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987:, based on interviews with President Truman, Miller attributes to Truman the statement that appointing Clark to the Court was his "biggest mistake" as president, adding, "He was no damn good as Attorney General, and on the Supreme Court . . . it doesn't seem possible, but he's been even worse." Allegedly asked by Miller to explain the comment, Miller quotes Truman as stating further: "The main thing is . . . well, it isn't so much that he's a bad man. It's just that he's such a dumb son of a bitch. He's about the dumbest man I think I've ever run across." Truman historians have challenged the accuracy and even the existence of a number of the quotes in the book, including the one about Clark. As one historian who listened to the original interview tapes noted, Miller "changed Truman's words in countless ways, sometimes thoughtfully adding his own opinions… Worst of all, Miller made up many dates in his book, inventing whole chapters." The purported comments also run counter to Truman and Clark's warm, personal relationship. No tape of the interview in which Truman and Miller discussed Clark is known to exist.
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902:, in which he labeled the Court's action a "big mistake," and suggested that allowing an individual charged with falsely swearing that he was not a member of the Communist Party to see reports made by two FBI witnesses against him, "afforded him a Roman holiday for rummaging through confidential information as well as vital national secrets." Clark's dissent sparked congressional legislation overriding the Court's decision and placing limits on the kinds of documents criminal defendants can request. Even as he would demonstrate more progressive views in other areas of the law, Clark continued to exhibit his belief in the government's power to prevent people with certain associations from holding certain jobs. Thus, as late as 1967, he dissented in
677:(1948), helping to convince the Court to strike down racial covenants in housing contracts restricting the sale of property to blacks. Clark also helped guide the creation of a presidentially established committee on civil rights. The committee released an influential report, "To Secure These Rights," which provided 35 recommendations, including ending segregation, eliminating poll taxes, enacting a law to protect voting rights, and creating a civil rights division at the Department of Justice. The report had a significant and lasting influence on civil rights providing, as Tom Clark later said, "a blueprint of most everything that's been done in the area of civil rights since that time."
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866:(1951) was a 5–4 decision he authored that upheld the right of a city to require its employees to file affidavits that they were not, nor had ever been, members of the Communist Party and to take loyalty oaths to that effect. "Past conduct may well relate to present fitness. Past loyalty may have a reasonable relationship to present and future trust," he wrote. But Clark also demonstrated a willingness to strike down such laws when they were excessive or overly broad in their application, specifically when they involved the question of whether an individual knew of the organization with which they were allegedly affiliated. Thus, in
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Clark balanced an underlying judicial restraint with a more expansive, yet principled reading of the
Constitution and he demonstrated a rare capacity for change and growth. Justice William O. Douglas, with whom Clark served for all of his time on the Court, commented that Clark had "the indispensable capacity to develop so that with the passage of time he grew in stature and expanded his dimensions." Ultimately, Clark came to more fully understand, as he wrote in 1970, that the Constitution "is a living instrument which also must be construed in a manner to meet the practical necessities of the present."
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1018:(ABA) studying the lawyer disciplinary system. This Special Committee on Evaluation of Disciplinary Enforcement, which the ABA had agreed to form at its February 1967 midyear meeting, came to be called the Clark Commission. Its 200-page study, published in 1970, criticized the existing lawyer disciplinary system, which it found grossly understaffed and underfunded, and nonexistent in many states. It also criticized methods for selecting judges. After the
606:, although he later acknowledged that the government's relocation program was a mistake. In 1943, Clark was promoted to Assistant Attorney General for Antitrust, and subsequently became the head of the Justice Department's Criminal Division. Clark was also appointed to lead a new War Frauds unit created to investigate and prosecute corruption by government contractors. During this period, he worked closely with, and befriended Harry Truman, whose
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916:(1958), for instance, he wrote the Court's 5–4 opinion upholding a murder conviction of a man who was repeatedly refused legal counsel and had not been informed of his right to remain silent during fourteen hours between his arrest and confession because, in Clark's view, the police tactics were reasonable and the confession voluntary. Six years later, however, he joined with his more liberal brethren in the landmark decision
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work as attorney general. During his first years on the Court, Clark recused himself from many of these cases because they had grown out of challenges to policies and laws Clark had helped initiate or implement. In those cases in which he did participate he generally was deferential to the government, and helped provide the Court with a majority affirming the constitutionality of many such laws.
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872:(1952), Clark struck down a loyalty statute from Oklahoma that required all state employees to take an oath that they were not and had never been for the past five years members of any organization that had been on the attorney general's list of subversive organizations. "Membership may be innocent," Clark wrote.
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In the four years they served together on the Court, Clark voted with Vinson more than 85 percent of the time and helped provide him with a reliable majority. However, the Court as a whole remained fragmented. In 1953, Vinson died of a heart attack. For the remainder of his tenure on the Court, Clark
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One of
President Truman's first changes in the cabinet that he inherited from Franklin Roosevelt was his appointment of Tom Clark as attorney general in 1945, a switch made in part because of the close personal and professional relationship shared by the two men. Media coverage of Clark's nomination
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Further studies of disciplinary system inadequacies are generally hidden behind paywalls, such as
Charles W. Wolfram, Client Perjury: The Kutak Commission and the Association of Trial Lawyers on Lawyers, Lying Clients, and the Adversary System, American Bar Foundation Research Journal, Vol. 5, No. 4
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Clark also faced many cases addressing the constitutionality of Cold War-era laws that required individuals to affirm that they were not members of particular groups or parties. In this area, Clark generally took a traditionally conservative position to support such requirements, consistent with his
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Clark's background as a former prosecutor and attorney general also influenced his views in the area of criminal procedure and cases involving the rights of criminal defendants, often leading him to support the government's prosecutorial efforts, particularly during his early years on the bench. In
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union, who was threatening a national strike. Acting on Truman's orders to enforce a law prohibiting strikes against government-run facilities, Clark's legal battle with Lewis culminated in a
Supreme Court case, which he argued successfully, and the Court upheld contempt citations against the union
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that shaped the discussion and provided a workable solution on this issue, helping to "move the Court from considering equality only as a measurable mathematical construct … to what would become known as intangibles." Clark's role as one of two southern justices gave him additional impact in those
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Clark was born in Dallas, Texas, on
September 23, 1899, the son of Virginia Maxey (née Falls) and William Henry Clark. His parents had moved from Mississippi to Texas; his lawyer father became the youngest man ever elected president of the Texas Bar Association to that time. Young Tom attended the
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Clark's work as a
Supreme Court justice generally is viewed favorably by legal historians. As one scholar noted, he was "dedicated to the work of judging, not ideology.". A leading Supreme Court scholar called Clark "the most underrated Justice in recent Supreme Court history." During his career,
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Clark played an important role in support of Truman's pioneering efforts in civil rights, helping to bring the power of the federal government behind civil rights enforcement. In response to Truman's anger and disgust over the Ku Klux Klan's violent post-war attacks on returning black servicemen,
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attorney Robert J. Kutak, drafted the Model Rules of
Professional Conduct, which in 1983 after extended discussion and watering-down of the client perjury/organizational misconduct section, the ABA House of Delegates recommended succeed the Model Code of Professional Responsibility which the ABA
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took place in August 1949. Clark declined to testify in person, stating that he "didn't think that a person who had been nominated to the
Supreme Court should testify, it jeopardized his future effectiveness on the Court, that he would invariably testify to something that would plague him."
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concerning the loyalty of federal employees, the
Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations. This and other policies Clark promoted were often criticized by civil libertarians. However, at least some of Clark's efforts were initiated to deflect congressional criticism of the Truman
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Early in his tenure as attorney general, Clark initiated a campaign against juvenile delinquency that emphasized the importance of rehabilitation and education. He implemented procedural changes in federal courts and supported parole for first-time juvenile offenders. He convened a national
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and a federal prosecutor operating under the same system would ensure that police would be more disciplined and that it would lower the risk of evidence being disallowed. Clark demonstrated this progressive understanding right up through his final day on the bench, writing
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Clark backed decisions supporting government enforcement of laws designed to promote racial equality. To this end, he authored or played a critical supporting role in many of the Court's landmark decisions in this area. Several rulings by the Vinson Court, most notably
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the following year, Clark was named by
Attorney General Francis Biddle as the Civilian Coordinator of the Alien Enemy Control Program. In this capacity, he worked with General John DeWitt, the head of West Coast military forces, and his future Supreme Court colleague
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The ABA unanimously approved the Clark Committee's report and created a Standing Committee on Professional Discipline in 1973. Furthermore, in 1977, the ABA created another commission to study lawyer discipline. That commission, nicknamed the "Kutak Commission" after
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As attorney general, Clark initially continued to focus a good deal of the department's energy on prosecuting war fraud crimes, as well as aggressively taking on potential antitrust violations. Clark and the White House also challenged John Lewis, the head of the
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Over the next decade, the shifting Court makeup and the evolution of public sentiment led the Court to find a number of these Cold War statutes unconstitutional. In many instances, Clark was the lone dissenter. Among the most memorable was his solo dissent in
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595:. The initial actions involved enforcement of policies to exclude Japanese Americans from areas designated by the military as prohibited, followed by evacuation from "critical zones and areas," and finally by forcible relocation to inland camps.
811:(1950), which held that black graduate students must be allowed into "white" state universities and law schools because the separate black school could not provide an education of equal quality, helped lay the groundwork for holdings including
1122:'s School of Law in Austin maintains an extensive collection (524 linear feet) of Clark's papers, including his Supreme Court files. A smaller collection of Clark's papers, primarily relating to his years as Attorney General, is kept at the
1007:. Lyndon Johnson was said to have appointed Ramsey Clark as Attorney General precisely to force his father off the bench, leaving a vacancy so that Johnson could appoint Marshall as the first African-American Justice on the Supreme Court.
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Clark began to strengthen the federal government's response, using increased investigations and, in some cases, an unprecedented filing of federal charges. Clark also initiated an aggressive and groundbreaking legal strategy of filing
832:(1954), in which the Court ruled that excluding persons of Mexican ancestry from juries violated the Constitution. He also authored several important decisions on race in the 1960s during the height of the Civil Rights era, including
744:, a former cabinet colleague and friend of Clark who, since his appointment three years earlier, had failed to unify the Court. Numerous attacks from across the political spectrum were leveled at the nomination, including charges of "
1040:) had proposed states adopt in 1969. The Kutak Commission found the Model Code had serious inadequacies. Many states failed to adopt or enforce the model provisions relating to attorneys disclosing client misconduct, which after the
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945:(1967), an important Fourth Amendment decision in which the Court held unconstitutional a state statute allowing electronic eavesdropping. It was a holding that was quite distant from policies he had imposed as attorney general.
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violated the Constitution, offered the most basic and textual type of constitutional interpretation, "The Constitution says that the government shall take no part in the establishment of religion … No means no," he wrote.
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Clark also wrote the decision for the Warren Court in a major religion case involving the First Amendment's Establishment Clause and reinforcing the principle of separation of church and state. Clark's opinion in
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and establishment of bar disciplinary authorities in each state. Clark sought to coordinate his committee's work with that of the "Wright Committee," which was revising the Rules of Professional Responsibility.
922:(1963) upholding the right to a fair trial and due process under the Sixth Amendment and holding that an individual defendant must have an attorney appointed for him if he cannot afford one. Clark dissented in
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1140:' Northside Independent School District. His former law clerks honored him by creating the Tom C. Clark award given to the outstanding Supreme Court Fellow each year. Recipients have included Professor
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After playing an active role in reelecting Truman in 1948, Clark made clear to the White House that he was planning to return to Texas and the practice of law. Following the sudden death of
471:, which ruled that the Fourth Amendment prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures applies to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. He also wrote the majority opinion in
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671:(friend of the court) legal briefs in federal civil rights cases, which signaled a new and more engaged role for the federal government. The most important of the briefs he filed was in
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when his son, Ramsey Clark, was appointed Attorney General. He was the last serving Supreme Court Justice to have been appointed by President Truman. He was succeeded on the Court by
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in 1937 as a special assistant to the U.S. attorney general, working in the war risk litigation section. He later moved to the antitrust division, then run by legendary trust-buster
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for a year but returned home for financial reasons. In 1918, Clark volunteered to serve in World War I with the U.S. Army, but he did not weigh enough. However, the Texas
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Clark assisted the successful prosecution of two German spies who came ashore from a German submarine in 1944 to the East Coast of the United States as part of
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conference at the White House on the topic and created a National Commission on Juvenile Delinquency, selecting a young and inexperienced, but well connected
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Eisler, Kim Isaac (1993). A Justice for All: William J. Brennan, Jr., and the decisions that transformed America. Page 76. New York: Simon & Schuster.
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838:(1964), which held unconstitutional a Louisiana statute because it required the races of those running for office to be printed on a ballot,
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Other buildings named after Justice Clark include Tom C. Clark Building in Austin, which houses some offices of the Texas Judiciary, and
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Ickes said about the nomination, "President Truman has not 'elevated' Tom C. Clark to the Supreme Court, he has degraded the Court."
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Monroe H. Freedman, The Kutak Model Rules v. The American Lawyer's Code of Conduct, 26 Vill. L. Rev. 1165 (1980–1981), available at:
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http://www.scotusblog.com/2013/09/writing-biography-in-the-age-of-wikipedia-removing-a-shadow-from-the-life-of-justice-tom-clark/
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Clark's anti-communist efforts also emphasized the promotion of the values of democracy and American citizenship. He created the
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with a favorable recommendation. Clark was confirmed by the Senate on August 18, 1949, by a vote of 73–8, and took the
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local public schools, including Dallas High School, where he received honors for debate and oratory. He also became an
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The law school named its student lounge after Clark. It awards a tuition subsidy for selected students in his honor.
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http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/the_lawyers_of_watergate_how_a_3rd-rate_burglary_provoked_new_standards/
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Alexander Wohl, "Writing Biography in the Age of Knowledge: Removing a Shadow from the Life of Justice Tom Clark,"
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Father, Son and Constitution – How Justice Tom Clark and Attorney General Ramsey Clark Shaped American Democracy,
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Rudko, Frances Howell, Truman's Court: A Study in Judicial Restraint, Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press 1988, p. 91
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called Clark "a personal and political friend with no judicial experience and few demonstrated qualifications."
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Father, Son and Constitution – How Justice Tom Clark and Attorney General Ramsey Clark Shaped American Democracy
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was generally favorable and reflected the strength of Clark's legal and political skills. As a short article in
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Mapp v. Ohio Turns 50 – If a moderate Texan could love the exclusionary rule, why can't judicial conservatives
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Vincent R. Johnson, Justice Tom Clark's legacy in the Field of Legal Ethics, 29 J. Legal Ethics 33–70 (2005);
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Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2020: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President
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Magazine stated, "He is a good prosecutor and good lawyer, but most of all he is a thorough politician.".
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in 1945, he chose Clark as his Attorney General. In 1949, Truman successfully nominated Clark to fill the
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Upon admission to the Texas bar, Clark set up a law practice in his home town from 1922 to 1937. He left
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Tom C. Clark being sworn in as an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court by Chief Justice
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1984:"50 Years Later – How Justice Tom Clark Helped Preserve Government Neutrality on Religion | ACS"
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on June 13, 1977, in his son's apartment. He was interred in Restland Memorial Park, Dallas, Texas.
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Mark Curriden, "The Lawyers of Watergate," ABA Journal (June 2012), as of 16sept2016 live link at
393:(September 23, 1899 – June 13, 1977) was an American lawyer who served as the 59th
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Turns 50 – If a moderate Texan could love the exclusionary rule, why can't judicial conservatives
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Papers of Justice Tom C. Clark: Civil Liberties and Civil Rights Cases of the U.S. Supreme Court
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Shortly before his death, Clark became the first recipient of the Distinguished Jurist Award at
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Clark had been reassigned to Washington in May 1942 and was not directly involved with the
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Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court. 3d. ed.
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Oral History Interview with Tom Clark, Feb. 8, 1973, Harry S Truman Library and Museum,
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Nonetheless, on August 12, the committee voted 9–2 to send the nomination to the full
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Attorney General Tom C. Clark (right), with President Harry S. Truman cabinet in 1945
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Before Brown: Herman Marion Sweatt, Thurgood Marshall, and the Long Road to Justice,
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Tom C. Clark, "The Court and Its Functions," Albany Law Review 34 (1970) 497, 501.
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fraternity and later served as their international president from 1966 to 1968.
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The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions
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Clark, Tom C. "Reminiscenses of an Attorney General Turned Associate Justice."
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Oral History Interview with Tom Clark, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library
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2773:
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1823:
1769:
1157:
1110:
980:
930:
734:
622:
583:
467:
452:
448:
437:
433:
308:
89:
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4366:
4252:
4228:
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3253:
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953:
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from 1927 to 1932. He then resumed his private practice for four years.
4636:
4534:
3962:
3268:
2746:
1461:
1221:
702:
3787:
2752:
Guide to the Papers of Justice Tom C. Clark at the Tarlton Law Library
2341:
Guide to the Papers of Justice Tom C. Clark at the Tarlton Law Library
4342:
3818:
1606:
Louis Stark, "Lewis Put Himself above U.S., Clark Tells High Court,"
3358:
2019:
Super Chief: Earl Warren and His Supreme Court, A Judicial Biography
1215:
4864:
United States assistant attorneys general for the Criminal Division
3814:
2730:
2601:
1954:
1847:
Tom Clark Oral History interview, Harry S Truman Library, p. 208,
745:
681:
521:
1085:
Prejudice and property, an historic brief against racial covenants
160:
United States Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Division
1634:
Harry Truman and Civil Rights: Moral Courage and Political Risks,
455:. He voted with the Court's majority in several cases concerning
2505:
1097:
by Dwight F. Henderson, foreword by Tom C. Clark (Washington:
1022:, many of the commission's reforms were adopted, including the
948:
564:
236:
2462:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
1552:
A True Story of An American Nazi Spy: William Curtis Colepaugh
1381:"Karnea Calls Justice Tom Clark to Be Twenty-Eighth President"
752:
also leveled broadsides for personal and ideological reasons.
2535:
The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies,1789–1995
2363:
1041:
1775:
Beyond the New Deal: Harry S. Truman and American Liberalism
1744:
Chief Justice Fred Vinson of Kentucky: A Political Biography
1059:. He also served as chair of the board of directors for the
2824:
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
2364:"Clark High School | Northside Independent School District"
2261:
http://scholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu/faculty_scholarship
1636:(Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2002), 40.
399:
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
55:
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
1244:
List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
967:(1963), holding that Bible reading exercises and mandated
817:(1954). Clark played a critical behind-the-scenes role in
477:, which upheld the public accommodations provision of the
4874:
United States federal judges appointed by Harry S. Truman
1746:, (Lexington; University Press of Kentucky, 2002) p. 184.
2056:(New York: Berkeley Medallion Edition, 1973) pp. 242–43.
1829:(Report). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service
2762:
Encyclopedia of civil liberties in the United States,
1660:
Parting the Waters: America in the King years, 1954–63
2694:
The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary
2562:
Supreme Court Justice Tom C. Clark: A Life of Service
2191:
Supreme Court Justice Tom C. Clark: A Life of Service
1918:(Austin: University of Texas Press, 2010) pp. 249–50.
1175:. In 1975, he received the Golden Plate Award of the
2754:
The University of Texas School of Law online archive
1278:. Washington, DC: Supreme Court of the United States
1197:
2871:
1580:, December 17, 1945; "The President's New Lawyer,"
535:degree in 1921. He remained there and attended the
4834:Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
1390:. Vol. XC, no. 1. Fall 1966. p. 6.
1024:Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination
4763:Also served as Chief Justice of the United States
1849:http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/clarktc.htm
1673:http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/clarktc.htm
1526:The Bamboo People: The Law and Japanese Americans
1184:Suffolk Journal of Trial & Appellate Advocacy
726:Truman's nomination of Clark to the Supreme Court
432:vacancy caused by the death of Associate Justice
4790:
2537:(2nd ed.) (Supreme Court Historical Society), (
2101:
1890:The Vinson Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy,
1778:. Nerw York: Columbia University Press. p.
1270:
1268:
1152:(Senior Fellow at the University of Virginia's
1051:Clark also served as the first director of the
4829:Franklin D. Roosevelt administration personnel
2216:"Standing Committees: Professional Discipline"
1010:After he retired, Clark toured the world as a
956:in 1967 after retiring from the Supreme Court.
3773:
3344:
2857:
2656:(Leon Friedman and Fred L. Israel, editors) (
2396:. Mississippi State University. April 7, 1997
1265:
1528:(Del Mar, Cal.; Publisher's Inc. 1976), vii.
621:, was an American citizen, while the other,
465:. He wrote the majority opinion in landmark
2678:Martin, Fenton S. and Goehlert, Robert U.,
1707:(Westport, con: Greenwood Press 1994), 210.
527:After the war ended, Clark enrolled at the
3780:
3766:
3351:
3337:
2864:
2850:
2642:Dutton, C. B. "Mr. Justice Tom C. Clark."
1868:"Supreme Court Nominations (1789–present)"
1817:
1815:
1524:Tom C. Clark, Preface to Frank F. Chuman,
1144:(McCormick Professor of Jurisprudence, at
762:The Clark confirmation hearing before the
38:
16:US Supreme Court justice from 1949 to 1967
2682:, (Congressional Quarterly Books, 1990).
2095:
1821:
1662:(New York: Simon & Schuster 1988), 66
1036:(partly on the recommendation of Justice
691:House Committee on Un-American Activities
4879:University of Texas School of Law alumni
2736:Biographical Directory of Federal Judges
2559:
2188:Gronlund, Mimi Clark (January 1, 2010).
2187:
1822:McMillion, Barry J. (January 28, 2022).
1506:(University Press of Kansas 2013), 32–40
1109:
947:
874:
777:
719:
632:
628:
172:October 3, 1943 – June 21, 1945
67:August 24, 1949 – June 12, 1967
2021:(New York University Press 1983), p. 58
1990:from the original on September 28, 2013
1812:
847:Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States
474:Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States
4791:
4111:
2680:The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography
2476:from the original on December 15, 2016
2446:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2173:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1903:Chief Justice Fred Vinson of Kentucky,
1892:(Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO 2004)
1870:. Washington, DC: United States Senate
1515:Wohl, Father, Son and Constitution, 41
841:Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority
122:June 27, 1945 – July 26, 1949
4859:Truman administration cabinet members
4110:
3800:
3761:
3332:
2845:
2351:The University of Texas School of Law
2322:from the original on October 14, 2020
2222:from the original on January 14, 2012
1768:
1443:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1397:from the original on February 7, 2018
1324:"Presidents Park: Boy Scout Memorial"
1087:with Philip B. Perlman (Washington:
1014:. He then headed a commission of the
2155:from the original on August 25, 2016
2114:from the original on October 7, 2016
1186:of Suffolk University Law School in
689:administration, particularly by the
543:degree in 1922. He was a brother of
2428:from the original on March 12, 2016
2374:from the original on August 8, 2021
1742:St. Clair, James and Guzin, Linda,
1304:from the original on April 17, 2019
964:Abington School District v. Schempp
496:Abington School District v. Schempp
13:
4771:
4091:
3801:
3790:Supreme Court of the United States
2608:
2102:Walter Dellinger (June 25, 2014).
1409:
1114:Tom C. Clark State Office Building
1055:, and a visiting judge on several
1044:scandal, led Congress to pass the
808:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
520:accepted him, and he served as an
14:
4895:
4814:20th-century American politicians
2719:
2394:"Pre-Law Society honoring jurist"
1484:from the original on May 15, 2021
1330:from the original on May 23, 2012
537:University of Texas School of Law
459:, including the landmark case of
410:University of Texas School of Law
3399:
3317:
2512:from the original on May 7, 2014
2088:Robert Ferrell, "Plain Faking,"
1450:Journal of Supreme Court History
1228:
1214:
1200:
600:internment of Japanese Americans
481:, and the majority opinions in
343:
44:Official portrait of Clark, 1956
4869:United States attorneys general
2873:United States Attorneys General
2488:
2470:American Academy of Achievement
2454:
2408:
2386:
2356:
2334:
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2282:
2272:
2253:
2234:
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2082:
2059:
2046:
2037:
2024:
2011:
2002:
1976:
1947:
1934:
1921:
1908:
1895:
1882:
1860:
1841:
1796:
1762:
1749:
1736:
1723:
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1697:
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1665:
1652:
1639:
1626:
1613:
1600:
1587:
1570:
1557:
1544:
1531:
1518:
1509:
1496:
1352:. Austin TX: Eakin Press, 1984.
1182:The Moot Court Honor Board and
1177:American Academy of Achievement
1173:Distinguished Eagle Scout Award
1154:Miller Center of Public Affairs
863:Garner v. Board of Public Works
791:served alongside Chief Justice
732:Supreme court associate justice
550:
484:Garner v. Board of Public Works
293:
4849:Texas National Guard personnel
2797:United States Attorney General
2764:Tom Campbell Clark (1899–1977)
2527:
2496:"Intrascholastic Competitions"
2293:, 466 F.2d 702 (7th Cir. 1972)
1437:
1388:The Rainbow of Delta Tau Delta
1373:
1364:
1355:
1342:
1316:
1290:
610:was investigating war frauds.
490:Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson
426:President of the United States
395:United States Attorney General
110:United States Attorney General
1:
2726:University of Texas biography
2560:Gronlund, Mimi Clark (2010).
2501:Suffolk University Law School
2316:The National Judicial College
2194:. University of Texas Press.
1942:Father, Son and Constitution,
1929:Father, Son and Constitution,
1757:Father, Son and Constitution,
1718:Father, Son and Constitution,
1692:Father, Son and Constitution,
1647:Father, Son and Constitution,
1595:Father, Son and Constitution,
1565:Father, Son and Constitution,
1254:
990:
905:Keyishian v. Board of Regents
529:University of Texas at Austin
502:
319:University of Texas at Austin
4809:20th-century American judges
1731:Father, Son and Constitution
1621:Father, Son and Constitution
1554:(Trafford Publishing, 2013).
1539:Father, Son and Constitution
1259:
1169:Mississippi State University
359:United States National Guard
7:
2266:September 18, 2016, at the
2247:September 18, 2016, at the
1854:September 27, 2013, at the
1678:September 27, 2013, at the
1193:
1160:Professor of Government at
1126:in Independence, Missouri.
1071:Clark died in his sleep in
1061:American Judicature Society
814:Brown v. Board of Education
514:Virginia Military Institute
462:Brown v. Board of Education
10:
4900:
3397:
2588:University Press of Kansas
2298:December 10, 2011, at the
2032:The Court Years 1939–1975,
1705:American Political Trials,
1444:Smith, Craig Alan (2021).
1298:"Ancestry of Ramsey Clark"
1276:"Justices 1789 to Present"
1171:. Clark also received the
764:Senate Judiciary Committee
723:
524:and advanced to Sergeant.
418:U.S. Department of Justice
18:
4769:
4119:
4106:
4089:
3809:
3796:
3724:
3693:
3662:
3633:Secretary of the Interior
3631:
3612:
3581:
3544:
3507:
3476:
3447:Secretary of the Treasury
3445:
3408:
3374:
3315:
2879:
2830:
2821:
2813:
2803:
2794:
2786:
2781:
2566:University of Texas Press
2076:October 12, 2013, at the
1426:January 18, 2012, at the
1421:Biography of Tom C. Clark
1326:. National Park Service.
1105:
408:, and graduated from the
397:from 1945 to 1949 and as
384:
374:
364:
354:
338:
333:
314:
303:
280:
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243:
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146:
134:
126:
115:
107:
95:
83:
71:
60:
53:
49:
37:
30:
4884:American anti-communists
3664:Secretary of Agriculture
3498:Kenneth Claiborne Royall
2766:, author Arthur J. Sabin
1576:"The Attorney General,"
1134:Tom C. Clark High School
1078:
1066:
1016:American Bar Association
969:prayer in public schools
479:Civil Rights Act of 1964
19:Not to be confused with
4844:Politicians from Dallas
2741:Federal Judicial Center
2739:, a publication of the
2620:Oxford University Press
2539:Congressional Quarterly
1432:Federal Judicial Center
1124:Harry S. Truman Library
1095:Courts for a new nation
1053:Federal Judicial Center
899:Jencks v. United States
773:judicial oath of office
512:. He then attended the
4819:American Presbyterians
4776:
4096:
3740:Lewis B. Schwellenbach
2604:?" Slate, June 7, 2011
1963:July 28, 2011, at the
1115:
1057:U.S. Courts of Appeals
957:
892:
787:
638:
559:to serve as the civil
265:Restland Memorial Park
4775:
4095:
3943:Edward Douglass White
3695:Secretary of Commerce
3614:Secretary of the Navy
3418:Edward Stettinius Jr.
2346:June 8, 2010, at the
2092:May/June 1995, p. 14.
2030:Douglas, William O.,
1901:St. Clair and Guzin,
1582:Saturday Evening Post
1188:Boston, Massachusetts
1113:
951:
914:Crooker v. California
879:Clark with President
878:
853:Katzenbach v. McClung
781:
720:Supreme Court Justice
636:
629:U.S. Attorney General
391:Thomas Campbell Clark
224:Thomas Campbell Clark
181:Franklin D. Roosevelt
4824:American prosecutors
3975:Charles Evans Hughes
3509:Secretary of Defense
3455:Henry Morgenthau Jr.
2700:1994). 590 pp.
2692:Urofsky, Melvin I.,
2069:September 23, 2013,
1632:Michael R. Gardner,
1584:, September 29, 1945
1348:Rumbley, Rose-Mary.
1208:United States portal
1146:Princeton University
1099:Public Affairs Press
1089:Public Affairs Press
1001:conflict of interest
919:Gideon v. Wainwright
775:on August 24, 1949.
686:Executive Order 9835
447:Clark served on the
369:Texas National Guard
21:Thomas Curtis Clarke
4839:Lawyers from Dallas
3959:William Howard Taft
3709:W. Averell Harriman
3492:Robert P. Patterson
2644:Indiana Law Journal
2614:Abraham, Henry J.,
2466:www.achievement.org
1162:Sweet Briar College
1120:University of Texas
1012:goodwill ambassador
869:Wieman v. Updegraff
652:United Mine Workers
604:concentration camps
444:, in October 1967.
401:from 1949 to 1967.
4777:
4113:Associate justices
4097:
3726:Secretary of Labor
3684:Charles F. Brannan
3647:Julius Albert Krug
3603:Jesse M. Donaldson
3597:Robert E. Hannegan
3583:Postmaster General
3572:James P. McGranery
3529:George C. Marshall
3467:John Wesley Snyder
3430:George C. Marshall
3410:Secretary of State
2698:Garland Publishing
2660:Publishers: 1995)
2634:Houston Law Review
2600:Wohl, Alexander, "
2590:2013, 486 pages).
2291:Bracey v. Herringa
2090:American Heritage,
2017:Bernard Schwartz,
1953:Wohl, Alexander, "
1914:Gary M. Lavergne,
1550:Robert A. Miller,
1462:10.1111/jsch.12258
1361:Cushman pp. 426–27
1350:A Century of Class
1138:San Antonio, Texas
1116:
1046:Sarbanes-Oxley Act
958:
942:Berger v. New York
925:Miranda v. Arizona
893:
835:Anderson v. Martin
829:Hernandez v. Texas
788:
757:The New York Times
674:Shelley v. Kraemer
639:
593:Japanese Americans
576:Justice Department
457:racial segregation
430:U.S. Supreme Court
404:Clark was born in
234:September 23, 1899
4786:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4102:
4101:
4055:William Rehnquist
3755:
3754:
3715:Charles W. Sawyer
3672:Claude R. Wickard
3566:J. Howard McGrath
3326:
3325:
2840:
2839:
2834:Thurgood Marshall
2831:Succeeded by
2804:Succeeded by
2714:978-0-8153-1176-8
2674:978-0-7910-1377-9
2646:26 (1950): 169+.
2596:978-0-7006-1916-0
2582:Wohl, Alexander,
2575:978-0-292-71990-3
2555:978-1-56802-126-3
2201:978-0-292-77914-3
1610:January 15, 1947.
1020:Watergate scandal
1005:Thurgood Marshall
936:district attorney
881:Lyndon B. Johnson
802:Sweatt v. Painter
786:, August 24, 1949
619:William Colepaugh
617:("Magpie"). One,
561:district attorney
442:Thurgood Marshall
412:after serving in
388:
387:
102:Thurgood Marshall
4891:
4765:
4665:
4519:
4457:
4413:
4129:
4108:
4107:
4039:Warren E. Burger
3847:Oliver Ellsworth
3798:
3797:
3788:Justices of the
3782:
3775:
3768:
3759:
3758:
3746:Maurice J. Tobin
3703:Henry A. Wallace
3678:Clinton Anderson
3653:Oscar L. Chapman
3546:Attorney General
3535:Robert A. Lovett
3523:Louis A. Johnson
3486:Henry L. Stimson
3478:Secretary of War
3403:
3402:
3390:Alben W. Barkley
3353:
3346:
3339:
3330:
3329:
3321:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2843:
2842:
2814:Preceded by
2787:Preceded by
2779:
2778:
2652:Frank, John P.,
2636:6 (1968): 623+.
2579:
2533:Cushman, Clare,
2522:
2521:
2519:
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2015:
2009:
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2000:
1999:
1997:
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1980:
1974:
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1945:
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1770:Hamby, Alonzo L.
1766:
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1734:
1727:
1721:
1714:
1708:
1703:Michal Belknap,
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1502:Alexander Wohl,
1500:
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1238:
1236:Biography portal
1233:
1232:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1150:Barbara A. Perry
1148:) and Professor
615:Operation Elster
608:Truman Committee
557:private practice
541:Bachelor of Laws
533:Bachelor of Arts
349:
347:
346:
334:Military service
297:
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215:Personal details
203:
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4854:Texas Democrats
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4601:J. M. Harlan II
4514:
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3991:Harlan F. Stone
3927:Melville Fuller
3895:Salmon P. Chase
3805:
3792:
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3756:
3751:
3734:Frances Perkins
3720:
3689:
3658:
3641:Harold L. Ickes
3627:
3622:James Forrestal
3608:
3591:Frank C. Walker
3577:
3540:
3517:James Forrestal
3503:
3472:
3441:
3424:James F. Byrnes
3404:
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3395:
3370:
3367:Harry S. Truman
3357:
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2792:
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2609:Further reading
2576:
2568:. p. 328.
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2416:"Archived copy"
2414:
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2348:Wayback Machine
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2165:
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2156:
2152:
2145:
2143:"Archived copy"
2141:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2100:
2096:
2087:
2083:
2078:Wayback Machine
2064:
2060:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2029:
2025:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1965:Wayback Machine
1952:
1948:
1939:
1935:
1926:
1922:
1913:
1909:
1900:
1896:
1888:Michal Belknap,
1887:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1856:Wayback Machine
1846:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1820:
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1801:
1797:
1790:
1767:
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1750:
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1728:
1724:
1715:
1711:
1702:
1698:
1689:
1685:
1680:Wayback Machine
1670:
1666:
1658:Taylor Branch,
1657:
1653:
1644:
1640:
1631:
1627:
1618:
1614:
1608:New York Times,
1605:
1601:
1592:
1588:
1575:
1571:
1562:
1558:
1549:
1545:
1536:
1532:
1523:
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1514:
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1501:
1497:
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1442:
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1428:Wayback Machine
1419:
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1398:
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1369:
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1360:
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1234:
1229:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1108:
1081:
1069:
1033:Omaha, Nebraska
993:
826:cases, such as
728:
722:
631:
553:
545:Delta Tau Delta
531:and received a
505:
422:Harry S. Truman
344:
342:
299:
296: 1924)
291:
287:
271:Political party
252:
248:
235:
229:
227:
226:
225:
201:
191:
185:Harry S. Truman
183:
171:
166:
147:
135:
130:Harry S. Truman
121:
116:
96:
84:
78:Harry S. Truman
72:
66:
61:
45:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4897:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4784:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4770:
4768:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4755:(2022–present)
4750:
4749:(2020–present)
4744:
4743:(2018–present)
4738:
4737:(2017–present)
4732:
4731:(2010–present)
4726:
4725:(2009–present)
4720:
4719:(2006–present)
4714:
4708:
4702:
4701:(1991–present)
4696:
4690:
4684:
4678:
4672:
4666:
4658:
4652:
4646:
4640:
4634:
4628:
4622:
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4280:
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4136:
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4116:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4068:
4052:
4036:
4020:
4007:Fred M. Vinson
4004:
3988:
3972:
3956:
3940:
3924:
3911:Morrison Waite
3908:
3892:
3879:Roger B. Taney
3876:
3860:
3844:
3828:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3803:Chief justices
3794:
3793:
3785:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3762:
3753:
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3600:
3594:
3587:
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3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3554:Francis Biddle
3550:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3513:
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3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3495:
3489:
3482:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3464:
3461:Fred M. Vinson
3458:
3451:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3414:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3387:
3380:
3378:
3376:Vice President
3372:
3371:
3356:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3333:
3324:
3323:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
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3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3214:J. N. Mitchell
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3149:W. D. Mitchell
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
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3061:
3056:
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3036:
3031:
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3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
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2956:
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2861:
2854:
2846:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2829:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2807:Howard McGrath
2805:
2802:
2793:
2790:Francis Biddle
2788:
2784:
2783:
2782:Legal offices
2777:
2776:
2767:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2744:
2728:
2721:
2720:External links
2718:
2717:
2716:
2690:
2676:
2650:
2640:
2630:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2598:
2580:
2574:
2564:. Austin, TX:
2557:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2487:
2453:
2407:
2385:
2355:
2353:online archive
2333:
2303:
2281:
2271:
2252:
2233:
2207:
2200:
2180:
2134:
2125:
2094:
2081:
2058:
2054:Plain Speaking
2045:
2036:
2023:
2010:
2001:
1975:
1973:, June 7, 2011
1946:
1933:
1920:
1907:
1894:
1881:
1859:
1840:
1811:
1795:
1789:978-0231033350
1788:
1761:
1748:
1735:
1722:
1709:
1696:
1683:
1664:
1651:
1638:
1625:
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1599:
1586:
1569:
1556:
1543:
1530:
1517:
1508:
1495:
1436:
1408:
1372:
1370:Cushman at 427
1363:
1354:
1341:
1315:
1289:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1225:
1211:
1195:
1192:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1092:
1080:
1077:
1068:
1065:
995:Clark assumed
992:
989:
985:Plain Speaking
784:Fred M. Vinson
721:
718:
661:Eunice Kennedy
630:
627:
580:Thurman Arnold
552:
549:
539:, receiving a
518:National Guard
504:
501:
386:
385:
382:
381:
376:
372:
371:
366:
362:
361:
356:
355:Branch/service
352:
351:
340:
336:
335:
331:
330:
316:
312:
311:
305:
301:
300:
289:
285:
284:
282:
278:
277:
272:
268:
267:
262:
258:
257:
251:(aged 77)
245:
241:
240:
223:
221:
217:
216:
212:
211:
208:
207:
204:
198:
197:
194:
188:
187:
178:
174:
173:
163:
162:
156:
155:
153:Howard McGrath
150:
144:
143:
141:Francis Biddle
138:
132:
131:
128:
124:
123:
113:
112:
105:
104:
99:
93:
92:
87:
81:
80:
75:
69:
68:
58:
57:
51:
50:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4896:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
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4867:
4865:
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4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
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4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
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4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4774:
4764:
4754:
4751:
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4745:
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4727:
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4721:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4700:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4664:* (1972–1986)
4663:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4623:
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4617:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4518:* (1925–1941)
4517:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4456:* (1910–1916)
4455:
4451:
4448:
4445:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4412:* (1894–1910)
4411:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4290:
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4284:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4221:
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4212:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4197:
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4191:
4188:
4185:
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4176:
4173:
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4167:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4128:* (1790–1791)
4127:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4094:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4072:
4069:
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4065:
4060:
4056:
4053:
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4044:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3944:
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3932:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3863:John Marshall
3861:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3831:John Rutledge
3829:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3783:
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3760:
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3207:
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3200:
3197:
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3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
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3017:
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3005:
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3000:
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2990:
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2907:
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2900:
2897:
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2825:
2818:
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2799:
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2761:
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2756:
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2745:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2706:0-8153-1176-1
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2689:
2688:0-87187-554-3
2685:
2681:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2666:0-7910-1377-4
2663:
2659:
2658:Chelsea House
2655:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2628:0-19-506557-3
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
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2603:
2599:
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2552:
2548:
2547:1-56802-126-7
2544:
2541:Books, 2001)
2540:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2491:
2475:
2471:
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2369:
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2312:"NJC History"
2307:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2292:
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2275:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2246:
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2226:September 15,
2221:
2217:
2211:
2203:
2197:
2193:
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2176:
2170:
2159:September 15,
2151:
2144:
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2109:
2105:
2098:
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2085:
2079:
2075:
2072:
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2062:
2055:
2049:
2040:
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2027:
2020:
2014:
2005:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1957:
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1943:
1937:
1930:
1924:
1917:
1911:
1904:
1898:
1891:
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1869:
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1844:
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1809:
1808:0-671-76787-9
1805:
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1521:
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1479:
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1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1456:(1): 81–106.
1455:
1451:
1447:
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1429:
1425:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1376:
1367:
1358:
1351:
1345:
1334:September 16,
1329:
1325:
1319:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1250:
1249:O. John Rogge
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1198:
1191:
1189:
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1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1142:Robert George
1139:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1112:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1074:
1073:New York City
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:senior status
988:
986:
982:
977:
973:
970:
966:
965:
955:
952:Clark in the
950:
946:
944:
943:
937:
933:
932:
927:
926:
921:
920:
915:
909:
907:
906:
901:
900:
890:
886:
882:
877:
873:
871:
870:
865:
864:
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854:
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842:
837:
836:
831:
830:
824:
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815:
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809:
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803:
796:
794:
785:
780:
776:
774:
770:
765:
760:
758:
753:
751:
747:
743:
740:
739:Chief Justice
736:
733:
727:
717:
715:
714:Freedom Train
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
687:
683:
678:
676:
675:
670:
664:
662:
656:
653:
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635:
626:
624:
620:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
596:
594:
590:
585:
581:
577:
574:, joined the
573:
568:
566:
562:
558:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
500:
498:
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492:
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480:
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469:
464:
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458:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
406:Dallas, Texas
402:
400:
396:
392:
383:
380:
377:
373:
370:
367:
363:
360:
357:
353:
350:United States
341:
337:
332:
328:
324:
320:
317:
313:
310:
307:3, including
306:
302:
283:
279:
276:
273:
269:
266:
263:
261:Resting place
259:
255:
254:New York City
247:June 13, 1977
246:
242:
239:, Texas, U.S.
238:
222:
218:
213:
209:
206:Theron Caudle
205:
199:
196:Wendell Berge
195:
189:
186:
182:
179:
175:
169:
164:
161:
157:
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145:
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139:
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125:
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114:
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103:
100:
94:
91:
88:
82:
79:
76:
70:
64:
59:
56:
52:
48:
41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
4762:
4588:
4461:Van Devanter
4349:J. M. Harlan
4078:
4075:2005–present
4071:John Roberts
4062:
4046:
4030:
4014:
3998:
3982:
3966:
3950:
3934:
3918:
3902:
3886:
3870:
3854:
3838:
3822:
3560:Tom C. Clark
3559:
3436:Dean Acheson
3383:
3173:
2904:Breckinridge
2822:
2817:Frank Murphy
2795:
2774:Find a Grave
2770:Tom C. Clark
2734:
2731:Tom C. Clark
2693:
2679:
2653:
2643:
2633:
2615:
2583:
2561:
2534:
2514:. Retrieved
2499:
2490:
2478:. Retrieved
2465:
2456:
2432:December 12,
2430:. Retrieved
2410:
2400:February 19,
2398:. Retrieved
2388:
2376:. Retrieved
2368:www.nisd.net
2367:
2358:
2336:
2324:. Retrieved
2315:
2306:
2290:
2284:
2274:
2255:
2236:
2224:. Retrieved
2210:
2190:
2183:
2157:. Retrieved
2137:
2128:
2116:. Retrieved
2107:
2097:
2089:
2084:
2066:
2061:
2053:
2048:
2039:
2031:
2026:
2018:
2013:
2004:
1992:. Retrieved
1978:
1968:
1956:Mapp v. Ohio
1955:
1949:
1941:
1936:
1928:
1923:
1915:
1910:
1902:
1897:
1889:
1884:
1874:February 19,
1872:. Retrieved
1862:
1843:
1833:February 19,
1831:. Retrieved
1798:
1774:
1764:
1756:
1751:
1743:
1738:
1733:, pp. 127-28
1730:
1725:
1717:
1712:
1704:
1699:
1691:
1686:
1667:
1659:
1654:
1646:
1641:
1633:
1628:
1620:
1615:
1607:
1602:
1594:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1564:
1559:
1551:
1546:
1538:
1533:
1525:
1520:
1511:
1503:
1498:
1486:. Retrieved
1453:
1449:
1439:
1399:. Retrieved
1387:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1349:
1344:
1332:. Retrieved
1318:
1306:. Retrieved
1292:
1282:February 19,
1280:. Retrieved
1181:
1166:
1158:Carter Glass
1131:
1128:
1117:
1094:
1084:
1070:
1050:
1038:Lewis Powell
1029:
1009:
994:
984:
981:Merle Miller
978:
974:
962:
959:
940:
931:Mapp v. Ohio
929:
923:
917:
913:
910:
903:
897:
894:
867:
861:
858:
851:
845:
839:
833:
827:
822:
818:
812:
806:
800:
797:
789:
761:
756:
754:
750:Harold Ickes
735:Frank Murphy
729:
711:
679:
672:
668:
665:
663:to head it.
657:
648:
643:
640:
623:Erich Gimpel
612:
597:
584:Pearl Harbor
569:
554:
551:Early career
526:
506:
494:
488:
482:
472:
468:Mapp v. Ohio
466:
460:
453:Warren Court
449:Vinson Court
446:
438:Ramsey Clark
434:Frank Murphy
403:
390:
389:
375:Battles/wars
249:(1977-06-13)
202:Succeeded by
167:
148:Succeeded by
117:
97:Succeeded by
90:Frank Murphy
73:Nominated by
62:
32:Tom C. Clark
25:
4804:1977 deaths
4799:1899 births
4713:(1994–2022)
4707:(1993–2020)
4695:(1990–2009)
4689:(1988–2018)
4683:(1986–2016)
4677:(1981–2006)
4671:(1975–2010)
4657:(1972–1987)
4651:(1970–1994)
4645:(1967–1991)
4643:T. Marshall
4639:(1965–1969)
4633:(1962–1965)
4627:(1962–1993)
4621:(1958–1981)
4615:(1957–1962)
4609:(1956–1990)
4603:(1955–1971)
4597:(1949–1956)
4591:(1949–1967)
4585:(1945–1958)
4579:(1943–1949)
4577:W. Rutledge
4573:(1941–1954)
4567:(1941–1942)
4561:(1940–1949)
4555:(1939–1975)
4549:(1939–1962)
4547:Frankfurter
4543:(1938–1957)
4537:(1937–1971)
4531:(1932–1938)
4525:(1930–1945)
4511:(1923–1930)
4505:(1923–1939)
4499:(1922–1938)
4493:(1916–1922)
4487:(1916–1939)
4481:(1914–1941)
4475:(1912–1922)
4469:(1911–1916)
4463:(1911–1937)
4449:(1910–1914)
4443:(1906–1910)
4437:(1903–1922)
4431:(1902–1932)
4425:(1898–1925)
4419:(1896–1909)
4405:(1893–1895)
4399:(1892–1903)
4393:(1891–1906)
4387:(1890–1910)
4381:(1888–1893)
4375:(1882–1893)
4369:(1882–1902)
4363:(1881–1889)
4357:(1881–1887)
4351:(1877–1911)
4345:(1873–1882)
4339:(1870–1892)
4333:(1870–1880)
4327:(1863–1897)
4321:(1862–1877)
4315:(1862–1890)
4309:(1862–1881)
4303:(1858–1881)
4297:(1853–1861)
4291:(1851–1857)
4285:(1846–1870)
4279:(1845–1851)
4273:(1845–1872)
4267:(1842–1860)
4261:(1838–1852)
4255:(1837–1865)
4249:(1836–1841)
4243:(1835–1867)
4237:(1830–1844)
4231:(1829–1861)
4225:(1826–1828)
4219:(1823–1843)
4213:(1812–1845)
4207:(1811–1835)
4201:(1807–1826)
4195:(1807–1823)
4189:(1804–1834)
4183:(1800–1804)
4177:(1798–1829)
4171:(1796–1811)
4165:(1793–1806)
4159:(1792–1793)
4153:(1790–1799)
4147:(1790–1795)
4141:(1789–1798)
4135:(1790–1810)
4126:J. Rutledge
4023:Earl Warren
3748:(1948–1953)
3742:(1945–1948)
3717:(1948–1953)
3711:(1946–1948)
3705:(1945–1946)
3686:(1948–1953)
3680:(1945–1948)
3655:(1949–1953)
3649:(1946–1949)
3643:(1945–1946)
3624:(1945–1947)
3605:(1947–1953)
3599:(1945–1947)
3574:(1952–1953)
3568:(1949–1952)
3562:(1945–1949)
3537:(1951–1953)
3531:(1950–1951)
3525:(1949–1950)
3519:(1947–1949)
3494:(1945–1947)
3469:(1946–1953)
3463:(1945–1946)
3438:(1949–1953)
3432:(1947–1949)
3426:(1945–1947)
3392:(1949–1953)
3386:(1945–1949)
3369:(1945–1953)
3219:Kleindienst
3174:T. C. Clark
2696:(New York:
2618:(New York:
2586:(Lawrence:
2528:Works cited
2480:October 30,
2326:October 13,
2067:Scotusblog,
1931:pp. 136–37.
1759:pp. 131–32.
1401:February 7,
1156:and former
954:Oval Office
889:White House
885:Oval Office
793:Earl Warren
742:Fred Vinson
589:Earl Warren
522:infantryman
510:Eagle Scout
414:World War I
379:World War I
286:Mary Ramsey
192:Preceded by
136:Preceded by
85:Preceded by
4793:Categories
4753:K. Jackson
4571:R. Jackson
4523:O. Roberts
4497:Sutherland
4479:McReynolds
4403:H. Jackson
4373:Blatchford
4193:Livingston
4187:W. Johnson
4175:Washington
4157:T. Johnson
3309:M. Garland
3259:Thornburgh
3224:Richardson
3204:Katzenbach
3119:McReynolds
3114:Wickersham
3069:A. Garland
3044:Pierrepont
2989:Crittenden
2954:Crittenden
2828:1949–1967
2801:1945–1949
2288:See, e.g.
1994:August 15,
1255:References
1222:Law portal
991:Later life
724:See also:
503:Early life
339:Allegiance
275:Democratic
230:1899-09-23
4741:Kavanaugh
4723:Sotomayor
4662:Rehnquist
4613:Whittaker
4059:1986–2005
4043:1969–1986
4027:1953–1969
4011:1946–1953
3995:1941–1946
3979:1930–1941
3963:1921–1930
3947:1910–1921
3931:1888–1910
3915:1874–1888
3899:1864–1873
3883:1836–1864
3867:1801–1835
3851:1796–1800
3819:1789–1795
3364:President
3244:Civiletti
3184:McGranery
3134:Daugherty
3109:Bonaparte
2622:, 1992).
2378:August 8,
2108:Slate.com
1478:236660432
1470:1540-5818
1430:from the
1308:March 19,
1260:Citations
1048:in 2002.
695:Smith Act
570:Clark, a
315:Education
177:President
168:In office
127:President
118:In office
63:In office
4705:Ginsburg
4675:O'Connor
4649:Blackmun
4631:Goldberg
4625:B. White
4485:Brandeis
4467:J. Lamar
4410:E. White
4379:L. Lamar
4361:Matthews
4301:Clifford
4295:Campbell
4277:Woodbury
4259:McKinley
4217:Thompson
4169:S. Chase
4163:Paterson
3815:John Jay
3299:Sessions
3279:Gonzales
3274:Ashcroft
3209:R. Clark
3189:Brownell
3154:Cummings
3064:Brewster
3059:MacVeagh
3039:Williams
3019:Stanbery
2974:Clifford
2889:Bradford
2884:Randolph
2510:Archived
2474:Archived
2442:cite web
2423:Archived
2372:Archived
2344:Archived
2320:Archived
2296:Archived
2264:Archived
2245:Archived
2220:Archived
2169:cite web
2150:Archived
2112:Archived
2074:Archived
2052:Miller,
1988:Archived
1961:Archived
1852:Archived
1772:(1973).
1676:Archived
1623:, 78–81.
1482:Archived
1424:Archived
1392:Archived
1328:Archived
1302:Archived
1194:See also
983:'s book
823:McLaurin
746:cronyism
707:Chambers
682:Cold War
655:leader.
572:Democrat
451:and the
420:. After
304:Children
4747:Barrett
4735:Gorsuch
4687:Kennedy
4669:Stevens
4619:Stewart
4607:Brennan
4553:Douglas
4529:Cardozo
4509:Sanford
4423:McKenna
4417:Peckham
4337:Bradley
4247:Barbour
4235:Baldwin
4223:Trimble
4151:Iredell
4133:Cushing
3360:Cabinet
3284:Mukasey
3199:Kennedy
3179:McGrath
3164:Jackson
3144:Sargent
3124:Gregory
3089:McKenna
3034:Akerman
3004:Stanton
2994:Cushing
2984:Johnson
2929:Berrien
2914:Pinkney
2899:Lincoln
2733:at the
2118:July 5,
2034:p. 245.
1905:p. 184.
1720:125–26.
1694:113–19.
1541:, 50–56
1488:May 14,
1101:, 1971)
1091:, 1948)
887:at the
883:in the
709:cases.
424:became
298:
290:
4711:Breyer
4699:Thomas
4693:Souter
4681:Scalia
4655:Powell
4637:Fortas
4595:Minton
4583:Burton
4565:Byrnes
4559:Murphy
4503:Butler
4491:Clarke
4473:Pitney
4454:Hughes
4447:Lurton
4429:Holmes
4397:Shiras
4385:Brewer
4331:Strong
4313:Miller
4307:Swayne
4289:Curtis
4271:Nelson
4265:Daniel
4253:Catron
4229:McLean
4205:Duvall
4139:Wilson
3736:(1945)
3674:(1945)
3593:(1945)
3556:(1945)
3500:(1947)
3488:(1945)
3457:(1945)
3420:(1945)
3289:Holder
3194:Rogers
3169:Biddle
3159:Murphy
3129:Palmer
3094:Griggs
3084:Harmon
3074:Miller
3054:Devens
3024:Evarts
2979:Toucey
2964:Nelson
2959:Legaré
2949:Gilpin
2944:Grundy
2939:Butler
2909:Rodney
2712:
2704:
2686:
2672:
2664:
2648:online
2638:online
2626:
2594:
2572:
2553:
2545:
2516:May 6,
2508:, MA.
2506:Boston
2198:
1944:p. 163
1940:Wohl,
1927:Wohl,
1806:
1786:
1755:Wohl,
1729:Wohl,
1716:Wohl,
1690:Wohl,
1649:88–93.
1645:Wohl,
1619:Wohl,
1597:70–74.
1593:Wohl,
1563:Wohl,
1537:Wohl,
1476:
1468:
1106:Legacy
819:Sweatt
769:Senate
701:, and
699:Coplon
669:amicus
565:Dallas
493:, and
348:
309:Ramsey
281:Spouse
256:, U.S.
237:Dallas
4729:Kagan
4717:Alito
4589:Clark
4535:Black
4516:Stone
4441:Moody
4391:Brown
4355:Woods
4325:Field
4319:Davis
4283:Grier
4241:Wayne
4211:Story
4181:Moore
4145:Blair
4080:cases
4064:cases
4048:cases
4032:cases
4016:cases
4000:cases
3984:cases
3968:cases
3952:cases
3936:cases
3920:cases
3904:cases
3888:cases
3872:cases
3856:cases
3840:cases
3824:cases
3294:Lynch
3254:Meese
3249:Smith
3229:Saxbe
3139:Stone
3104:Moody
3079:Olney
3014:Speed
3009:Bates
2999:Black
2969:Mason
2934:Taney
2426:(PDF)
2419:(PDF)
2153:(PDF)
2146:(PDF)
1970:Slate
1827:(PDF)
1567:61–67
1474:S2CID
1395:(PDF)
1384:(PDF)
1079:Works
1067:Death
1042:Enron
292:(
288:
108:59th
4541:Reed
4367:Gray
4343:Hunt
4199:Todd
3835:1795
3384:None
3304:Barr
3269:Reno
3264:Barr
3239:Bell
3234:Levi
3099:Knox
3049:Taft
3029:Hoar
2924:Wirt
2919:Rush
2710:ISBN
2702:ISBN
2684:ISBN
2670:ISBN
2662:ISBN
2624:ISBN
2592:ISBN
2570:ISBN
2551:ISBN
2543:ISBN
2518:2014
2482:2020
2448:link
2434:2017
2402:2018
2380:2021
2328:2020
2228:2016
2196:ISBN
2175:link
2161:2016
2120:2016
1996:2013
1876:2022
1835:2022
1804:ISBN
1784:ISBN
1578:Life
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