847:, described his investigative methods as both "inquisitorial" and "terroristic" and charged that his goal was to intimidate and silence anti-New Dealers. Most controversially, Black, with the full backing of the Roosevelt administration, to get FCC to order Western Union and other telegraph companies to provide access to copies to several million telegrams sent during the period of February 1 to September 1, 1935. Committee and FCC staffers examined the telegrams at the rate of several thousand per day. The committee's goal was to uncover content that had bearing on lobbying, which it defined very broadly to include just about any political commentary. People who had their private telegrams examined included every member of Congress as well as leaders of anti-New Deal organizations. When Black's investigation of these telegrams became public knowledge, there was a major outcry in the press. On March 11, 1936, Chief Justice
1792:
are some who think that
Negroes should have special privileges under the law." Black felt that actions like protesting, singing, or marching for "good causes" one day could lead to supporting evil causes later on; his sister-in-law explained that Black was "mortally afraid" of protesters. Black opposed the actions of some civil rights and Vietnam War protesters and believed that legislatures first, and courts second, should be responsible for alleviating social wrongs. Black once said he was "vigorously opposed to efforts to extend the First Amendment's freedom of speech beyond speech", to conduct.
769:
9078:
8398:
940:, and Hugo Black. Roosevelt said Reed "had no fire", and Minton did not want the appointment at the time. The position would go to Black, a candidate from the South, who, as a senator, had voted for all 24 of Roosevelt's major New Deal programs. Roosevelt admired Black's use of the investigative role of the Senate to shape the American mind on reforms, his strong voting record, and his early support, which dated back to 1933. Both Reed and Minton were later appointed to the Supreme Court; Reed was the next Justice appointed by Roosevelt, while Minton was appointed by
7550:
2519:, revealing Black's involvement in the Klan and describing his resignation from the Klan as "the first move of his campaign for the Democratic nomination for United States Senator from Alabama". Sprigle wrote that "Black and the leaders of the Klan decided it was good political strategy for Black to make the senatorial race unimpeded by Klan membership but backed by the power of the Klan. That resignation filed for the duration of the campaign but never revealed to the rank and file of the order and held secretly in the records of the Alabama Realm".
1440:". While the text of the Constitution was an absolute limitation on the authority of judges in constitutional matters, within the confines of the text judges had a broad and unqualified mandate to enforce constitutional provisions, regardless of current public sentiment, or the feelings of the justices themselves. Thus, Black refused to join in the efforts of the justices on the court who sought to abolish capital punishment in the United States, whose efforts succeeded (temporarily) in the term immediately following Black's death. He claimed that the
7899:
1067:
Black's participation in the case. Ultimately, when the court unanimously denied the petition for rehearing, Justice
Jackson released a short statement, in which Justice Frankfurter joined. The concurrence indicated that Jackson voted to deny the petition not because he approved of Black's participation in the case, but on the "limited grounds" that each Justice was entitled to determine for himself the propriety of recusal. At first the case attracted little public comment. However, after Chief Justice
449:
406:
2830:
916:
2688:
2402:
1330:... Its provisions may be thought outdated abstractions by some. And it is true that they were designed to meet ancient evils. But they are the same kind of human evils that have emerged from century to century wherever excessive power is sought by the few at the expense of the many. In my judgment the people of no nation can lose their liberty so long as a Bill of Rights like ours survives and its basic purposes are conscientiously interpreted, enforced, and respected
2844:
2816:
1404:. Whereas Black voted with the majority under strict construction to uphold the state constitutional provision, his colleagues Douglas (joined by Warren, Brennan, and Fortas) and Fortas (joined by Warren and Douglas) dissented. According to Douglas, Georgia tradition would guarantee a Maddox victory though he had trailed Callaway by some three thousand votes in the general election returns. Douglas also saw the issue as a continuation of the earlier decision
2379:. He reasoned that for a state to treat illegitimate children worse than legitimate children is scarcely any different from treating "concubines" worse than wives, or treating other relatives of a person worse than any other relatives. "It may be possible that some of these choices are more 'rational' than the choices inherent in Louisiana's categories of illegitimates. But the power to make rules to establish, protect, and strengthen family life
33:
2028:(1961), which applied it to state as well as federal criminal investigations. In his concurrence, he indicated that his support was based on the Fifth Amendment's guarantee of the right against self-incrimination, not on the Fourth Amendment's guarantee against unreasonable searches and seizures. He wrote, "I am still not persuaded that the Fourth Amendment, standing alone, would be enough to bar the introduction into evidence
1044:
1492:
make those changes. For myself, I must, with all deference, reject that philosophy. The
Constitution makers knew the need for change, and provided for it. Amendments suggested by the people's elected representatives can be submitted to the people or their selected agents for ratification. That method of change was good for our Fathers, and, being somewhat old-fashioned, I must add it is good enough for me.
1375:
view of justices as social engineers or rewriters of the
Constitution. Black opposed enlarging constitutional liberties beyond their literal or historic "plain" meaning, as he saw his more liberal colleagues do. However, he also condemned the actions of those to his right, such as the conservative Four Horsemen of the 1920s and 1930s, who unsuccessfully attempted to overturn the New Deal's legislation.
2354:, striking down statutes that restricted welfare benefits to legal aliens but not to U.S. citizens. The majority opinion stated, "lassifications based on alienage, like those based on nationality or race, are inherently suspect and subject to close judicial scrutiny. Aliens as a class are a prime example of a 'discrete and insular minority' for whom such heightened judicial solicitude is appropriate."
3587:
2291:(1964), holding that the Constitution required congressional districts in any state to be approximately equal in population. He concluded that the Constitution's command "that Representatives be chosen 'by the People of the several States' means that as nearly as is practicable one man's vote in a congressional election is to be worth as much as another's". Likewise, he voted in favor of
1706:. According to this doctrine, an important principle of federalism called "comity"βthat is, respect by federal courts for state courtsβdictates that federal courts abstain from intervening in ongoing state proceedings, absent the most compelling circumstances. The case is also famous for its discussion of what Black calls "Our Federalism", a discussion in which Black expatiates on:
1281:
2802:
1334:... I would follow what I believe was the original intention of the Fourteenth Amendmentβto extend to all the people the complete protection of the Bill of Rights. To hold that this Court can determine what, if any, provisions of the Bill of Rights will be enforced, and if so to what degree, is to frustrate the great design of a written Constitution.
539:
abandoned it. I completely discontinued any association with the organization." Black served as the
Secretary of the Senate Democratic Conference and the Chair of the Senate Education Committee during his decade in the Senate. Having gained a reputation in the Senate as a reformer, Black was nominated to the Supreme Court by President Roosevelt and
3579:
1672:...by providing that some of the States cannot pass state laws or adopt state constitutional amendments without first being compelled to beg federal authorities to approve their policies, so distorts our constitutional structure of government as to render any distinction drawn in the Constitution between state and federal power almost meaningless.
2336:
only race and the characteristics of alienage as the "suspect" categories that were addressed and protected by equal protection, along with the one-man, one-vote principle, all of which merited strict scrutiny. In 1948, he participated in two court decisions that struck down certain
California laws that were discriminatory towards aliens:
1542:... A judge who does not decide some cases, from time to time, differently from the way he would wish, because the philosophy he has adopted requires it, is not a judge. But a judge who refuses ever to stray from his judicial philosophy, and be subject to criticism for doing so, no matter how important the issue involved, is a fool.'
1538:. When a clerk later asked how Black could justify this, he replied: 'A wise judge chooses, among plausible constitutional philosophies, one that will generally allow him to reach results he can believe inβa judge who does not to some extent tailor his judicial philosophy to his beliefs inevitably becomes badly frustrated and angry.
1710:...proper respect for state functions, a recognition of the fact that the entire country is made up of a Union of separate state governments, and a continuance of the belief that the National Government will fare best if the States and their institutions are left free to perform their separate functions in their separate ways.
2200:, he charged that the doctrine of substantive due process "takes away from Congress and States the power to make laws based on their own judgment of fairness and wisdom, and transfers that power to this Court for ultimate determination". Instead, Black advocated a much narrower interpretation of the clause. In his dissent to
855:(later renamed the District Court of D.C.) granted an injunction prohibiting the committee from any further examination of more telegrams on the grounds that they secured though against unreasonable search and seizure: "This subpoena goes way beyond any legitimate exercise of the right of subpoena duces tecum."
1853:(1961), the majority of justices, over Black's vigorous dissent, determined that a person who refused to answer whether they had been a member of an organization on the Attorney General's Subversive Organizations List could be denied admission to the bar on the basis of bad character. Black wrote, in his
1312:
is not deathless; it provides for changing or repealing by the amending process, not by judges but by the people and their chosen representatives." Black would often lecture his colleagues, liberal or conservative, on the
Supreme Court about the importance of acting within the limits of the Constitution.
1500:. David Strauss, for example, hails him as "he most influential originalist judge of the last hundred years". Black insisted that judges rely on the intent of the Framers as well as the "plain meaning" of the Constitution's words and phrases (drawing on the history of the period) when deciding a case.
1162:
Public opinion being what it now is, few will protest the conviction of these
Communist petitioners. There is hope, however, that, in calmer times, when present pressures, passions and fears subside, this or some later Court will restore the First Amendment liberties to the high preferred place where
2335:
By the late 1940s, Black believed that the
Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause was a constitutional prohibition against any state governmental actions that discriminated on the basis of race in an invidious or capricious manner. Throughout the remainder of his time on the court, Black saw
2327:(1969), in which a majority struck down a statute that prohibited registered voters from participating in certain school district elections unless they owned or rented real property in their local school district, or were parents or guardians of children attending the public schools in the district.
2206:, he analyzed the history of the term "due process of law", and concluded: "For me, the only correct meaning of that phrase is that our Government must proceed according to the 'law of the land'βthat is, according to written constitutional and statutory provisions as interpreted by court decisions."
2150:
However, during the 1960s, the court under Chief
Justice Warren took the process much further, making almost all guarantees of the Bill of Rights binding upon the states. Thus, although the court failed to accept Black's theory of total incorporation, the result of its jurisprudence is very close to
2110:
and his claim of 'freeborn rights'. In an appendix to his dissenting opinion, Justice Black analyzed statements made by those who framed the Fourteenth Amendment, reaching the conclusion that "the Fourteenth Amendment, and particularly its privileges and immunities clause, was a plain application of
1491:
I realize that many good and able men have eloquently spoken and written, sometimes in rhapsodical strains, about the duty of this Court to keep the Constitution in tune with the times. The idea is that the Constitution must be changed from time to time, and that this Court is charged with a duty to
705:
after incarceration, Black was befriended by A. O. Lane, a judge connected with the case. When Lane was elected to the Birmingham City Commission in 1911, he asked Black to serve as a police court judge – his only judicial experience prior to the Supreme Court. In 1912, Black resigned
538:
reports that he temporarily resigned from the Klan in 1925 to bolster his senatorial campaign, before quietly rejoining the Klan in 1926. In 1937, upon being appointed to the Supreme Court, Black said: "Before becoming a Senator I dropped the Klan. I have had nothing to do with it since that time. I
2555:
reported on Black's appointment of a Jewish law clerk, noting that he "earlier had appointed Miss Annie Butt, a Catholic, as a secretary, and the Supreme Court had designated Leon Smallwood, a Negro and a Catholic as his messenger." In the 1940s, Black became intrigued by the anti-Catholic writings
1948:
While I have always believed that under the First and Fourteenth Amendments neither the State nor the Federal Government has any authority to regulate or censor the content of speech, I have never believed that any person has a right to give speeches or engage in demonstrations where he pleases and
1906:
In the First Amendment the Founding Fathers gave the free press the protection it must have to fulfill its essential role in our democracy. The press was to serve the governed, not the governors. The Government's power to censor the press was abolished so that the press would remain forever free to
1311:
Second, Black's commitment to literalism involved using the words of the Constitution to restrict the roles of the judiciaryβBlack would have justices validate the supremacy of the country's legislature, unless the legislature itself was denying people their freedoms. Black wrote: "The Constitution
2209:
Black's view on due process drew from his reading of British history; to him, due process meant all persons were to be tried in accordance with the Bill of Rights' procedural guarantees and in accordance with constitutionally pursuant laws. Black advocated equal treatment by the government for all
1791:
Black also tended to favor law and order over civil rights activism. This led him to read the Civil Rights Act narrowly. For example, he dissented in multiple cases reversing convictions of sit-in protesters, arguing to limit the scope of the Civil Rights Act. In 1968 he said, "Unfortunately there
1560:
Black held an expansive view of legislative power, whether that be state or federal, and would often vote against judicial review of state laws that could be struck down under the Commerce Clause. Previously, during the 1920s and 1930s, the court had interpreted the commerce clause narrowly, often
1374:
ever showed." One scholar wrote, "No Justice of the Court conscientiously and persistently endeavored, as much as Justice Black did, to establish consistent standards of objectivity for adjudicating constitutional questions." Black advocated a narrow role of interpretation for justices, opposing a
1066:
himself, as the mine workers were represented by Black's law partner of 20 years earlier. Under the Supreme Court's rules, each Justice was entitled to determine the propriety of disqualifying himself. Jackson agreed that the petition for rehearing should be denied, but refused to give approval to
2004:
violated the Fourth Amendment's guarantee against unreasonable search and seizure. He argued that the Fourth Amendment only protected tangible items from physical searches or seizures. Thus, he concluded that telephone conversations were not within the scope of the amendment, and that warrantless
1307:
Black's jurisprudence had three essential components: history, literalism, and absolutism. Black's love of history was rooted in a lifelong love of books, which led him to the belief that historical study was necessary for one to prevent repeating society's past mistakes. Black wrote in 1968 that
1561:
striking down laws on the grounds that Congress had overstepped its authority. After 1937, however, the Supreme Court overturned several precedents and affirmed a broader interpretation of the Commerce Clause. Black consistently voted with the majority in these decisions; for example, he joined
1007:
and worked to move the court away from interposing itself in social and economic matters. Black vigorously defended the "plain meaning" of the Constitution, rooted in the ideas of its era, and emphasized the supremacy of the legislature; for Black, the role of the Supreme Court was limited and
969:
The Judiciary Committee recommended Black for confirmation by a vote of 13β4 on August 16, and the full Senate took up the nomination the next day. Rumors of Black's involvement in the Ku Klux Klan surfaced, and two Democratic senators tried defeating the nomination; no conclusive evidence was
2548:
Biographers in the 1990s examined Black's views of religious denominations. Ball found regarding the Klan that Black "sympathized with the group's economic, nativist, and anti-Catholic beliefs". Newman said Black "disliked the Catholic Church as an institution" and gave numerous anti-Catholic
1788:. The decision is an example of Black's belief in the limited role of the judiciary; he validated the legislative and executive actions that led to internment, saying "it is unnecessary for us to appraise the possible reasons which might have prompted the order to be used in the form it was."
1507:
not usually seen in court decision-making. The justices of the court would validate the supremacy of the legislature in public policy-making, unless the legislature was denying people constitutional freedoms. Black stated that the legislature "was fully clothed with the power to govern and to
1861:
Anastaplo has not indicated, even remotely, a belief that this country is an oppressive one in which the 'right of revolution' should be exercised. Quite the contrary, the entire course of his life, as disclosed by the record, has been one of devotion and service to his countryβfirst, in his
885:
Throughout his career as a senator, Black gave speeches based on his belief in the ultimate power of the Constitution. He came to see the actions of the anti-New Deal Supreme Court as judicial excess; in his view, the court was improperly overturning legislation that had been passed by large
1977:
As a Justice, Black held the view that the court should literally enforce constitutional guarantees, especially the First Amendment free speech clause. He was often labeled an 'activist' because of his willingness to review legislation that arguably violated constitutional provisions. Black
2191:. Most Supreme Court Justices accepted the view that the due process clause encompassed not only procedural guarantees, but also "fundamental fairness" and fundamental rights. Thus, it was argued that due process included a "substantive" component in addition to its "procedural" component.
862:
and a maximum workweek of thirty hours. Although the bill was initially rejected in the House of Representatives, an amended version of it, which extended Black's original maximum workweek proposal to forty-four hours, was passed in 1938 (after Black left the Senate), becoming known as the
1477:. According to Black that theory was vague and arbitrary, and merely allowed judges to impose their personal views on the nation. Instead, he argued that courts should limit themselves to a strict analysis of the actual text of the Constitution. Black was, in addition, an opponent of the "
1431:
approach to constitutional interpretation. He took a "literal" or absolutist reading of the provisions of the Bill of Rights and believed that the text of the Constitution is absolutely determinative on any question calling for judicial interpretation, leading to his reputation as a
2142:
The Supreme Court never accepted the argument that the Fourteenth Amendment incorporated the entirety of the Bill of Rights. However, it did agree that some "fundamental" guarantees were made applicable to the states. For the most part, during the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s, only
1158:, which made it a crime to "advocate, abet, advise, or teach the duty, necessity, desirability, or propriety of overthrowing the Government of the United States". The law was often used to prosecute individuals for joining the Communist Party. Black again dissented, writing:
4615:... At one point or another, all jurists cite language and historical intent in defending their interpretations of constitutional provisions. But arguably no other American judge has been as consistent, committed, and sincere an apostle of interpretivism as Justice Black was
2383:... is committed by the Constitution of the United States and the people of Louisiana to the legislature of that State. Absent a specific constitutional guarantee, it is for that legislature, not the life-tenured judges of this Court, to select from among possible laws."
617:(the pre-1937 Supreme Court's interpretation of this concept made it impossible for the government to enact legislation that conservatives claimed interfered with the freedom of business owners), and believed that there was no basis in the words of the Constitution for a
744:
In the early 1920s, Black became a member of the Robert E. Lee Klan No. 1 in Birmingham, and he resigned in 1925. In 1937, after his confirmation to the Supreme Court, it was reported he had been given a "grand passport" in 1926, granting him life membership to the
2320:
was overturned. He criticized the court for exceeding its "limited power to interpret the original meaning of the Equal Protection Clause" and for "giving that clause a new meaning which it believes represents a better governmental policy". He also dissented from
2089:, "No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States." He proposed that the term "privileges or immunities" encompassed the rights mentioned in the first eight amendments to the Constitution.
2078:
One of the most notable aspects of Justice Black's jurisprudence was the view that the entirety of the federal Bill of Rights was applicable to the states. Originally, the Bill of Rights was binding only upon the federal government, as the Supreme Court ruled in
749:. In response to this news, Black said he had never used the passport and had not kept it. He further stated that when he resigned he completely discontinued his Klan association, that he had never resumed it, and that he expected never to resume his membership.
2769:
Black served on the Supreme Court for thirty-four years, making him the fifth longest-serving Justice in Supreme Court history. He was the senior (longest serving) justice on the court for an unprecedented twenty-five years, from the death of Chief Justice
2218:
due process. This was in accordance with Black's literalist views. Black did not tie procedural due process exclusively to the Bill of Rights, but he did tie it exclusively to the Bill of Rights combined with other explicit provisions of the Constitution.
3243:
Whether the Black-Rutledge version is accurate history has been disputed vigrously off the Court, as we shall momentarily see; what is indisputable is that, with remarkable consensus, later Courts accepted the perspective of these Justices as historical
816:, Black became chairman of the Senate Committee on Education and Labor, a position he would hold for the remainder of his Senate career. On August 8, 1935, Black, who was chairman of the senate committee investigating lobbying activities, went on NBC's
970:
presented tying Black to the klan. After rejecting 15β66 a motion to recommit the nomination to the Judiciary Committee for further review, the Senate voted 63β16 to confirm on August 17, 1937; ten Republicans and six Democrats voted against. He was
931:
retired. Roosevelt wanted the replacement to be a "thumping, evangelical New Dealer" who was reasonably young, confirmable by the Senate, and from a region of the country unrepresented on the court. The three final candidates were Solicitor General
2427:, and more than 1,000 people attended. Pursuant to Justice Black's wishes, the coffin was "simple and cheap" and was displayed at the service to show that the costs of burial are not reflective of the worth of the human whose remains were present.
804:. To correct what he termed abuses of "fraud and collusion" resulting from the Air Mail Act of 1930, he introduced the BlackβMcKellar Bill, later the Air Mail Act of 1934. The following year he participated in a Senate committee's investigation of
1887:
Justice Black is often regarded as a leading defender of First Amendment rights such as the freedom of speech and of the press. He refused to accept the doctrine that the freedom of speech could be curtailed on national security grounds. Thus, in
1418:
formerly used to choose the governor. Black argued that the U.S. Constitution does not dictate how a state must choose its governor. "Our business is not to write laws to fit the day. Our task is to interpret the Constitution", Black explained.
947:
On August 12, 1937, Roosevelt nominated Black to fill the vacancy. By tradition, a senator nominated for an executive or judicial office was confirmed immediately and without debate. However, on this occasion, the nomination was referred to the
2252:
No right is more precious in a free country than that of having a voice in the election of those who make the laws under which, as good citizens, we must live. Other rights, even the most basic, are illusory if the right to vote is undermined.
2226:, who advocated a substantive view of due process based on "natural law"βif a challenged action did not "shock the conscience" of the jurist, or violate British concepts of fairness, Frankfurter would find no violation of due process of law.
2375:, in which a majority of the court overturned a decision made by the Louisiana courts to enforce a statute that was discriminatory toward "unacknowledged" illegitimate children. Three years later, he wrote a majority opinion for the case of
1841:(1957) that New Mexico could not bar Schware from becoming a lawyer because he might have, at one time, consorted with Communist causes. Schware was, in fact, a decorated veteran who fought in World War II. Black reaffirmed this position in
2534:... Before becoming a Senator I dropped the Klan. I have had nothing to do with it since that time. I abandoned it. I completely discontinued any association with the organization. I have never resumed it and never expect to do so." The
1177:(1962), which declared state-sanctioned prayer in public schools unconstitutional. This provoked considerable opposition, especially in conservative circles. Efforts to restore school prayer by constitutional amendment failed.
1836:
In four bar applicant appeals to the Supreme Court, Black advanced the argument that a person's political affiliation or beliefs, without action, was not enough to establish evidence of bad moral character. Black argued in
1027:, while Frankfurter soon became one of Black's ideological foes. From 1945 until 1971, Black was the Senior Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. As of 2023, Black is the most recent sitting Supreme Court justice to have
2525:
In a radio statement on October 1, 1937, Black said in part, "I number among my friends many members of the colored race. Certainly, they are entitled to the full measure of protection accorded by our Constitution and our
2114:
Black's theory attracted the support of Justices such as Frank Murphy and William O. Douglas. However, it never achieved the support of a majority of the court. The most prominent opponents of Black's theory were Justices
1062:. In this case the court ruled 5β4 in favor of the UMW; Black voted with the majority, while Jackson dissented. However, the coal company requested the court rehear the case on the grounds that Justice Black should have
2386:
Black apparently did not think of homosexuals as a suspect class either, voting with five other colleagues on the court to uphold the authority of the federal government to deport a gay man just because he was gay, in
1315:
Third, Black's absolutism led him to enforce the rights of the Constitution, rather than attempting to define a meaning, scope, or extent to each right. Black expressed his view on the Bill of Rights in his opinion in
4828:
Joshua E. Kastenberg, Hugo Black's Vision of the Lawyer, the First Amendment, and the Duty of the Judiciary: The Bar Applicant Cases in a National Security State, 20 William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal, 661
808:
practices. He publicly denounced the "highpowered, deceptive, telegram-fixing, letterframing, Washington-visiting" lobbyists, and advocated legislation requiring them to publicly register their names and salaries.
2633:, but the charges were dismissed by the trial court. A unanimous Supreme Court, which included Black, reversed the dismissal and ordered the case to proceed to trial. Seven of these men, including fellow Klansmen
1668:. In an attempt to protect the voting rights of African Americans, the act required any state with a history of discrimination to obtain federal approval before changing its voting laws. Black wrote that the law:
1928:
laws abridged the freedom of speech and were therefore unconstitutional. Most members of the Supreme Court rejected both of these views; Black's interpretation did attract the support of Justice Douglas.
736:
to organize and train another regiment, and he requested Black as his adjutant. The war ended before Black's new unit departed the United States, and he returned to law practice. He joined the Birmingham
1953:
Moreover, Black took a narrow view of what constituted "speech" under the First Amendment; for him, "conduct" did not deserve the same protections that "speech" did. For example, he did not believe that
2597:. A decade later, on October 2, 1967, Marshall became the first African American to be appointed to the Supreme Court, and served with Black on the court until Black's retirement on September 17, 1971.
1448:'s reference to takings of "life", and to "capital" crimes, meant approval of the death penalty was implicit in the Bill of Rights. He also was not persuaded that a right of privacy was implicit in the
1907:
censure the Government. The press was protected so that it could bare the secrets of government and inform the people. Only a free and unrestrained press can effectively expose deception in government.
974:
on August 19, 1937. Shortly after, Black's KKK membership became known and there was widespread outrage; nonetheless Black went on to become a prominent champion of civil liberties and civil rights.
5664:
Black had signed an undated letter of resignation on August 26, the day before his August 27 admission to Bethesda. The letter was delivered to President Nixon by Black's messenger on September 17;
1741:
As a senator, Black filibustered an anti-lynching bill. However, during his tenure on the bench, Black established a record more sympathetic to the civil rights movement. He joined the majority in
9133:
1105:
In the 1960s, Black clashed with Fortas, who by that time had been appointed as an associate justice. In 1968, a Warren clerk called their feud "one of the most basic animosities of the Court".
7742:
7354:
4281:
3770:
106:
6060:
1964:(1969), he wrote: "It passes my belief that anything in the Federal Constitution bars a State from making the deliberate burning of the American flag an offense." Similarly, he dissented from
2560:. Historian J. Mills Thornton emphasizes his close ties to the KKK. The top leader of the Alabama Klan ran his campaign for the Senate, when Black visited most of the KKK locals in Alabama.
2867:
1225:
1862:
willingness to defend its security at the risk of his own life in time of war and, later, in his willingness to defend its freedoms at the risk of his professional career in time of peace.
667:
Black was born in Harlan, Clay County, Alabama, on February 27, 1886, the youngest of eight children born to William Lafayette Black and Martha (Toland) Black. In 1890 the family moved to
1816:... I do not believe that any federal agencies, including Congress and the court, have power or authority to subordinate speech and press to what they think are 'more important interests.
1552:
which argued that substantive due process prevented police from making an involuntary intrusion into a person's body, in this case a blood sample taken while the suspect was unconscious.
1028:
6178:
4234:
2085:(1833). According to Black, the Fourteenth Amendment, ratified in 1868, "incorporated" the Bill of Rights, or made it binding upon the states as well. In particular, he pointed to the
1217:, who replaced Justice Jackson in 1955. They disagreed on several issues, including the applicability of the Bill of Rights to the states, the scope of the due process clause, and the
796:. Senator Black gained a reputation as a tenacious investigator. In 1934, he chaired the committee that looked into the contracts awarded to air mail carriers under Postmaster General
5713:
1192:. They said the court had a role beyond that of Congress. Yet while he often voted with them on the Warren Court, he occasionally took his own line on some key cases, most notably
8368:
8160:
741:
Club during this time, eventually serving as president of the group. He remained an active member throughout his life, occasionally contributing articles to Civitan publications.
8176:
8144:
5366:
2774:
on April 22, 1946, to his own retirement on September 17, 1971. As the longest-serving associate justice, he was acting Chief Justice on two occasions: from Stone's death until
1878:(1961), he delivered an opinion which affirmed that the states could not use religious tests as qualifications for public office. Similarly, he authored the majority opinion in
8384:
2872:
555:
4731:
1358:
and reserved the power of making laws to the legislatures, often scolding his more liberal colleagues for what he saw as judicially created legislation. Conservative justice
9123:
8352:
8336:
8320:
8288:
8240:
7426:
2897:
2892:
2882:
2877:
2538:
reported that about fifty million listeners heard Black's address on the radio, reportedly a larger radio audience than any previous speech except the abdication address of
1445:
3189:
8304:
8256:
8224:
8208:
8192:
5864:
3673:
2887:
3918:
966:(1940), an early case where Black ruled in favor of African-American criminal defendants who experienced due process violations, later helped put these concerns to rest.
9128:
8417:
8272:
7386:
500:
51:
8128:
2862:
3266:
3154:
1761:
in public schools. Black remained determined to desegregate the South and would call for the Supreme Court to adopt a position of "immediate desegregation" in 1969's
7139:
5774:
1056:
7120:
3491:
1011:
During his early years on the Supreme Court, Black helped reverse several earlier court decisions that were based on a narrow interpretation of federal power. Many
2742:
1441:
5426:
5255:
5218:
5054:
4946:
4916:
4891:
4701:
4528:
4130:
1827:
between church and state. During his career Black wrote several important opinions relating to church-state separation. He delivered the opinion of the court in
5144:
5024:
1970:(1971), in which the court held that wearing a jacket emblazoned with the words "Fuck the Draft" was speech protected by the First Amendment. He joined Justice
1812:", "gravity of the evil", "reasonableness", or "balancing". Black would write that the First Amendment is "wholly 'beyond the reach' of federal power to abridge
1531:
567:
6148:
5645:
5622:
5596:
5573:
5081:
1654:
1634:
1617:
1600:
1583:
1566:
1144:
1121:
in the United States. In several cases the Supreme Court considered, and upheld, the validity of anticommunist laws passed during this era. For example, in
9173:
9168:
7256:
7056:
148:
3557:
1911:... The word 'security' is a broad, vague generality whose contours should not be invoked to abrogate the fundamental law embodied in the First Amendment.
9183:
2389:
2156:
1824:
7326:
5735:
2168:
2054:
1991:
952:. Black was criticized for his presumed bigotry, his cultural roots, and his Klan membership, when that became public. But Black was a close friend of
5795:
4274:
3760:
1202:. In not finding such a right implicit in the Constitution, Black wrote in his dissent that "Many good and able men have eloquently spoken and written
7419:
6396:
6049:
4182:
2176:
2164:
2152:
2144:
2099:
2050:
1527:
1449:
1134:
1024:
686:, and began to practice in Ashland. In 1907, Black moved to the growing city of Birmingham, where he built a successful practice that specialized in
3738:
2008:
Justice Black originally believed that the Constitution did not require the exclusion of illegally seized evidence at trials. In his concurrence to
1800:
Black took an absolutist approach to First Amendment jurisprudence, believing the first words of the Amendment that said "Congress shall make no law
9118:
4256:
9188:
7732:
4260:
949:
5894:
5166:
5192:
3527:
2948:
2147:
rights (such as free exercise of religion and freedom of speech) were deemed sufficiently fundamental by the Supreme Court to be incorporated.
544:
5985:
1184:. While all members of the court were New Deal liberals, Black was part of the most liberal wing of the court, together with Warren, Douglas,
1079:
controversy. Black and Douglas allegedly leaked to newspapers that they would resign if Jackson were appointed Chief. Truman ultimately chose
9163:
7232:
7228:
7106:
6086:
4226:
1763:
789:
2222:
None of Black's colleagues shared his interpretation of the due process clause. His chief rival on the issue (and on many other issues) was
2039:
In other instances, Black took a fairly broad view of the rights of criminal defendants. He joined the Supreme Court's landmark decision in
7412:
6296:
5456:
5396:
2304:
unconstitutional. During his first term on the court, he participated in a unanimous decision to uphold Georgia's poll tax in the case of
1938:(1966), controversially upholding a trespassing conviction for protesters who demonstrated on government property. He also dissented from
1362:
would say of Black: "No Justice has worn his judicial robes with a keener sense of the limitations that go with them." Conservative Judge
985:, to fill Black's vacated Senate seat. On Black's first day on the bench, three lawyers contested Black's appointment on the basis of the
7435:
7290:
7213:
6027:
5705:
2420:, in August 1971, and subsequently retired from the court on September 17. He suffered a stroke two days later and died on September 25.
2323:
1091:
558:, Black was one of the most influential Supreme Court justices in the 20th century. He is noted for using historical evidence to support
7710:
5294:
3712:
832:
to close down the country's corrupt electric holding companies. Black gave a dramatic speech on this four-decade-long political battle.
4306:
3465:
825:
6266:
6234:
5358:
3954:
3885:
8084:
7167:
6338:
4611:
Black railed against judges who would substitute their policy judgments for the Constitution's language and the intent of its framers
3793:
3356:
2618:
2545:
Near the end of his life, Black said that joining the Klan was a mistake: "I would have joined any group if it helped get me votes."
852:
785:
683:
543:
by the Senate by a vote of 63 to 16 (six Democratic Senators and 10 Republican Senators voted against him). He was the first of nine
7080:
4851:
2357:
Consistent with his view that the equal protection clause had a limited meaning, Black did not believe illegitimate children were a
2210:
persons, regardless of wealth, age, or race. Black's view of due process was restrictive in the sense that it was premised on equal
7069:
6314:
5109:
4723:
3643:
1032:
524:
520:
5546:
5516:
5486:
1944:(1969), in which the Supreme Court ruled that students had the right to wear armbands (as a form of protest) in schools, writing:
1647:
In several other federalism cases, however, Black ruled against the federal government. For instance, he partially dissented from
1015:
laws that would have been struck down under earlier precedents were thus upheld. In 1939 Black was joined on the Supreme Court by
4994:
3427:
2582:
1612:
1308:"power corrupts, and unrestricted power will tempt Supreme Court justices just as history tells us it has tempted other judges."
924:
5860:
5324:
3665:
1932:
However, he did not believe that individuals had the right to speak wherever they pleased. He delivered the majority opinion in
1300:
is among the most distinctive of any members of the Supreme Court in history and has been influential on justices as diverse as
9203:
4563:
3908:
2405:
2338:
3193:
1090:
that barred a federal district court in Texas from further investigation of significant voter fraud and irregularities in the
9143:
9113:
7013:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6894:
6807:
6784:
6739:
6659:
6644:
6601:
6510:
6021:
5677:
4063:
2962:
2312:
2066:(1963), which ruled that the states must provide an attorney to an indigent criminal defendant who cannot afford one. Before
879:
6471:
Ball, Howard; Cooper, Phillip (1994). "Fighting Justices: Hugo L. Black and William O. Douglas and Supreme Court Conflict".
6467:
Argues that in the 1960s Black moved to the right on cases involving civil liberties, civil rights, and economic liberalism.
6378:
5920:
5683:
2151:
what Black advocated. Today, the only parts of the first eight amendments that have not been extended to the states are the
1833:(1947), which held that the establishment clause was applicable not only to the federal government, but also to the states.
9178:
9158:
7186:
4100:
2752:
An extensive collection of Black's personal, senatorial, and judicial papers is archived at the Manuscript Division of the
6551:
The New Deal's War on the Bill of Rights: The Untold Story of FDR's Concentration Camps, Censorship, and Mass Surveillance
5767:
3611:
The New Deal's War on the Bill of Rights: The Untold Story of FDR's Concentration Camps, Censorship, and Mass Surveillance
3256:
3144:
9193:
9138:
8635:
8623:
7848:
7725:
7684:
2760:
1890:
1387:
1167:
Beginning in the late 1940s, Black wrote decisions relating to the Establishment Clause, where he insisted on the strict
882:, popularly known as the court-packing bill, FDR's unsuccessful plan to expand the number of seats on the Supreme Court.
675:
6354:
5956:
4457:
3215:
3122:
2297:(1964), which extended the same requirement to state legislative districts on the basis of the equal protection clause.
760:(1924β1996), and Martha Josephine (1933β2019). Josephine died in 1951; in 1957, Black married Elizabeth Seay DeMeritte.
9198:
8107:
8094:
7569:
6864:
6558:
6050:"Justice Hugo Black admits his membership in Ku Klux Klan in an address to the nation through radio in Washington D.C."
5288:
5107:. Gilder, Eric and Hagger, Mervyn. British and American Studies (University of the West, TimiΘoara) 14 (2008): 217β226.
3706:
3618:
3332:
3299:
2572:
2194:
Black, however, believed that this interpretation of the due process clause was unjustifiably broad. In his dissent to
1884:(1962), which declared it unconstitutional for states to require the recitation of official prayers in public schools.
829:
504:
6214:
5418:
5247:
5222:
5046:
4938:
4908:
4885:
4872:
Loren P. Beth, "Mr. Justice Black and the First Amendment: Comments on the Dilemma of Constitutional Interpretation",
4693:
4520:
4399:
4122:
7222:
6872:
6846:
6788:
6758:
6689:
6674:
6582:
6525:
6473:
6426:
6109:
5136:
5016:
4764:
4437:
4383:
4353:
4329:
4018:
3102:
1578:
2497:
to succeed Black on the Supreme Court. Powell was confirmed by an 89 to 1 vote and was sworn in on January 7, 1972.
8683:
7674:
7209:
6144:
5813:
1777:
1398:
1391:
606:
508:
389:
312:
4152:
2671:
magazine: On August 26, 1935, as a United States Senator; and on October 9, 1964, as an associate justice (art by
2365:
to laws that were discriminatory toward such children. In 1968, he joined a dissenting opinion written by Justice
2348:(he wrote a concurring opinion). During his last full term on the court, he participated in a unanimous decision,
2230:
largely agreed with Frankfurter, and was highly critical of Black's view, indicating his "continued bafflement at
2086:
1781:
7549:
8443:
7758:
7718:
6702:
Hockett, Jeffrey D. (1992). "Justices Frankfurter and Black: Social Theory and Constitutional Interpretation".
4094:
3549:
1868:
1168:
6732:
New Deal Justice: The Constitutional Jurisprudence of Hugo L. Black, Felix Frankfurther, and Robert H. Jackson
4629:, "Forward: Antidiscrimination and Constitutional Accountability (What the Bork-Brennan Debate Ignores)", 105
1682:(1970), he delivered the opinion of the court holding that the federal government was not entitled to set the
927:
plan, President Roosevelt obtained his first opportunity to appoint a Supreme Court justice when conservative
9153:
8077:
2413:
1829:
890:
725:
462:
405:
2129:, but merely protected rights that are "implicit in the concept of ordered liberty", which was the standard
574:, often declaring "No law means no law." Black expanded individual rights in his opinions in cases such as
6915:
6750:
5799:
3418:
2708:
1924:
He rejected the idea that the government was entitled to punish "obscene" speech. Likewise, he argued that
1690:
1649:
563:
6400:
3824:
Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2020: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President
1902:'s contention that publication would have security implications. In his concurring opinion, Black stated:
792:, winning 80.9% of the white vote. He was reelected in 1932, winning 86.3% of the vote against Republican
732:
as the regimental adjutant. When the regiment departed for France, its commander was ordered to return to
8497:
7740:
7182:
7092:
6769:
5886:
4503:
3734:
2577:
2431:
1753:
919:
1937 poster protesting Black's appointment as Associate Supreme Court Justice due to his Klan background.
729:
452:
302:
491:(February 27, 1886 β September 25, 1971) was an American lawyer, politician, and jurist who served as a
7140:
Pesaresi, Josephine Black. "'Simple and Cheap' My Father Said" β preparations for her father's funeral.
6920:
5781:
2254:
1772:
1462:. Black said "It belittles that Amendment to talk about it as though it protects nothing but 'privacy'
1338:
In a 1968 public interview, reflecting on his most important contributions, Black put his dissent from
971:
601:
1366:
wrote, "Justice Black came to have significantly more respect for the limits of the Constitution than
8733:
8062:
5170:
2712:
2626:
2459:
2123:. Frankfurter and Harlan argued that the Fourteenth Amendment did not incorporate the Bill of Rights
2022:... a judicially created rule of evidence". But he later changed his mind and joined the majority in
1804:..." Black rejected the creation of judicial tests for free speech standards, such as the tests for "
1383:
824:
million electric industry lobbying campaign attempt to defeat the WheelerβRayburn bill, known as the
707:
7127:
Hugo Black of Alabama: How His Roots and Early Career Shaped the Great Champion of the Constitution.
5196:
3523:
3289:
2106:
did not apply to the states. It was during this period of time that Hugo Black became a disciple of
9148:
8665:
8467:
8070:
7051:
6817:
6082:
5978:
3580:"Black Describes Lobby Inquiry Tells Radio Audience "You Will Pay Bill" in Increased Utility Rates"
3324:
Hugo Black of Alabama: How His Roots and Early Career Shaped the Great Champion of the Constitution
2301:
1805:
1699:. This case, decided during Black's last year on the court, has given rise to what is now known as
1218:
864:
7103:
6215:"Edgar Ray Killen, the KKK leader convicted in the 'Mississippi Burning' killings, dies in prison"
3454:"A U.S. Supreme Court justice was in the Ku Klux Klan β and he remained on the bench for 34 years"
1342:"at the top of the list, but then spoke with great eloquence from one of his earliest opinions in
8917:
8905:
8599:
8593:
8491:
7534:
7114:
7074:
6814:
Constitutional Faiths: Felix Frankfurter, Hugo Black, and the Process of Judicial Decision Making
6593:
2957:
2549:
speeches in his 1926 election campaign to Ku Klux Klan meetings across Alabama. However, in 1937
2511:
2366:
2196:
2188:
2120:
1535:
1483:
1454:
1253:
1214:
1194:
1139:
899:
623:
614:
7085:
6300:
5448:
5388:
2766:
In his hometown of Ashland, a monument to Justice Hugo Black was dedicated on October 15, 2022.
1978:
maintained that literalism was necessary to cabin judicial power, which informed his dissent in
1075:
would appoint Jackson as Stone's successor led several newspapers to investigate and report the
752:
On February 23, 1921, he married Josephine Foster (1899β1951), with whom he had three children:
8979:
8911:
8783:
8461:
8251:
7469:
7126:
4752:
3322:
2732:
2704:
2609:
2439:
1437:
1289:
1185:
613:. During the mid-1960s, Black became slightly more conservative. Black opposed the doctrine of
169:
6189:
6167:
6011:
5278:
4375:
4369:
2691:
2049:
prior to interrogations, and consistently voted to apply the guarantees of the Fourth, Fifth,
1872:(1948) held that the government could not provide religious instruction in public schools. In
9057:
8807:
8714:
8659:
8629:
8617:
8539:
8247:
6979:
6799:
5649:
5626:
5600:
5577:
5085:
4183:"'Hungry for a Spiritual Revival': The School Prayer Amendment and the Rise of the New Right"
4086:
3696:
2362:
2263:
2257:
leaves no room for classification of people in a way that unnecessarily abridges this right.
2094:
2073:
1996:
1658:
1638:
1629:
1621:
1604:
1587:
1570:
1318:
1148:
871:
788:(and Republicans) at the turn of the century, Black easily defeated his Republican opponent,
757:
738:
516:
379:
74:
4656:
3453:
1473:
Justice Black rejected reliance on what he called the "mysterious and uncertain" concept of
9108:
9103:
8813:
8758:
8751:
8695:
8653:
8279:
7963:
7945:
7833:
7679:
7614:
7564:
7459:
7274:
7149:
7133:
6533:
Of Power and Right: Hugo Black, William O. Douglas, and America's Constitutional Revolution
6503:
Of Power and Right: Hugo Black, William O. Douglas, and America's Constitutional Revolution
6274:
6244:
2835:
2350:
2306:
2135:
2062:
1940:
1809:
1748:
986:
953:
777:
641:
576:
272:
200:
9077:
8397:
6540:
The Vision and the Dream of Justice Hugo L. Black: An Examination of a Judicial Philosophy
6335:
3849:
3797:
3348:
1714:
Black was an early supporter of the "one man, one vote" standard for apportionment set by
903:
reported that when a motion to end the filibuster was defeated, "he southernersβheaded by
768:
8:
9009:
8959:
8845:
8833:
8771:
8765:
8745:
8587:
8263:
7768:
7504:
7396:
7379:
7303:
7299:
7129:
7027:
6946:
6905:
6612:
6359:
4839:
3496:
2753:
2746:
2642:
2551:
2494:
2471:
2467:
2344:
2287:
2272:
2081:
1966:
1934:
1703:
1548:
1478:
1265:
1233:
1229:
1130:
962:
933:
928:
797:
793:
647:
629:
588:
98:
86:
6322:
5113:
3639:
1047:
Black was involved in a bitter controversy with Justice Robert H. Jackson (shown above).
8857:
8795:
8611:
8479:
7930:
7858:
7644:
7599:
7479:
6963:
6883:
6719:
6490:
6458:
6450:
5843:
5652:
5629:
5538:
5508:
5478:
5088:
4802:
4590:
4426:
3974:
3970:
3877:
3869:
3765:
2919:
2646:
2455:
2424:
2417:
2041:
1974:'s dissent, which asserted that this activity "was mainly conduct, and little speech".
1960:
1874:
1758:
1743:
1729:
1678:
1661:
1641:
1624:
1607:
1595:
1590:
1504:
1411:
1367:
1355:
1257:
1249:
1241:
1151:
1020:
1004:
721:
610:
548:
540:
530:
Before he became a Senator, Black espoused anti-Catholic views and was a member of the
429:
291:
7404:
7098:
6433:
Atkins, Burton M.; Sloope, Terry (1986). "The 'New' Hugo Black and the Warren Court".
5603:
5580:
4968:
3414:
1573:
9051:
8973:
8966:
8947:
8875:
8851:
8801:
8707:
8701:
8677:
8641:
8551:
8545:
8359:
7783:
7664:
7624:
7619:
7574:
7311:
7009:
6925:
6890:
6868:
6842:
6803:
6780:
6754:
6735:
6685:
6670:
6655:
6640:
6597:
6554:
6521:
6506:
6462:
6422:
6219:
6017:
5847:
5839:
5743:
5673:
5568:
5316:
5284:
4760:
4602:
4433:
4379:
4349:
4325:
4300:
4250:
4090:
4059:
4014:
4007:
3978:
3881:
3702:
3614:
3328:
3295:
3098:
2728:
2716:
2630:
2594:
2483:
2463:
2447:
2371:
2282:
2227:
2223:
2116:
2070:, the court had held that such a requirement applied only to the federal government.
2015:
2001:
1925:
1695:
1665:
1522:
1415:
1359:
1052:
1016:
982:
753:
698:
635:
240:
38:
674:
Black attended Ashland College, an academy located in Ashland, then enrolled at the
8887:
8721:
8343:
8151:
7940:
7920:
7898:
7883:
7868:
7823:
7788:
7763:
7649:
7539:
7499:
7489:
7464:
7454:
7364:
7145:
6955:
6711:
6482:
6442:
6190:
No Establishment of Religion β America's Original Contribution to Religious Liberty
5835:
3966:
3861:
3461:
2857:
2807:
2650:
2590:
2539:
2434:. He is one of fourteen Supreme Court justices buried at Arlington. The others are
2293:
2103:
2092:
Black first expounded this theory of incorporation when the Supreme Court ruled in
2010:
1955:
1261:
1199:
1114:
813:
801:
679:
668:
618:
393:
141:
7002:
Mr. Justice Black and Mrs. Black: The Memoirs of Hugo L. Black and Elizabeth Black
2952:
2778:
took office on June 24, 1946; and from Vinson's death on September 8, 1953, until
2316:(1966), invalidating the use of the poll tax as a qualification to vote, in which
1326:
I cannot consider the Bill of Rights to be an outworn 18th century 'strait jacket'
858:
In 1937 he sponsored the BlackβConnery Bill, which sought to establish a national
9045:
9027:
9003:
8991:
8935:
8869:
8820:
8689:
8605:
8569:
8437:
8363:
8295:
8231:
8199:
8155:
8041:
7978:
7925:
7888:
7813:
7803:
7793:
7689:
7654:
7609:
7604:
7509:
7449:
7283:
7249:
7202:
7178:
7110:
6632:
6626:
6618:
6419:
Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court
6382:
6342:
6239:
6152:
5778:
5667:
4895:
4626:
4461:
4080:
4053:
3261:
3177:
Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court
3149:
2821:
2771:
2715:
he was one of only two Associate Justices to do so until the later inclusions of
2667:
2443:
2130:
2046:
1895:
1880:
1406:
1401:
1245:
1237:
1206:... about the duty of this Court to keep the Constitution in tune with the times.
1189:
1173:
1072:
1051:
In the mid-1940s, Justice Black became involved in a bitter dispute with Justice
1023:. Douglas voted alongside Black in several cases, especially those involving the
991:
941:
848:
843:
837:
781:
706:
to return to practicing law full time. In 1914, he began a four-year term as the
702:
656:
582:
571:
228:
181:
5280:
The birth of the modern Constitution: the United States Supreme Court, 1941β1953
5110:"John Lilburne Research Institute - Reference - Hugo L. Black and John Lilburne"
4225:
pm | The original version of this story was published on The National Law.
897:. In 1935 Black led a filibuster of the Wagner-Costigan anti-lynching bill. The
9015:
8985:
8953:
8923:
8899:
8881:
8789:
8739:
8727:
8527:
8521:
8509:
8449:
8311:
8215:
8183:
8171:
8139:
8051:
7935:
7915:
7873:
7798:
7778:
7773:
7694:
7669:
7579:
7529:
7484:
7474:
7346:
7336:
7239:
6637:
The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions
6546:
5076:
3487:
2775:
2724:
2672:
2557:
2530:..." Black also said, "I did join the Klan. I later resigned. I never rejoined.
2516:
2451:
2435:
2172:
1971:
1269:
1118:
1099:
1095:
1080:
937:
375:
129:
6825:
The Antagonists: Hugo Black, Felix Frankfurter, and Civil Liberties in America
6364:
5948:
3114:
2692:
Profile of Hugo Black on the 25th anniversary of his death, September 28, 1996
2300:
At the same time, Black did not believe that the equal protection clause made
9097:
8777:
8581:
8575:
8563:
8455:
8430:
8379:
8167:
8135:
7863:
7853:
7838:
7828:
7818:
7808:
7639:
7634:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7266:
6639:(Leon Friedman and Fred L. Israel, editors) (Chelsea House Publishers: 1995)
5916:
5747:
5100:
4606:
4454:
3223:
2787:
2634:
2490:
2479:
2358:
2202:
2107:
1899:
1716:
1459:
1394:
1297:
193:
1092:
1948 Democratic primary election runoff for United States Senator from Texas
9039:
9021:
8997:
8893:
8863:
8827:
8515:
8485:
8473:
8375:
8347:
8331:
8315:
8283:
8235:
8046:
8011:
8001:
7983:
7022:
7005:
6911:
3823:
2738:
2720:
2622:
2614:
2586:
2024:
1785:
1470:... The constitutional right of privacy is not found in the Constitution."
1371:
1068:
907:
of Texas and Hugo Black of Alabamaβgrinned at each other and shook hands."
904:
859:
746:
596:
531:
492:
2401:
9033:
8929:
8671:
8557:
8533:
8503:
8327:
8299:
8219:
8203:
8187:
8031:
8016:
8006:
7973:
7968:
7699:
7494:
6861:
Division and Discord: The Supreme Court under Stone and Vinson, 1941β1953
5826:
Christensen, George A. (2008), "Here Lies the Supreme Court: Revisited",
4049:
2783:
2779:
2638:
2506:
2475:
2310:. Then, twenty-nine years later, he dissented from the court's ruling in
1845:(1957), where a majority of the court sided with Black. However, in both
1497:
1474:
1363:
1301:
1181:
1126:
978:
894:
889:
During his Senate career, Black consistently opposed the passage of anti-
835:
Critics of Black's lobbying committee in leading newspapers, such as the
717:
652:
472:
6944:
Yarbrough, Tinsley E. (1971). "Mr. Justice Black and Legal Positivism".
2815:
2759:
Justice Black is honored in an exhibit in the Bounds Law Library at the
2125:
8941:
8267:
8036:
8021:
7843:
7743:
United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions
7629:
6967:
6723:
6572:
6454:
4160:
3913:
3873:
3640:"U.S. Department of Labor β History β Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938"
2849:
2160:
1693:, Black made a large contribution by authoring the majority opinion in
1683:
1433:
1428:
1285:
1087:
915:
710:
559:
8092:
6494:
3955:"In the Shadow of the Chief: The Role of the Senior Associate Justice"
8647:
8123:
8026:
7172:
2868:
List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 1)
2654:
1155:
733:
687:
32:
6959:
6715:
6446:
6168:
Thomas Jefferson and the Wall of Separation Between Church and State
3865:
2843:
2563:
1213:
Black's most prominent ideological opponent on the Warren Court was
8119:
7064:
6486:
5861:"The late Ruth Bader Ginsburg buried at Arlington Cemetery Tuesday"
4464:
3524:"Carr, Adam. "Direct Elections to the United States Senate 1914β98"
2737:
In 1987, Congress passed a law sponsored by Alabama representative
2267:
1994:
than many of his colleagues on the Warren Court. He dissented from
1210:... For myself, I must with all deference reject that philosophy."
1012:
875:
805:
691:
512:
5105:
The Pedigree of America's Constitution: An Alternative Explanation
3698:
What Reconstruction Meant: Historical Memory in the American South
3613:(First ed.). Oakland: Independent Institute. pp. 15β35.
2187:
Justice Black was well known for his rejection of the doctrine of
2179:, as interpreted, that criminal juries be composed of 12 members.
784:. Since the Democratic Party had dominated Alabama politics since
7217:
7136:
Video of Steve Suitts discussing his book "Hugo Black of Alabama"
1043:
496:
205:
6553:(First ed.). Oakland: Independent Institute. pp. 4β7.
2763:. A special Hugo Black collection is maintained by the library.
2281:
Black was one of the Supreme Court's foremost defenders of the "
2074:
Bill of Rights applicable to states, or "incorporation" question
1322:(1947), which he saw as his "most significant opinion written":
820:. The national audience was shocked to hear Black speak of a $ 5
9134:
United States federal judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt
6852:
Thornton, J. Mills III. (1985) "Hugo Black and the Golden Age"
6421:. 3d. ed. (Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, 1992).
6200:
J. Mills Thornton, III. (1985) "Hugo Black and the Golden Age"
2695:
1747:(1948), which invalidated the judicial enforcement of racially
1063:
671:, the county seat. The family came from a Baptist background.
6682:
The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
3850:"A Klansman Joins the Court: The Appointment of Hugo L. Black"
2873:
List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office
2238:... does not embody a concept of fundamental fairness" in his
1511:
1452:
or Fourteenth amendments, and dissented from the court's 1965
7088:
Capitalism and Conflict, Biographies of the Robes, Hugo Black
6590:
The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies,1789β1995
4792:, 379 U.S. 306, 318 (1964) (Black, J., dissenting). See also
1280:
957:
627:(1965). He also took conservative positions in cases such as
562:
arguments, his position that the liberties guaranteed in the
6355:"Library of Congress manuscripts catalog, Hugo Black papers"
3909:"A look back at Justice Hugo Black's first day on the bench"
1823:
He believed that the First Amendment erected a metaphorical
1198:(1965), which established that the Constitution protected a
7387:
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
6856:
36(3), 899β914; emphasis on his close ties to KKK in 1920s.
5665:
4850:(366). United States Supreme Court: 82. December 14, 1960.
1664: (1966), in which the court upheld the validity of the
52:
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
3829:(Report). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service
3672:. St. Petersburg, Florida. November 15, 1937. p. 22.
2863:
List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
1058:
Jewell Ridge Coal Corp. v. Local 6167, United Mine Workers
7049:
5796:"Here Lies the Supreme Court: Gravesites of the Justices"
5593:
Glona v. American Guarantee & Liability Insurance Co.
5419:"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions"
5359:"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions"
5248:"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions"
5242:
5240:
5137:"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions"
5047:"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions"
5017:"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions"
4939:"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions"
4909:"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions"
4694:"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions"
4521:"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions"
4374:, Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, p.
4227:"When Supreme Court Clerkships Become a Family Tradition"
4123:"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions"
2898:
United States Supreme Court cases during the Warren Court
2893:
United States Supreme Court cases during the Vinson Court
2883:
United States Supreme Court cases during the Hughes Court
2878:
United States Supreme Court cases during the Burger Court
2645:
were found guilty of the crime; eight of them, including
1720:. He had previously dissented in support of this view in
1530:
does not contain, nor can it be read to incorporate, the
1466:... 'privacy' is a broad, abstract, and ambiguous concept
6297:"Supreme Court Justices Honored on Stamp Souvenir Sheet"
5706:"Hugo Black Suffers Stroke; Condition Listed as Serious"
5698:
4683:. By Tinsley E. Yarbrough. p. 44. Duke University Press.
4493:, p. 194, Charlottesville; University Press of Virginia.
4371:
The Warren Court in historical and political perspective
2888:
United States Supreme Court cases during the Stone Court
2743:
U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Alabama
2617:
members were charged with murder and conspiracy for the
2505:
Shortly after Black's appointment to the Supreme Court,
7434:
5348:. By Roger K. Newman. Fordham University Press. p. 575.
5167:"The Fourteenth Amendment and the Incorporation Debate"
4564:"Justice Hugo Black (1886β1971) β Constituting America"
4515:
4513:
4039:. By John M. Ferren, Wiley Rutledge. p. 325. UNC Press.
3382:. Baltimore, Maryland: Redwood House, Inc. p. 139.
2703:
In 1986, Black appeared on the 5Β’ postage stamp in the
1776:, which validated Roosevelt's decision to initiate the
1458:
decision which invalidated a conviction for the use of
989:. The court dismissed this concern in the same year in
6013:
Franklin D. Roosevelt: Road to the New Deal, 1882β1939
5237:
4551:
Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy
2922:. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States
2649:, were found not guilty; and three of them, including
2522:
Roosevelt denied knowledge of Black's KKK membership.
2285:" principle. He delivered the opinion of the court in
1133:. Black dissented, claiming that the law violated the
1086:
In 1948, Justice Black approved an order solicited by
893:
legislation, as did all of the white Democrats of the
6880:
The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary
6766:
Justices Black and Frankfurter: Conflict in the Court
6684:. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, 1992.
6145:"Harvard Jew Appointed by Hugo Black To Be Law Clerk"
5943:
5941:
5323:. Justia US Supreme Court Center. February 17, 1964.
878:. In particular, he was an outspoken advocate of the
9124:
Democratic Party United States senators from Alabama
7057:
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
6652:
Hugo L. Black and the Dilemma of American Liberalism
6577:
Berman, Daniel M. "Hugo L. Black: The Early Years".
5736:"Justice Black Dies at 85; Served on Court 34 Years"
5642:
Boutilier v. Immigrantion and Naturalization Service
4796:, 378 U.S. 226, 318 (1964) (Black, J., dissenting);
4510:
2797:
2500:
1894:(1971), he voted to allow newspapers to publish the
1113:
Vinson's tenure as Chief Justice coincided with the
1003:
As soon as Black started on the court, he advocated
6734:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
6379:"Bounds Law Library, Hugo Black special collection"
4889:, 403 U.S. 713, 714 (1971). (Black, J., concurring)
3513:; The Memoirs of Hugo L. Black and Elizabeth Black.
2749:, as the "Hugo L. Black United States Courthouse".
2390:
Boutilier v. Immigration and Naturalization Service
2045:(1966), which required law enforcement officers to
1378:Black forged the 5β4 majority in the 1967 decision
1094:. The order effectively confirmed future President
1038:
910:
566:were imposed on the states ("incorporated") by the
9129:Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
5999:– via FDR Presidential Library & Museum.
5938:
4491:Mr. Justice Black; Absolutism on the Supreme Court
4425:
4348:, New York: Simon and Schuster, pp. 316β317,
4006:
2741:, designating the new courthouse building for the
780:from Alabama, following the retirement of Senator
9068:Also served as Chief Justice of the United States
7121:Supreme Court Historical Society. "Hugo L. Black"
4549:Strauss, "The Death of Judicial Conservatism", 4
4432:, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press,
4324:, Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford Press, p. 195,
2060:Black was the author of the landmark decision in
2000:(1967), in which the court held that warrantless
960:, who helped assuage critics of the appointment.
595:Black's views were not uniformly liberal. During
9095:
6698:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
5193:"The Supreme Court Under Earl Warren, 1953β1969"
4879:
2914:
2912:
1226:law clerks who became notable in their own right
556:longest-serving justice in Supreme Court history
7099:Goldman, Jeremy. "Hugo L. Black". Oyez Project.
6669:. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.
6592:(2nd ed.) (Supreme Court Historical Society), (
6520:. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press.
6505:. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press.
5915:
4995:"In Search of Justice Black's Fourth Amendment"
4724:"United States Supreme Court case and opinions"
4591:"The Constitutional Faith of Mr. Justice Black"
2515:wrote a series of articles, for which he won a
1990:Black adopted a narrower interpretation of the
1770:Black authored the court's majority opinion in
1098:'s apparent victory over former Texas Governor
6902:Hugo L. Black: A Study in the Judicial Process
6569:The Supreme Court Under Earl Warren, 1953β1969
6542:. University, AL: University of Alabama Press.
4992:
4876:, November 1979, Vol. 41 Iss. 4, pp. 1105β1124
4455:Hugo L. Black, Official Supreme Court media at
4032:
4030:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2665:Hugo Black was twice the subject of covers of
2018:was "not a command of the Fourth Amendment but
828:that had passed in July. The act directed the
8078:
7726:
7420:
7257:Secretary of the Senate Democratic Conference
6832:Hugo Black and the Supreme Court: A Symposium
6531:Ball, Howard and Phillip J. Cooper. (1992) .
6016:. University of Illinois Press. p. 381.
6009:
4058:. New York: Vintage Books. pp. 379β384.
3408:
3406:
3404:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2909:
2782:took office on October 5, 1953. There was no
1764:Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education
1422:
1125:(1950), the court upheld a law that required
149:Secretary of the Senate Democratic Conference
64:August 19, 1937 β September 17, 1971
6432:
6179:The Political Theology of Justice Hugo Black
6158:(October 5, 1937). Retrieved March 22, 2014.
6003:
5787:
4450:
4448:
4255:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4078:
4055:The Years of Lyndon Johnson: Means of Ascent
3847:
3701:. University of Virginia Press. p. 99.
3412:
3190:"List of Justices on the U.S. Supreme Court"
1123:American Communications Association v. Douds
9174:United States Army personnel of World War I
9169:Military personnel from Birmingham, Alabama
7000:Black, Hugo L and Elizabeth Black. (1985).
6623:Mr. Justice Black, the Man and His Opinions
5825:
5283:. Cambridge University Press. p. 517.
5221:. Billofrightsinstitute.org. Archived from
4221:July 13, Tony Mauro; Journal, 2020 at 02:56
4027:
3791:
2934:
2324:Kramer v. Union Free School District No. 15
1526:seemingly violated his own principles: the
1512:Flexibility with textualism and originalism
870:Black was an ardent supporter of President
9184:University of Alabama School of Law alumni
8085:
8071:
7733:
7719:
7427:
7413:
6747:Mr. Justice Black, Absolutist of the Court
6470:
4428:Mr. Justice Black: Absolutist on the Court
4259:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
4220:
4072:
4037:Salt of the Earth, Conscience of the Court
3817:
3815:
3447:
3445:
3401:
3397:. Birmingham, AL: Ebsco Media. p. 56.
3392:
3115:"The Digs: Pittsburgh Post-Gazette: Photo"
2990:
2571:Black was one of the nine justices of the
2330:
2005:wiretapping was consequently permissible.
1751:. Similarly, he was part of the unanimous
826:Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935
119:January 3, 1937 β August 19, 1937
31:
16:US Supreme Court justice from 1937 to 1971
6943:
6694:Hamilton, Virginia Van der Veer. (1972).
5921:"Retired Justice Lewis Powell Dies at 90"
5614:
5612:
4969:"Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15 (1971)"
4620:
4588:
4445:
4346:Chief Justice: A Biography of Earl Warren
4004:
3821:
3761:"Senate Quickly Confirms Reed Nomination"
2600:
1386:to choose the governor in the deadlocked
853:Supreme Court of the District of Columbia
7070:Biographical Directory of Federal Judges
6273:. October 9, 1964. Cover. Archived from
6243:. August 26, 1935. Cover. Archived from
5094:
4319:
3377:
2400:
1847:Konigsberg v. State Bar of California II
1279:
1180:In 1953 Vinson died and was replaced by
1129:officials to forswear membership in the
1042:
914:
767:
218:March 4, 1927 β August 19, 1937
9119:American people of Scotch-Irish descent
6830:Strickland, Stephen Parks, ed. (1967).
6701:
6397:"AL.com, Hugo Black monument dedicated"
5481:Takahashi v. Fish & Game Commission
4919:from the original on September 16, 2011
4480:, p. 72, Simon & Schuster, New York
4367:
3888:from the original on September 24, 2020
3812:
3749:– via Google News Archive Search.
3634:
3632:
3630:
3584:Chronicling America Library of Congress
3451:
3442:
2396:
2339:Takahashi v. Fish & Game Commission
2234:... Black's insistence that due process
1613:Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States
1546:Black also joined Douglas's dissent in
998:
956:, the black executive secretary of the
342: 1921; died 1951)
9189:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
9096:
8416:
7993:Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions
6921:The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court
6609:Hugo Black and the Judicial Revolution
6107:
6089:from the original on September 1, 2017
6083:"The Supreme Court . Transcript | PBS"
6030:from the original on February 18, 2020
5991:from the original on February 14, 2017
5669:The Brethren: inside the Supreme Court
5666:Bob Woodward; Scott Armstrong (1981).
5609:
5276:
4636:
4305:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4209:The Warren Court and American Politics
4103:from the original on December 26, 2011
3848:Leuchtenburg, William E. (Fall 1973).
3560:from the original on September 1, 2017
3530:from the original on February 16, 2006
2412:Justice Black admitted himself to the
2406:Hugo L. Black United States Courthouse
1516:One of Black's biographers commented:
1427:Black was noted for his advocacy of a
776:In 1926, Black sought election to the
697:As a consequence of his defense of an
8415:
8105:
8066:
7714:
7408:
7144:
6667:Justice Hugo Black and Modern America
6545:
6063:from the original on November 9, 2016
5897:from the original on December 3, 2020
5519:from the original on October 27, 2021
5489:from the original on October 27, 2021
5429:from the original on January 17, 2005
5297:from the original on January 14, 2014
4854:from the original on October 21, 2013
4531:from the original on February 8, 2006
4423:
4133:from the original on February 6, 2006
3921:from the original on October 14, 2018
3822:McMillion, Barry J. (March 8, 2022).
3694:
3608:
3486:
3468:from the original on February 8, 2021
3413:Van Der Veer, Virginia (April 1968).
3287:
2593:. The plaintiffs were represented by
2313:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
2182:
1985:
1843:Konigsberg v. State Bar of California
1349:
1137:'s free speech clause. Similarly, in
880:Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937
9164:Politicians from Birmingham, Alabama
7327:Senate Lobby Investigation Committee
7179:Newspaper clippings about Hugo Black
6796:Civil Liberties and the Vinson Court
6535:. New York: Oxford University Press.
5867:from the original on October 5, 2020
5459:from the original on August 28, 2017
5399:from the original on August 28, 2017
5327:from the original on January 7, 2021
5027:from the original on January 2, 2005
4840:"In re George Anastaplo, Petitioner"
4397:
4343:
4048:
3952:
3906:
3773:from the original on August 18, 2020
3627:
3430:from the original on August 23, 2020
3269:from the original on August 31, 2016
3157:from the original on August 31, 2016
2342:(he wrote the majority opinion) and
2104:guarantee against self-incrimination
1284:Hugo Black is often described as a "
1071:died in 1946, rumors that President
7436:United States senators from Alabama
7291:U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Alabama
6841:. Montgomery, AL: New South Books.
5959:from the original on March 17, 2018
5919:; Barbash, Fred (August 26, 1998).
5686:from the original on March 23, 2017
5147:from the original on August 9, 2011
4949:from the original on March 23, 2007
4887:New York Times Co. v. United States
4800:., 385 U.S. 39 (1966) (Black, J.);
3676:from the original on March 12, 2016
3646:from the original on March 21, 2019
3590:from the original on August 2, 2020
3378:Leonhart, James Chancellor (1962).
3359:from the original on August 9, 2020
3125:from the original on March 17, 2018
2761:University of Alabama School of Law
2111:the Bill of Rights to the states."
2036:... in violation of its commands."
1917:New York Times Co. v. United States
1891:New York Times Co. v. United States
1108:
676:University of Alabama School of Law
599:, he wrote the majority opinion in
570:, and his absolutist stance on the
507:from 1937 to 1971. A member of the
13:
9076:
8396:
8106:
8095:Supreme Court of the United States
6987:
6865:University of South Carolina Press
6410:
6399:. October 13, 2022. Archived from
5549:from the original on July 28, 2020
5258:from the original on June 17, 2006
5057:from the original on July 17, 2014
4734:from the original on March 2, 2006
4704:from the original on June 23, 2006
4287:from the original on March 1, 2021
4237:from the original on July 14, 2020
3971:10.1111/j.1540-5818.1997.tb00109.x
2965:from the original on March 1, 2015
2947:
2270:as the foundation of democracy in
1795:
1410:, which had struck down Georgia's
1154: (1951), the court upheld the
830:Securities and Exchange Commission
547:, and he outlasted all except for
14:
9215:
7041:
6976:Mr. Justice Black and His Critics
6827:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
6654:. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.
6518:Hugo L. Black: Cold Steel Warrior
6474:American Journal of Legal History
5770:"Simple and Cheap" My Father Said
4993:Landynski, Jacob W. (1976β1977).
4681:Mr. Justice Black and His Critics
4322:The Warren Court: A Retrospective
3941:The Constitution and the New Deal
3452:Reimann, Matt (August 15, 2017).
3236:
3119:The Digs: Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
3097:. Oxford University Press. 1996.
3095:Hugo L. Black: Cold Steel Warrior
2756:, where it is open for research.
2575:who in 1954 ruled unanimously in
2501:Ku Klux Klan and anti-Catholicism
2430:His remains were interred at the
1839:Schware v. Board of Bar Examiners
1579:United States v. Darby Lumber Co.
1496:Thus, some have seen Black as an
1382:, which cleared the path for the
1370:and the other leading members of
545:Roosevelt appointees to the court
7897:
7548:
6665:Freyer, Tony Allan, ed. (1990).
6389:
6371:
6347:
6329:
6307:
6289:
6259:
6227:
6207:
6194:
6183:
6172:
6161:
6137:
6124:
6110:"Hugo L. Black: The Early Years"
6101:
6075:
6042:
5971:
5909:
5879:
5853:
5840:10.1111/j.1540-5818.2008.00177.x
5828:Journal of Supreme Court History
5819:
5814:Supreme Court Historical Society
5761:
5728:
5716:from the original on May 3, 2021
5672:. Avon Books. pp. 183β184.
5658:
5369:from the original on May 2, 2006
3959:Journal of Supreme Court History
3907:Hamm, Andrew (October 9, 2018).
3854:University of Chicago Law Review
3741:from the original on May 3, 2021
3715:from the original on May 3, 2021
3393:Armbrester, Margaret E. (1992).
2842:
2828:
2814:
2800:
2686:
2245:
1778:internment of Japanese Americans
1275:
1171:. The most notable of these was
1039:Relationship with other justices
911:Appointment to the Supreme Court
763:
651:where he distinguished between "
621:, voting against finding one in
607:internment of Japanese Americans
534:in Alabama. An article from the
447:
404:
5887:"Notable Graves: Supreme Court"
5793:Christensen, George A. (1983),
5635:
5586:
5561:
5531:
5501:
5471:
5451:Kramer v. Union Free Sch. Dist.
5441:
5411:
5381:
5351:
5339:
5309:
5270:
5211:
5185:
5159:
5129:
5069:
5039:
5009:
4986:
4961:
4931:
4901:
4866:
4832:
4822:
4809:
4783:
4770:
4746:
4716:
4686:
4674:
4649:
4582:
4556:
4543:
4496:
4483:
4470:
4417:
4391:
4361:
4337:
4313:
4267:
4214:
4201:
4175:
4145:
4115:
4042:
3998:
3985:
3946:
3933:
3900:
3841:
3785:
3753:
3727:
3688:
3658:
3602:
3572:
3542:
3516:
3480:
3386:
3371:
3341:
3315:
3281:
3249:
3230:
2087:Privileges or Immunities Clause
2057:Amendments at the state level.
1736:
1163:they belong in a free society.
678:. He graduated in 1906 with an
359:
339:
6974:Yarbrough, Tinsley E. (1989).
6834:. Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill.
6579:Catholic University Law Review
6315:"United States Postal Service"
6114:Catholic University Law Review
5321:, 376 U.S. 1 (1964), at 17β18"
5195:. Bsos.umd.edu. Archived from
5169:. Law.umkc.edu. Archived from
4159:. Tourolaw.edu. Archived from
4005:Rehnquist, William H. (1987).
3257:"I Quit Klan: Black's Defense"
3208:
3182:
3169:
3145:"I Quit Klan: Black's Defense"
3137:
3107:
2977:
1869:McCollum v. Board of Education
1757:(1954) court that struck down
1503:Black additionally called for
1169:separation of church and state
923:Soon after the failure of the
800:, an inquiry which led to the
772:Black during his Senate tenure
662:
1:
9204:American Ku Klux Klan members
7750:Education/Education and Labor
6900:Williams, Charlotte. (1950).
6696:Hugo Black: The Alabama Years
4759:437 (Houghton Mifflin 1988).
4757:The Age of Roosevelt Vol. III
2903:
2414:National Naval Medical Center
2047:warn suspects of their rights
1830:Everson v. Board of Education
1555:
1008:constitutionally prescribed.
720:, Black resigned to join the
463:81st Field Artillery Regiment
9144:20th-century American judges
9114:People from Ashland, Alabama
6779:. New York: Pantheon Books.
6764:Mendelson, Wallace. (1961).
6751:University Press of Virginia
6730:Hockett, Jeffrey D. (1996).
6650:Freyer, Tony Allen. (1990).
5453:No. 15, 395 U.S. 621 (1969)"
4595:Journal of Political Science
4504:U.S. News & World Report
3666:"Foes Seek to Block Mob Law"
2709:United States Postal Service
2014:(1949), he claimed that the
1866:Black's majority opinion in
1650:South Carolina v. Katzenbach
1481:" theory. In his dissent to
1354:Black intensely believed in
1029:received his legal education
786:disenfranchising most blacks
703:a form of commercial slavery
499:from 1927 to 1937 and as an
7:
9179:United States Army officers
9159:Former Ku Klux Klan members
7183:20th Century Press Archives
7093:Public Broadcasting Service
7081:Ariens, Michael, Hugo Black
6812:Silverstein, Mark. (1984).
6770:University of Chicago Press
6704:Political Science Quarterly
6151:September 14, 2013, at the
5979:"FDR Press Conference #398"
5891:Arlington National Cemetery
4589:Yarbrough, Tinsley (1987).
4404:William and Mary Law School
4400:"A Tale of Two Textualists"
3415:"Hugo Black and the K.K.K."
3239:American Constitutional Law
2793:
2653:, had their cases end in a
2578:Brown v. Board of Education
2566:Brown v. Board of Education
2432:Arlington National Cemetery
2175:, and the guarantee of the
2133:had established earlier in
1919:, 403 U.S. 713, 717 (1971).
1754:Brown v. Board of Education
728:, and attained the rank of
303:Arlington National Cemetery
10:
9220:
9194:Members of the Odd Fellows
9139:Alabama state court judges
7355:Senate Education Committee
7109:September 5, 2014, at the
7052:"Hugo Black (id: B000499)"
6108:Berman, Daniel M. (1959).
5782:Funeral Consumers Alliance
5772:, Monday, 26 November 2007
5768:Pesaresi, Josephine Black
4460:September 1, 2017, at the
4320:Schwartz, Bernard (1996),
3794:"Sherman Minton biography"
3511:Mr. Justice and Mrs. Black
2920:"Justices 1789 to Present"
2423:Services were held at the
1773:Korematsu v. United States
1423:Textualism and originalism
756:(1922β2013), an attorney;
602:Korematsu v. United States
107:Senate Education Committee
9199:Former white supremacists
9074:
8424:
8411:
8394:
8114:
8101:
7992:
7955:Labor and Human Resources
7954:
7906:
7895:
7749:
7557:
7546:
7442:
7393:
7384:
7376:
7371:
7361:
7351:
7343:
7333:
7323:
7318:
7308:
7288:
7280:
7273:
7263:
7254:
7246:
7236:
7207:
7199:
7194:
7104:Suitts, Steve, Hugo Black
7037:. New York: Random House.
6775:Newman, Roger K. (1994).
6607:Dunne, Gerald T. (1977).
4507:, volume 63 (1967), p. 38
4489:Magee, James J., (1980),
4368:Tushnet, Mark V. (1993),
3735:"Pittsburgh Post-Gazette"
3380:The Fabulous Octogenarian
2713:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
2685:
2680:
2660:
2460:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
1666:Voting Rights Act of 1965
1384:Georgia State Legislature
609:ordered by the president
605:(1944), which upheld the
482:
478:
468:
458:
443:
435:
425:
417:
412:
400:
385:
370:
318:
308:
298:
279:
255:
250:
246:
234:
222:
211:
199:
187:
175:
165:
154:
147:
135:
123:
112:
104:
92:
80:
68:
57:
50:
46:
30:
23:
7907:Labor and Public Welfare
7195:Party political offices
7050:United States Congress.
7035:My Father: A Remembrance
7033:Black, Hugo Jr. (1975).
6823:Simon, James F. (1989).
6818:Cornell University Press
6745:Magee, James J. (1980).
5277:Wiecek, William (2006).
3953:Wood, Sandra L. (1997).
3695:Baker, Bruce E. (2007).
3609:Beito, David T. (2023).
3550:"U.S. Senate: Lobbyists"
3327:. NewSouth Books. 2018.
1806:clear and present danger
981:appointed his own wife,
886:majorities in Congress.
865:Fair Labor Standards Act
527:presidential elections.
7150:"A Passion for Justice"
7115:Encyclopedia of Alabama
7075:Federal Judicial Center
7073:, a publication of the
6993:Black, Hugo L. (1968).
6837:Suitts, Steve. (2005).
6777:Hugo Black: A Biography
6594:Congressional Quarterly
6581:(1959). 8 (2): 103β116
6573:excerpt and text search
6235:"Hugo La Fayette Black"
6132:Hugo Black: A Biography
5953:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
5126:Retrieved June 24, 2010
4753:Schlesinger, Arthur Jr.
4568:constitutingamerica.org
4478:The Tempting of America
3670:The Evening Independent
3492:"Justice Black At Home"
3353:Federal Judicial Center
3349:"Black, Hugo Lafayette"
3294:. Penguin. p. 19.
2958:Encyclopedia of Alabama
2786:between the Warren and
2536:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
2512:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
2331:Equal Protection Clause
2214:; it did not extend to
2189:substantive due process
2121:John Marshall Harlan II
1536:equal protection clause
1264:, US Solicitor General
1254:Walter E. Dellinger III
1215:John Marshall Harlan II
1195:Griswold v. Connecticut
1140:Dennis v. United States
900:Pittsburgh Post Gazette
624:Griswold v. Connecticut
615:substantive due process
536:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
9081:
8401:
7173:FBI file on Hugo Black
6995:A Constitutional Faith
6794:Pritchett, C. Herman,
6538:Ball, Howard. (1975).
6516:Ball, Howard. (1996).
6501:Ball, Howard. (1992).
6341:April 8, 2016, at the
6010:Roger Daniels (2015).
5984:. September 14, 1937.
5863:. September 29, 2020.
5777:April 2, 2010, at the
5742:. September 25, 1971.
5712:. September 23, 1971.
5393:, 302 U.S. 277 (1937)"
4894:July 10, 2011, at the
4476:Bork, Robert, (1990),
2733:William J. Brennan Jr.
2705:Great Americans series
2610:United States v. Price
2602:United States v. Price
2564:Thurgood Marshall and
2409:
2408:in Birmingham, Alabama
2361:, and he applied only
2259:
2171:'s protection against
1951:
1922:
1864:
1712:
1674:
1544:
1494:
1438:strict constructionist
1336:
1304:, and Antonin Scalia.
1293:
1290:strict constructionist
1224:Black had a number of
1165:
1117:, a period of intense
1048:
920:
773:
170:Joseph Taylor Robinson
37:Black photographed by
9080:
8400:
8248:Edward Douglass White
6980:Duke University Press
6839:Hugo Black of Alabama
6800:University of Chicago
6680:Hall, Kermit L., ed.
6303:on February 24, 2011.
4657:"Breithaupt v. Abram"
4424:Magee, James (1980),
4398:Gerhardt, Michael J.
4087:Yale University Press
4079:Laura Kalman (1990).
3460:. San Francisco, CA:
2404:
2363:rational basis review
2250:
2095:Adamson v. California
1997:Katz v. United States
1946:
1904:
1859:
1749:restrictive covenants
1708:
1686:for state elections.
1670:
1630:Katzenbach v. McClung
1518:
1489:
1372:the Warren majorities
1324:
1319:Adamson v. California
1283:
1160:
1046:
918:
872:Franklin D. Roosevelt
771:
517:Franklin D. Roosevelt
436:Years of service
390:University of Alabama
201:United States Senator
75:Franklin D. Roosevelt
9154:Writers from Alabama
8280:Charles Evans Hughes
7134:John W. Kluge Center
7065:Hugo Lafayette Black
6878:Urofsky, Melvin I.,
6859:Urofsky, Melvin I.,
6613:Simon & Schuster
6325:on February 7, 2010.
5802:on September 3, 2005
5543:403 U.S. 365 (1971)"
5541:Graham v. Richardson
5483:334 U.S. 410 (1948)"
5391:Breedlove v. Suttles
4231:National Law Journal
4163:on September 5, 2008
3769:. January 26, 1938.
3288:Cohen, Adam (2021).
2987:, pp. 195, 209, 228.
2836:United States portal
2482:, and Chief Justice
2397:Retirement and death
2351:Graham v. Richardson
2307:Breedlove v. Suttles
2136:Palko v. Connecticut
2063:Gideon v. Wainwright
1941:Tinker v. Des Moines
1900:Nixon Administration
1691:federal jurisdiction
1532:Fourteenth Amendment
1446:Fourteenth Amendment
999:Supreme Court career
987:Ineligibility Clause
954:Walter Francis White
818:National Radio Forum
812:In 1935, during the
778:United States Senate
726:81st Field Artillery
711:Prosecuting Attorney
701:who was forced into
642:Tinker v. Des Moines
577:Gideon v. Wainwright
568:Fourteenth Amendment
489:Hugo Lafayette Black
260:Hugo Lafayette Black
8264:William Howard Taft
7380:Willis Van Devanter
7130:Library of Congress
7028:Michigan Law Review
6947:Virginia Law Review
6906:Johns Hopkins Press
6854:Alabama Law Review,
6749:. Charlottesville:
6417:Abraham, Henry J.,
6360:Library of Congress
6223:. January 12, 2018.
6202:Alabama Law Review,
6156:The Harvard Crimson
5925:The Washington Post
5511:Oyama v. California
5319:Wesberry v. Sanders
5173:on October 19, 2008
4874:Journal of Politics
4776:Schwartz, Bernard,
4189:. December 16, 2021
4013:. New York: Knopf.
3497:The Washington Post
3488:Yoder, Edwin M. Jr.
3265:. October 2, 1937.
3196:on January 10, 2006
3153:. October 2, 1937.
2754:Library of Congress
2643:Alton Wayne Roberts
2552:The Harvard Crimson
2472:William Howard Taft
2468:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
2345:Oyama v. California
2288:Wesberry v. Sanders
2273:Wesberry v. Sanders
2082:Barron v. Baltimore
1967:Cohen v. California
1935:Adderley v. Florida
1549:Breithaupt v. Abram
1520:Black's support of
1479:Living Constitution
1344:Chambers v. Florida
1268:, and trial lawyer
1266:Lawrence G. Wallace
1260:, FCC Commissioner
1234:Truman McGill Hobbs
1230:Louis F. Oberdorfer
1228:, including Judges
1033:a public law school
963:Chambers v. Florida
950:Judiciary Committee
929:Willis Van Devanter
798:Walter Folger Brown
794:J. Theodore Johnson
724:. He served in the
684:admitted to the bar
648:Cohen v. California
630:Shapiro v. Thompson
589:Wesberry v. Sanders
352:Elizabeth DeMeritte
99:Lewis F. Powell Jr.
87:Willis Van Devanter
9082:
8418:Associate justices
8402:
7297:Served alongside:
6997:. New York, Knopf.
6884:Garland Publishing
6567:Belknap, Michael,
6247:on August 30, 2010
6134:(1997) pp. 87, 104
5740:The New York Times
5710:The New York Times
5199:on August 12, 2009
5116:on August 28, 2010
4999:Fordham Law Review
4803:Brown v. Louisiana
4631:Harvard Law Review
3766:The New York Times
3586:. August 9, 1935.
3490:(March 16, 1986).
3462:Medium Corporation
3291:Supreme Inequality
3175:Henry J. Abraham,
2647:Lawrence A. Rainey
2456:William O. Douglas
2425:National Cathedral
2418:Bethesda, Maryland
2410:
2183:Due process clause
2042:Miranda v. Arizona
1986:Criminal procedure
1961:Street v. New York
1875:Torcaso v. Watkins
1825:wall of separation
1759:racial segregation
1744:Shelley v. Kraemer
1730:Colegrove v. Green
1727:predecessor case,
1679:Oregon v. Mitchell
1596:Wickard v. Filburn
1505:judicial restraint
1487:(1965), he wrote:
1412:County Unit System
1356:judicial restraint
1350:Judicial restraint
1294:
1250:Stephen Schulhofer
1242:Drayton Nabers Jr.
1083:for the position.
1049:
1021:William O. Douglas
1005:judicial restraint
921:
774:
722:United States Army
657:expressive conduct
611:Franklin Roosevelt
549:William O. Douglas
505:U.S. Supreme Court
430:United States Army
292:Bethesda, Maryland
284:September 25, 1971
39:Harris & Ewing
9091:
9090:
9087:
9086:
8407:
8406:
8360:William Rehnquist
8060:
8059:
7957:(1977–1999)
7909:(1947–1977)
7752:(1869–1947)
7708:
7707:
7470:C. Claiborne Clay
7403:
7402:
7394:Succeeded by
7362:Succeeded by
7334:Succeeded by
7309:Succeeded by
7295:1927β1937
7264:Succeeded by
7237:Succeeded by
7146:Reich, Charles A.
7014:978-0-394-54432-8
6938:978-0-7432-7402-9
6934:978-0-671-24110-0
6930:978-0-380-52183-8
6895:978-0-8153-1176-8
6808:978-0-226-68443-7
6785:978-0-8232-1786-1
6740:978-0-8476-8210-2
6660:978-0-8173-1194-0
6645:978-0-7910-1377-9
6602:978-1-56802-126-3
6511:978-0-19-504612-0
6403:on April 9, 2023.
6385:on July 23, 2008.
6220:Los Angeles Times
6130:Roger K. Newman,
6023:978-0-252-09762-1
5679:978-0-380-52183-8
5619:Labine v. Vincent
5569:Levy v. Louisiana
5225:on August 3, 2008
4790:Hamm v. Rock Hill
4642:Roger K. Newman,
4344:Cray, Ed (1997),
4065:978-0-679-73371-3
4009:The Supreme Court
3991:Roger K. Newman,
3939:G. Edward White,
3792:Ariens, Michael.
3419:American Heritage
3395:The Civitan Story
3237:Tribe, Laurence.
3226:on March 6, 2023.
2729:Felix Frankfurter
2717:Thurgood Marshall
2701:
2700:
2631:Michael Schwerner
2613:(1965), eighteen
2595:Thurgood Marshall
2484:William Rehnquist
2464:John Paul Stevens
2448:Thurgood Marshall
2377:Labine v. Vincent
2372:Levy v. Louisiana
2283:one man, one vote
2268:the right to vote
2228:John M. Harlan II
2224:Felix Frankfurter
2117:Felix Frankfurter
2016:exclusionary rule
1949:when he pleases.
1696:Younger v. Harris
1627: (1964), and
1508:maintain order".
1416:electoral college
1380:Fortson v. Morris
1360:John M. Harlan II
1219:one man, one vote
1053:Robert H. Jackson
1017:Felix Frankfurter
977:Alabama Governor
972:sworn into office
754:Hugo L. Black, II
636:Goldberg v. Kelly
515:, Black endorsed
501:associate justice
486:
485:
270:February 27, 1886
9211:
9070:
8970:
8824:
8762:
8718:
8434:
8413:
8412:
8344:Warren E. Burger
8152:Oliver Ellsworth
8103:
8102:
8093:Justices of the
8087:
8080:
8073:
8064:
8063:
7901:
7735:
7728:
7721:
7712:
7711:
7552:
7429:
7422:
7415:
7406:
7405:
7377:Preceded by
7344:Preceded by
7281:Preceded by
7247:Preceded by
7200:Preceded by
7192:
7191:
7175:at vault.fbi.gov
7164:
7157:Touro Law Review
7154:
7061:
7019:Black, Hugo L.,
6971:
6916:Armstrong, Scott
6912:Woodward, Robert
6889:
6727:
6633:Frank, John Paul
6619:Frank, John Paul
6588:Cushman, Clare,
6571:(2005), 406 pp.
6564:
6498:
6466:
6405:
6404:
6393:
6387:
6386:
6381:. Archived from
6375:
6369:
6368:
6363:. Archived from
6351:
6345:
6333:
6327:
6326:
6321:. Archived from
6311:
6305:
6304:
6299:. Archived from
6293:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6282:
6277:on July 13, 2007
6263:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6252:
6231:
6225:
6224:
6211:
6205:
6198:
6192:
6187:
6181:
6176:
6170:
6165:
6159:
6141:
6135:
6128:
6122:
6121:
6105:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6094:
6079:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6068:
6057:criticalpast.com
6054:
6046:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6007:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5996:
5990:
5983:
5975:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5964:
5945:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5931:
5913:
5907:
5906:
5904:
5902:
5883:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5857:
5851:
5850:
5823:
5817:
5811:
5809:
5807:
5798:. Archived from
5791:
5785:
5765:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5732:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5721:
5702:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5662:
5656:
5639:
5633:
5616:
5607:
5590:
5584:
5565:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5554:
5535:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5524:
5505:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5475:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5464:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5415:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5404:
5385:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5355:
5349:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5313:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5244:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5230:
5215:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5189:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5133:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5112:. Archived from
5098:
5092:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5043:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5013:
5007:
5006:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4965:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4905:
4899:
4883:
4877:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4836:
4830:
4826:
4820:
4813:
4807:
4794:Bell v. Maryland
4787:
4781:
4774:
4768:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4690:
4684:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4653:
4647:
4640:
4634:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4560:
4554:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4517:
4508:
4500:
4494:
4487:
4481:
4474:
4468:
4452:
4443:
4442:
4431:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4304:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4286:
4279:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4254:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4224:
4218:
4212:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4046:
4040:
4034:
4025:
4024:
4012:
4002:
3996:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3950:
3944:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3828:
3819:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3800:on July 14, 2010
3796:. Archived from
3789:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3636:
3625:
3624:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3449:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3410:
3399:
3398:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3241:. p. 1160.
3234:
3228:
3227:
3222:. Archived from
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3192:. Archived from
3186:
3180:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3111:
3105:
3091:
2988:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2945:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2916:
2858:Hugo Black House
2852:
2847:
2846:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2824:
2819:
2818:
2810:
2808:Biography portal
2805:
2804:
2803:
2790:courts in 1969.
2690:
2689:
2678:
2677:
2651:Edgar Ray Killen
2591:unconstitutional
2540:King Edward VIII
2533:
2529:
2478:, Chief Justice
2474:, Chief Justice
2470:, Chief Justice
2382:
2294:Reynolds v. Sims
2277:
2255:Our Constitution
2237:
2233:
2169:Eighth Amendment
2159:Amendments, the
2098:(1947) that the
2035:
2031:
2021:
2011:Wolf v. Colorado
1992:Fourth Amendment
1920:
1910:
1819:
1815:
1803:
1726:
1563:Mulford v. Smith
1541:
1469:
1465:
1333:
1329:
1262:Nicholas Johnson
1209:
1205:
1200:right to privacy
1115:Second Red Scare
1109:1950s and beyond
823:
814:Great Depression
802:Air Mail scandal
708:Jefferson County
699:African American
619:right to privacy
509:Democratic Party
451:
450:
413:Military service
408:
363:
361:
343:
341:
329:Josephine Foster
289:
287:
269:
267:
251:Personal details
237:
225:
216:
190:
178:
159:
138:
126:
117:
95:
83:
71:
62:
35:
21:
20:
9219:
9218:
9214:
9213:
9212:
9210:
9209:
9208:
9149:Alabama lawyers
9094:
9093:
9092:
9083:
9072:
9071:
9065:
9063:
8965:
8906:J. M. Harlan II
8819:
8757:
8713:
8429:
8420:
8403:
8392:
8391:
8296:Harlan F. Stone
8232:Melville Fuller
8200:Salmon P. Chase
8110:
8097:
8091:
8061:
8056:
7994:
7988:
7956:
7950:
7908:
7902:
7893:
7751:
7745:
7739:
7709:
7704:
7553:
7544:
7438:
7433:
7399:
7390:
7382:
7367:
7358:
7349:
7339:
7330:
7314:
7296:
7294:
7286:
7284:Oscar Underwood
7269:
7260:
7252:
7250:William H. King
7242:
7227:
7220:
7205:
7203:Oscar Underwood
7152:
7111:Wayback Machine
7044:
6990:
6988:Primary sources
6985:
6960:10.2307/1072096
6887:
6716:10.2307/2152441
6627:Alfred A. Knopf
6561:
6547:Beito, David T.
6447:10.2307/3234885
6413:
6411:Further reading
6408:
6395:
6394:
6390:
6377:
6376:
6372:
6367:on May 3, 2008.
6353:
6352:
6348:
6343:Wayback Machine
6334:
6330:
6319:Philatelic News
6313:
6312:
6308:
6295:
6294:
6290:
6280:
6278:
6267:"Justice Black"
6265:
6264:
6260:
6250:
6248:
6233:
6232:
6228:
6213:
6212:
6208:
6204:36(3), 899-914.
6199:
6195:
6188:
6184:
6177:
6173:
6166:
6162:
6153:Wayback Machine
6142:
6138:
6129:
6125:
6106:
6102:
6092:
6090:
6081:
6080:
6076:
6066:
6064:
6052:
6048:
6047:
6043:
6033:
6031:
6024:
6008:
6004:
5994:
5992:
5988:
5981:
5977:
5976:
5972:
5962:
5960:
5947:
5946:
5939:
5929:
5927:
5914:
5910:
5900:
5898:
5885:
5884:
5880:
5870:
5868:
5859:
5858:
5854:
5824:
5820:
5805:
5803:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5779:Wayback Machine
5766:
5762:
5752:
5750:
5734:
5733:
5729:
5719:
5717:
5704:
5703:
5699:
5689:
5687:
5680:
5663:
5659:
5640:
5636:
5617:
5610:
5591:
5587:
5566:
5562:
5552:
5550:
5537:
5536:
5532:
5522:
5520:
5507:
5506:
5502:
5492:
5490:
5477:
5476:
5472:
5462:
5460:
5447:
5446:
5442:
5432:
5430:
5417:
5416:
5412:
5402:
5400:
5387:
5386:
5382:
5372:
5370:
5357:
5356:
5352:
5344:
5340:
5330:
5328:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5300:
5298:
5291:
5275:
5271:
5261:
5259:
5246:
5245:
5238:
5228:
5226:
5217:
5216:
5212:
5202:
5200:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5176:
5174:
5165:
5164:
5160:
5150:
5148:
5135:
5134:
5130:
5119:
5117:
5108:
5099:
5095:
5074:
5070:
5060:
5058:
5045:
5044:
5040:
5030:
5028:
5015:
5014:
5010:
4991:
4987:
4977:
4975:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4952:
4950:
4937:
4936:
4932:
4922:
4920:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4896:Wayback Machine
4884:
4880:
4871:
4867:
4857:
4855:
4838:
4837:
4833:
4827:
4823:
4814:
4810:
4798:Adderley v. Fla
4788:
4784:
4775:
4771:
4751:
4747:
4737:
4735:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4707:
4705:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4679:
4675:
4665:
4663:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4641:
4637:
4627:Guido Calabresi
4625:
4621:
4612:
4587:
4583:
4573:
4571:
4570:. June 20, 2017
4562:
4561:
4557:
4548:
4544:
4534:
4532:
4519:
4518:
4511:
4501:
4497:
4488:
4484:
4475:
4471:
4462:Wayback Machine
4453:
4446:
4440:
4422:
4418:
4408:
4406:
4396:
4392:
4386:
4366:
4362:
4356:
4342:
4338:
4332:
4318:
4314:
4298:
4297:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4277:
4275:"Archived copy"
4273:
4272:
4268:
4248:
4247:
4240:
4238:
4222:
4219:
4215:
4207:Lucas A. Powe,
4206:
4202:
4192:
4190:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4166:
4164:
4155:Engel v. Vitale
4151:
4150:
4146:
4136:
4134:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4106:
4104:
4097:
4077:
4073:
4066:
4050:Caro, Robert A.
4047:
4043:
4035:
4028:
4021:
4003:
3999:
3990:
3986:
3951:
3947:
3938:
3934:
3924:
3922:
3905:
3901:
3891:
3889:
3866:10.2307/1599085
3846:
3842:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3813:
3803:
3801:
3790:
3786:
3776:
3774:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3744:
3742:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3718:
3716:
3709:
3693:
3689:
3679:
3677:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3649:
3647:
3638:
3637:
3628:
3621:
3607:
3603:
3593:
3591:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3563:
3561:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3533:
3531:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3509:Book review of
3502:
3500:
3485:
3481:
3471:
3469:
3450:
3443:
3433:
3431:
3411:
3402:
3391:
3387:
3376:
3372:
3362:
3360:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3270:
3262:Chicago Tribune
3255:
3254:
3250:
3235:
3231:
3216:"Hugo L. Black"
3214:
3213:
3209:
3199:
3197:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3174:
3170:
3160:
3158:
3150:Chicago Tribune
3143:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3126:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3092:
2991:
2982:
2978:
2968:
2966:
2953:"Hugo L. Black"
2946:
2935:
2925:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2910:
2906:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2829:
2827:
2822:Politics portal
2820:
2813:
2806:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2687:
2681:External videos
2663:
2605:
2569:
2531:
2527:
2503:
2444:Arthur Goldberg
2440:William Brennan
2399:
2380:
2369:in the case of
2333:
2279:
2261:
2248:
2235:
2231:
2185:
2177:Sixth Amendment
2165:Fifth Amendment
2145:First Amendment
2131:Justice Cardozo
2100:Fifth Amendment
2076:
2033:
2029:
2019:
1988:
1958:was speech; in
1921:
1915:
1908:
1896:Pentagon Papers
1881:Engel v. Vitale
1851:In re Anastaplo
1817:
1813:
1801:
1798:
1796:First Amendment
1739:
1724:
1558:
1539:
1528:Fifth Amendment
1514:
1467:
1463:
1425:
1407:Gray v. Sanders
1402:Howard Callaway
1368:Justice Douglas
1352:
1331:
1327:
1278:
1246:John K. McNulty
1238:Guido Calabresi
1207:
1203:
1190:Arthur Goldberg
1186:William Brennan
1174:Engel v. Vitale
1135:First Amendment
1131:Communist Party
1111:
1073:Harry S. Truman
1055:as a result of
1041:
1025:First Amendment
1001:
992:Ex parte Levitt
983:Dixie B. Graves
913:
849:Alfred A. Wheat
844:Chicago Tribune
838:Washington Post
821:
782:Oscar Underwood
766:
758:Sterling Foster
692:personal injury
665:
583:Engel v. Vitale
572:First Amendment
448:
366:
365:
362: 1957)
357:
353:
345:
337:
333:
330:
309:Political party
290:
285:
283:
273:Harlan, Alabama
271:
265:
263:
262:
261:
235:
229:Oscar Underwood
223:
217:
212:
203:
188:
182:William H. King
176:
160:
155:
136:
124:
118:
113:
93:
81:
69:
63:
58:
42:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9217:
9207:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9181:
9176:
9171:
9166:
9161:
9156:
9151:
9146:
9141:
9136:
9131:
9126:
9121:
9116:
9111:
9106:
9089:
9088:
9085:
9084:
9075:
9073:
9064:
9062:
9061:
9060:(2022βpresent)
9055:
9054:(2020βpresent)
9049:
9048:(2018βpresent)
9043:
9042:(2017βpresent)
9037:
9036:(2010βpresent)
9031:
9030:(2009βpresent)
9025:
9024:(2006βpresent)
9019:
9013:
9007:
9006:(1991βpresent)
9001:
8995:
8989:
8983:
8977:
8971:
8963:
8957:
8951:
8945:
8939:
8933:
8927:
8921:
8915:
8909:
8903:
8897:
8891:
8885:
8879:
8873:
8867:
8861:
8855:
8849:
8843:
8837:
8831:
8825:
8817:
8811:
8805:
8799:
8793:
8787:
8781:
8775:
8769:
8763:
8755:
8749:
8743:
8737:
8731:
8725:
8719:
8711:
8705:
8699:
8693:
8687:
8681:
8675:
8669:
8663:
8657:
8651:
8645:
8639:
8633:
8627:
8621:
8615:
8609:
8603:
8597:
8591:
8585:
8579:
8573:
8567:
8561:
8555:
8549:
8543:
8537:
8531:
8525:
8519:
8513:
8507:
8501:
8495:
8489:
8483:
8477:
8471:
8465:
8459:
8453:
8447:
8441:
8435:
8426:
8425:
8422:
8421:
8409:
8408:
8405:
8404:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8389:
8373:
8357:
8341:
8325:
8312:Fred M. Vinson
8309:
8293:
8277:
8261:
8245:
8229:
8216:Morrison Waite
8213:
8197:
8184:Roger B. Taney
8181:
8165:
8149:
8133:
8116:
8115:
8112:
8111:
8108:Chief justices
8099:
8098:
8090:
8089:
8082:
8075:
8067:
8058:
8057:
8055:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7998:
7996:
7995:(1999βpresent)
7990:
7989:
7987:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7960:
7958:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7912:
7910:
7904:
7903:
7896:
7894:
7892:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7755:
7753:
7747:
7746:
7741:Chairs of the
7738:
7737:
7730:
7723:
7715:
7706:
7705:
7703:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7561:
7559:
7555:
7554:
7547:
7545:
7543:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7446:
7444:
7440:
7439:
7432:
7431:
7424:
7417:
7409:
7401:
7400:
7395:
7392:
7383:
7378:
7374:
7373:
7372:Legal offices
7369:
7368:
7363:
7360:
7350:
7345:
7341:
7340:
7337:Sherman Minton
7335:
7332:
7322:
7316:
7315:
7310:
7307:
7287:
7282:
7278:
7277:
7271:
7270:
7265:
7262:
7253:
7248:
7244:
7243:
7238:
7235:
7206:
7201:
7197:
7196:
7190:
7189:
7176:
7170:
7165:
7142:
7137:
7124:
7118:
7101:
7096:
7083:
7078:
7062:
7047:
7043:
7042:External links
7040:
7039:
7038:
7031:
7017:
6998:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6983:
6978:. Durham, NC:
6972:
6954:(3): 375β407.
6941:
6909:
6898:
6886:1994). 590 pp.
6876:
6857:
6850:
6835:
6828:
6821:
6810:
6792:
6773:
6762:
6743:
6728:
6710:(3): 479β499.
6699:
6692:
6678:
6663:
6648:
6630:
6616:
6605:
6586:
6575:
6565:
6560:978-1598133561
6559:
6543:
6536:
6529:
6514:
6499:
6487:10.2307/845321
6468:
6441:(4): 621β637.
6430:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6406:
6388:
6370:
6346:
6328:
6306:
6288:
6258:
6226:
6206:
6193:
6182:
6171:
6160:
6136:
6123:
6100:
6074:
6041:
6022:
6002:
5970:
5937:
5917:Biskupic, Joan
5908:
5878:
5852:
5818:
5786:
5760:
5727:
5697:
5678:
5657:
5634:
5608:
5585:
5560:
5530:
5500:
5470:
5440:
5410:
5380:
5350:
5338:
5308:
5290:978-0521848206
5289:
5269:
5236:
5210:
5184:
5158:
5128:
5093:
5077:Betts v. Brady
5068:
5038:
5008:
4985:
4960:
4930:
4900:
4878:
4865:
4831:
4821:
4808:
4782:
4769:
4745:
4715:
4685:
4673:
4648:
4635:
4619:
4581:
4555:
4553:. 1, 4 (2009).
4542:
4509:
4495:
4482:
4469:
4444:
4438:
4416:
4390:
4384:
4360:
4354:
4336:
4330:
4312:
4266:
4213:
4200:
4174:
4144:
4114:
4095:
4071:
4064:
4041:
4026:
4019:
3997:
3984:
3945:
3932:
3899:
3840:
3811:
3784:
3752:
3726:
3708:978-0813926605
3707:
3687:
3657:
3626:
3620:978-1598133561
3619:
3601:
3571:
3541:
3515:
3479:
3441:
3400:
3385:
3370:
3340:
3334:978-1588383976
3333:
3314:
3301:978-0735221529
3300:
3280:
3248:
3229:
3207:
3181:
3168:
3136:
3106:
3093:Ball, Howard.
2989:
2976:
2933:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2839:
2825:
2811:
2795:
2792:
2725:Louis Brandeis
2707:issued by the
2699:
2698:
2683:
2682:
2673:Robert Vickrey
2662:
2659:
2627:Andrew Goodman
2604:
2599:
2587:public schools
2568:
2562:
2558:Paul Blanshard
2517:Pulitzer Prize
2502:
2499:
2452:Potter Stewart
2436:Harry Blackmun
2398:
2395:
2332:
2329:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2184:
2181:
2173:excessive bail
2163:clause of the
2075:
2072:
1987:
1984:
1972:Harry Blackmun
1913:
1797:
1794:
1738:
1735:
1689:In the law of
1676:Similarly, in
1557:
1554:
1513:
1510:
1460:contraceptives
1424:
1421:
1351:
1348:
1277:
1274:
1270:Stephen Susman
1119:anti-communism
1110:
1107:
1100:Coke Stevenson
1096:Lyndon Johnson
1081:Fred M. Vinson
1040:
1037:
1000:
997:
938:Sherman Minton
912:
909:
765:
762:
664:
661:
564:Bill of Rights
511:and a devoted
484:
483:
480:
479:
476:
475:
470:
466:
465:
460:
456:
455:
445:
441:
440:
437:
433:
432:
427:
426:Branch/service
423:
422:
419:
415:
414:
410:
409:
402:
398:
397:
387:
383:
382:
372:
368:
367:
355:
351:
350:
349:
348:
335:
331:
328:
327:
326:
325:
322:
320:
316:
315:
310:
306:
305:
300:
296:
295:
288:(aged 85)
281:
277:
276:
259:
257:
253:
252:
248:
247:
244:
243:
238:
232:
231:
226:
220:
219:
209:
208:
197:
196:
191:
185:
184:
179:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
152:
151:
145:
144:
139:
133:
132:
127:
121:
120:
110:
109:
102:
101:
96:
90:
89:
84:
78:
77:
72:
66:
65:
55:
54:
48:
47:
44:
43:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9216:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9101:
9099:
9079:
9069:
9059:
9056:
9053:
9050:
9047:
9044:
9041:
9038:
9035:
9032:
9029:
9026:
9023:
9020:
9017:
9014:
9011:
9008:
9005:
9002:
8999:
8996:
8993:
8990:
8987:
8984:
8981:
8978:
8975:
8972:
8969:* (1972β1986)
8968:
8964:
8961:
8958:
8955:
8952:
8949:
8946:
8943:
8940:
8937:
8934:
8931:
8928:
8925:
8922:
8919:
8916:
8913:
8910:
8907:
8904:
8901:
8898:
8895:
8892:
8889:
8886:
8883:
8880:
8877:
8874:
8871:
8868:
8865:
8862:
8859:
8856:
8853:
8850:
8847:
8844:
8841:
8838:
8835:
8832:
8829:
8826:
8823:* (1925β1941)
8822:
8818:
8815:
8812:
8809:
8806:
8803:
8800:
8797:
8794:
8791:
8788:
8785:
8782:
8779:
8776:
8773:
8770:
8767:
8764:
8761:* (1910β1916)
8760:
8756:
8753:
8750:
8747:
8744:
8741:
8738:
8735:
8732:
8729:
8726:
8723:
8720:
8717:* (1894β1910)
8716:
8712:
8709:
8706:
8703:
8700:
8697:
8694:
8691:
8688:
8685:
8682:
8679:
8676:
8673:
8670:
8667:
8664:
8661:
8658:
8655:
8652:
8649:
8646:
8643:
8640:
8637:
8634:
8631:
8628:
8625:
8622:
8619:
8616:
8613:
8610:
8607:
8604:
8601:
8598:
8595:
8592:
8589:
8586:
8583:
8580:
8577:
8574:
8571:
8568:
8565:
8562:
8559:
8556:
8553:
8550:
8547:
8544:
8541:
8538:
8535:
8532:
8529:
8526:
8523:
8520:
8517:
8514:
8511:
8508:
8505:
8502:
8499:
8496:
8493:
8490:
8487:
8484:
8481:
8478:
8475:
8472:
8469:
8466:
8463:
8460:
8457:
8454:
8451:
8448:
8445:
8442:
8439:
8436:
8433:* (1790β1791)
8432:
8428:
8427:
8423:
8419:
8414:
8410:
8399:
8387:
8386:
8381:
8377:
8374:
8371:
8370:
8365:
8361:
8358:
8355:
8354:
8349:
8345:
8342:
8339:
8338:
8333:
8329:
8326:
8323:
8322:
8317:
8313:
8310:
8307:
8306:
8301:
8297:
8294:
8291:
8290:
8285:
8281:
8278:
8275:
8274:
8269:
8265:
8262:
8259:
8258:
8253:
8249:
8246:
8243:
8242:
8237:
8233:
8230:
8227:
8226:
8221:
8217:
8214:
8211:
8210:
8205:
8201:
8198:
8195:
8194:
8189:
8185:
8182:
8179:
8178:
8173:
8169:
8168:John Marshall
8166:
8163:
8162:
8157:
8153:
8150:
8147:
8146:
8141:
8137:
8136:John Rutledge
8134:
8131:
8130:
8125:
8121:
8118:
8117:
8113:
8109:
8104:
8100:
8096:
8088:
8083:
8081:
8076:
8074:
8069:
8068:
8065:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7999:
7997:
7991:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7961:
7959:
7953:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7913:
7911:
7905:
7900:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7756:
7754:
7748:
7744:
7736:
7731:
7729:
7724:
7722:
7717:
7716:
7713:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7600:C. Comer Clay
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7562:
7560:
7556:
7551:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7447:
7445:
7441:
7437:
7430:
7425:
7423:
7418:
7416:
7411:
7410:
7407:
7398:
7389:
7388:
7381:
7375:
7370:
7366:
7365:Elbert Thomas
7357:
7356:
7353:Chair of the
7348:
7342:
7338:
7329:
7328:
7325:Chair of the
7321:
7317:
7313:
7306:
7305:
7304:John Bankhead
7301:
7300:Thomas Heflin
7293:
7292:
7285:
7279:
7276:
7272:
7268:
7267:Joshua B. Lee
7259:
7258:
7251:
7245:
7241:
7234:
7230:
7226:
7224:
7219:
7215:
7211:
7204:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7177:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7162:
7158:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7135:
7131:
7128:
7125:
7122:
7119:
7116:
7112:
7108:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7094:
7090:
7089:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7076:
7072:
7071:
7066:
7063:
7059:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7046:
7045:
7036:
7032:
7029:
7025:
7024:
7018:
7015:
7011:
7007:
7003:
6999:
6996:
6992:
6991:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6948:
6942:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6922:
6917:
6913:
6910:
6907:
6904:. Baltimore,
6903:
6899:
6896:
6892:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6874:
6873:1-57003-120-7
6870:
6866:
6862:
6858:
6855:
6851:
6848:
6847:1-58838-144-7
6844:
6840:
6836:
6833:
6829:
6826:
6822:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6809:
6805:
6802:Press, 1969)
6801:
6797:
6793:
6790:
6789:0-679-43180-2
6786:
6782:
6778:
6774:
6771:
6767:
6763:
6760:
6759:1-58838-144-7
6756:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6729:
6725:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6700:
6697:
6693:
6691:
6690:0-19-505835-6
6687:
6683:
6679:
6676:
6675:0-8173-1194-7
6672:
6668:
6664:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6631:
6628:
6624:
6620:
6617:
6614:
6610:
6606:
6603:
6599:
6596:Books, 2001)
6595:
6591:
6587:
6585:.</ref>
6584:
6580:
6576:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6541:
6537:
6534:
6530:
6527:
6526:0-19-507814-4
6523:
6519:
6515:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6475:
6469:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6431:
6428:
6427:0-19-506557-3
6424:
6420:
6416:
6415:
6402:
6398:
6392:
6384:
6380:
6374:
6366:
6362:
6361:
6356:
6350:
6344:
6340:
6337:
6332:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6310:
6302:
6298:
6292:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6262:
6246:
6242:
6241:
6236:
6230:
6222:
6221:
6216:
6210:
6203:
6197:
6191:
6186:
6180:
6175:
6169:
6164:
6157:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6140:
6133:
6127:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6104:
6088:
6084:
6078:
6062:
6058:
6051:
6045:
6029:
6025:
6019:
6015:
6014:
6006:
5987:
5980:
5974:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5944:
5942:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5912:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5882:
5866:
5862:
5856:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5822:
5815:
5801:
5797:
5790:
5783:
5780:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5764:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5731:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5701:
5685:
5681:
5675:
5671:
5670:
5661:
5654:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5638:
5631:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5615:
5613:
5605:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5589:
5582:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5570:
5564:
5548:
5544:
5542:
5534:
5518:
5514:
5513:332 U.S. 633"
5512:
5504:
5488:
5484:
5482:
5474:
5458:
5454:
5452:
5444:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5414:
5398:
5394:
5392:
5384:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5354:
5347:
5342:
5326:
5322:
5320:
5312:
5296:
5292:
5286:
5282:
5281:
5273:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5243:
5241:
5224:
5220:
5214:
5198:
5194:
5188:
5172:
5168:
5162:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5132:
5115:
5111:
5106:
5102:
5101:John Lilburne
5097:
5090:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5078:
5072:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5042:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4989:
4974:
4970:
4964:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4934:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4904:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4882:
4875:
4869:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4835:
4825:
4818:
4812:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4786:
4780:(1983) p. 630
4779:
4773:
4766:
4765:0-618-34087-4
4762:
4758:
4754:
4749:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4719:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4682:
4677:
4662:
4658:
4652:
4645:
4639:
4632:
4628:
4623:
4616:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4585:
4569:
4565:
4559:
4552:
4546:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4516:
4514:
4506:
4505:
4499:
4492:
4486:
4479:
4473:
4466:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4451:
4449:
4441:
4439:0-8139-0784-5
4435:
4430:
4429:
4420:
4405:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4385:0-8139-1459-0
4381:
4377:
4373:
4372:
4364:
4357:
4355:0-684-80852-8
4351:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4331:0-19-510439-0
4327:
4323:
4316:
4308:
4302:
4283:
4276:
4270:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4217:
4210:
4204:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4162:
4158:
4156:
4148:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4102:
4098:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4083:
4075:
4067:
4061:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4045:
4038:
4033:
4031:
4022:
4020:0-688-05714-4
4016:
4011:
4010:
4001:
3994:
3988:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3936:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3903:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3825:
3818:
3816:
3799:
3795:
3788:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3756:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3714:
3710:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3691:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3622:
3616:
3612:
3605:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3545:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3512:
3503:September 25,
3499:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3472:September 22,
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3446:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3396:
3389:
3381:
3374:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3336:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3318:
3303:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3284:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3252:
3245:
3240:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3178:
3172:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3140:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3103:0-19-507814-4
3100:
3096:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2986:
2980:
2969:September 25,
2964:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2949:Suitts, Steve
2944:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2908:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2840:
2837:
2826:
2823:
2817:
2812:
2809:
2798:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2711:. Along with
2710:
2706:
2697:
2693:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2635:Samuel Bowers
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2603:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2573:Supreme Court
2567:
2561:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2491:Richard Nixon
2487:
2485:
2481:
2480:Warren Burger
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2407:
2403:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2384:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2359:suspect class
2355:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2340:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2256:
2246:Voting rights
2243:
2242:concurrence.
2241:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2203:In re Winship
2199:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2108:John Lilburne
2105:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2037:
2027:
2026:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1918:
1912:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1811:
1807:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1717:Baker v. Carr
1711:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1673:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1645:
1644: (1964).
1643:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1610: (1942),
1609:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1593: (1941),
1592:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1576: (1939),
1575:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1509:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1395:Lester Maddox
1393:
1390:race between
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1298:jurisprudence
1291:
1287:
1282:
1276:Jurisprudence
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1244:, Professors
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1045:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1006:
996:
994:
993:
988:
984:
980:
975:
973:
967:
965:
964:
959:
955:
951:
945:
943:
939:
935:
930:
926:
925:court-packing
917:
908:
906:
902:
901:
896:
892:
887:
883:
881:
877:
873:
868:
866:
861:
856:
854:
850:
846:
845:
840:
839:
833:
831:
827:
819:
815:
810:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
770:
764:Senate career
761:
759:
755:
750:
748:
742:
740:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
714:
712:
709:
704:
700:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
672:
670:
660:
658:
654:
650:
649:
644:
643:
638:
637:
632:
631:
626:
625:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
603:
598:
593:
591:
590:
585:
584:
579:
578:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
537:
533:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
481:
477:
474:
471:
467:
464:
461:
457:
454:
446:
442:
438:
434:
431:
428:
424:
421:United States
420:
416:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
388:
384:
381:
377:
374:3, including
373:
369:
347:
346:
324:
323:
321:
317:
314:
311:
307:
304:
301:
299:Resting place
297:
293:
282:
278:
274:
258:
254:
249:
245:
242:
239:
233:
230:
227:
221:
215:
210:
207:
202:
198:
195:
194:Joshua B. Lee
192:
186:
183:
180:
174:
171:
168:
164:
158:
153:
150:
146:
143:
142:Elbert Thomas
140:
134:
131:
128:
122:
116:
111:
108:
105:Chair of the
103:
100:
97:
91:
88:
85:
79:
76:
73:
67:
61:
56:
53:
49:
45:
40:
34:
29:
22:
19:
9067:
8839:
8766:Van Devanter
8654:J. M. Harlan
8383:
8380:2005βpresent
8376:John Roberts
8367:
8351:
8335:
8319:
8303:
8287:
8271:
8255:
8239:
8223:
8207:
8191:
8175:
8159:
8143:
8127:
7878:
7659:
7505:Bankhead Jr.
7490:Bankhead Sr.
7397:Lewis Powell
7385:
7352:
7324:
7319:
7312:Dixie Graves
7298:
7289:
7255:
7214:U.S. Senator
7212:nominee for
7208:
7168:ANC Explorer
7160:
7156:
7087:
7068:
7055:
7034:
7021:Mr. Justice
7020:
7006:Random House
7004:. New York:
7001:
6994:
6975:
6951:
6945:
6919:
6901:
6879:
6860:
6853:
6838:
6831:
6824:
6813:
6795:
6776:
6765:
6746:
6731:
6707:
6703:
6695:
6681:
6666:
6651:
6636:
6625:. New York:
6622:
6611:. New York:
6608:
6589:
6578:
6568:
6550:
6539:
6532:
6517:
6502:
6478:
6472:
6438:
6434:
6418:
6401:the original
6391:
6383:the original
6373:
6365:the original
6358:
6349:
6331:
6323:the original
6318:
6309:
6301:the original
6291:
6279:. Retrieved
6275:the original
6270:
6261:
6249:. Retrieved
6245:the original
6238:
6229:
6218:
6209:
6201:
6196:
6185:
6174:
6163:
6155:
6139:
6131:
6126:
6117:
6113:
6103:
6091:. Retrieved
6077:
6065:. Retrieved
6056:
6044:
6032:. Retrieved
6012:
6005:
5993:. Retrieved
5973:
5961:. Retrieved
5952:
5928:. Retrieved
5924:
5911:
5899:. Retrieved
5890:
5881:
5869:. Retrieved
5855:
5834:(1): 17β41,
5831:
5827:
5821:
5812:, Yearbook,
5806:November 24,
5804:. Retrieved
5800:the original
5789:
5769:
5763:
5751:. Retrieved
5739:
5730:
5718:. Retrieved
5709:
5700:
5690:February 19,
5688:. Retrieved
5668:
5660:
5641:
5637:
5618:
5592:
5588:
5567:
5563:
5551:. Retrieved
5540:
5533:
5521:. Retrieved
5510:
5503:
5491:. Retrieved
5480:
5473:
5461:. Retrieved
5450:
5443:
5433:February 18,
5431:. Retrieved
5422:
5413:
5401:. Retrieved
5390:
5383:
5373:February 18,
5371:. Retrieved
5362:
5353:
5345:
5341:
5329:. Retrieved
5318:
5311:
5301:February 19,
5299:. Retrieved
5279:
5272:
5262:February 18,
5260:. Retrieved
5251:
5229:September 6,
5227:. Retrieved
5223:the original
5213:
5203:September 6,
5201:. Retrieved
5197:the original
5187:
5177:September 6,
5175:. Retrieved
5171:the original
5161:
5151:February 19,
5149:. Retrieved
5140:
5131:
5118:. Retrieved
5114:the original
5104:
5096:
5075:
5071:
5061:February 18,
5059:. Retrieved
5050:
5041:
5031:February 18,
5029:. Retrieved
5020:
5011:
5002:
4998:
4988:
4976:. Retrieved
4972:
4963:
4953:February 18,
4951:. Retrieved
4942:
4933:
4923:February 18,
4921:. Retrieved
4912:
4903:
4886:
4881:
4873:
4868:
4856:. Retrieved
4847:
4843:
4834:
4824:
4816:
4811:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4777:
4772:
4756:
4748:
4738:February 20,
4736:. Retrieved
4727:
4718:
4708:February 18,
4706:. Retrieved
4697:
4688:
4680:
4676:
4664:. Retrieved
4660:
4651:
4643:
4638:
4633:. 80, 132 ).
4630:
4622:
4610:
4598:
4594:
4584:
4572:. Retrieved
4567:
4558:
4550:
4545:
4535:February 18,
4533:. Retrieved
4524:
4502:
4498:
4490:
4485:
4477:
4472:
4427:
4419:
4407:. Retrieved
4403:
4393:
4370:
4363:
4345:
4339:
4321:
4315:
4289:. Retrieved
4269:
4239:. Retrieved
4230:
4216:
4208:
4203:
4191:. Retrieved
4186:
4177:
4167:September 6,
4165:. Retrieved
4161:the original
4154:
4147:
4137:February 18,
4135:. Retrieved
4126:
4117:
4105:. Retrieved
4081:
4074:
4054:
4044:
4036:
4008:
4000:
3995:pp. 333β334.
3992:
3987:
3962:
3958:
3948:
3940:
3935:
3923:. Retrieved
3912:
3902:
3892:September 3,
3890:. Retrieved
3857:
3853:
3843:
3831:. Retrieved
3802:. Retrieved
3798:the original
3787:
3775:. Retrieved
3764:
3755:
3745:September 3,
3743:. Retrieved
3729:
3717:. Retrieved
3697:
3690:
3678:. Retrieved
3669:
3660:
3648:. Retrieved
3610:
3604:
3592:. Retrieved
3583:
3574:
3564:February 16,
3562:. Retrieved
3553:
3544:
3534:February 18,
3532:. Retrieved
3518:
3510:
3501:. Retrieved
3495:
3482:
3470:. Retrieved
3458:Timeline.com
3457:
3434:September 3,
3432:. Retrieved
3423:
3417:
3394:
3388:
3379:
3373:
3363:September 3,
3361:. Retrieved
3352:
3343:
3323:
3317:
3305:. Retrieved
3290:
3283:
3271:. Retrieved
3260:
3251:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3224:the original
3219:
3210:
3198:. Retrieved
3194:the original
3184:
3176:
3171:
3159:. Retrieved
3148:
3139:
3127:. Retrieved
3118:
3109:
3094:
2984:
2979:
2967:. Retrieved
2956:
2926:February 15,
2924:. Retrieved
2768:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2739:Ben Erdreich
2736:
2721:Joseph Story
2702:
2666:
2664:
2623:James Chaney
2615:Ku Klux Klan
2608:
2606:
2601:
2576:
2570:
2565:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2535:
2524:
2521:
2510:
2504:
2495:Lewis Powell
2488:
2429:
2422:
2411:
2388:
2385:
2376:
2370:
2356:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2271:
2260:
2251:
2239:
2221:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2186:
2149:
2141:
2134:
2124:
2113:
2093:
2091:
2080:
2077:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2040:
2038:
2025:Mapp v. Ohio
2023:
2009:
2007:
1995:
1989:
1979:
1976:
1965:
1959:
1956:flag burning
1952:
1947:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1923:
1916:
1905:
1898:despite the
1889:
1886:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1849:(1961), and
1846:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1828:
1822:
1810:bad tendency
1799:
1790:
1786:World War II
1771:
1769:
1762:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1737:Civil rights
1728:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1648:
1646:
1628:
1611:
1594:
1577:
1562:
1559:
1547:
1545:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1502:
1495:
1490:
1482:
1472:
1453:
1436:" and as a "
1426:
1414:, a kind of
1405:
1379:
1377:
1353:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1325:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1295:
1223:
1212:
1193:
1179:
1172:
1166:
1161:
1138:
1122:
1112:
1104:
1085:
1077:Jewell Ridge
1076:
1069:Harlan Stone
1057:
1050:
1010:
1002:
990:
976:
968:
961:
946:
942:Harry Truman
934:Stanley Reed
922:
905:Tom Connally
898:
888:
884:
869:
860:minimum wage
857:
842:
836:
834:
817:
811:
775:
751:
747:Ku Klux Klan
743:
715:
696:
682:degree, was
673:
666:
646:
640:
634:
628:
622:
600:
597:World War II
594:
587:
581:
575:
553:
535:
532:Ku Klux Klan
529:
519:in both the
493:U.S. Senator
488:
487:
469:Battles/wars
286:(1971-09-25)
241:Dixie Graves
236:Succeeded by
213:
189:Succeeded by
156:
137:Succeeded by
114:
94:Succeeded by
70:Nominated by
59:
18:
9109:1971 deaths
9104:1886 births
9018:(1994β2022)
9012:(1993β2020)
9000:(1990β2009)
8994:(1988β2018)
8988:(1986β2016)
8982:(1981β2006)
8976:(1975β2010)
8962:(1972β1987)
8956:(1970β1994)
8950:(1967β1991)
8948:T. Marshall
8944:(1965β1969)
8938:(1962β1965)
8932:(1962β1993)
8926:(1958β1981)
8920:(1957β1962)
8914:(1956β1990)
8908:(1955β1971)
8902:(1949β1956)
8896:(1949β1967)
8890:(1945β1958)
8884:(1943β1949)
8882:W. Rutledge
8878:(1941β1954)
8872:(1941β1942)
8866:(1940β1949)
8860:(1939β1975)
8854:(1939β1962)
8852:Frankfurter
8848:(1938β1957)
8842:(1937β1971)
8836:(1932β1938)
8830:(1930β1945)
8816:(1923β1930)
8810:(1923β1939)
8804:(1922β1938)
8798:(1916β1922)
8792:(1916β1939)
8786:(1914β1941)
8780:(1912β1922)
8774:(1911β1916)
8768:(1911β1937)
8754:(1910β1914)
8748:(1906β1910)
8742:(1903β1922)
8736:(1902β1932)
8730:(1898β1925)
8724:(1896β1909)
8710:(1893β1895)
8704:(1892β1903)
8698:(1891β1906)
8692:(1890β1910)
8686:(1888β1893)
8680:(1882β1893)
8674:(1882β1902)
8668:(1881β1889)
8662:(1881β1887)
8656:(1877β1911)
8650:(1873β1882)
8644:(1870β1892)
8638:(1870β1880)
8632:(1863β1897)
8626:(1862β1877)
8620:(1862β1890)
8614:(1862β1881)
8608:(1858β1881)
8602:(1853β1861)
8596:(1851β1857)
8590:(1846β1870)
8584:(1845β1851)
8578:(1845β1872)
8572:(1842β1860)
8566:(1838β1852)
8560:(1837β1865)
8554:(1836β1841)
8548:(1835β1867)
8542:(1830β1844)
8536:(1829β1861)
8530:(1826β1828)
8524:(1823β1843)
8518:(1812β1845)
8512:(1811β1835)
8506:(1807β1826)
8500:(1807β1823)
8494:(1804β1834)
8488:(1800β1804)
8482:(1798β1829)
8476:(1796β1811)
8470:(1793β1806)
8464:(1792β1793)
8458:(1790β1799)
8452:(1790β1795)
8446:(1789β1798)
8440:(1790β1810)
8431:J. Rutledge
8328:Earl Warren
7615:Fitzpatrick
7480:Goldthwaite
7460:Fitzpatrick
7347:David Walsh
7275:U.S. Senate
7240:Lister Hill
7086:Fox, John,
7030:739 (1950).
6882:(New York:
6768:. Chicago:
6481:(1): 1β37.
6093:November 8,
6067:November 8,
5995:November 8,
5963:November 8,
5901:December 2,
5871:October 15,
5753:January 29,
5655: (1967)
5632: (1971)
5606: (1968)
5583: (1968)
5523:October 15,
5493:October 15,
5091: (1942)
4844:Open Jurist
4778:Super Chief
4666:October 12,
4107:October 20,
3925:October 14,
3860:(1): 1β31.
3642:. Dol.gov.
2784:interregnum
2639:Cecil Price
2583:segregation
2507:Ray Sprigle
2476:Earl Warren
2266:Black β on
2216:substantive
2002:wiretapping
1498:originalist
1475:natural law
1364:Robert Bork
1302:Earl Warren
1221:principle.
1182:Earl Warren
1127:labor union
979:Bibb Graves
895:Solid South
790:E. H. Dryer
718:World War I
663:Early years
653:pure speech
473:World War I
224:Preceded by
177:Preceded by
130:David Walsh
125:Preceded by
82:Preceded by
9098:Categories
9058:K. Jackson
8876:R. Jackson
8828:O. Roberts
8802:Sutherland
8784:McReynolds
8708:H. Jackson
8678:Blatchford
8498:Livingston
8492:W. Johnson
8480:Washington
8462:T. Johnson
7941:Yarborough
7540:Tuberville
7391:1937β1971
7331:1935β1937
7320:New office
7261:1927β1937
7210:Democratic
7163:: 393β431.
6816:. Ithaca:
6621:. (1949).
6281:August 27,
6251:August 27,
6034:August 29,
5949:"The Digs"
5720:October 2,
5463:August 27,
5403:August 27,
5346:Hugo Black
5331:January 5,
5120:August 24,
4973:Justia Law
4817:Hugo Black
4644:Hugo Black
4096:0300173695
4082:Abe Fortas
3993:Hugo Black
3914:SCOTUSblog
3594:August 11,
3554:senate.gov
2985:Hugo Black
2904:References
2850:Law portal
2747:Birmingham
2493:nominated
2489:President
2302:poll taxes
2212:procedures
2161:grand jury
2032:... seized
1926:defamation
1782:West Coast
1704:abstention
1684:voting age
1556:Federalism
1434:textualist
1429:textualist
1399:Republican
1286:textualist
1258:David Vann
1088:Abe Fortas
560:textualist
554:The fifth
513:New Dealer
418:Allegiance
313:Democratic
266:1886-02-27
25:Hugo Black
9046:Kavanaugh
9028:Sotomayor
8967:Rehnquist
8918:Whittaker
8364:1986β2005
8348:1969β1986
8332:1953β1969
8316:1946β1953
8300:1941β1946
8284:1930β1941
8268:1921β1930
8252:1910β1921
8236:1888β1910
8220:1874β1888
8204:1864β1873
8188:1836β1864
8172:1801β1835
8156:1796β1800
8124:1789β1795
8042:Alexander
7979:Kassebaum
7784:Patterson
7655:Underwood
7520:H. Heflin
7500:J. Heflin
6463:155514353
5848:145227968
5748:0362-4331
5553:August 7,
4607:0098-4612
4193:April 20,
3979:145064343
3882:158225420
3804:April 26,
3777:April 23,
3719:March 22,
3680:March 22,
3650:March 21,
3307:April 10,
3200:April 29,
2655:hung jury
2318:Breedlove
1980:Anastaplo
1857:dissent:
1855:Anastaplo
1156:Smith Act
944:in 1949.
734:Fort Sill
688:labor law
541:confirmed
439:1917β1919
401:Signature
386:Education
214:In office
161:1927β1937
157:In office
115:In office
60:In office
9010:Ginsburg
8980:O'Connor
8954:Blackmun
8936:Goldberg
8930:B. White
8790:Brandeis
8772:J. Lamar
8715:E. White
8684:L. Lamar
8666:Matthews
8606:Clifford
8600:Campbell
8582:Woodbury
8564:McKinley
8522:Thompson
8474:S. Chase
8468:Paterson
8120:John Jay
8012:Jeffords
8002:Jeffords
7984:Jeffords
7964:Williams
7946:Williams
7931:A. Smith
7844:H. Smith
7834:Dolliver
7789:Burnside
7774:Flanagan
7680:M. Allen
7675:J. Allen
7645:Johnston
7595:McKinley
7585:McKinley
7575:Chambers
7525:Sessions
7515:Sparkman
7148:(2010).
7107:Archived
6924:(1979).
6867:, 1997)
6549:(2023).
6339:Archived
6336:H.R. 614
6149:Archived
6087:Archived
6061:Archived
6028:Archived
5986:Archived
5957:Archived
5930:April 3,
5895:Archived
5865:Archived
5775:Archived
5714:Archived
5684:Archived
5547:Archived
5517:Archived
5487:Archived
5457:Archived
5427:Archived
5397:Archived
5367:Archived
5325:Archived
5295:Archived
5256:Archived
5145:Archived
5055:Archived
5025:Archived
4947:Archived
4917:Archived
4892:Archived
4858:June 25,
4852:Archived
4815:Newman,
4732:Archived
4702:Archived
4646:, p. 435
4529:Archived
4465:Oyez.org
4458:Archived
4301:cite web
4291:July 16,
4282:Archived
4251:cite web
4241:July 16,
4235:Archived
4131:Archived
4101:Archived
4052:(1990).
3919:Archived
3886:Archived
3833:April 3,
3771:Archived
3739:Archived
3713:Archived
3674:Archived
3644:Archived
3588:Archived
3558:Archived
3528:Archived
3466:Archived
3428:Archived
3357:Archived
3267:Archived
3155:Archived
3123:Archived
2983:Newman,
2963:Archived
2794:See also
2197:Griswold
1914:β
1484:Griswold
1455:Griswold
1392:Democrat
1346:(1940).
1296:Black's
1256:, Mayor
1013:New Deal
891:lynching
876:New Deal
874:and the
806:lobbying
380:Sterling
371:Children
9052:Barrett
9040:Gorsuch
8992:Kennedy
8974:Stevens
8924:Stewart
8912:Brennan
8858:Douglas
8834:Cardozo
8814:Sanford
8728:McKenna
8722:Peckham
8642:Bradley
8552:Barbour
8540:Baldwin
8528:Trimble
8456:Iredell
8438:Cushing
8052:Sanders
8032:Kennedy
8017:Kennedy
8007:Kennedy
7974:Kennedy
7869:Metcalf
7864:Couzens
7829:Penrose
7824:McComas
7685:Stewart
7625:Houston
7620:Spencer
7580:Pickens
7558:Class 3
7530:Strange
7465:Clemens
7443:Class 2
7223:Class 3
7218:Alabama
7185:of the
7181:in the
7067:at the
6968:1072096
6798:. (The
6724:2152441
6455:3234885
6085:. PBS.
6053:(video)
5423:Findlaw
5363:Findlaw
5252:Findlaw
5141:Findlaw
5051:Findlaw
5021:Findlaw
4978:May 10,
4943:Findlaw
4913:Findlaw
4819:p. 550.
4728:Findlaw
4698:Findlaw
4661:Findlaw
4574:May 19,
4525:Findlaw
4409:May 10,
4127:Findlaw
3874:1599085
3273:July 7,
3179:(1992).
3161:July 7,
3129:July 7,
2509:of the
2276:(1964).
2264:Justice
2240:Winship
2157:Seventh
1784:during
1780:on the
1701:Younger
1523:Bolling
1340:Adamson
1064:recused
851:of the
739:Civitan
730:captain
716:During
694:cases.
669:Ashland
655:β and "
503:of the
497:Alabama
453:Captain
364:
356:
344:
336:
332:
319:Spouses
206:Alabama
9016:Breyer
9004:Thomas
8998:Souter
8986:Scalia
8960:Powell
8942:Fortas
8900:Minton
8888:Burton
8870:Byrnes
8864:Murphy
8808:Butler
8796:Clarke
8778:Pitney
8759:Hughes
8752:Lurton
8734:Holmes
8702:Shiras
8690:Brewer
8636:Strong
8618:Miller
8612:Swayne
8594:Curtis
8576:Nelson
8570:Daniel
8558:Catron
8534:McLean
8510:Duvall
8444:Wilson
8047:Murray
8037:Harkin
7926:Murray
7921:Thomas
7889:Murray
7884:Thomas
7859:Phipps
7849:Kenyon
7794:Bailey
7769:Sawyer
7759:Harlan
7695:Shelby
7690:Denton
7665:Graves
7640:Pettus
7565:Walker
7485:Morgan
7475:Warner
7023:Murphy
7012:
6966:
6928:
6893:
6888:
6871:
6845:
6806:
6783:
6757:
6738:
6722:
6688:
6673:
6658:
6643:
6600:
6583:online
6557:
6524:
6509:
6495:845321
6493:
6461:
6453:
6435:Polity
6425:
6020:
5846:
5746:
5676:
5644:,
5621:,
5595:,
5572:,
5287:
5080:,
5005:: 453.
4829:(2012)
4763:
4613:
4605:
4436:
4382:
4352:
4328:
4223:
4211:(2000)
4093:
4062:
4017:
3977:
3965:: 25.
3943:(2002)
3880:
3872:
3705:
3617:
3331:
3298:
3244:truth.
3101:
2788:Burger
2780:Warren
2776:Vinson
2731:, and
2696:C-SPAN
2661:Legacy
2619:deaths
2532:
2528:
2381:
2367:Harlan
2236:
2232:
2167:, the
2126:per se
2068:Gideon
2055:Eighth
2053:, and
2034:
2030:
2020:
1909:
1814:
1802:
1725:'s
1540:
1468:
1464:
1332:
1328:
1288:" or "
1252:, and
1240:, and
1208:
1204:
1188:, and
1060:(1945)
822:
645:, and
586:, and
294:, U.S.
275:, U.S.
166:Leader
41:, 1937
9034:Kagan
9022:Alito
8894:Clark
8840:Black
8821:Stone
8746:Moody
8696:Brown
8660:Woods
8630:Field
8624:Davis
8588:Grier
8546:Wayne
8516:Story
8486:Moore
8450:Blair
8385:cases
8369:cases
8353:cases
8337:cases
8321:cases
8305:cases
8289:cases
8273:cases
8257:cases
8241:cases
8225:cases
8209:cases
8193:cases
8177:cases
8161:cases
8145:cases
8129:cases
8022:Gregg
7969:Hatch
7879:Black
7874:Walsh
7854:Borah
7839:Borah
7814:Shoup
7804:Carey
7799:Blair
7779:Ferry
7764:Drake
7700:Britt
7660:Black
7650:White
7630:Pryor
7605:Bagby
7590:Moore
7570:Kelly
7535:Jones
7510:Swift
7495:Comer
7455:Lewis
7359:1937
7216:from
7153:(PDF)
7026:. 48
6964:JSTOR
6720:JSTOR
6491:JSTOR
6459:S2CID
6451:JSTOR
5989:(PDF)
5982:(PDF)
5844:S2CID
5648:
5625:
5599:
5576:
5219:"BRI"
5084:
4601:(1).
4285:(PDF)
4278:(PDF)
3975:S2CID
3878:S2CID
3870:JSTOR
3827:(PDF)
3426:(3).
2772:Stone
2581:that
2153:Third
2051:Sixth
1722:Baker
1657:
1637:
1620:
1603:
1586:
1569:
1450:Ninth
1442:Fifth
1147:
1031:from
958:NAACP
680:LL.B.
495:from
358:(
354:
338:(
334:
204:from
8846:Reed
8672:Gray
8648:Hunt
8504:Todd
8140:1795
8027:Enzi
7936:Hill
7916:Taft
7819:Kyle
7809:Kyle
7670:Hill
7635:Pugh
7610:King
7450:King
7233:1932
7229:1926
7010:ISBN
6926:ISBN
6914:and
6891:ISBN
6869:ISBN
6843:ISBN
6804:ISBN
6781:ISBN
6755:ISBN
6736:ISBN
6686:ISBN
6671:ISBN
6656:ISBN
6641:ISBN
6598:ISBN
6555:ISBN
6522:ISBN
6507:ISBN
6423:ISBN
6283:2011
6271:Time
6253:2011
6240:Time
6143:See
6120:(2).
6095:2016
6069:2016
6036:2018
6018:ISBN
5997:2016
5965:2016
5932:2022
5903:2020
5873:2020
5808:2013
5755:2024
5744:ISSN
5722:2020
5692:2016
5674:ISBN
5650:U.S.
5627:U.S.
5601:U.S.
5578:U.S.
5555:2020
5525:2021
5495:2021
5465:2017
5435:2006
5405:2017
5375:2006
5333:2021
5303:2016
5285:ISBN
5264:2006
5231:2008
5205:2008
5179:2008
5153:2006
5122:2010
5086:U.S.
5063:2006
5033:2006
4980:2024
4955:2006
4925:2006
4860:2013
4761:ISBN
4740:2006
4710:2006
4668:2022
4603:ISSN
4576:2022
4537:2006
4434:ISBN
4411:2022
4380:ISBN
4350:ISBN
4326:ISBN
4307:link
4293:2020
4261:link
4257:link
4243:2020
4195:2022
4187:CAFE
4169:2008
4139:2006
4109:2008
4091:ISBN
4060:ISBN
4015:ISBN
3963:1997
3927:2018
3894:2020
3835:2022
3806:2010
3779:2020
3747:2020
3721:2014
3703:ISBN
3682:2014
3652:2019
3615:ISBN
3596:2019
3566:2018
3536:2006
3505:2020
3474:2021
3436:2020
3365:2020
3329:ISBN
3309:2022
3296:ISBN
3275:2017
3220:Oyez
3202:2008
3163:2017
3131:2017
3099:ISBN
2971:2020
2928:2022
2668:Time
2641:and
2629:and
2526:laws
2155:and
2119:and
1808:", "
1659:U.S.
1639:U.S.
1622:U.S.
1605:U.S.
1588:U.S.
1571:U.S.
1444:and
1397:and
1388:1966
1149:U.S.
1019:and
841:and
690:and
525:1936
523:and
521:1932
459:Unit
444:Rank
378:and
376:Hugo
280:Died
256:Born
8740:Day
7187:ZBW
6956:doi
6712:doi
6708:107
6483:doi
6443:doi
5836:doi
5653:118
5646:387
5630:532
5623:401
5597:391
5574:391
5089:455
5082:316
4376:105
3967:doi
3862:doi
2745:in
2675:).
2621:of
2607:In
2589:is
2585:in
2556:of
2416:in
2102:'s
1662:301
1655:383
1642:294
1635:379
1625:241
1618:379
1608:111
1601:317
1591:100
1584:312
1567:307
1534:'s
1152:494
1145:341
659:β.
394:LLB
9100::
8382:,
8366:,
8350:,
8334:,
8318:,
8302:,
8286:,
8270:,
8254:,
8238:,
8222:,
8206:,
8190:,
8174:,
8158:,
8142:,
8126:,
7302:,
7231:,
7225:)
7161:26
7159:.
7155:.
7132:,
7113:,
7091:.
7054:.
7008:.
6962:.
6952:57
6950:.
6936:,
6932:,
6918:.
6787:,
6753:.
6718:.
6706:.
6635:,
6489:.
6479:38
6477:.
6457:.
6449:.
6439:18
6437:.
6357:.
6317:.
6269:.
6237:.
6217:.
6147:,
6116:.
6112:.
6059:.
6055:.
6026:.
5955:.
5951:.
5940:^
5923:.
5893:.
5889:.
5842:,
5832:33
5830:,
5738:.
5708:.
5682:.
5611:^
5604:77
5581:68
5545:.
5515:.
5485:.
5455:.
5425:.
5421:.
5395:.
5365:.
5361:.
5293:.
5254:.
5250:.
5239:^
5143:.
5139:.
5103:.
5053:.
5049:.
5023:.
5019:.
5003:45
5001:.
4997:.
4971:.
4945:.
4941:.
4915:.
4911:.
4848:US
4846:.
4842:.
4755:,
4730:.
4726:.
4700:.
4696:.
4659:.
4609:.
4599:15
4597:.
4593:.
4566:.
4527:.
4523:.
4512:^
4447:^
4402:.
4378:,
4303:}}
4299:{{
4280:.
4253:}}
4249:{{
4233:.
4229:.
4185:.
4129:.
4125:.
4099:.
4089:.
4085:.
4029:^
3973:.
3961:.
3957:.
3917:.
3911:.
3884:.
3876:.
3868:.
3858:41
3856:.
3852:.
3814:^
3763:.
3737:.
3711:.
3668:.
3629:^
3582:.
3556:.
3552:.
3526:.
3494:.
3464:.
3456:.
3444:^
3424:19
3422:.
3403:^
3355:.
3351:.
3259:.
3218:.
3147:.
3121:.
3117:.
2992:^
2961:.
2955:.
2951:.
2936:^
2911:^
2727:,
2723:,
2719:,
2694:,
2657:.
2637:,
2625:,
2542:.
2486:.
2466:,
2462:,
2458:,
2454:,
2450:,
2446:,
2442:,
2438:,
2393:.
2262:--
2139:.
1982:.
1820:"
1767:.
1733:.
1653:,
1633:,
1616:,
1599:,
1582:,
1574:38
1565:,
1292:".
1272:.
1248:,
1236:,
1232:,
1143:,
1102:.
1035:.
995:.
936:,
867:.
713:.
639:,
633:,
592:.
580:,
551:.
360:m.
340:m.
9066:*
8388:)
8378:(
8372:)
8362:(
8356:)
8346:(
8340:)
8330:(
8324:)
8314:(
8308:)
8298:(
8292:)
8282:(
8276:)
8266:(
8260:)
8250:(
8244:)
8234:(
8228:)
8218:(
8212:)
8202:(
8196:)
8186:(
8180:)
8170:(
8164:)
8154:(
8148:)
8138:(
8132:)
8122:(
8086:e
8079:t
8072:v
7734:e
7727:t
7720:v
7428:e
7421:t
7414:v
7221:(
7123:.
7117:.
7095:.
7077:.
7060:.
7016:.
6982:.
6970:.
6958::
6940:.
6908:.
6897:.
6875:.
6863:(
6849:.
6820:.
6791:.
6772:.
6761:.
6742:.
6726:.
6714::
6677:.
6662:.
6647:.
6629:.
6615:.
6604:.
6563:.
6528:.
6513:.
6497:.
6485::
6465:.
6445::
6429:.
6285:.
6255:.
6118:8
6097:.
6071:.
6038:.
5967:.
5934:.
5905:.
5875:.
5838::
5816:.
5810:.
5784:.
5757:.
5724:.
5694:.
5557:.
5539:"
5527:.
5509:"
5497:.
5479:"
5467:.
5449:"
5437:.
5407:.
5389:"
5377:.
5335:.
5317:"
5305:.
5266:.
5233:.
5207:.
5181:.
5155:.
5124:.
5065:.
5035:.
4982:.
4957:.
4927:.
4898:.
4862:.
4806:.
4767:.
4742:.
4712:.
4670:.
4578:.
4539:.
4467:.
4413:.
4309:)
4295:.
4263:)
4245:.
4197:.
4171:.
4157:"
4153:"
4141:.
4111:.
4068:.
4023:.
3981:.
3969::
3929:.
3896:.
3864::
3837:.
3808:.
3781:.
3723:.
3684:.
3654:.
3623:.
3598:.
3568:.
3538:.
3507:.
3476:.
3438:.
3367:.
3337:.
3311:.
3277:.
3204:.
3165:.
3133:.
2973:.
2930:.
1818:'
1432:"
396:)
392:(
268:)
264:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
