writers from

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Douglas's active role in advocating the preservation and protection of wilderness across the United States earned him the nickname "Wild Bill". Douglas was a friend and frequent guest of

5928: 6370: 7296: 7803: 7595: 6773: 3505:, which can lead an affected person to be unaware and unable to acknowledge disease in himself, and often results in defects in reasoning, decision-making, emotions, and feeling. 3492:

ordered all justices, clerks, and other staff members to refuse help to Douglas in those efforts. When Douglas tried in March 1976 to hear arguments in a capital-punishment case,

5960: 2448:, which pushed for an understanding of law based less on formalistic legal doctrines and more on the real-world effects of the law. Teaching at Yale, he and the fellow professor 8656: 7611: 7579: 6670: 6646: 3318:

The hearings began in late April 1970. Ford was the main witness, and attacked Douglas's "liberal opinions", his "defense of the 'filthy' film", the controversial Swedish film

7819: 4122: 2097: 7787: 7771: 7755: 7723: 7675: 4152: 4147: 4137: 4132: 3091:, Douglas was accompanied by more than a thousand people. He said: "It's a vital element in the need to save some of our wilderness from the encroachment of civilization." 7739: 7691: 7659: 7643: 7627: 4142: 4127: 3103:—whom he sometimes met on the road—Douglas was one of the few American travel writers to visit these remote regions during this period in time. His travel books include: 3014:

changed its stance and advocated preservation of the Canal in its historic state. Douglas is widely credited with saving the Canal and with its eventual designation as a

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of Kansas attributed his court decisions to his "bad judgment from a matrimonial standpoint". Several other Republican members of Congress introduced resolutions in the

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six years his senior, whom he married on August 16, 1923. They had two children, Mildred and William Jr. William Douglas Jr. became an actor, playing Gerald Zinser in

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After Diem's assassination in November 1963, Douglas became strongly critical of the war, believing Diem had been killed because he "was not sufficiently servile to

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at the party's national convention, a short list of possible replacements was drafted. The names on the list included former senator and Supreme Court justice

6700: 7289: 5205: 5051: 3194: 2498:(SEC). By 1937, he had become an adviser and friend to the President and the chairman. He also became friends with a group of young New Dealers, including 5498: 7357: 6331: 2664:. Douglas was publicly critical of censorship, saying "The way to combat noxious ideas is with other ideas. The way to combat falsehoods is with truth." 2412: 1776: 3381:

and gave more speeches than any other justice. Douglas had the most marriages (four) and the most divorces (three) of any justice serving on the bench.

2284:, although a biographer reveals that it was intestinal colic. His mother attributed his recovery to a miracle, telling Douglas that one day he would be 3700: 3015: 2648:, insisting that the First Amendment's command that "no law" shall restrict freedom of speech should be interpreted literally. He wrote the opinion in 2216:(1954), a Supreme Court case that outlawed segregation in American public schools. He wrote notable concurring or dissenting opinions in cases such as 6529: 8681: 6982:

Conflict Among the Brethren: Felix Frankfurter, William O. Douglas and the Clash of Personalities and Philosophies on the United States Supreme Court

3780: 2645: 2637: 2577:. Douglas was sworn into office on April 17, 1939. At the age of forty, Douglas was the fifth-youngest justice to be confirmed to the Supreme Court. 6798: 3053:. The act that soon followed designated the Buffalo River as America's first National River. Douglas was a self-professed outdoorsman. According to 8651: 7282: 6430: 3393:

from both admirers and detractors. The most common epithet was "Wild Bill" in reference to his independent and often-unpredictable stances and his

1651: 4337: 2300:. William, like the rest of the Douglas family, did odd jobs to earn extra money, and a college education appeared to be unaffordable. He was the 8636: 3945:

Democracy and finance: The addresses and public statements of William O. Douglas as member and chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission

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is a play written by Douglas Scott which explores the life of William O. Douglas. Produced in 1990 at the Lucille Lortel Theatre in New York, NY.

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In May 1962, Douglas and his wife, Cathleen, were invited by Neil Compton and the Ozark Society to visit and canoe down part of the free flowing

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in the summer. Picking cherries, Douglas would say later, inspired him to pursue a legal career. He once said of his early interest in the law:

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Douglas frequently disagreed with the other justices, dissenting in almost 40% of cases, more than half of the time writing only for himself.

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for law. Douglas earned $ 600 for his work, enabling him to stay in school. Hired for similar projects, he saved $ 1,000 by semester's end.

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later that month. Ford later said of the occasion, "We had had differences in the past, but I wanted to stress that bygones were bygones."

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in Washington, D.C. He was survived by his fourth wife, Cathleen Douglas, and two children, Mildred and William Jr., with his first wife.

8731: 5342: 4706: 2700:, formed by emanations from those guarantees that help give them life and substance." That went too far for Hugo Black, who dissented in 2202: 6766: 5435: 8726: 8661: 7055: 7029:(University of Pittsburgh Press for the William O. Douglas Institute, 1990), major collection of essays by experts on his achievements. 5262:

Moses, James L.. 1996. "William O. Douglas and the Vietnam War: Civil Liberties, Presidential Authority, and the 'Political Question.'"

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who I saw being shot at by the police. I saw cruelty and hardness, and my impulse was to be a force in other developments in the law.

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to succeed Fortas. In April 1970, Ford moved to impeach Douglas in an attempt to hit back at the Senate. House Judiciary Chairman

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fraternity. He worked at various jobs while attending school, including as a waiter and janitor during the school year, and at a

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Douglas's formal resignation was submitted, as required by federal protocols, to his longtime political nemesis, then-President

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Silent Spring Revolution: John F. Kennedy, Rachel Carson, Lyndon Johnson, Richard Nixon, and the Great Environmental Awakening

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Douglas is interred in Section 5 of Arlington National Cemetery near the graves of eight other former Supreme Court justices:

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Douglas became president of the Parvin Foundation. His ties to the foundation (which was financed by the sale of the infamous

2935:. The Court was in recess for the summer but the Congresswoman reapplied, this time to Douglas. Douglas met with Holtzman's 8736: 8606: 7019: 6953: 6895: 6869: 6483: 6124: 6112: 6104: 5848: 5781: 5582: 4802: 4758: 4654: 4220: 4037: 4011: 3985: 3570: 3050: 2955:

Douglas was highly innovative in legal theory. For example, in his dissenting opinion in the landmark environmental law case

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Since the 1970 impeachment hearings, Douglas had wanted to retire from the Court. He wrote to his friend and former student

3765: 3187: 2737: 6693:"Associate Justice William O. Douglas – Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)" 6187: 5458:"Associate Justice William O. Douglas – Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)" 8641: 8611: 8070: 8058: 7044: 6446: 5101: 4243: 3801: 3757: 3522: 2944: 2365: 2305: 459: 6207: 5659: 3606: 2090:

in 1939, Douglas was confirmed at the age of 40, becoming one of the youngest justices appointed to the court. In 1975,

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was a subject of national controversy at the time of their marriage, they remained together until his death in 1980.

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would years later hang a sign in his chambers reading, "Please don't emanate in the penumbras." Conservative Judge

2668: 2404:, to marry Mildred Riddle, whom he had known in Yakima. Douglas graduated second in his class at Columbia in 1925. 1816: 1620: 272: 20: 5128: 8711: 8631: 4073: 3600: 3022:

from 1960 to 1962 and wrote prolifically on his love of the outdoors. In 1962, Douglas wrote a glowing review of

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who gives up the law to become a farmer. His name is a combination of two Supreme Court Justices, Douglas and

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When, in early 1944, President Franklin D. Roosevelt decided not to support the renomination of Vice President

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described Douglas as "the most outstanding law professor in the nation." When Hutchins became president of the

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and the Nixon administration worked to gather evidence against him. Ford moved forward with the proceedings.

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handled the case carefully and did not uncover evidence of any criminal conduct by Douglas. Attorney General

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by casino financier and foundation benefactor Albert Parvin) became a prime target for House Minority Leader

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record on the Supreme Court) and had switched the names to suggest that Truman was Roosevelt's real choice.

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had sentenced the Rosenbergs to death without the consent of the jury. While this was permissible under the

2407:

During the summer of 1925, Douglas started work at the firm of Cravath, DeGersdorff, Swaine and Wood (later

6537: 6090: 5175: 3480: 3324:(1970), and his ties to Parvin. Douglas was also criticized for accepting $ 350 for an article he wrote on 2693: 2224: 1904: 1728: 7135: 3483:. He refused to accept his retirement and tried to participate in the Court's cases well into 1976, after 2096:

called Douglas "the most doctrinaire and committed civil libertarian ever to sit on the court." He is the

7932: 7113:

Citizen Justice: The Environmental Legacy of William O. Douglas—Public Advocate and Conservation Champion

6457: 5811: 3723: 3611: 2373: 2212: 2043: 1801: 1625: 525: 463: 262: 6931: 6425: 2593:

and thought the court should stay out of politics. Douglas did not highly value judicial consistency or

8530: 6095: 4313: 3666:, that Douglas's "career on the court makes it 'appropriate'" that he be buried in Arlington Cemetery. 3272: 2830: 2673: 2524:, a controversial project whose approval enabled Johnson to consolidate his power as a representative. 2408: 2269: 1781: 723: 7096: 6747: 2943:, and promised them a hearing the next day. On Friday, August 3, 1973, Douglas held a hearing in the 8671: 8168: 7497: 3888: 3740: 3663: 3619: 2961:, 405 U.S. 727 (1972), Douglas argued that "inanimate objects" should have standing to sue in court: 2940: 2882:

Douglas took strong positions on the Vietnam War. In 1952, Douglas traveled to Vietnam and met with

2850: 2733: 2466: 2369: 1615: 961: 234: 4964: 4829: 4277: 8100: 7902: 7505: 4157: 3829: 3566: 3539: 3264: 3073: 2499: 1557: 650: 557: 6403: 5424:"Speaking of Books : About Fables and Mountains ... Hogs and Government ... Animals and IQ's" 4390: 3599:

Four years after retiring from the Supreme Court, Douglas died on January 19, 1980, at age 81, at

3355:

Around this time, Douglas came to believe that strangers snooping around his Washington home were

2377: 449: 8676: 8352: 8340: 8034: 8028: 7926: 7190: 6936: 5310: 4900: 4180: 2915: 2684: 2656: 2471: 2309: 2218: 2144: 1976: 1871: 1688: 1399: 5882:"(DV) Gerard: Conservatives, Judicial Impeachment, and Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas" 3455:. In his response, Ford put aside previous differences and paid tribute to the retiring justice: 8414: 8346: 8218: 7896: 7686: 7472: 7427: 5296: 3787: 3588: 3330: 3211:

Five days before the vice presidential nominee was to be chosen at the convention, on July 15,

3045: 3033: 2608: 2348: 2308:

and did well enough in school to earn a full academic scholarship to attend Whitman College in

2261: 2036: 1678: 1517: 1304: 1099: 1016: 986: 896: 866: 861: 783: 753: 595: 6250: 5336: 4794: 4750: 4698: 4609: 4603: 2461: 8492: 8242: 8149: 8094: 8064: 8052: 7974: 7682: 7372: 7317: 7156:

William O. Douglas Collection at the Whitman College and Northwest Archives, Whitman College.

6570: 5773: 5642: 5423: 5403: 5209: 5055: 4939: 4363: 3733: 3558: 3320: 3255:

Political opponents made two unsuccessful attempts to remove Douglas from the Supreme Court.

2957: 2846: 2713:

forbidden but likely to lead to an invasion of a right specified in the Constitution." Prof.

2566: 2475: 2437: 2394: 2277: 2207: 2087: 2066:(October 16, 1898 – January 19, 1980) was an American jurist who served as an 1845: 1826: 1693: 1673: 1562: 1429: 1309: 1279: 1006: 816: 728: 645: 190: 77: 3934:"Mr. Lincoln & the Negroes: The Long Road to Equality", 1963, Atheneum Press, New York. 3790:, in Yakima, Washington. It was dedicated in 1978 to Douglas when the new school was opened. 510: 8601: 8596: 8556: 8248: 8193: 8186: 8130: 8088: 7714: 7447: 7155: 6851:

Of Power and Right: Hugo Black, William O. Douglas, and America's Constitutional Revolution

6163: 5647:

Justice Douglas was also a strong advocate for outdoor recreation and environmental causes.

5638: 4359: 4046: 3441: 3232: 2860: 2558: 2478:, Douglas accepted an offer to move there, but he changed his mind once he had been made a 2172: 2075: 2023: 1552: 1209: 976: 748: 655: 620: 541: 8512: 7832: 6836:

Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court. 3d. ed.

6722: 6582: 6208:"Supreme Court of the U.S.: #79 – Associate Justice William O. Douglas Showing 1-28 of 28" 5863: 8: 8444: 8394: 8280: 8268: 8206: 8200: 8180: 8022: 7698: 6246: 5965: 3900: 3797: 3776: 3670: 3304: 3005: 2978:

Inanimate objects are sometimes parties in litigation. A ship has a legal personality, a

2924: 2661: 2236: 2178: 2154: 2108: 1946: 1932: 1786: 1738: 1683: 1547: 1527: 1314: 1021: 876: 836: 625: 615: 535: 403: 7161:

William O. Douglas Papers at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University

8580: 8230: 8046: 7914: 7432: 7417: 7352: 6968: 5748:. Vol. 9. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly. 1953. pp. 08-311–08-312. 5664: 5237:"House Move to Impeach Douglas Bogs Down; Sponsor Is Told He Fails to Prove His Case," 5212: 5058: 4184: 3908: 3833: 3690: 3655: 3639: 3585:, though none ever passed, that called for investigation of Douglas's moral character. 3378: 3300: 3224: 3215: 2928: 2805: 2761: 2590: 2561:

on April 4 by a vote of 62 to 4. The four negative votes were all cast by Republicans:

2491: 2479: 2453: 2297: 2079: 1897: 1464: 1434: 1419: 1404: 1299: 891: 871: 826: 768: 700: 431: 4932: 3475:

on the Court and attempted to continue serving in that capacity, according to authors

2119:, Douglas was successfully nominated to the Supreme Court in 1939, succeeding Justice 8486: 8408: 8401: 8382: 8310: 8286: 8236: 8142: 8136: 8112: 8076: 7986: 7980: 7794: 7412: 7266: 7086: 7011: 6996: 6949: 6913: 6887: 6861: 6860:(2nd ed.) (Supreme Court Historical Society), (Congressional Quarterly Books, 2001) 6839: 6479: 6469: 6360: 6254: 6239: 6100: 6070: 5918: 5881: 5844: 5815: 5805: 5777: 5766: 5712: 5578: 5530: 5409: 5155: 5021: 4994: 4943: 4798: 4783: 4754: 4739: 4613: 4327: 4024: 3998: 3972: 3959: 3947: 3935: 3925: 3913: 3840: 3643: 3627: 3551: 3484: 3268: 3084: 2920: 2826: 2774: 2765: 2679: 2633: 2604: 2586: 2549: 2521: 2401: 2196: 2166: 2132: 2010: 1587: 1572: 1424: 1284: 1254: 1036: 846: 630: 605: 101: 7304: 5694: 3557:

On July 15, 1966, Douglas married Cathleen Heffernan, then a 22-year-old student at

8544: 8322: 8156: 7778: 7586: 7462: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7377: 7367: 7347: 7337: 7200: 7165: 7075: 6985: 5316: 4790: 4746: 4319: 3746:

Douglas was elected to the Ecology Hall of Fame for his dedication to conservation.

3718:

The 1984 Washington Wilderness Act designated the Cougar Lake Roadless area as the

3623: 3562: 3547:

a damn what people thought of him." Douglas married Davidson on December 14, 1954.

3494: 3336: 3312: 3240: 3201: 3175: 3069: 2983: 2794: 2779: 2769: 2689: 2292: 2245: 2149: 2135:. Douglas holds a number of records as a Supreme Court justice, including the most 1890: 1489: 1479: 1474: 1244: 1199: 1174: 1119: 1084: 1041: 886: 881: 680: 610: 590: 407: 398: 251: 5570: 4646: 4212: 3793:

William O. Douglas Hall was named in his honor at his alma mater, Whitman College.

3696: 8480: 8462: 8438: 8426: 8370: 8304: 8255: 8124: 8040: 8004: 7872: 7798: 7730: 7666: 7634: 7590: 7452: 7387: 7382: 7322: 7216: 7160: 6753: 6650: 6473: 6453: 6434: 6311: 6305: 6191: 5869: 5706: 5572: 5524: 5346: 5268: 5015: 4522: 4440: 4055: 3884: 3658:, asserted that this claim was false, although Murphy later added, according to 3517:

Douglas and his son William O. Douglas Jr. in Washington, D.C., on April 17, 1939

3205: 3179: 3065: 3037: 2899: 2895: 2790: 2756: 2751: 2714: 2705: 2562: 2433: 2416: 2352: 2112: 2104: 2092: 1918: 1577: 1532: 1469: 1454: 1349: 1344: 1324: 1274: 1249: 1239: 1224: 1164: 1139: 1124: 1026: 1011: 1001: 931: 911: 906: 856: 773: 685: 394: 140: 5577:(2009 ed.). Harpers Ferry, WV: Appalachian Trail Conservancy. p. 122. 4433: 3771:

Since 1972, the William O. Douglas Committee, a select group of law students at

3682: 2874:

proceedings in Congress but attempts to remove him from the Court went nowhere.

2131:. Douglas served on the Court until his retirement in 1975 and was succeeded by 8450: 8420: 8388: 8358: 8334: 8316: 8224: 8174: 8162: 7962: 7956: 7944: 7884: 7746: 7650: 7618: 7606: 7574: 7422: 7392: 7362: 7342: 7249: 6884:

The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions

6184: 6008:"From Cover-Ups To Secret Plots: The Murky History Of Supreme Justices' Health" 5200: 3812: 3647: 3635: 3374: 3308: 3288: 3183: 2996: 2891: 2867: 2842: 2800: 2697: 2625: 2507: 2449: 2441: 2420: 2380:. He served from October to December, and was honorably discharged because the 2344: 2320: 2120: 1710: 1592: 1542: 1522: 1512: 1507: 1484: 1414: 1384: 1374: 1359: 1269: 1259: 1229: 1219: 1189: 1104: 1051: 991: 831: 695: 690: 640: 600: 202: 89: 7170: 7130:

Sowards, Adam M. "Protecting American Lands with Justice William O. Douglas."

3654:, which was inscribed on his headstone. Some historians, including biographer 3419:

group photo with Justice Douglas sitting second from the left on the front row

2520:

wrote that in 1937, Douglas had helped to persuade Roosevelt to authorize the

2510:, a freshman representative from the 10th District of Texas. In his 1982 book 2351:

in his final year. After graduating in 1920 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in

8590: 8575: 8212: 8016: 8010: 7998: 7890: 7865: 7814: 7602: 7570: 7467: 7457: 7437: 7060:

Douglas, William O., and Joseph W. Meeker. "Nature’s Constitutional Rights."

7027:"He Shall Not Pass This Way Again": The Legacy of Justice William O. Douglas, 6886:(Leon Friedman and Fred L. Israel, editors) (Chelsea House Publishers: 1995) 5840: 5105: 4247: 4188: 3729: 3650:. Throughout his life Douglas claimed he had been a U.S. Army private during 3527: 3489: 3472: 3028: 3023: 2979: 2887: 2744: 2725:

opinion "one of the most hypocritical opinions in the history of the Court."

2595: 2574: 2570: 2445: 2328: 2316: 2301: 2281: 2230: 2136: 2071: 1990: 1939: 1911: 1444: 1439: 1334: 1234: 1204: 1074: 971: 956: 951: 941: 926: 916: 901: 851: 811: 743: 705: 665: 660: 7142:"He Shall Not Pass This Way Again": The Legacy of Justice William O. Douglas 5837:

The United States Supreme Court: Lawmaking in the Third Branch of Government

5610: 5382:

William O. Douglas, and Joseph W. Meeker. "Nature’s Constitutional Rights."

3764:, and federal office building in Yakima, Washington, which is listed in the 3464:

Ford hosted William and Cathleen Douglas as honored guests at a White House

2423:, who would later become the chairman of the Board of Chase Manhattan Bank. 39: 8474: 8456: 8432: 8328: 8298: 8262: 7950: 7920: 7908: 7810: 7782: 7766: 7750: 7718: 7670: 7477: 7332: 7234: 6489: 6086: 4176: 4067: 3877: 3844: 3535:

court, Douglas had to be hospitalized again when he was kicked by a horse.

3476: 3465: 3445: 3437: 3416: 3080: 2906: 2280:. Douglas said he suffered from an illness at age two that he described as 2265: 1852: 1582: 1394: 1389: 1379: 1369: 1364: 1329: 1179: 1169: 1149: 1134: 1114: 1109: 1079: 1046: 981: 936: 921: 841: 801: 580: 152: 4323: 2384:

ended the war and the army's requirements for more soldiers and officers.

8468: 8364: 8106: 7992: 7968: 7938: 7762: 7734: 7654: 7638: 7622: 7442: 7050:

Caragher, James M. "The Wilderness Ethic of Justice William O. Douglas."

6993:

Division and Discord: The Supreme Court under Stone and Vinson, 1941–1953

6799:"William O. Douglas. A Register of His Papers in the Library of Congress" 5914:

The Federal Impeachment Process: A Constitutional and Historical Analysis

3872: 3704: 3651: 3502: 3452: 3428: 3292: 3197: 3190: 3019: 2883: 2871: 2834: 2783: 2709: 2517: 2241: 2160: 1756: 1597: 1567: 1449: 1354: 1289: 1214: 1184: 1159: 1154: 1144: 1069: 996: 966: 806: 670: 635: 585: 474: 5261: 3783:

in Douglas's honor. Douglas was the first speaker for the annual series.

3501:

One commentator has attributed some of his behavior after his stroke to

2890:

and in 1953 he personally introduced the nationalist leader to senators

2768:

formerly used to choose the governor. According to political scientists

8568: 8376: 8274: 7702: 7120:

The Environmental Justice: William O. Douglas and American Conservation

7065: 5387: 4634:

The Chairman: John J. McCloy – The Making of the American Establishment

4041: 4015: 3989: 3848: 3761: 3631: 3412: 3406: 3341: 3325: 3088: 2641: 2503: 2273: 1925: 1883: 1409: 1319: 1294: 1129: 1089: 1031: 946: 821: 738: 7527: 6194:, Pacific Coast Trail (including map showing where incident occurred), 5690: 5688: 3923:

The Court Years, 1939 to 1975: The Autobiography of William O. Douglas

3436:

by eight years and was the last sitting justice to have served on the

3423:

At 76 on December 31, 1974, on vacation with his wife Cathleen in the

8082: 7558: 6905:

ed. Kermit L. Hall, (Oxford University Press, 1992) pp. 233–235.

6356:

Cloak and Gavel: FBI Wiretaps, Bugs, Informers, and the Supreme Court

4118:

List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 4)

3881: 3390: 3360: 3182:

of South Carolina, former senator (and future Supreme Court justice)

2692:

forbids state contraception bans because "specific guarantees in the

2540: 2532: 2260:, to William Douglas and Julia Bickford Fisk. Douglas's father was a 2005: 1339: 1264: 1094: 778: 733: 562: 8563: 5529:. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 235. 3939: 3389:

During his time on the Supreme Court, Douglas picked up a number of

2863:

heard about the stay, however, he immediately took his objection to

2206:(1966). Douglas also served as an associate justice in the landmark 7554: 7180: 5746:

Congressional Quarterly Almanac. 83rd Congress 1st Session ... 1953

5685: 5373:, 414 U.S. 1321, 1322 (1973) (Douglas, J., dissenting in chambers). 3578: 3569:, where she was working for the summer as a waitress. Though their 2932: 2838: 1864: 1703: 1459: 763: 7140:

Wilkinson, Charles F. "Justice Douglas and the Public Lands." In

6879:(Twayne Publishers, 1981), Literary study of Douglas as a writer. 4834:

Student Guide: U.S. Supreme Court Justice Facts & Information

3825: 3808: 3712: 3424: 2332: 1194: 5088:

The Constitution in the Supreme Court, Second Century, 1888-1986

2931:'s request for a court order stopping the military from bombing 8702:

United States federal judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt

6903:

The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States,

6663:"60 Years Ago, Hike by Justice Douglas Saved the C&O Canal" 4488: 3868: 3394: 2667:

In 1944, Douglas voted with the majority to uphold the wartime

2127:

and was subject to an unsuccessful draft movement prior to the

7083:

The three hundred year war: A chronicle of ecological disaster

5561:

The Ozarks Society newsletters, and books by Kenneth L. Smith.

4515:

On Further Review, It's Hard to Bury Douglas's Arlington Claim

4123:

List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office

3538:

Douglas divorced Riddle in July 1953. Douglas's former friend

7166:

Oyez project, U.S. Supreme Court media on William O. Douglas.

7101:

Huber, Richard G. "William O. Douglas and the Environment,"

6858:

The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies,1789–1995

2636:. On the bench, Douglas became known as a strong advocate of 2580: 1877: 1806: 1791: 4128:

List of United States federal judges by longevity of service

7257:

Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

5711:(first ed.). New York: Harper & Row. p. 274. 5571:

Appalachian Trail Long Distance Hikers Association (2009).

3036:

edition. He later swayed the Supreme Court to preserve the

2660:(1952), which affirmed the conviction of the leader of the 2068:

associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

1821: 55:

Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

5526:

Hill Folks: A History of Arkansas Ozarkers and Their Image

4579:

The Cravath Firm and Its Predecessors, 1819–1947, Volume 1

4113:

List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States

4034:

An Interview with William O. Douglas by William O. Douglas

3911:: The Early Years; The Autobiography of William O. Douglas 3565:

Lodge, a mountain wilderness lodge in Washington state at

2849:, under which the Rosenbergs were tried, a later law, the 2644:, Douglas argued for a "literalist" interpretation of the 5286:, 414 U.S. 1316 (1973) (Douglas, J., in chambers) citing 4360:"Justice William O. Douglas (U.S. National Park Service)" 4153:

United States Supreme Court cases during the Warren Court

4148:

United States Supreme Court cases during the Vinson Court

4138:

United States Supreme Court cases during the Hughes Court

4133:

United States Supreme Court cases during the Burger Court

3356: 1858: 5017:

The Court Years: The Autobiography of William O. Douglas

4143:

United States Supreme Court cases during the Stone Court

2364:

In the summer of 1918, Douglas took part in a U.S. Army

6965:

The New Dealers: Power politics in the age of Roosevelt

6532:

Here Lies the Supreme Court: Gravesites of the Justices

6160:"Supreme Court Justices William O. Douglas (1898–1980)" 6147:

Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain.

4473:

Whitman, Alden. (1980). "Vigorous Defender of Rights,"

3828:

by artist Tom Kozar. The portrait, commissioned by the

8657:

Members of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission

6925:, Wild Bill: The Legend and Life of William O. Douglas 4780: 4736: 4581:

The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. orig. pub. 1946–1948 p. xv.

3521:

Douglas's first wife was Mildred Riddle, a teacher at

2833:, who had been convicted of selling the plans for the 2347:, participated on the debate team, and was elected as 2240:(1969). He was also known as a strong opponent of the 8528: 7176:

Supreme Court Historical Society, William O. Douglas.

7008:

The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary

4870:"Judge Posner Profiled in Columbia Journalism Review" 2629:

to take the government off the backs of the people."

2485: 6569:, Volume 33 Issue 1, pp. 17–41 (February 19, 2008), 6478:. Minnetonka MN: Olympic Marketing Corp. p. 3. 6390: 6388: 6280:. Niagara Falls Gazette. July 21, 1950. p. 12. 5150:

Murdoch, Joyce; Price, Deborah (November 15, 2018).

3796:

Douglas Hall, apartments for continuing students at

3018:

in 1971. He served on the board of directors of the

2115:

faculty. After serving as the third chairman of the

2070:

from 1939 to 1975. Douglas was known for his strong

6975:

Independent Journey: The Life of William O. Douglas

6764: 6067:

A Time to Heal: The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford

5952: 5708:

Independent Journey: The Life of William O. Douglas

4605:

Wild Bill:The Legend and Life of William O. Douglas

4315:

William O. Douglas: 1939–1975 : Sage Knowledge

4213:"Members of the Supreme Court of the United States" 4096:"Civil liberties: The Crucial Issue" (January 1969) 1777:

Americans United for Separation of Church and State

8707:Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States 7010:(New York: Garland Publishing 1994). 590 pp. 6447:Notable Graves, Supreme Court – William O. Douglas 6238: 5765: 5361:, 414 U.S. 1316 (1973) (Douglas, J., in chambers). 4931: 4876:. University of Chicago Law School. Archived from 4782: 4738: 4486: 3550:In 1961, Douglas pursued Joan "Joanie" Martin, an 2950: 2123:. He was among those seriously considered for the 8503:Also served as Chief Justice of the United States 6385: 6236: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4270:"The Law: The Court's Uncompromising Libertarian" 3807:In 1977, a bust of Douglas was erected along the 3471:Douglas maintained that he could assume judicial 3278: 2704:despite having been allies with Douglas. Justice 8588: 7307:United States Securities and Exchange Commission 5633: 5631: 5226:Reflections of Justice Douglas's First Law Clerk 4732: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4724: 3957:Nature's Justice: Writings of William O. Douglas 2778:, argued that the environment should be granted 160:Member of the Securities and Exchange Commission 7103:Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review 6901:Hutchinson, Dennis J. "William O. Douglas." In 5737: 5574:Appalachian Trail Thru-Hikers' Companion (2009) 3880:as a character named Oliver Wendell Douglas, a 3736:of North Carolina, is supposedly named for him. 3170:Democratic vice presidential nomination of 1944 2886:. During the trip Douglas became friendly with 2804:, Douglas indicated that he did not believe in 2103:After an itinerant childhood, Douglas attended 8647:Franklin D. Roosevelt administration personnel 4561: 4559: 4450: 4302:, 1959, Boston: Christopher Publishing, p. 83. 2825:On June 17, 1953, Douglas granted a temporary 2793:supporter of gay rights. Douglas dissented in 2682:". For example, Douglas wrote the decision in 2585:Douglas was often at odds with fellow justice 2513:The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Path to Power 2152:, and was foundational to later cases such as 7513: 7290: 5992:"The Law: Douglas Finally Leaves the Bench". 5759: 5757: 5755: 5628: 4830:"Supreme Court Justices' Ages at Appointment" 4721: 4692: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 2044: 5149: 4858:, (1992), pp. 90-93, Oxford University Press 4690: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4672: 3779:, has sponsored a series of lectures on the 3753:in Ellensburg, Washington, is named for him. 3739:The William O. Douglas Outdoor Classroom in 3059:Appalachian Long Distance Hikers Association 2419:. Douglas was hired at Cravath by attorney 2258:Maine Township, Otter Tail County, Minnesota 2148:(1965)—which established the constitutional 2125:1944 Democratic vice presidential nomination 19:For other people named William Douglas, see 6995:(University of South Carolina Press, 1997) 6908:Martin, Fenton S. and Goehlert, Robert U., 6838:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1992). 6723:"Mountain – The Journey of Justice Douglas" 5917:. University of Chicago Press. p. 27. 5397: 5395: 5332: 5330: 4867: 4823: 4821: 4556: 2632:Douglas has been widely characterized as a 2490:In 1934, Douglas left Yale after President 2251: 2203:Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections 2100:, having served for 36 years and 209 days. 67:April 17, 1939 – November 12, 1975 7520: 7506: 7297: 7283: 7171:Points of Rebellion, by William O. Douglas 7144:, ed. Stephen L. Wasby, (1990) pp 233–248. 6948:. (The University of Chicago Press, 1969) 6640: 6638: 6136:Woodward & Armstrong, pp. 480–88, 526. 5752: 4584: 4532: 4384: 4382: 4380: 3267:of Georgia, infuriated by Douglas's brief 2581:Relationships with others at Supreme Court 2051: 2037: 172:January 24, 1936 – April 15, 1939 38: 16:US Supreme Court justice from 1939 to 1975 6912:, (Congressional Quarterly Books, 1990). 5958: 5660:"The Ecologist Plea: 'Save Sunfish Pond'" 5421: 5082: 5080: 4669: 4205: 3855:Mountain - The Journey of Justice Douglas 3749:The William O. Douglas Honors College at 3367: 3348:According to Joshua E. Kastenberg of the 3219:the second ballot and none on the first. 2736:to choose the governor in the deadlocked 2553:he would be named as the chairman of the 2185:United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. 122:August 17, 1937 – April 15, 1939 8682:People from Otter Tail County, Minnesota 7186:Biographical Directory of Federal Judges 6237:Woodward, Bob; Armstrong, Scott (1979). 6034:"Anticipating the Incapacitated Justice" 5910: 5803: 5392: 5327: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5247: 4827: 4818: 4647:"Lyr Add: Humoresque (various versions)" 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4090:"The Attack on Privacy" (December 1967) 3821:C & O Canal National Historical Park 3695: 3681: 3605: 3512: 3411: 3163: 3032:, which was included in the widely-read 2982:found useful for maritime purposes. The 2841:. The basis for the stay was that Judge 2688:(1965) in stating that a constitutional 2539: 2531: 2327:I worked among the very, very poor, the 1812:Southern Christian Leadership Conference 8652:Industrial Workers of the World members 6635: 6202: 6200: 6061: 6059: 6025: 5959:Radcliffe, Donnie (November 17, 1987). 5834: 5522: 5013: 4929: 4898: 4854:Ball, Howard & Cooper, Phillip J., 4388: 4377: 4311: 3250: 2732:(1967), which cleared the path for the 2315:At Whitman, Douglas became a member of 1734:Center for Budget and Policy Priorities 8637:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery 8589: 7851: 7122:Oregon State University Press, 2009). 6910:The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography 6811:from the original on September 7, 2021 6779:from the original on September 7, 2021 6593:from the original on December 31, 2018 6563:Here Lies the Supreme Court: Revisited 6352: 6096:The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court 5763: 5339:Why Did the Cambodia Bombing Continue? 5077: 4988: 4696: 4601: 4093:" On Our Lakes and Rivers" (June 1968) 3561:. They met when he was vacationing at 3350:University of New Mexico School of Law 3263:On June 17, 1953, U.S. Representative 2615: 1986:Modern liberalism in the United States 7850: 7540: 7501: 7278: 7033: 6849:Ball, Howard, and Phillip J. Cooper. 6373:from the original on November 8, 2021 6334:from the original on December 3, 2013 6212:Goodreads.com – The History Book Club 6031: 5973:from the original on November 8, 2021 5704: 5504:from the original on October 26, 2020 5468:from the original on October 22, 2020 5244: 5228:, 93 Harv. L. Rev. 1403, 1406 (1980). 5090:, p. 455, University of Chicago Press 5074:p. 97, Simon & Schuster, New York 4962: 4899:Dworkin, Ronald (February 19, 1981). 4657:from the original on October 18, 2015 4413: 4340:from the original on October 19, 2013 3861: 3786:A statue of Douglas was installed at 2086:justice ever. Nominated by President 7197:Works by or about William O. Douglas 6946:Civil Liberties and the Vinson Court 6502: 6468: 6197: 6056: 6044:from the original on August 27, 2009 5725:from the original on January 6, 2016 5591:from the original on January 6, 2016 5543:from the original on January 6, 2016 5438:from the original on January 6, 2016 5129:""Justice Brennan:Liberal Champion"" 4102:"Points of Rebellion" (October 1970) 4048:An Interview with William O. Douglas 3766:National Register of Historic Places 3715:'s highest honor, the Audubon Medal. 3677: 3188:high commissioner to the Philippines 2789:Douglas was notable as a public pre- 2728:Douglas and Black also disagreed in 2400:In August 1923, Douglas traveled to 2142:Douglas's notable opinions included 2107:on a scholarship. He graduated from 8687:Politicians from Yakima, Washington 8627:American people of Scottish descent 8622:American people of Canadian descent 6623:from the original on April 26, 2011 6396:"The Supreme Court: September Song" 6162:. michaelariens.com. Archived from 6032:Appel, Jacob M. (August 22, 2009). 5892:from the original on March 18, 2017 4836:. Southfield, MI: Buckfire Law Firm 4709:from the original on March 27, 2016 4699:"The Tragedy of William O. Douglas" 4697:Garrow, David J. (March 27, 2003). 4401:from the original on April 15, 2020 4276:. November 24, 1975. Archived from 4223:from the original on April 29, 2010 3802:University of California, San Diego 3768:, was renamed in his honor in 1978. 3758:William O. Douglas Federal Building 3258: 2990: 2359: 13: 8732:Progressivism in the United States 8727:Cravath, Swaine & Moore people 8511: 7831: 7541: 7530:Supreme Court of the United States 7225:Securities and Exchange Commission 6827: 6729:from the original on June 22, 2015 6703:from the original on June 21, 2015 6673:from the original on June 26, 2015 6503:Rich, Spencer (January 19, 1980). 6218:from the original on March 4, 2018 6069:, Harper & Row, 1979, p. 334; 5434:(1). Rotary International: 39–40. 5126: 5099: 4608:. New York: Random House. p. 4241: 4217:Supreme Court of the United States 4099:"The Public be Damned" (July 1969) 4082:Douglas was also a contributor to 3839:Douglas Trail, which leads to the 3432:Douglas had outlasted the last of 3223:ticket (Douglas had a strong anti- 2798:concurring opinion in the case of 2760:, which had struck down Georgia's 2607:, who was a law clerk for justice 2536:Douglas's Supreme Court nomination 2496:Securities and Exchange Commission 2486:Securities and Exchange Commission 2456:and were inspired to set the sign 2426: 2117:Securities and Exchange Commission 2098:longest-serving justice in history 110:Securities and Exchange Commission 14: 8748: 8662:Military personnel from Minnesota 7149: 7052:University of Illinois Law Review 6613:"Gifford Pinchot National Forest" 6583:"Previous Audubon Medal Awardees" 6287:from the original on July 9, 2021 6185:William O. Douglas Heritage Trail 5961:"Laying the Gorbachev Groundwork" 5931:from the original on June 2, 2021 4911:from the original on June 3, 2016 4868:John Giuffo (November 10, 2005). 4389:Ryerson, James (April 13, 2003). 3969:Strange Lands and Friendly People 3834:Great Falls Tavern Visitor Center 3711:In 1962, Douglas was awarded the 3108:Strange Lands and Friendly People 3094: 2820: 2555:Federal Communications Commission 8574: 8562: 8550: 8538: 7486: 6853:(Oxford University Press, 1992). 6567:Journal of Supreme Court History 6551:Supreme Court Historical Society 6359:. University of Illinois Press. 4969:The First Amendment Encyclopedia 3984:, by William O. Douglas, 1958, 3773:Gonzaga University School of Law 3591:was Douglas's great-granduncle. 3508: 2719:University of Chicago Law School 2669:internment of Japanese Americans 2527: 2366:Reserve Officers' Training Corps 2078:views and is often cited as the 2017: 2004: 1817:Southern Center for Human Rights 509: 460:Reserve Officers' Training Corps 351: 326: 301: 21:William Douglas (disambiguation) 7093:My wilderness: the Pacific West 6791: 6758: 6741: 6715: 6685: 6655: 6605: 6575: 6555: 6530:"Christensen, George A. (1983) 6522: 6505:"William O. Douglas Dies at 81" 6496: 6475:William O. Douglas: A Biography 6462: 6440: 6418: 6402:. July 29, 1966. Archived from 6346: 6316: 6299: 6267: 6230: 6178: 6152: 6149:Penguin Books, 1994. pp. 68–69. 6139: 6130: 6080: 6000: 5985: 5943: 5904: 5874: 5857: 5828: 5807:The Federal Impeachment Process 5797: 5698: 5672: 5652: 5603: 5564: 5555: 5516: 5480: 5450: 5415: 5376: 5364: 5352: 5277: 5241:Wednesday, July 1, 1953, p. 18. 5231: 5218: 5193: 5168: 5143: 5120: 5093: 5064: 5041: 5007: 4982: 4956: 4923: 4892: 4861: 4848: 4785:The United States Supreme Court 4781:Christopher L. Tomlins (2005). 4774: 4741:The United States Supreme Court 4737:Christopher L. Tomlins (2005). 4639: 4626: 4571: 4506: 4480: 4467: 4312:Cushman, Clare (May 22, 2013). 4170: 3894: 3610:Grave of William O. Douglas at 3601:Walter Reed Army Medical Center 3150:My Wilderness, East to Katahdin 3144:My Wilderness, The Pacific West 2837:to the Soviet Union during the 2436:, where he became an expert on 2129:1948 U.S. presidential election 1797:National Organization for Women 369: 347: 322: 297: 7134:32#2 (2015) pp. 165–173. 7064:258#1 (1973), pp. 11–14. 6767:"Playboy (Detailed Inventory)" 5272:Presidential Studies Quarterly 4828:Buckfire, Lawrence J. (2022). 4352: 4305: 4292: 4262: 4235: 3997:, by William O. Douglas, 1952 3434:Harry S. Truman's appointments 3279:1970 impeachment attempt fails 2877: 2651:Terminiello v. City of Chicago 2458:Passengers will please refrain 2382:Armistice of November 11, 1918 2286:President of the United States 2191:Terminiello v. City of Chicago 1762:American Civil Liberties Union 676:Separation of church and state 1: 5911:Gerhardt, Michael J. (2000). 5804:Gerhardt, Michael J. (2000). 5412:, 741–43 (USSC 1972). 5349:, 13 Green Bag 2D 321 (2010). 5020:. Random House. p. 280. 4489:"U.S. Supreme Court Justices" 4198: 3819:in Washington, D.C., and the 3751:Central Washington University 3720:William O. Douglas Wilderness 3701:The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal 3687:William O. Douglas Wilderness 3400: 2444:. He was identified with the 2387: 1772:American Humanist Association 1767:American Constitution Society 8737:George Polk Award recipients 8607:20th-century American judges 7115:(U of Nebraska Press, 2022). 6967:(Vintage, 2011) pp 157–176. 5835:Lohthan, William C. (1991). 5154:. Basic Books. p. 122. 5014:Douglas, William O. (1980). 4930:Douglas, William O. (1980). 4905:The New York Review of Books 4602:Murphy, Bruce Allen (2003). 3384: 3359:agents, attempting to plant 2640:rights. With fellow justice 2411:) after failing to obtain a 2272:. The family first moved to 2256:Douglas was born in 1898 in 1905:The Problem with Jon Stewart 1729:Center for American Progress 7: 6725:. Dramatists Play Service. 6458:Arlington National Cemetery 5868:September 26, 2012, at the 5812:University of Chicago Press 5680:The Court Years: 1939–1975 5422:Frederick, John J. (1950). 4106: 4078:, May 11, 1958 (transcript) 3804:, is named for him as well. 3724:Mount Rainier National Park 3612:Arlington National Cemetery 3079:In 1967, on a hike to save 3057:, a guide published by the 2409:Cravath, Swaine & Moore 2374:Student Army Training Corps 2372:. That fall, he joined the 2368:training encampment at the 2213:Brown v. Board of Education 1802:People for the American Way 1711:Rhode Island Suffrage Party 1626:Democratic-Republican Party 464:Student Army Training Corps 263:Arlington National Cemetery 10: 8753: 8642:Columbia Law School alumni 8612:American environmentalists 7062:The North American Review, 6877:Justice William O. Douglas 6752:December 13, 2008, at the 6452:November 28, 2020, at the 6433:September 7, 2015, at the 6353:Charns, Alexander (1992). 5384:The North American Review, 5267:September 6, 2018, at the 5086:Currie, David P., (1990), 4993:. Carol Publishing Group. 4075:The Mike Wallace Interview 4063:The Mike Wallace Interview 4058:, Folkway Records FW 07350 3760:, a historic post office, 3208:of Missouri, and Douglas. 3167: 3055:The Thru-Hiker's Companion 2999:. In his autobiographical 2831:Ethel and Julius Rosenberg 2674:Korematsu v. United States 2557:. He was confirmed by the 2544:Justice William O. Douglas 2343:Douglas was inducted into 2270:Pictou County, Nova Scotia 2244:and an ardent advocate of 1782:Brennan Center For Justice 724:American Revolutionary War 18: 8509: 7859: 7846: 7829: 7549: 7536: 7484: 7313: 7263: 7254: 7246: 7241: 7231: 7221: 7213: 7208: 6765:Drew University Library. 6190:January 20, 2016, at the 5386:258#1 (1973), pp. 11–14. 5322:Mitchell v. United States 4477:, 20 January 1980, p. 28. 4439:October 18, 2015, at the 3995:Beyond the High Himalayas 3889:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. 3830:C&O Canal Association 3741:Beverly Hills, California 3620:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. 3114:Beyond the High Himalayas 2945:Yakima federal courthouse 2941:Goose Prairie, Washington 2851:Atomic Energy Act of 1946 2734:Georgia State Legislature 2500:Tommy "The Cork" Corcoran 2370:Presidio of San Francisco 1971:Liberal bias in the media 1636:National Democratic Party 480: 470: 455: 445: 437: 427: 419: 414: 390: 382: 278: 268: 258: 241: 235:Maine Township, Minnesota 217: 212: 208: 196: 184: 176: 165: 158: 146: 134: 126: 115: 107: 95: 83: 71: 60: 53: 49: 37: 30: 8722:Yale Sterling Professors 8667:New York (state) lawyers 6977:(Harper & Row, 1980) 6561:Christensen, George A., 5705:Simon, James F. (1980). 5523:Blevins, Brooks (2001). 5488:"Ozark Monthly Bulletin" 5072:The Tempting of America, 4938:. Random House. p. 4487:Phi Beta Kappa Society. 4300:Imprint of the Maritimes 4163: 4158:William O. Douglas Prize 4023:, by William O. Douglas 4010:, by William O. Douglas 3971:, by William O. Douglas 3713:National Audubon Society 3594: 3583:House of Representatives 3540:Thomas Gardiner Corcoran 3523:North Yakima High School 3239:Truman selected Senator 2252:Early life and education 2225:United States v. O’Brien 2024:United States portal 1966:Liberal bias in academia 1631:Liberal Republican Party 489:This article is part of 312:Mercedes Hester Davidson 8717:Yale Law School faculty 8617:American legal scholars 7191:Federal Judicial Center 7189:, a publication of the 7181:William Orville Douglas 7132:The George Wright Forum 7047:. chapter 4 on Douglas. 6937:The Oregon Encyclopedia 6310:March 23, 2012, at the 5371:Schlesinger v. Holtzman 5359:Holtzman v. Schlesinger 5345:March 12, 2016, at the 5311:Holmes v. United States 5284:Holtzman v. Schlesinger 5048:Griswold v. Connecticut 4989:Seides, George (1993). 3051:Corps of Army Engineers 2995:Douglas was a lifelong 2939:lawyers at his home in 2916:Schlesinger v. Holtzman 2782:, tried to declare the 2685:Griswold v. Connecticut 2657:Dennis v. United States 2472:Robert Maynard Hutchins 2413:Supreme Court clerkship 2310:Walla Walla, Washington 2219:Dennis v. United States 2145:Griswold v. Connecticut 2111:in 1925 and joined the 2064:William Orville Douglas 1977:The Liberal Imagination 1689:Rockefeller Republicans 222:William Orville Douglas 8712:Whitman College alumni 8632:American Presbyterians 8516: 7836: 7111:McKeown, M. Margaret. 7025:Wasby, Stephen L. ed. 6944:Pritchett, C. Herman, 6324:"The marrying Justice" 5764:Kalman, Laura (1990). 5320:, 389 U. S. 934, 935; 5297:Massachusetts v. Laird 5070:Bork, Robert, (1990), 4566:Current Biography 1941 4521:June 11, 2016, at the 4462:Current Biography 1941 4054:June 22, 2011, at the 3788:A.C. Davis High School 3707: 3693: 3615: 3589:Daniel Pierce Thompson 3518: 3462: 3420: 3368:Judicial record-setter 3186:, former governor and 3132:Exploring the Himalaya 3034:Book-of-the-Month Club 3016:National Historic Park 2988: 2972: 2968:Mineral King v. Morton 2815: 2609:William J. Brennan Jr. 2545: 2537: 2446:legal realist movement 2349:student body president 2341: 1668:historically, factions 784:Young America movement 754:Jeffersonian democracy 596:Economic progressivism 8697:Sierra Club directors 8515: 7835: 7683:Edward Douglass White 6923:Murphy, Bruce Allen. 6649:May 11, 2008, at the 6571:University of Alabama 5774:Yale University Press 5643:National Park Service 5404:Sierra Club v. Morton 5306:Hart v. United States 5102:"Martin-Quinn Scores" 4364:National Park Service 4324:10.4135/9781452235356 4244:"Martin-Quinn Scores" 3867:The 1960s television 3851:, is named after him. 3734:Appalachian Mountains 3699: 3685: 3609: 3516: 3457: 3415: 3321:I Am Curious (Yellow) 3204:of Kentucky, Senator 3164:Presidential politics 2976: 2963: 2958:Sierra Club v. Morton 2951:"Trees have standing" 2847:Espionage Act of 1917 2810: 2567:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. 2543: 2535: 2494:nominated him to the 2476:University of Chicago 2438:commercial litigation 2395:correspondence course 2325: 2278:Cleveland, Washington 2088:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2011:Liberalism portal 1846:The American Prospect 1827:National Urban League 1694:Roosevelt Republicans 1616:Anti-Federalist Party 729:Civil rights movement 438:Years of service 191:Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. 180:Franklin D. Roosevelt 130:Franklin D. Roosevelt 78:Franklin D. Roosevelt 8692:Sierra Club awardees 7715:Charles Evans Hughes 7091:Douglas, William O. 7081:Douglas, William O. 7072:Of men and mountains 7070:Douglas, William O. 7006:Urofsky, Melvin I., 6991:Urofsky, Melvin I., 6980:Urofsky, Melvin I., 6927:(Random House, 2003) 6540:on September 3, 2005 6275:"William O. Douglas" 6247:Simon & Schuster 6166:on February 27, 2015 5996:. November 24, 1975. 5744:"Impeachment Move". 5678:William O. Douglas, 5495:Barefoottraveler.com 5410:405 U.S. 727 5302:McArthur v. Clifford 4991:The Great Quotations 4963:Robertson, Stephen. 4901:"Dissent on Douglas" 4874:www.law.uchicago.edu 4529:(February 14, 2003). 4447:(February 24, 2003). 4070:May 11, 1958 (video) 3726:in Washington State. 3251:Impeachment attempts 3243:and the two won the 3233:Dwight D. Eisenhower 3001:Of Men and Mountains 2662:U.S. Communist Party 2559:United States Senate 2173:Obergefell v. Hodges 1699:Moderate Republicans 1435:Roosevelt (Theodore) 1430:Roosevelt (Franklin) 749:Jacksonian democracy 656:Legal egalitarianism 621:Freedom of the press 502:in the United States 350: 1963; 325: 1954; 300: 1923; 108:3rd Chairman of the 44:Douglas in the 1930s 7699:William Howard Taft 7039:Brinkley, Douglas. 6963:Schwarz, Jordan A. 6932:"William O Douglas" 6834:Abraham, Henry J., 6589:. January 9, 2015. 5966:The Washington Post 5239:The New York Times, 5108:on November 8, 2021 4880:on October 26, 2023 4432:Richard A. Posner, 4391:"Dirty Rotten Hero" 4250:on November 8, 2021 4021:Points of Rebellion 3901:Library of Congress 3832:, now hangs in the 3798:Earl Warren College 3777:Spokane, Washington 3743:, is named for him. 3671:Library of Congress 3379:dissenting opinions 3305:G. Harrold Carswell 3101:National Geographic 3068:, the owner of the 3006:The Washington Post 2925:in-chambers opinion 2616:Judicial philosophy 2291:His father died in 2237:Brandenburg v. Ohio 2179:Skinner v. Oklahoma 2155:Eisenstadt v. Baird 2109:Columbia Law School 1947:The Washington Post 1933:Talking Points Memo 1787:Equal Justice Works 1751:Other organizations 1739:Roosevelt Institute 1684:Radical Republicans 1425:Roosevelt (Eleanor) 759:Liberal Republicans 626:Freedom of religion 616:Fiscal conservatism 404:Columbia University 8517: 7853:Associate justices 7837: 7209:Political offices 7105:(1976), 5:209-212 6669:. March 20, 2014. 6470:Hoyt, Edwin Palmer 6427:This American Life 6406:on October 7, 2008 6145:Damasio, Antonio. 5886:Dissidentvoice.org 5665:The New York Times 5337:Eugene R. Fidell, 5304:, 393 U. S. 1002; 5274:26 (4). : 1019–33. 5176:"Boutilier v. INS" 5131:. The New Republic 5100:Martin, Andrew D. 4856:Of Power and Right 4475:The New York Times 4395:The New York Times 4242:Martin, Andrew D. 4191:(38) were younger. 4185:Bushrod Washington 4036:(sound recording) 3909:Go East, Young Man 3862:In popular culture 3708: 3694: 3691:Yakima, Washington 3640:William J. Brennan 3616: 3559:Marylhurst College 3519: 3421: 3417:1973 Supreme Court 3301:Clement Haynsworth 3265:William M. Wheeler 3216:Robert E. Hannegan 3213:Committee chairman 3200:of Texas, Senator 2929:Elizabeth Holtzman 2806:judicial restraint 2762:County Unit System 2591:judicial restraint 2589:, who believed in 2546: 2538: 2492:Franklin Roosevelt 2480:Sterling Professor 2454:New Haven Railroad 2306:Yakima High School 2298:Yakima, Washington 2080:U.S. Supreme Court 1898:The New York Times 769:New Deal coalition 701:Unalienable rights 432:United States Army 362:Cathleen Heffernan 32:William O. Douglas 8526: 8525: 8522: 8521: 7842: 7841: 7795:William Rehnquist 7495: 7494: 7273: 7272: 7267:John Paul Stevens 7264:Succeeded by 7232:Succeeded by 7118:Sowards, Adam M. 7020:978-0-8153-1176-8 6954:978-0-226-68443-7 6896:978-0-7910-1377-9 6870:978-1-56802-126-3 6485:978-0-8397-8598-9 6125:978-0-7432-7402-9 6113:978-0-671-24110-0 6105:978-0-380-52183-8 6065:Ford, Gerald R., 5850:978-0-13-933623-2 5783:978-0-300-04669-4 5584:978-1-889386-60-7 5314:, 391 U. S. 936; 5308:, 391 U. S. 956; 5300:, 400 U. S. 886; 5294:, 405 U. S. 979; 5288:Sarnoff v. Shultz 4965:"William Douglas" 4804:978-0-618-32969-4 4760:978-0-618-32969-4 4632:Kai Bird (1992). 4577:Swain, Robert T. 4551:On Further Review 4008:North From Malaya 3982:West of the Indus 3885:white-shoe lawyer 3841:Appalachian Trail 3678:Legacy and honors 3662:editorial writer 3644:Thurgood Marshall 3628:William Rehnquist 3552:Allegheny College 3485:John Paul Stevens 3269:stay of execution 3138:West of the Indus 3120:North From Malaya 3085:Appalachian Trail 2921:Thurgood Marshall 2827:stay of execution 2775:Furman v. Georgia 2766:electoral college 2730:Fortson v. Morris 2721:called Douglas's 2680:the Establishment 2634:civil libertarian 2605:Richard A. Posner 2587:Felix Frankfurter 2550:Louis D. Brandeis 2548:In 1939, Justice 2522:Marshall Ford Dam 2402:La Grande, Oregon 2197:Brady v. Maryland 2167:Lawrence v. Texas 2133:John Paul Stevens 2076:civil libertarian 2061: 2060: 1658:Progressive Party 1652:Progressive Party 1646:Progressive Party 1140:Clinton (Hillary) 631:Freedom of speech 606:Equal opportunity 484: 483: 466:, Whitman College 102:John Paul Stevens 8744: 8672:Oregon Democrats 8579: 8578: 8567: 8566: 8555: 8554: 8553: 8543: 8542: 8541: 8534: 8505: 8405: 8259: 8197: 8153: 7869: 7848: 7847: 7779:Warren E. Burger 7587:Oliver Ellsworth 7538: 7537: 7528:Justices of the 7522: 7515: 7508: 7499: 7498: 7490: 7489: 7305:Chairmen of the 7299: 7292: 7285: 7276: 7275: 7247:Preceded by 7214:Preceded by 7206: 7205: 7201:Internet Archive 7034:Environmentalism 6986:Duke Law Journal 6973:Simon, James F. 6941: 6882:Frank, John P., 6875:Duram, James C. 6856:Cushman, Clare, 6821: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6810: 6803: 6795: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6778: 6771: 6762: 6756: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6719: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6689: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6667:Georgetowner.com 6659: 6653: 6642: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6579: 6573: 6559: 6553: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6536:. 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S. 972. 5317:Mora v. McNamara 5292:DaCosta v. Laird 5290:, 409 U.S. 929; 5281: 5275: 5259: 5242: 5235: 5229: 5222: 5216: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5152:Courting Justice 5147: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5127:Driver, Justin. 5124: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5104:. Archived from 5097: 5091: 5084: 5075: 5068: 5062: 5045: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5011: 5005: 5004: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4937: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4865: 4859: 4852: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4825: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4791:Houghton Mifflin 4788: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4747:Houghton Mifflin 4744: 4734: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4694: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4643: 4637: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4599: 4582: 4575: 4569: 4563: 4554: 4547: 4530: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4484: 4478: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4448: 4445:The New Republic 4430: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4386: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4309: 4303: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4246:. Archived from 4239: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4209: 4192: 4174: 3722:, which adjoins 3624:Warren E. Burger 3563:Mount St. Helens 3495:Gregg v. Georgia 3337:Evergreen Review 3328:in the magazine 3313:John N. Mitchell 3241:Alben W. Barkley 3202:Alben W. Barkley 3176:Henry A. Wallace 3070:Mount St. Helens 2991:Environmentalism 2984:corporation sole 2861:Herbert Brownell 2858:Attorney General 2795:Boutilier v. INS 2780:legal personhood 2770:Andrew D. Martin 2690:right to privacy 2452:were riding the 2376:at Whitman as a 2360:Military service 2329:migrant laborers 2293:Portland, Oregon 2246:environmentalism 2150:right to privacy 2053: 2046: 2039: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2020: 2009: 2008: 1982: 1891:The New Republic 1664:Republican Party 1621:Democratic Party 1285:Kennedy (Robert) 1280:Kennedy (Joseph) 1230:Jackson (Andrew) 681:Social democracy 651:Internationalism 611:Environmentalism 591:Economic freedom 513: 503: 486: 485: 415:Military service 373: 371: 355: 353: 349: 330: 328: 324: 305: 303: 299: 252:Washington, D.C. 248: 245:January 19, 1980 232:October 16, 1898 231: 229: 213:Personal details 199: 187: 170: 149: 137: 120: 98: 86: 74: 65: 42: 28: 27: 8752: 8751: 8747: 8746: 8745: 8743: 8742: 8741: 8587: 8586: 8585: 8573: 8561: 8551: 8549: 8539: 8537: 8529: 8527: 8518: 8507: 8506: 8500: 8498: 8400: 8341:J. M. Harlan II 8254: 8192: 8148: 7864: 7855: 7838: 7827: 7826: 7731:Harlan F. Stone 7667:Melville Fuller 7635:Salmon P. Chase 7545: 7532: 7526: 7496: 7491: 7487: 7482: 7309: 7303: 7269: 7260: 7252: 7237: 7228: 7219: 7152: 7147: 7036: 6988:(1988): 71–113. 6930: 6830: 6828:Further reading 6825: 6824: 6814: 6812: 6808: 6801: 6797: 6796: 6792: 6782: 6780: 6776: 6769: 6763: 6759: 6754:Wayback Machine 6746: 6742: 6732: 6730: 6721: 6720: 6716: 6706: 6704: 6691: 6690: 6686: 6676: 6674: 6661: 6660: 6656: 6651:Wayback Machine 6643: 6636: 6626: 6624: 6611: 6610: 6606: 6596: 6594: 6581: 6580: 6576: 6560: 6556: 6543: 6541: 6528: 6527: 6523: 6513: 6511: 6509:Washington Post 6501: 6497: 6486: 6467: 6463: 6454:Wayback Machine 6445: 6441: 6435:Wayback Machine 6423: 6419: 6409: 6407: 6394: 6393: 6386: 6376: 6374: 6367: 6351: 6347: 6337: 6335: 6322: 6321: 6317: 6312:Wayback Machine 6304: 6300: 6290: 6288: 6284: 6277: 6273: 6272: 6268: 6261: 6235: 6231: 6221: 6219: 6206: 6205: 6198: 6192:Wayback Machine 6183: 6179: 6169: 6167: 6158: 6157: 6153: 6144: 6140: 6135: 6131: 6085: 6081: 6064: 6057: 6047: 6045: 6038:Huffington Post 6030: 6026: 6016: 6014: 6006: 6005: 6001: 5991: 5990: 5986: 5976: 5974: 5957: 5953: 5948: 5944: 5934: 5932: 5925: 5909: 5905: 5895: 5893: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5870:Wayback Machine 5862: 5858: 5851: 5833: 5829: 5822: 5802: 5798: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5762: 5753: 5743: 5742: 5738: 5728: 5726: 5719: 5703: 5699: 5693: 5686: 5677: 5673: 5668:. May 14, 1972. 5658: 5657: 5653: 5639:"Douglas Trail" 5637: 5636: 5629: 5619: 5617: 5609: 5608: 5604: 5594: 5592: 5585: 5569: 5565: 5560: 5556: 5546: 5544: 5537: 5521: 5517: 5507: 5505: 5501: 5490: 5486: 5485: 5481: 5471: 5469: 5456: 5455: 5451: 5441: 5439: 5420: 5416: 5401: 5400: 5393: 5381: 5377: 5369: 5365: 5357: 5353: 5347:Wayback Machine 5335: 5328: 5282: 5278: 5269:Wayback Machine 5260: 5245: 5236: 5232: 5223: 5219: 5198: 5194: 5184: 5182: 5174: 5173: 5169: 5162: 5148: 5144: 5134: 5132: 5125: 5121: 5111: 5109: 5098: 5094: 5085: 5078: 5069: 5065: 5046: 5042: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5012: 5008: 5001: 4987: 4983: 4973: 4971: 4961: 4957: 4950: 4934:The Court Years 4928: 4924: 4914: 4912: 4897: 4893: 4883: 4881: 4866: 4862: 4853: 4849: 4839: 4837: 4826: 4819: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4779: 4775: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4735: 4722: 4712: 4710: 4695: 4670: 4660: 4658: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4631: 4627: 4620: 4600: 4585: 4576: 4572: 4564: 4557: 4548: 4533: 4527:Washington Post 4523:Wayback Machine 4511: 4507: 4497: 4495: 4485: 4481: 4472: 4468: 4460: 4451: 4441:Wayback Machine 4434:"The Anti-Hero" 4431: 4414: 4404: 4402: 4387: 4378: 4368: 4366: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4343: 4341: 4334: 4310: 4306: 4297: 4293: 4283: 4281: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4253: 4251: 4240: 4236: 4226: 4224: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4195: 4181:William Johnson 4175: 4171: 4166: 4109: 4056:Wayback Machine 3897: 3864: 3813:C & O Canal 3781:First Amendment 3680: 3660:Washington Post 3597: 3511: 3481:Scott Armstrong 3403: 3387: 3370: 3281: 3261: 3253: 3206:Harry S. Truman 3180:James F. Byrnes 3172: 3166: 3158:The Court Years 3156:In his memoir, 3126:Russian Journey 3097: 3076:in Washington. 3066:Harry R. Truman 3038:Red River Gorge 2993: 2953: 2927:declining Rep. 2919:(1973) Justice 2900:Martin Agronsky 2896:John F. Kennedy 2880: 2823: 2757:Gray v. Sanders 2752:Howard Callaway 2715:David P. Currie 2706:Clarence Thomas 2646:First Amendment 2638:First Amendment 2618: 2583: 2563:Lynn J. Frazier 2530: 2488: 2434:Yale Law School 2429: 2427:Yale Law School 2417:Harlan F. Stone 2390: 2362: 2254: 2113:Yale Law School 2105:Whitman College 2057: 2018: 2016: 2015: 2003: 1996: 1995: 1980: 1961: 1953: 1952: 1840: 1832: 1831: 1752: 1744: 1743: 1724: 1716: 1715: 1611: 1603: 1602: 1503: 1495: 1494: 1235:Jackson (Jesse) 1065: 1057: 1056: 797: 789: 788: 774:Progressive Era 719: 711: 710: 686:Social equality 576: 568: 567: 521: 501: 499: 462: 402: 395:Whitman College 378: 375: 372: 1966) 367: 363: 357: 354: 1966) 345: 341: 338: 332: 329: 1963) 320: 316: 313: 307: 304: 1953) 295: 291: 288: 269:Political party 250: 246: 233: 227: 225: 224: 223: 197: 185: 171: 166: 147: 141:James M. Landis 135: 121: 116: 96: 84: 72: 66: 61: 45: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8750: 8740: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8677:Oregon lawyers 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8584: 8583: 8571: 8559: 8547: 8524: 8523: 8520: 8519: 8510: 8508: 8499: 8497: 8496: 8495:(2022–present) 8490: 8489:(2020–present) 8484: 8483:(2018–present) 8478: 8477:(2017–present) 8472: 8471:(2010–present) 8466: 8465:(2009–present) 8460: 8459:(2006–present) 8454: 8448: 8442: 8441:(1991–present) 8436: 8430: 8424: 8418: 8412: 8406: 8398: 8392: 8386: 8380: 8374: 8368: 8362: 8356: 8350: 8344: 8338: 8332: 8326: 8320: 8314: 8308: 8302: 8296: 8290: 8284: 8278: 8272: 8266: 8260: 8252: 8246: 8240: 8234: 8228: 8222: 8216: 8210: 8204: 8198: 8190: 8184: 8178: 8172: 8166: 8160: 8154: 8146: 8140: 8134: 8128: 8122: 8116: 8110: 8104: 8098: 8092: 8086: 8080: 8074: 8068: 8062: 8056: 8050: 8044: 8038: 8032: 8026: 8020: 8014: 8008: 8002: 7996: 7990: 7984: 7978: 7972: 7966: 7960: 7954: 7948: 7942: 7936: 7930: 7924: 7918: 7912: 7906: 7900: 7894: 7888: 7882: 7876: 7870: 7861: 7860: 7857: 7856: 7844: 7843: 7840: 7839: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7824: 7808: 7792: 7776: 7760: 7747:Fred M. Vinson 7744: 7728: 7712: 7696: 7680: 7664: 7651:Morrison Waite 7648: 7632: 7619:Roger B. Taney 7616: 7600: 7584: 7568: 7551: 7550: 7547: 7546: 7543:Chief justices 7534: 7533: 7525: 7524: 7517: 7510: 7502: 7493: 7492: 7485: 7483: 7481: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7302: 7301: 7294: 7287: 7279: 7271: 7270: 7265: 7262: 7253: 7250:Louis Brandeis 7248: 7244: 7243: 7242:Legal offices 7239: 7238: 7233: 7230: 7220: 7215: 7211: 7210: 7204: 7203: 7194: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7151: 7150:External links 7148: 7146: 7145: 7138: 7128: 7127: 7126: 7116: 7109: 7099: 7089: 7079: 7068: 7058: 7054:(1986): 645+. 7048: 7035: 7032: 7031: 7030: 7023: 7004: 6989: 6978: 6971: 6961: 6942: 6928: 6921: 6906: 6899: 6880: 6873: 6854: 6847: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6823: 6822: 6790: 6757: 6740: 6714: 6684: 6654: 6634: 6604: 6574: 6554: 6521: 6495: 6484: 6461: 6439: 6417: 6384: 6366:978-0252018718 6365: 6345: 6315: 6298: 6266: 6259: 6229: 6196: 6177: 6151: 6138: 6129: 6079: 6055: 6024: 5999: 5984: 5951: 5942: 5924:978-0226289571 5923: 5903: 5873: 5856: 5849: 5827: 5820: 5796: 5782: 5751: 5736: 5717: 5697: 5684: 5671: 5651: 5627: 5602: 5583: 5563: 5554: 5535: 5515: 5479: 5449: 5414: 5391: 5375: 5363: 5351: 5326: 5276: 5243: 5230: 5217: 5201:Flast v. Cohen 5192: 5167: 5160: 5142: 5119: 5092: 5076: 5063: 5040: 5026: 5006: 4999: 4981: 4955: 4948: 4922: 4891: 4860: 4847: 4817: 4803: 4773: 4759: 4720: 4668: 4638: 4625: 4618: 4583: 4570: 4555: 4549:Charles Lane, 4531: 4512:Charles Lane, 4505: 4479: 4466: 4449: 4412: 4376: 4351: 4332: 4304: 4291: 4280:on May 5, 2011 4261: 4234: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4080: 4079: 4071: 4059: 4044: 4031: 4018: 4005: 3992: 3979: 3966: 3954: 3942: 3932: 3920: 3896: 3893: 3892: 3891: 3863: 3860: 3859: 3858: 3852: 3837: 3805: 3794: 3791: 3784: 3769: 3754: 3747: 3744: 3737: 3727: 3716: 3679: 3676: 3648:Harry Blackmun 3636:Potter Stewart 3596: 3593: 3571:age difference 3510: 3507: 3402: 3399: 3386: 3383: 3369: 3366: 3309:Emanuel Celler 3289:Flamingo Hotel 3280: 3277: 3273:Rosenberg case 3260: 3259:Rosenberg case 3257: 3252: 3249: 3184:Sherman Minton 3165: 3162: 3154: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3096: 3095:Travel writing 3093: 2992: 2989: 2974:He continued: 2952: 2949: 2892:Mike Mansfield 2879: 2876: 2868:Fred M. Vinson 2843:Irving Kaufman 2822: 2821:Rosenberg case 2819: 2801:Flast v. Cohen 2694:Bill of Rights 2626:Ronald Dworkin 2617: 2614: 2582: 2579: 2529: 2526: 2508:Lyndon Johnson 2487: 2484: 2462:Antonín Dvořák 2450:Thurman Arnold 2442:bankruptcy law 2428: 2425: 2421:John J. McCloy 2389: 2386: 2361: 2358: 2345:Phi Beta Kappa 2321:cherry orchard 2268:minister from 2253: 2250: 2121:Louis Brandeis 2059: 2058: 2056: 2055: 2048: 2041: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2027: 2013: 1998: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1973: 1968: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1943: 1936: 1929: 1922: 1915: 1908: 1901: 1894: 1887: 1880: 1875: 1868: 1861: 1856: 1849: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1674:Black-and-tans 1661: 1655: 1649: 1643: 1641:People's Party 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1300:King (Coretta) 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1275:Kennedy (John) 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1150:Cuomo (Andrew) 1147: 1142: 1137: 1135:Clinton (Bill) 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 892:King (Coretta) 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 798: 795: 794: 791: 790: 787: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 720: 717: 716: 713: 712: 709: 708: 703: 698: 696:Social welfare 693: 691:Social justice 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 641:Harm Principle 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 601:Egalitarianism 598: 593: 588: 583: 577: 574: 573: 570: 569: 566: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 538: 533: 528: 522: 519: 518: 515: 514: 506: 505: 495: 494: 482: 481: 478: 477: 472: 468: 467: 457: 453: 452: 447: 443: 442: 439: 435: 434: 429: 428:Branch/service 425: 424: 421: 417: 416: 412: 411: 392: 388: 387: 384: 380: 379: 377: 376: 365: 361: 360: 358: 343: 339: 336: 335: 333: 318: 314: 311: 310: 308: 293: 289: 287:Mildred Riddle 286: 285: 282: 280: 276: 275: 270: 266: 265: 260: 256: 255: 249:(aged 81) 243: 239: 238: 221: 219: 215: 214: 210: 209: 206: 205: 203:Leon Henderson 200: 194: 193: 188: 182: 181: 178: 174: 173: 163: 162: 156: 155: 150: 144: 143: 138: 132: 131: 128: 124: 123: 113: 112: 105: 104: 99: 93: 92: 90:Louis Brandeis 87: 81: 80: 75: 69: 68: 58: 57: 51: 50: 47: 46: 43: 35: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8749: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8594: 8592: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8558: 8557:United States 8548: 8546: 8536: 8535: 8532: 8514: 8504: 8494: 8491: 8488: 8485: 8482: 8479: 8476: 8473: 8470: 8467: 8464: 8461: 8458: 8455: 8452: 8449: 8446: 8443: 8440: 8437: 8434: 8431: 8428: 8425: 8422: 8419: 8416: 8413: 8410: 8407: 8404:* (1972–1986) 8403: 8399: 8396: 8393: 8390: 8387: 8384: 8381: 8378: 8375: 8372: 8369: 8366: 8363: 8360: 8357: 8354: 8351: 8348: 8345: 8342: 8339: 8336: 8333: 8330: 8327: 8324: 8321: 8318: 8315: 8312: 8309: 8306: 8303: 8300: 8297: 8294: 8291: 8288: 8285: 8282: 8279: 8276: 8273: 8270: 8267: 8264: 8261: 8258:* (1925–1941) 8257: 8253: 8250: 8247: 8244: 8241: 8238: 8235: 8232: 8229: 8226: 8223: 8220: 8217: 8214: 8211: 8208: 8205: 8202: 8199: 8196:* (1910–1916) 8195: 8191: 8188: 8185: 8182: 8179: 8176: 8173: 8170: 8167: 8164: 8161: 8158: 8155: 8152:* (1894–1910) 8151: 8147: 8144: 8141: 8138: 8135: 8132: 8129: 8126: 8123: 8120: 8117: 8114: 8111: 8108: 8105: 8102: 8099: 8096: 8093: 8090: 8087: 8084: 8081: 8078: 8075: 8072: 8069: 8066: 8063: 8060: 8057: 8054: 8051: 8048: 8045: 8042: 8039: 8036: 8033: 8030: 8027: 8024: 8021: 8018: 8015: 8012: 8009: 8006: 8003: 8000: 7997: 7994: 7991: 7988: 7985: 7982: 7979: 7976: 7973: 7970: 7967: 7964: 7961: 7958: 7955: 7952: 7949: 7946: 7943: 7940: 7937: 7934: 7931: 7928: 7925: 7922: 7919: 7916: 7913: 7910: 7907: 7904: 7901: 7898: 7895: 7892: 7889: 7886: 7883: 7880: 7877: 7874: 7871: 7868:* (1790–1791) 7867: 7863: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7849: 7845: 7834: 7822: 7821: 7816: 7812: 7809: 7806: 7805: 7800: 7796: 7793: 7790: 7789: 7784: 7780: 7777: 7774: 7773: 7768: 7764: 7761: 7758: 7757: 7752: 7748: 7745: 7742: 7741: 7736: 7732: 7729: 7726: 7725: 7720: 7716: 7713: 7710: 7709: 7704: 7700: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7688: 7684: 7681: 7678: 7677: 7672: 7668: 7665: 7662: 7661: 7656: 7652: 7649: 7646: 7645: 7640: 7636: 7633: 7630: 7629: 7624: 7620: 7617: 7614: 7613: 7608: 7604: 7603:John Marshall 7601: 7598: 7597: 7592: 7588: 7585: 7582: 7581: 7576: 7572: 7571:John Rutledge 7569: 7566: 7565: 7560: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7523: 7518: 7516: 7511: 7509: 7504: 7503: 7500: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7315: 7312: 7308: 7300: 7295: 7293: 7288: 7286: 7281: 7280: 7277: 7268: 7259: 7258: 7251: 7245: 7240: 7236: 7227: 7226: 7223:Chair of the 7218: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7198: 7195: 7192: 7188: 7187: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7143: 7139: 7136: 7133: 7129: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7117: 7114: 7110: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7037: 7028: 7024: 7021: 7017: 7016:0-8153-1176-1 7013: 7009: 7005: 7002: 7001:1-57003-120-7 6998: 6994: 6990: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6976: 6972: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6959: 6958:0-226-68443-1 6955: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6938: 6933: 6929: 6926: 6922: 6919: 6918:0-87187-554-3 6915: 6911: 6907: 6904: 6900: 6897: 6893: 6892:0-7910-1377-4 6889: 6885: 6881: 6878: 6874: 6871: 6867: 6866:1-56802-126-7 6863: 6859: 6855: 6852: 6848: 6845: 6844:0-19-506557-3 6841: 6837: 6833: 6832: 6807: 6800: 6794: 6775: 6768: 6761: 6755: 6751: 6748: 6744: 6728: 6724: 6718: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6688: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6658: 6652: 6648: 6645: 6641: 6639: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6608: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6578: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6558: 6552: 6539: 6535: 6533: 6525: 6510: 6506: 6499: 6491: 6487: 6481: 6477: 6476: 6471: 6465: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6448: 6443: 6437:, Transcript. 6436: 6432: 6429: 6428: 6421: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6391: 6389: 6372: 6368: 6362: 6358: 6357: 6349: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6319: 6313: 6309: 6306: 6302: 6283: 6276: 6270: 6262: 6260:9780671241100 6256: 6252: 6248: 6243: 6242: 6233: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6203: 6201: 6193: 6189: 6186: 6181: 6165: 6161: 6155: 6148: 6142: 6133: 6126: 6122: 6121:0-7432-7402-4 6118: 6117:0-671-24110-9 6114: 6110: 6109:0-380-52183-0 6106: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6092: 6088: 6083: 6076: 6075:0-06-011297-2 6072: 6068: 6062: 6060: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6028: 6013: 6009: 6003: 5995: 5988: 5977:September 10, 5972: 5968: 5967: 5962: 5955: 5946: 5930: 5926: 5920: 5916: 5915: 5907: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5877: 5871: 5867: 5864: 5860: 5852: 5846: 5842: 5841:Prentice Hall 5838: 5831: 5823: 5821:0-226-28956-7 5817: 5813: 5809: 5808: 5800: 5785: 5779: 5775: 5770: 5769: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5747: 5740: 5724: 5720: 5718:0-06-014042-9 5714: 5710: 5709: 5701: 5695: 5691: 5689: 5681: 5675: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5655: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5634: 5632: 5616: 5612: 5611:"SERNEC Home" 5606: 5590: 5586: 5580: 5576: 5575: 5567: 5558: 5542: 5538: 5536:0-8078-5342-9 5532: 5528: 5527: 5519: 5500: 5496: 5489: 5483: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5418: 5411: 5406: 5405: 5398: 5396: 5389: 5385: 5379: 5372: 5367: 5360: 5355: 5348: 5344: 5341: 5340: 5333: 5331: 5323: 5319: 5318: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5298: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5280: 5273: 5270: 5266: 5263: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5240: 5234: 5227: 5221: 5214: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5202: 5196: 5181: 5177: 5171: 5163: 5161:9780465015146 5157: 5153: 5146: 5130: 5123: 5107: 5103: 5096: 5089: 5083: 5081: 5073: 5067: 5060: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5044: 5029: 5027:9780394492407 5023: 5019: 5018: 5010: 5002: 5000:9780806514185 4996: 4992: 4985: 4970: 4966: 4959: 4951: 4949:9780394492407 4945: 4941: 4936: 4935: 4926: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4895: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4864: 4857: 4851: 4835: 4831: 4824: 4822: 4806: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4786: 4777: 4762: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4743: 4742: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4642: 4635: 4629: 4621: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4606: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4580: 4574: 4567: 4562: 4560: 4552: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4509: 4494: 4490: 4483: 4476: 4470: 4464:, pp. 233–235 4463: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4435: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4365: 4361: 4355: 4339: 4335: 4333:9781608718337 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4316: 4308: 4301: 4298:Ernest Kerr, 4295: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4249: 4245: 4238: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4208: 4204: 4190: 4189:James Iredell 4186: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4169: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4069: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4057: 4053: 4050: 4049: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4029:0-394-44068-4 4026: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3977:1-4067-7204-6 3974: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3964:0-87071-482-1 3961: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3952:0-8046-0556-4 3949: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3931: 3930:0-394-49240-4 3927: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3918:0-394-71165-3 3915: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3890: 3886: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3865: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3785: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3752: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3738: 3735: 3731: 3730:Douglas Falls 3728: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3714: 3710: 3709: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3675: 3672: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3608: 3604: 3602: 3592: 3590: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3553: 3548: 3544: 3541: 3536: 3532: 3530: 3529: 3524: 3515: 3509:Personal life 3506: 3504: 3499: 3497: 3496: 3491: 3490:Warren Burger 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3473:senior status 3469: 3467: 3461: 3456: 3454: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3426: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3408: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3365: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3351: 3346: 3343: 3339: 3338: 3333: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3322: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3285: 3276: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3256: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3236: 3234: 3228: 3226: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3196: 3195:House speaker 3192: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3171: 3161: 3159: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3104: 3102: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3046:Buffalo River 3042: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3030: 3029:Silent Spring 3025: 3024:Rachel Carson 3021: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2975: 2971: 2969: 2962: 2960: 2959: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2903: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2888:Ngo Dinh Diem 2885: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2866: 2865:Chief Justice 2862: 2859: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2802: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2758: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2745:Lester Maddox 2743: 2740:race between 2739: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2663: 2659: 2658: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2627: 2622: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2596:stare decisis 2592: 2588: 2578: 2576: 2575:Clyde M. Reed 2572: 2571:Gerald P. Nye 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2542: 2534: 2528:Supreme Court 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2403: 2398: 2396: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2317:Beta Theta Pi 2313: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2302:valedictorian 2299: 2294: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2238: 2233: 2232: 2231:Terry v. Ohio 2227: 2226: 2221: 2220: 2215: 2214: 2209: 2205: 2204: 2199: 2198: 2193: 2192: 2187: 2186: 2181: 2180: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2168: 2163: 2162: 2157: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2146: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2054: 2049: 2047: 2042: 2040: 2035: 2034: 2032: 2031: 2025: 2014: 2012: 2007: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1992: 1991:American Left 1989: 1987: 1984: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1949: 1948: 1944: 1942: 1941: 1940:ThinkProgress 1937: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1914: 1913: 1912:Rolling Stone 1909: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1893: 1892: 1888: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1867: 1866: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1842: 1836: 1835: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1748: 1747: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1720: 1719: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1607: 1606: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1563:K. B. Jackson 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1499: 1498: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1290:Kennedy (Ted) 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1155:Cuomo (Mario) 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1061: 1060: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 799: 796:Intellectuals 793: 792: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 744:Great Society 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 721: 715: 714: 707: 706:Welfare state 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 666:Republicanism 664: 662: 661:Mixed economy 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 646:Individualism 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 578: 572: 571: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 543: 542:Laissez-faire 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 523: 517: 516: 512: 508: 507: 504: 497: 496: 492: 488: 487: 479: 476: 473: 469: 465: 461: 458: 454: 451: 448: 444: 440: 436: 433: 430: 426: 423:United States 422: 418: 413: 409: 405: 400: 396: 393: 389: 385: 381: 359: 334: 309: 284: 283: 281: 277: 274: 271: 267: 264: 261: 259:Resting place 257: 253: 244: 240: 236: 220: 216: 211: 207: 204: 201: 195: 192: 189: 183: 179: 175: 169: 164: 161: 157: 154: 151: 145: 142: 139: 133: 129: 125: 119: 114: 111: 106: 103: 100: 94: 91: 88: 82: 79: 76: 70: 64: 59: 56: 52: 48: 41: 36: 29: 26: 22: 8502: 8292: 8201:Van Devanter 8089:J. M. Harlan 7818: 7815:2005–present 7811:John Roberts 7802: 7786: 7770: 7754: 7738: 7722: 7706: 7690: 7674: 7658: 7642: 7626: 7610: 7594: 7578: 7562: 7327: 7255: 7235:Jerome Frank 7222: 7217:James Landis 7184: 7141: 7131: 7119: 7112: 7102: 7092: 7082: 7071: 7061: 7051: 7040: 7026: 7007: 6992: 6981: 6974: 6964: 6945: 6935: 6924: 6909: 6902: 6883: 6876: 6857: 6850: 6835: 6815:September 7, 6813:. Retrieved 6793: 6783:September 7, 6781:. Retrieved 6760: 6743: 6731:. Retrieved 6717: 6705:. Retrieved 6696: 6687: 6675:. Retrieved 6666: 6657: 6625:. Retrieved 6616: 6607: 6595:. Retrieved 6586: 6577: 6566: 6562: 6557: 6544:November 24, 6542:. Retrieved 6538:the original 6531: 6524: 6512:. Retrieved 6508: 6498: 6490:Google Books 6488:– via 6474: 6464: 6442: 6426: 6420: 6408:. Retrieved 6404:the original 6399: 6375:. Retrieved 6355: 6348: 6336:. Retrieved 6327: 6318: 6301: 6289:. Retrieved 6269: 6241:The Brethren 6240: 6232: 6220:. Retrieved 6211: 6180: 6168:. Retrieved 6164:the original 6154: 6146: 6141: 6132: 6094: 6082: 6066: 6046:. Retrieved 6037: 6027: 6015:. Retrieved 6011: 6002: 5993: 5987: 5975:. Retrieved 5964: 5954: 5945: 5933:. Retrieved 5913: 5906: 5894:. Retrieved 5885: 5876: 5859: 5836: 5830: 5806: 5799: 5787:. Retrieved 5767: 5745: 5739: 5729:November 20, 5727:. Retrieved 5707: 5700: 5679: 5674: 5663: 5654: 5646: 5620:November 25, 5618:. Retrieved 5614: 5605: 5595:November 20, 5593:. Retrieved 5573: 5566: 5557: 5547:November 20, 5545:. Retrieved 5525: 5518: 5506:. Retrieved 5494: 5482: 5470:. Retrieved 5461: 5452: 5440:. Retrieved 5431: 5428:The Rotarian 5427: 5417: 5402: 5383: 5378: 5370: 5366: 5358: 5354: 5338: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5271: 5238: 5233: 5225: 5220: 5199: 5195: 5183:. Retrieved 5179: 5170: 5151: 5145: 5133:. Retrieved 5122: 5112:December 16, 5110:. Retrieved 5106:the original 5095: 5087: 5071: 5066: 5047: 5043: 5031:. Retrieved 5016: 5009: 4990: 4984: 4974:December 24, 4972:. Retrieved 4968: 4958: 4933: 4925: 4913:. Retrieved 4904: 4894: 4882:. Retrieved 4878:the original 4873: 4863: 4855: 4850: 4838:. Retrieved 4833: 4808:. Retrieved 4784: 4776: 4764:. Retrieved 4740: 4711:. Retrieved 4702: 4659:. Retrieved 4650: 4641: 4633: 4628: 4604: 4578: 4573: 4565: 4550: 4526: 4514: 4508: 4496:. Retrieved 4492: 4482: 4474: 4469: 4461: 4444: 4403:. Retrieved 4394: 4367:. Retrieved 4354: 4342:. Retrieved 4314: 4307: 4299: 4294: 4282:. Retrieved 4278:the original 4273: 4264: 4254:December 16, 4252:. Retrieved 4248:the original 4237: 4225:. Retrieved 4207: 4177:Joseph Story 4172: 4083: 4081: 4074: 4068:Mike Wallace 4062: 4047: 4033: 4020: 4007: 3994: 3981: 3968: 3956: 3944: 3922: 3907: 3898: 3895:Bibliography 3878:Eddie Albert 3871: 3854: 3845:Sunfish Pond 3668: 3664:Charles Lane 3659: 3656:Bruce Murphy 3617: 3598: 3587: 3575: 3556: 3549: 3545: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3520: 3500: 3493: 3477:Bob Woodward 3470: 3466:state dinner 3463: 3458: 3450: 3422: 3404: 3388: 3371: 3354: 3347: 3335: 3329: 3319: 3317: 3297: 3286: 3282: 3262: 3254: 3237: 3229: 3221: 3210: 3193:of Indiana, 3173: 3157: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3100: 3098: 3081:Sunfish Pond 3078: 3063: 3054: 3043: 3027: 3011: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2977: 2973: 2967: 2964: 2956: 2954: 2914: 2912: 2904: 2881: 2855: 2824: 2816: 2811: 2799: 2788: 2773: 2764:, a kind of 2755: 2729: 2727: 2722: 2701: 2683: 2672: 2666: 2655: 2649: 2631: 2623: 2619: 2602: 2594: 2584: 2547: 2511: 2489: 2465: 2430: 2406: 2399: 2391: 2363: 2342: 2326: 2314: 2290: 2276:and then to 2266:Presbyterian 2255: 2235: 2234:(1968), and 2229: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2208:civil rights 2201: 2200:(1963), and 2195: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2153: 2143: 2141: 2102: 2091: 2063: 2062: 1975: 1945: 1938: 1931: 1924: 1917: 1910: 1903: 1896: 1889: 1882: 1872:Mother Jones 1870: 1863: 1853:The Atlantic 1851: 1844: 1667: 1537: 581:Civil rights 540: 531:Conservative 471:Battles/wars 247:(1980-01-19) 198:Succeeded by 167: 153:Jerome Frank 148:Succeeded by 117: 97:Succeeded by 73:Nominated by 62: 25: 8602:1980 deaths 8597:1898 births 8581:Environment 8453:(1994–2022) 8447:(1993–2020) 8435:(1990–2009) 8429:(1988–2018) 8423:(1986–2016) 8417:(1981–2006) 8411:(1975–2010) 8397:(1972–1987) 8391:(1970–1994) 8385:(1967–1991) 8383:T. Marshall 8379:(1965–1969) 8373:(1962–1965) 8367:(1962–1993) 8361:(1958–1981) 8355:(1957–1962) 8349:(1956–1990) 8343:(1955–1971) 8337:(1949–1956) 8331:(1949–1967) 8325:(1945–1958) 8319:(1943–1949) 8317:W. 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