Felix Frankfurter - Knowledge

984: 798: 1115:, wrote the majority opinion in this case, which reversed the decision only three years prior in poetic passionate terms as a fundamental constitutional principle, that no government authority has the right to define official dogma and require its affirmation by citizens. Frankfurter's extensive dissent began by raising and then rejecting the notion that as a Jew, he ought "to particularly protect minorities," although he did say that his personal political sympathies were with the majority opinion. He reiterated his view that the role of the Court was not to give an opinion of the "wisdom or evil of a law" but only to determine "whether legislators could in reason have enacted such a law". 225: 33: 5573: 4893: 1212:, Frankfurter refused to find a conspiracy, and said the Court had no right to interfere with the progress of business. Here again, Frankfurter opposed – and lost out to – the views of the court majority made up of Justices Warren, Black, Douglas and Brennan. Later in his career, Frankfurter's judicial restraint philosophy frequently put him on the dissenting side of ground-breaking decisions taken by the 1154:. In it, he again argued that judges "are not legislators, that direct policy-making is not our province." He recognized that curtailing the free speech of those who advocate the overthrow of government by force also risked stifling criticism by those who did not, writing that " is a sobering fact that in sustaining the convictions before us we can hardly escape restriction on the interchange of ideas." 1197:, the Court wrote, "The obligation of every school district is to terminate dual school systems at once and to operate now and hereafter only unitary schools." Frankfurter's "all deliberate speed" formula was intended to constrain the federal judiciary toward a gradualist approach to school integration, but his formula backfired. By divorcing the plaintiff's injury from the remedy afforded, 1733: 975:, a member of the Polish resistance who had been smuggled into the Warsaw ghetto and a camp near the Belzec death camp in 1942, in order to report back on what is now known as the Holocaust. Frankfurter greeted Karski's report with skepticism, later explaining: "I did not say that he was lying, I said that I could not believe him. There is a difference." 1017:. In addition to the objection that he was considered to be the president's unofficial advisor, that he was affiliated with special interest groups, that there were now no justices from west of the Mississippi, opponents pointed to Frankfurter as foreign-born and deemed to be affiliated with an anti-Christian movement viewed as part of a broader 1021:. As a result, the Judiciary Committee requested that Frankfurter appear before it and answer questions from the committee. He agreed, but only to address what he considered to be slanderous allegations against him. He was only the second Supreme Court nominee ever to testify during hearings on their nomination (the first was 741:, signed an ACLU report which condemned the "utterly illegal acts committed by those charged with the highest duty of enforcing the laws" and noted they had committed entrapment, police brutality, prolonged incommunicado detention, and violations of due process in court. Frankfurter and Chafee also submitted briefs to a 1074:". Frankfurter revered Justice Holmes, often citing Holmes in his opinions. In practice, this meant Frankfurter was generally willing to uphold the actions of those branches against constitutional challenges so long as they did not "shock the conscience". Frankfurter was particularly well known as a scholar of 648:. He came to sympathize with labor issues, arguing that "unsatisfactory, remediable social conditions, if unattended, give rise to radical movements far transcending the original impulse." His activities led the public to view him as a radical lawyer and supporter of radical principles. Former President 1100:

should be protected by law, and urged deference to the decisions of the elected school board officials. He stated that religious belief "does not relieve the citizen from the discharge of political responsibilities" and that exempting the children from the flag-saluting ceremony "might cast doubts in

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protection into it; this view would later mostly become law, during the period of the Warren Court. For his part, Frankfurter would assert that Black's incorporation theory would usurp state control over criminal justice by limiting states' development of new interpretations of criminal due process.

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graduate and the daughter of a Congregational minister. They married after a long and difficult courtship, and against the wishes of his mother, who was disturbed by the prospect of her son marrying outside the Jewish faith. Frankfurter was a non-practicing Jew, and regarded religion as "an accident

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Frankfurter's position was that the federal courts did not have the right to tell sovereign state governments how to apportion their legislatures; he thought the Supreme Court should not get involved in political questions, whether federal or local. Frankfurter's view had won out in the 1946 case

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Frankfurter was universally praised for his work before coming to the Supreme Court, and was expected to influence it for decades past the death of FDR. However, Frankfurter's influence over other justices was limited by his failure to adapt to new surroundings, his style of personal relations

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reported that "I thought Felix was going to hit me today, he got so mad." In the Court's biweekly conference sessions, traditionally a period for vote-counting, Frankfurter had the habit of lecturing his colleagues for forty-five minutes at a time or more with his book resting on a podium.

1299:. With Vinson, who became Chief Justice, Frankfurter feigned deference, though he sought influence. Some, possibly apocryphal, reports have Frankfurter remarking that Vinson's death in 1953 was the first solid piece of evidence he had seen to prove the existence of God. 1059:... Something that thus goes to the very structure of our federal system in its distribution of power between the United States and the state is not a mere bit of red tape to be cut, on the assumption that this Court has general discretion to see justice done". 1219:

Frankfurter believed that the authority of the Supreme Court would be reduced if it went too strongly against public opinion: he sometimes went to great lengths to avoid unpopular decisions, including fighting to delay court decisions against laws prohibiting

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case, the majority of justices ruled to settle the matter – saying that the drawing of state legislative districts was within the purview of federal judges, despite Frankfurter's warnings that the Court should avoid entering "the political thicket".

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and the other at Harvard University. Both are fully open for research and have been distributed to other libraries on microfilm. However, in 1972 it was discovered that more than a thousand pages of his archives, including his correspondence with

409:). He was the third of six children of Leopold Frankfurter, a merchant, and Emma (Winter) Frankfurter. His father died in 1916. His mother died in January 1928 after a prolonged illness. His uncle, Solomon Frankfurter, was head librarian at the 1177:, died before the court's decision was made. Frankfurter reportedly remarked that Vinson's death was the first solid piece of evidence he had seen to prove the existence of God, though some believe the story to be "possibly apocryphal". 615:

In September 1917, he was appointed counsel to a commission, the President's Mediation Committee, established by President Wilson to resolve major strikes threatening war production. Among the disturbances he investigated were the 1916

532:. Frankfurter worked directly for Stimson as his assistant and confidant. His government position restricted his ability to publicly voice his Progressive views, though he expressed his opinions privately to friends such as Judge 3454: 1136: – there, a 4–3 majority decided that the case was non-justiciable, and the federal courts had no right to become involved in state politics, no matter how unequal district populations had become. But, in the 660:

As the war drew to a close, Frankfurter was among the nearly one hundred intellectuals who signed a statement of principles for the formation of the League of Free Nations Associations, intended to increase

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decision. For fifteen years, schools in many states of the South remained segregated; in some cases systems closed their schools, and new private schools were opened by white parents for their children. In

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in 1933, Frankfurter quickly became a trusted and loyal adviser to the new president. Frankfurter was considered to be liberal and advocated progressive legislation. He argued against the economic plans of

1285: – who had voted with Frankfurter half the time in his first year, but then opposed him after Frankfurter's attempts at inculcation. Frankfurter turned against Brennan completely after the case of 1105:

issued a lone dissent. The court's decision was followed by hundreds of violent attacks on Jehovah's Witnesses throughout the country. It was overturned in March 1943 by the Supreme Court decision in

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Frankfurter's specific seat later came to be informally known as the "Jewish seat," as between 1932 and 1969 it was occupied by four consecutive Jewish justices: Cardozo, Frankfurter, Goldberg, and

785:. He critiqued the prosecution's case and the judge's handling of the trial; he asserted that the convictions were the result of anti-immigrant prejudice and enduring anti-radical hysteria of the 5718: 593: 1036:

Frankfurter served from January 30, 1939, to August 28, 1962. He wrote 247 opinions for the Court, 132 concurring opinions, and 251 dissents. He became the court's most outspoken advocate of

1494: 1006: 571:, he advocated judicial restraint in dealing with government misdeeds, including greater freedom for administrative agencies from judicial oversight. He also served as counsel for the 1310:. He often complained that they "started with a result" and that their work was "shoddy," "result-oriented," and "demagogic". Similarly, Frankfurter panned the work of Chief Justice 1005:

in July 1938, President Roosevelt turned to Frankfurter for recommendations of prospective candidates to fill the vacancy. Finding none on the list to suit his criteria, Roosevelt

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Frankfurter's legal career began when he joined the New York law firm of Hornblower, Byrne, Miller & Potter in 1906. In the same year, he was hired as the assistant to

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Frankfurter saw justices with ideas different from his own as part of a more liberal "Axis" – these opponents were chiefly Black and Douglas, but would also include

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In 1921, Frankfurter was given a chair at Harvard Law School, where he continued progressive work on behalf of socialists and oppressed and religious minorities. When

2817: 1377:... became 'uncoupled from the locomotive of history' during the Second World War, and who thereafter left little in the way of an enduring jurisprudential legacy." 757:

followed Frankfurter, referring to him as "the most dangerous man in the United States", and describing him in a report as a "disseminator of Bolshevik propaganda".

4167: 4263: 849:. He moved to Washington, D.C., commuting back to Harvard for classes, but felt that he was never fully accepted within government circles. He worked closely with 5673: 4425: 722: 442: 5738: 1484: 1330: 1246:

for a clerkship position because of her gender. She later became an associate justice of the Supreme Court herself, and was the first Jewish woman to do so.

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of birth". Frankfurter was a domineering husband and Denman suffered from frail health. She suffered frequent mental breakdowns. The couple had no children.

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Even after his appointment to the Supreme Court, Frankfurter remained close to Roosevelt. In July 1943, on behalf of the President, Frankfurter interviewed

999: 1325:; the group would for years oppose Frankfurter's judicially restrained ideology. Douglas, Murphy, and then Rutledge were the first justices to agree with 1009:

Frankfurter. Frankfurter's nomination quickly became highly controversial, and a number of witnesses gave testimony in opposing the nomination during the

5633: 632:, where industry bosses solved industrial relations problems by having more than 1,000 strikers forcibly deported to New Mexico. He also represented the 3058: 600:

When the United States entered World War I in 1917, Frankfurter took a special leave from Harvard to serve as special assistant to the Secretary of War

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Conflict Among the Brethren: Felix Frankfurter, William O. Douglas and the Clash of Personalities and Philosophies on the United States Supreme Court

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Frankfurter was in his time the leader of the conservative faction of the Supreme Court; he would for many years feud with liberals such as justices

1097: 224: 1186:(1955) order schools to desegregate with "all deliberate speed". Some school boards used this phrase as an excuse to defy the demands of the first 1150:(1951). The decision affirmed, by a 6–2 margin, the conviction of eleven Communist leaders for conspiring to overthrow the US Government under the 1055:

Frankfurter stated what was for him a frequent theme: "The federal judiciary has no power to sit in judgment upon a determination of a state court

822:, while recognizing the need for major changes to deal with the inequalities of wealth distribution that had led to the devastating nature of the 2496: 1341:

Frankfurter's argumentative style was not popular among his Supreme Court colleagues. "All Frankfurter does is talk, talk, talk," Chief Justice

5703: 5648: 764:, the President of Harvard University, proposed to limit the enrollment of Jewish students, Frankfurter worked with others to defeat the plan. 2644: 5748: 2126: 1193: 5723: 4505: 4256: 1592: 1107: 865:, Frankfurter had studied at Oxford University in 1920. In 1933–34 he returned to act as visiting Eastman professor in the faculty of Law. 721:

Frankfurter's activities continued to attract attention for their alleged radicalism. In November 1919, he chaired a meeting in support of

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Abrams, Richard M. (Summer 1985). "Review: The Reputation of Felix Frankfurter: The Enigma of Felix Frankfurter by H. N. Hirsch".

468:, Frankfurter worked for the Tenement House Department of New York City to raise money for law school. He applied successfully to 5638: 4249: 1422:

and others, had been stolen from the Library of Congress; the crime remains unsolved and the perpetrator and motive are unknown.

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was elected. He became increasingly disillusioned with the established parties, and described himself as "politically homeless".

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ordered the discharge of twenty aliens, and his denunciation of the raids effectively ended them. It was during this time that

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Frankfurter retired in 1962 after suffering a stroke and was succeeded by Arthur Goldberg. The former justice was awarded the

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Frankfurter, Felix, and James M. Landis. 1925. "The Compact Clause of the Constitution: A Study in Interstate Adjustments."

4200: 2405: 1566:"Remarks With Under Secretary of State George W. Ball at the Presentation of the Medal of Freedom Awards, December 6, 1963" 1093: 513: 5698: 5683: 5130: 5118: 3479:

Frankfurter, Felix; Landis, James M (1925). "The Compact Clause of the Constitution. A Study in Interstate Adjustments".

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gave birth to modern Public Law Litigation, which today affords federal courts broad power to reform state institutions.

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Frankfurter's work in Washington had impressed the faculty at Harvard Law School, who used a donation from the financier

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for the War Department. He was commissioned a major in the Officers Reserve Corps but was not called to active duty.

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Frankfurter's adherence to the judicial restraint philosophy was shown in the 1940 opinion he wrote for the court in

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and executive branches. He also usually refused to apply the federal Constitution to the states. In the case of

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for generations. In 1894, twelve-year-old Frankfurter and his family immigrated to the United States, settling in

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and the "plain meaning rule" to strike down progressive laws has been described as liberal by some commentators.

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and returned to his position as a professor at Harvard Law School. He became a friend and adviser of President

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New Deal Justice: The Constitutional Jurisprudence of Hugo L. Black, Felix Frankfurter, and Robert H. Jackson

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who had been sentenced to death on robbery and murder charges. Frankfurter wrote an influential article for

3354: 1334: 1228: 697: 508: 3059:"THE SUPREME COURT: Woman in the News; Rejected as a Clerk, Chosen as a Justice: Ruth Joan Bader Ginsburg" 2672:

Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2020: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President

2582:"The Lusk Committee | L0031. National Civil Liberties Bureau Subpoenaed Files, 1917–1919. 5.25 cubic feet" 1706: 4992: 4196: 3982: 2253: 2067: 1182: 1163: 927: 885: 430: 2522: 556:

to create a position for him there after Louis Brandeis suggested that Schiff do this. He taught mainly

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Democratic Justice: Felix Frankfurter, the Supreme Court, and the Making of the Liberal Establishment

1373:... there is now almost a universal consensus that Frankfurter the justice was a failure, a judge who 1067: 789:

of 1919–20. His activities further isolated him from his Harvard colleagues and from Boston society.

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administration; they became known as "Felix's Happy Hot Dogs". Among the most notable of these were

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The Brandeis/Frankfurter Connection: The Secret Political Activities of Two Supreme Court Justices,

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There are two extensive collections of Frankfurter's papers: one at the Manuscript Division of the

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Parrish, Michael E. (1993), "Felix Frankfurter, the Progressive Tradition, and the Warren Court",

3701:"Mr. Justice Holmes and the Constitution: A Review of His Twenty-Five Years on the Supreme Court". 3408: 2136: 1092:

students who had been expelled from school due to their refusal to salute the flag and recite the

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Throughout his career on the court, Frankfurter was a large influence on many justices, such as

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Mr. Justice Holmes and the Constitution: A Review of His Twenty-Five Years on the Supreme Court

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Frankfurter's ideological opponents would leave the room or read their mail while he lectured.

1282: 355: 3033: 1656: 1070:, who had taken a firm stand during his tenure on the bench against the doctrine of "economic 829:

Frankfurter successfully recommended many bright young lawyers toward public service with the

281:(November 15, 1882 – February 22, 1965) was an Austrian-born American jurist who served as an 5552: 5302: 5209: 5154: 5124: 5112: 5034: 4742: 4536: 3377: 3314: 2039: 1763: 1647:

Mishra, Patit P. (2007). "Felix Frankfurter". In Ciment, James D.; Russell, Thaddeus (eds.).

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In the late 1920s, he attracted public attention when he supported calls for a new trial for

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Perilous Times: Free Speech in Wartime From the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism

1648: 1369:. Michael E. Parrish, professor at UCSD, said of Frankfurter: "History has not been kind to 1281:. He generally attempted to influence any new justice coming in, though he managed to repel 5603: 5598: 5308: 5253: 5246: 5190: 5148: 4774: 4480: 4419: 4321: 2169: 2163: 1221: 1171:, whose crucial vote appeared to be opposed to overruling the pro-segregation precedent in 1158: 1089: 1010: 777: 637: 5572: 4892: 4147: 3519:

Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court. 3d. ed.

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Frankfurter had previously articulated a similar view in a concurring opinion written for

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accused him of being "engaged in excusing men precisely like the Bolsheviki in Russia".

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Frankfurter was hands-off in the area of business. In the 1956 government case against

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A Justice for All: William J. Brennan, Jr., and the Decisions that Transformed America

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Christensen, George A. (February 19, 2008). "Here Lies the Supreme Court: Revisited".

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The Home Front Encyclopedia: United States, Britain, And Canada in World Wars I And II

680:, a British government statement supporting the establishment of a Jewish homeland in 5546: 5468: 5461: 5442: 5370: 5296: 5202: 5196: 5172: 5136: 5046: 5040: 4854: 4443: 4125: 4119: 4104: 4088: 4080: 4065: 4036: 4030: 3994: 3986: 3968: 3957: 3938: 3917: 3898: 3876: 3858: 3837: 3831: 3816: 3810: 3795: 3776: 3757: 3751: 3645: 3638: 3622: 3603: 3597: 3585: 3577: 3576:(2nd ed.) (Supreme Court Historical Society), (Congressional Quarterly Books, 2001) 3559: 3553: 3538: 3522: 3393: 3385: 2823: 2473: 2332: 2286: 2233: 2173: 1811: 1769: 1660: 1649: 1627: 1419: 1354: 1254: 1112: 923: 853:, lobbying for political activities suggested by Brandeis. He declined a seat on the 5382: 5216: 4838: 4646: 4162: 4054: 3852: 3736: 3722: 3673: 3488: 3381: 2367: 1469: 1239: 1025:

in 1924), and the first to be requested to do so. Even so, he was confirmed by the

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Frankfurter served on the Court until his retirement in 1962, and was succeeded by

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The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions

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The Oxford History of the Prison: The Practice of Punishment in Western Society

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philosophy, Frankfurter was strongly influenced by his close friend and mentor

850: 669: 609: 541: 487: 486:, and graduated first in his class with one of the best academic records since 472:, where he excelled academically and socially. He became lifelong friends with 465: 446: 385: 2551: 1565: 1357:. The two exchanged much correspondence over their mutual dislike for Justice 592: 5592: 5272: 5076: 5070: 5058: 4950: 4925: 4874: 4662: 4630: 4378: 4366: 4354: 4331: 3300:"Why Do Supreme Court Justices Succeed or Fail? Harry Blackmun as an Example" 2698:"Why Do Supreme Court Justices Succeed or Fail? Harry Blackmun as an Example" 2074:. Vol. II. New York, New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc. p. 353 1287: 1120: 1101:

the minds of other children" and reduce their loyalty to the nation. Justice

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The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti: A Critical Analysis for Lawyers and Laymen

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to return Roosevelt to the presidency, and was bitterly disappointed when

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Division and Discord: The Supreme Court under Stone and Vinson, 1941–1953

2645:"Early Supreme Court hearings little resembled their modern counterparts" 2621: 2497:"New 'Hot Boss' Fears High Courts: Laws So 'Learned' They Defeat Purpose" 1342: 1311: 1071: 1045: 1026: 912: 838: 815: 333: 313: 5436: 5334: 4762: 3833:

Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945

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List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 2)

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The American Judicial Tradition: Profiles of Leading American Judges

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Tushnet, Mark (1993). "Public Law Litigation and the Ambiguities of

1361:. Frankfurter also had a strong influence over Jackson's opinions. 4614: 3492: 830: 620:

in San Francisco, where he argued strongly that the radical leader

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where conservative justices wielded the judicial power through the

3034:"Supreme Court Memo; Women Suddenly Scarce Among Justices' Clerks" 1044:

in such a way as to impose sharp limits upon the authority of the

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and restricted work hours. He was involved in the early years of

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Harvard Law Review, Vol. 41, No. 2 (December 1927), pp. 121-173.

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United States federal judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt

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from the original on December 21, 2021 – via YouTube.com.

1205: 737:, Frankfurter, together with other prominent lawyers including 402: 293: 122: 2696:

Wrightsman, Lawrence S.; La Mort, Justin R. (August 1, 2005).

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List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office

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Gardner Jackson, formerly assistant consumers' counsel of the

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and attending political lectures, usually on subjects such as

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Freedom's Law: The Moral Reading of the American Constitution

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The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies,1789–1995

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American Chemical Industry: The World War I Period: 1912–1922

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Rosenbloom, David; O'Leary, Rosemary; Chanin, Joshua (2010).

684:. In 1918, he participated in the founding conference of the 438: 434: 414: 2282:

Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J Edgar Hoover

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during the January 1939 hearings on his nomination to be an

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Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

2794:, edited by Urofsky and Finkelman, Oxford UP, 2002, p. 704. 2401: 1621: 915:, also legal staff member of the U.S. Department of Justice 676:. With Brandeis he lobbied President Wilson to support the 283:

Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

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Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

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The personal papers of Felix Frankfurter are kept at the

2677:(Report). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service 2651:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: National Constitution Center 1490:

List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States

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A 1935 newspaper article describes the Happy Hot Dogs as:

528:, and Stimson appointed Frankfurter as law officer of the 3662:(1916). "The Constitutional Opinions of Justice Holmes". 3357:

on September 3, 2005 – via supremecourthistory.org.

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Wrightsman, Lawrence S.; La Mort, Justin R. (Fall 2005),

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United States Supreme Court cases during the Warren Court

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United States Supreme Court cases during the Vinson Court

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United States Supreme Court cases during the Hughes Court

1231:, the first African American to serve as a Supreme Court 285:

from 1939 until 1962, during which he was an advocate of

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The Warren Court in Historical and Political Perspective

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Friedman, Leon and Israel, Fred L. (2013 ed., 4 vols.),

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United States Supreme Court cases during the Stone Court

365:. He wrote dissenting opinions in notable cases such as 4150:

in Jerusalem. The notation of the record group is A264.

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The New Dealers: Power Politics in the Age of Roosevelt

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Here Lies the Supreme Court: Gravesites of the Justices

1866:"Supreme Court Justices Who Are Phi Beta Kappa Members" 443:

The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art

433:, where he excelled at his studies and enjoyed playing 4174:"Finding aid for Felix Frankfurter, Papers, 1900–1965" 2792:

Documents of American Constitutional and Legal History

2331:, University of Massachusetts Press, pp. 187–94, 1545:. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States 1485:

Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States

1397:

in 1965 at the age of 82. His remains are interred in

4168:

Supreme Court Historical Society, Felix Frankfurther.

4077:

The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary

3717:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1260: 425:, a dense center of immigrants. Frankfurter attended 3914:

Wild Bill: The Legend and Life of William O. Douglas

2881: 2879: 668:

Frankfurter was encouraged by Supreme Court Justice

663:

United States participation in international affairs

5744:

People associated with Willkie Farr & Gallagher

5654:

Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the United States

4163:

Oyez: U.S. Supreme Court media on Felix Frankfurter

3794:, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 3696:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Dunster House Bookshop. 1227:For the October 1948 court term, Frankfurter hired 5729:Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States 4271: 4079:(New York: Garland Publishing 1994). 590 pp. 3871:Martin, Fenton S. and Goehlert, Robert U. (1990), 3637: 1810:, Jonathan David Company, Inc., pp. 112–115, 919:Other "Frankfurter men" in the New Deal included: 374:West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette 5563:Also served as Chief Justice of the United States 4117: 4103:(3rd ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3478: 3297: 2997:. University of South Carolina Press. p. 95. 2945: 2933: 2921: 2876: 2695: 792: 5590: 2232:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 358, 2041:Members of the War Industries Board Organization 1537: 1535: 1040:, the view that courts should not interpret the 987:Frankfurter (right) giving testimony before the 332:. His adherence to judicial restraint during an 3599:Stewards of Democracy: Law as Public Profession 2278: 1242:of Harvard Law School, Frankfurter turned down 628:and required a new trial. He also examined the 5674:Franklin D. Roosevelt administration personnel 2995:The Supreme Court Under Earl Warren, 1953–1969 2822:, Princeton University Press, pp. 45–47, 2366:(3). American Bar Foundation, Wiley: 639–652. 1441:Frankfurter published several books including 1253:. From 1994 to 2022, the seat was occupied by 708:In 1919, Frankfurter married Marion Denman, a 441:on the street. He spent many hours reading at 5739:Members of the American Philosophical Society 4573: 4257: 2917: 2915: 2394:"Biographies of the Robes: Felix Frankfurter" 2328:Murder and the Death Penalty in Massachusetts 2227: 1532: 1194:Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education 4506:American Civil Liberties Union of New Jersey 4176:. Harvard Law School Library. Archived from 2819:Living Speech: Resisting the Empire of Force 2788:West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette 2441: 2439: 2437: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 1803: 1108:West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette 4193:Newspaper clippings about Felix Frankfurter 4064:(University of South Carolina Press, 1997) 3929: 3658: 3367: 3342: 2708:(4). University of Missouri School of Law. 2445: 2245: 2101: 1912: 1839: 1737: 1353:Frankfurter was close friends with Justice 1238:In 1960, despite a recommendation from the 729:. In 1920, Frankfurter helped to found the 392: 60:January 30, 1939 – August 28, 1962 5634:American people of Austrian-Jewish descent 4580: 4566: 4264: 4250: 3595: 3291: 3031: 2912: 2858: 2786:Frankfurter, Felix. Dissenting opinion. 2490: 2488: 2228:Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (1995), 1963: 1835: 1833: 31: 16:US Supreme Court justice from 1939 to 1962 3532: 2992: 2896: 2894: 2669: 2614:"A guide to the Supreme Court nomination" 2531:International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation 2495:Henning, Arthur Sears (October 4, 1935). 2434: 2272: 2157: 2086: 2014: 2010: 2008: 1951: 1936: 1900: 1851: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1572:. University of California, Santa Barbara 1563: 1180:Frankfurter demanded that the opinion in 575:, arguing for Progressive causes such as 5709:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients 4118:Woodward, Bob; Armstrong, Scott (1979), 3937:, vol. 1, Santa Barbara: ABC–CLIO, 3715:Mr. Justice Holmes and the Supreme Court 3088:"The 'Jewish Seat' On The Supreme Court" 3081: 3079: 2670:McMillion, Barry J. (January 28, 2022). 2360:American Bar Foundation Research Journal 1947: 1945: 1626:. United States: CRC Press. p. 37. 1453:Mr. Justice Holmes and the Supreme Court 982: 978: 902:, "right hand man" of Solicitor General 796: 591: 300:at the age of 12. After graduating from 3951: 3850: 3829: 3812:A People's History of the Supreme Court 3789: 3749: 3616: 3433:American Academy of Arts & Sciences 3269: 3267: 3246: 3170: 3168: 3019: 2957: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2494: 2485: 2468:, Princeton University Press, pp. 2428: 2424: 2422: 2312: 2251: 2191: 2113: 2026: 1987: 1975: 1924: 1830: 1804:Slater, Elinor; Slater, Robert (1996), 1590: 1443:Cases Under the Interstate Commerce Act 1380: 1019:Communist infiltration into the country 855:Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts 655: 5591: 4911: 4121:The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court 3935:Great American Judges: An Encyclopedia 3908: 3873:The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography 3635: 3406: 3285: 3273: 3198: 3186: 3174: 3159: 3147: 3135: 3123: 3111: 3007: 2980: 2891: 2870: 2846: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2762: 2750: 2715:from the original on September 1, 2006 2642: 2457: 2451: 2357: 2324: 2318: 2252:Summers, Anthony (December 31, 2011). 2068:"Appendix X: The War Industries Board" 2062: 2005: 1782: 1761: 1646: 1084:Minersville School District v. Gobitis 993:associate Justice of the Supreme Court 966:Agricultural Adjustment Administration 941:Agricultural Adjustment Administration 859:Solicitor General of the United States 703: 350:Minersville School District v. Gobitis 5704:Military personnel from New York City 5649:American Civil Liberties Union people 4910: 4600: 4561: 4245: 4098: 4028: 3808: 3770: 3558:, New York: Oxford University Press, 3279: 3085: 3076: 3056: 3032:Greenhouse, Linda (August 30, 2006), 2885: 2815: 2803: 2774: 2738: 2611: 2568: 2386: 2215: 2203: 1999: 1942: 1863: 1427:American Academy of Arts and Sciences 801:Franklin Roosevelt in the early 1930s 596:U.S. Navy Judge Advocate General logo 320:. After the war, he helped found the 5749:Deaths from congestive heart failure 3979:Civil Liberties and the Vinson Court 3551: 3330: 3264: 3258: 3234: 3222: 3210: 3192: 3165: 3153: 3013: 2727: 2419: 2406:Educational Broadcasting Corporation 2279:Anthony Summers (December 9, 2011). 1681:"Samuel Leopold (Lipot) Frankfurter" 747:Massachusetts Federal District Court 536:. In 1912 Frankfurter supported the 5724:United States presidential advisors 3753:Learned Hand: The Man and the Judge 3621:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3521:New York: Oxford University Press. 2835: 2254:"The secret life of J Edgar Hoover" 1345:complained. "He drives you crazy." 413:. Frankfurter's forebears had been 13: 5714:Townsend Harris High School alumni 5571: 4891: 4601: 4590:Supreme Court of the United States 3644:, New York: Simon & Schuster, 3510: 2993:Belknap, Michal R.; Warren, Earl. 2372:10.1111/j.1747-4469.1985.tb00514.x 1591:Feldman, Noah (November 5, 2010). 1564:Woolley, John T; Peters, Gerhard. 1261:Relationships with fellow justices 937:Reconstruction Finance Corporation 895:Securities and Exchange Commission 547: 14: 5760: 5734:Assistant United States Attorneys 4532:American Union Against Militarism 4140: 3875:. Congressional Quarterly Books. 3407:Lepore, Jill (December 1, 2014). 2165:The Letters of Sacco and Vanzetti 1741:; et al., eds. (1901–1906). 1448:The Business of the Supreme Court 5664:Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery 4124:, New York: Simon and Schuster, 3956:, University Press of Virginia, 3706:Frankfurter, Felix, ed. (1931), 3386:10.1111/j.1540-5818.2008.00177.x 3370:Journal of Supreme Court History 3351:Supreme Court Historical Society 3057:Lewis, Neil A. (June 15, 1993). 2643:Bomboy, Scott (March 13, 2017). 1875:. Phi Beta Kappa. Archived from 1751:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 1731: 939:, former general counsel of the 716: 512:, and became a supporter of the 401:family on November 15, 1882, in 223: 5669:City College of New York alumni 4527:National Civil Liberties Bureau 3773:The Enigma of Felix Frankfurter 3746:. New York: Facts on File, Inc. 3710:. New York: Coward-McCann, Inc. 3472: 3447: 3421: 3400: 3361: 3343:Christensen, George A. (1983). 3336: 3324: 3252: 3240: 3228: 3216: 3204: 3180: 3141: 3129: 3117: 3105: 3050: 3025: 3001: 2986: 2974: 2951: 2939: 2927: 2902:"Michael Ariens on Fred Vinson" 2864: 2852: 2809: 2797: 2780: 2768: 2756: 2744: 2689: 2663: 2636: 2612:Curry, Tom (November 5, 2005). 2605: 2574: 2562: 2544: 2515: 2351: 2306: 2221: 2209: 2197: 2185: 2151: 2135:. June 20, 1938. Archived from 2119: 2107: 2056: 2032: 2020: 1993: 1981: 1969: 1957: 1930: 1918: 1906: 1894: 1857: 1845: 1765:The Enigma of Felix Frankfurter 1570:The American Presidency Project 1425:Frankfurter was elected to the 1393:in 1963. Frankfurter died from 1000:Supreme Court associate justice 636:on the priorities board of the 585:magazine after its founding by 493: 172: 5639:American people of World War I 4511:New York Civil Liberties Union 4273:American Civil Liberties Union 3854:Law and War: An American Story 3836:, Oxford University Press US, 3555:Hugo Black: Cold Steel Warrior 3537:, Princeton University Press, 1755: 1725: 1699: 1673: 1640: 1615: 1584: 1557: 1457:The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti 1431:American Philosophical Society 1161:case came before the court in 959:Social Security Administration 857:and, in 1933, the position of 805:Following the inauguration of 793:Advisor to President Roosevelt 731:American Civil Liberties Union 460:After graduating in 1902 from 322:American Civil Liberties Union 1: 4010:(Vintage, 2011) pp. 123–137. 3977:Pritchett, C. Herman (1954), 3857:, Columbia University Press, 2946:Woodward & Armstrong 1979 2934:Woodward & Armstrong 1979 2922:Woodward & Armstrong 1979 2460:"Felix Frankfurter at Oxford" 1624:Public Administration and Law 1526: 1387:Presidential Medal of Freedom 464:, where he was inducted into 397:Frankfurter was born into an 213:Presidential Medal of Freedom 5609:20th-century American judges 3815:, New York: Viking Penguin, 3313:(4): 1261–87, archived from 1461:Felix Frankfurter Reminisces 1229:William Thaddeus Coleman Jr. 926:, legal staff member of the 884:, legal staff member of the 509:The Promise of American Life 7: 4197:20th Century Press Archives 4029:Stone, Geoffrey R. (2004), 3983:University of Chicago Press 3713:Frankfurter, Felix (1938), 3692:Frankfurter, Felix (1927), 3533:Alexander, Michael (2001), 3086:Rudin, Ken (May 28, 2009). 2158:Polenberg, Richard (2007), 1768:. Basic Books. p. 13. 1707:"Emilia "Emma" Frankfurter" 1477: 1164:Brown v. Board of Education 1111:. A frequent ally, Justice 928:Public Works Administration 886:Public Works Administration 672:to become more involved in 431:Townsend Harris High School 10: 5765: 5699:Lawyers from New York City 5684:Harvard Law School faculty 4022:. New York: W. W. Norton. 3916:, New York: Random House, 3851:Maguire, Peter H. (2000), 3830:Kennedy, David M. (2001), 3790:Hockett, Jeffry D (1996), 3636:Eisler, Kim Isaac (1993), 3517:Abraham, Henry J. (1992), 2816:White, James Boyd (2006), 1543:"Justices 1789 to Present" 1096:. He rejected claims that 1015:Senate Judiciary Committee 989:Senate Judiciary Committee 908:U.S. Department of Justice 630:copper industry in Arizona 480:, became an editor of the 5679:Harvard Law School alumni 5659:Jews from Austria-Hungary 5569: 4919: 4906: 4889: 4609: 4596: 4519: 4493: 4453: 4406: 4347: 4340: 4279: 4230: 4221: 4213: 4208: 4099:White, G. Edward (2007), 3775:, New York: Basic Books, 3602:, New York: Basic Books, 3596:Carrington, Paul (1999), 2462:, in Hardy, Henry (ed.), 1408: 1314:as "dishonest nonsense". 1068:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. 781:and subsequently a book, 573:National Consumers League 530:Bureau of Insular Affairs 524:appointed Stimson as his 411:Vienna University Library 304:, Frankfurter worked for 272: 262: 254: 244: 236: 231: 219: 208: 182: 159: 149: 132: 109: 104: 100: 88: 76: 64: 53: 46: 42: 30: 23: 5614:American Jewish Congress 4148:Central Zionist Archives 3750:Gunther, Gerald (1994), 3617:Dworkin, Ronald (1996), 2127:"Religion: Jews v. Jews" 1436: 1403:Cambridge, Massachusetts 1395:congestive heart failure 950:U.S. Department of Labor 882:Thomas Gardiner Corcoran 875:, Undersecretary of the 771:, two Italian immigrant 686:American Jewish Congress 618:Preparedness Day Bombing 462:City College of New York 393:Early life and education 380:Glasser v. United States 316:, Frankfurter served as 292:Frankfurter was born in 188:City College of New York 5689:American Ashkenazi Jews 5624:American legal scholars 3895:Oxford University Press 3409:"The Great Paper Caper" 3114:, pp. 88, 100, 105 2590:New York State Archives 2458:Berlin, Isaiah (2001), 2446:Murphy & Owens 2003 2102:Murphy & Owens 2003 1913:Murphy & Owens 2003 1840:Murphy & Owens 2003 1748:The Jewish Encyclopedia 1297:John Marshall Harlan II 1275:Charles Evans Whittaker 1216:to end discrimination. 1147:Dennis v. United States 998:Following the death of 646:revolutionary socialism 608:, supervising military 362:Beauharnais v. Illinois 37:Official portrait, 1939 5629:American legal writers 5619:American labor lawyers 5576: 4896: 4312:Elizabeth Gurley Flynn 1762:Hirsch, H. N. (1981). 1743:"Frankfurter, Solomon" 1283:William J. Brennan Jr. 1257:, who is also Jewish. 1098:First Amendment rights 995: 802: 698:Paris Peace Conference 606:Judge Advocate General 597: 356:Gomillion v. Lightfoot 318:Judge Advocate General 5575: 4895: 4743:Edward Douglass White 4537:Workers Defense Union 4018:Snyder, Brad (2022), 3809:Irons, Peter (1999), 3552:Ball, Howard (2006), 3378:University of Alabama 2908:on September 2, 2015. 2554:. September 5, 2012. 2325:Rogers, Alan (2008), 1882:on September 28, 2011 1655:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1399:Mount Auburn Cemetery 1323:Wiley Blount Rutledge 1033:on January 17, 1939. 986: 979:Supreme Court justice 807:Franklin D. Roosevelt 800: 725:of the newly created 595: 520:. In 1911, President 326:Franklin D. Roosevelt 310:U.S. Secretary of War 255:Years of service 154:Mount Auburn Cemetery 71:Franklin D. Roosevelt 4775:Charles Evans Hughes 4420:Patrick Murphy Malin 4322:Arthur Garfield Hays 4075:Urofsky, Melvin I., 4060:Urofsky, Melvin I., 4049:Urofsky, Melvin I., 4035:, New York: Norton, 3771:Hirsh, H.N. (1981), 3735:52 (1939): 440–470, 3720:Frankfurter, Felix, 3699:Frankfurter, Felix, 3481:The Yale Law Journal 3459:search.amphilsoc.org 3455:"APS Member History" 3320:on February 15, 2012 2465:Personal Impressions 2415:– via pbs.org. 2168:, Penguin Classics, 2139:on December 12, 2007 1381:Retirement and death 1331:Fourteenth Amendment 1222:racial intermarriage 1159:school desegregation 1094:Pledge of Allegiance 1011:confirmation hearing 778:The Atlantic Monthly 723:American recognition 656:Post First World War 638:War Industries Board 4759:William Howard Taft 4547:ACLU Mobile Justice 4542:List of court cases 4461:Ruth Bader Ginsburg 4006:Schwarz, Jordan A. 3931:Murphy, Bruce Allen 3910:Murphy, Bruce Allen 3887:Murphy, Bruce Allen 3756:, New York: Knopf, 3739:48 (1939): 458–488. 3731:39 (1939): 88–118, 3729:Columbia Law Review 3723:Mr. Justice Cardozo 3429:"Felix Frankfurter" 3307:Missouri Law Review 2702:Missouri Law Review 2624:on January 20, 2021 2527:raoulwallenberg.net 1593:"Jousting Justices" 1473:34, No. 7: 685–758. 1415:Library of Congress 1329:'s notion that the 1244:Ruth Bader Ginsburg 1090:Jehovah's Witnesses 1003:Benjamin N. Cardozo 948:, solicitor of the 904:Stanley Forman Reed 745:application to the 704:Marriage and family 678:Balfour Declaration 604:. He was appointed 538:Bull Moose campaign 522:William Howard Taft 330:Benjamin N. Cardozo 5577: 4913:Associate justices 4897: 4414:Roger Nash Baldwin 4361:John Haynes Holmes 4292:Roger Nash Baldwin 3733:Harvard Law Review 3708:Mr. Justice Holmes 3665:Harvard Law Review 3660:Frankfurter, Felix 3435:. February 9, 2023 3225:, pp. 212–213 3063:The New York Times 3038:The New York Times 2806:, pp. 344–345 2777:, pp. 338–341 2765:, pp. 161–162 2649:Constitution Daily 1864:Knott, K. (2009). 1367:judicial restraint 1359:William O. Douglas 1308:William O. Douglas 1271:Harold Hitz Burton 1174:Plessy v. Ferguson 1133:Colegrove v. Green 1103:Harlan Fiske Stone 1064:judicial restraint 1038:judicial restraint 996: 803: 769:Sacco and Vanzetti 762:A. Lawrence Lowell 751:George W. Anderson 650:Theodore Roosevelt 598: 558:administrative law 518:Theodore Roosevelt 483:Harvard Law Review 470:Harvard Law School 302:Harvard Law School 287:judicial restraint 249:United States Army 198:Harvard University 5644:American Zionists 5586: 5585: 5582: 5581: 4902: 4901: 4855:William Rehnquist 4555: 4554: 4494:Regional branches 4489: 4488: 4444:Anthony D. Romero 4317:Felix Frankfurter 4240: 4239: 4231:Succeeded by 4154:Felix Frankfurter 4131:978-0-671-24110-0 4110:978-0-19-513962-4 4093:978-0-8153-1176-8 4042:978-0-393-05880-2 3991:978-0-226-68443-7 3944:978-1-57607-989-8 3923:978-0-394-57628-2 3864:978-0-231-12050-0 3843:978-0-19-503834-7 3822:978-0-670-87006-6 3801:978-0-8476-8210-2 3782:978-0-465-01979-3 3763:978-0-394-58807-0 3651:978-0-671-76787-7 3628:978-0-19-826470-5 3609:978-0-8133-6832-0 3590:978-1-56802-126-3 3565:978-0-19-507814-5 3544:978-0-691-11653-2 3417:. pp. 32–38. 3288:, pp. 187–88 3177:, pp. 189–90 2888:, pp. 402–10 2861:, pp. 142–43 2829:978-0-691-12580-0 2479:978-0-691-08858-7 2398:The Supreme Court 2338:978-1-55849-633-0 2315:, pp. 362–65 2239:978-0-19-511814-8 2218:, pp. 225–26 2179:978-0-14-310507-7 1927:, pp. 221–22 1915:, pp. 264–65 1817:978-0-8246-0381-6 1420:Lyndon B. Johnson 1355:Robert H. Jackson 1333:incorporated the 1255:Stephen G. Breyer 1113:Robert H. Jackson 1088:a case involving 924:Benjamin V. Cohen 560:and occasionally 296:, immigrating to 279:Felix Frankfurter 276: 275: 136:February 22, 1965 120:November 15, 1882 25:Felix Frankfurter 5756: 5694:American lawyers 5565: 5465: 5319: 5257: 5213: 4929: 4908: 4907: 4839:Warren E. Burger 4647:Oliver Ellsworth 4598: 4597: 4588:Justices of the 4582: 4575: 4568: 4559: 4558: 4345: 4344: 4341:National leaders 4266: 4259: 4252: 4243: 4242: 4217:Benjamin Cardozo 4214:Preceded by 4206: 4205: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4180:on June 27, 2013 4134: 4113: 4055:Duke Law Journal 4045: 3966: 3947: 3926: 3867: 3846: 3825: 3804: 3785: 3766: 3737:Yale Law Journal 3689: 3654: 3643: 3631: 3612: 3572:Cushman, Clare, 3568: 3547: 3505: 3504: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3353:. 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Archived from 2609: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2593:. pp. 11–12 2586: 2578: 2572: 2571:, pp. 327–8 2566: 2560: 2559: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2492: 2483: 2482: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2432: 2426: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2347: 2345: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2276: 2270: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2099: 2084: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2064:Haynes, Williams 2060: 2054: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2036: 2030: 2029:, pp. 353–4 2024: 2018: 2012: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1955: 1949: 1940: 1934: 1928: 1922: 1916: 1910: 1904: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1881: 1870: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1824: 1807:Great Jewish Men 1801: 1780: 1779: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1723: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1711:geni_family_tree 1703: 1697: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1687:. April 28, 2022 1685:geni_family_tree 1677: 1671: 1670: 1654: 1644: 1638: 1637: 1619: 1613: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1603:on June 27, 2023 1599:. Archived from 1588: 1582: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1561: 1555: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1539: 1470:Yale Law Journal 1429:in 1932 and the 1376: 1372: 1058: 946:Charles Wyzanski 824:Great Depression 739:Zechariah Chafee 696:delegate to the 644:, communism and 634:Labor Department 582:The New Republic 526:Secretary of War 399:Ashkenazi Jewish 338:derogation canon 306:Henry L. Stimson 232:Military service 227: 195: 176: 174: 143:Washington, D.C. 139: 119: 117: 105:Personal details 91: 83:Benjamin Cardozo 79: 67: 58: 35: 21: 20: 5764: 5763: 5759: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5578: 5567: 5566: 5560: 5558: 5460: 5401:J. M. Harlan II 5314: 5252: 5208: 4924: 4915: 4898: 4887: 4886: 4791:Harlan F. Stone 4727:Melville Fuller 4695:Salmon P. Chase 4605: 4592: 4586: 4556: 4551: 4515: 4501:ACLU of Hawai‘i 4485: 4466:Franklyn Haiman 4449: 4402: 4391:Susan N. Herman 4385:Nadine Strossen 4336: 4302:Crystal Eastman 4297:Albert DeSilver 4275: 4270: 4236: 4234:Arthur Goldberg 4227: 4219: 4183: 4181: 4172: 4143: 4138: 4132: 4111: 4057:(1988): 71–113. 4043: 3964: 3945: 3924: 3865: 3844: 3823: 3802: 3783: 3764: 3678:10.2307/1326500 3652: 3629: 3610: 3566: 3545: 3513: 3511:Further reading 3508: 3477: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3438: 3436: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3405: 3401: 3366: 3362: 3341: 3337: 3329: 3325: 3317: 3302: 3296: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3272: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3233: 3229: 3221: 3217: 3209: 3205: 3197: 3193: 3185: 3181: 3173: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3122: 3118: 3110: 3106: 3096: 3094: 3084: 3077: 3067: 3065: 3055: 3051: 3042: 3040: 3030: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3006: 3002: 2991: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2956: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2932: 2928: 2920: 2913: 2900: 2899: 2892: 2884: 2877: 2869: 2865: 2859:Carrington 1999 2857: 2853: 2845: 2836: 2830: 2814: 2810: 2802: 2798: 2785: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2749: 2745: 2737: 2728: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2694: 2690: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2668: 2664: 2654: 2652: 2641: 2637: 2627: 2625: 2610: 2606: 2596: 2594: 2584: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2567: 2563: 2550: 2549: 2545: 2535: 2533: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2506: 2504: 2501:Chicago Tribune 2493: 2486: 2480: 2456: 2452: 2444: 2435: 2427: 2420: 2410: 2408: 2392: 2391: 2387: 2356: 2352: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2323: 2319: 2311: 2307: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2277: 2273: 2263: 2261: 2250: 2246: 2240: 2226: 2222: 2214: 2210: 2202: 2198: 2190: 2186: 2180: 2156: 2152: 2142: 2140: 2125: 2124: 2120: 2112: 2108: 2100: 2087: 2077: 2075: 2061: 2057: 2047: 2045: 2038: 2037: 2033: 2025: 2021: 2017:, pp. 84–7 2013: 2006: 1998: 1994: 1986: 1982: 1974: 1970: 1964:Carrington 1999 1962: 1958: 1954:, pp. 83–4 1950: 1943: 1935: 1931: 1923: 1919: 1911: 1907: 1903:, pp. 77–8 1899: 1895: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1868: 1862: 1858: 1850: 1846: 1838: 1831: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1802: 1783: 1776: 1760: 1756: 1739:Singer, Isidore 1732: 1730: 1726: 1716: 1714: 1705: 1704: 1700: 1690: 1688: 1679: 1678: 1674: 1667: 1645: 1641: 1634: 1620: 1616: 1606: 1604: 1589: 1585: 1575: 1573: 1562: 1558: 1548: 1546: 1541: 1540: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1480: 1439: 1411: 1391:John F. Kennedy 1383: 1374: 1370: 1263: 1076:civil procedure 1056: 1023:Harlan F. Stone 981: 891:James M. Landis 835:Thomas Corcoran 820:Rexford Tugwell 795: 755:J. Edgar Hoover 719: 706: 658: 602:Newton D. Baker 569:James M. Landis 550: 548:First World War 514:New Nationalism 496: 474:Walter Lippmann 423:Lower East Side 407:Austria-Hungary 395: 345:Arthur Goldberg 196: 186: 178: 175: 1919) 170: 166: 141: 137: 127:Austria-Hungary 121: 115: 113: 95:Arthur Goldberg 89: 77: 65: 59: 54: 38: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5762: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5584: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5570: 5568: 5559: 5557: 5556: 5555:(2022–present) 5550: 5549:(2020–present) 5544: 5543:(2018–present) 5538: 5537:(2017–present) 5532: 5531:(2010–present) 5526: 5525:(2009–present) 5520: 5519:(2006–present) 5514: 5508: 5502: 5501:(1991–present) 5496: 5490: 5484: 5478: 5472: 5466: 5458: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5434: 5428: 5422: 5416: 5410: 5404: 5398: 5392: 5386: 5380: 5374: 5368: 5362: 5356: 5350: 5344: 5338: 5332: 5326: 5320: 5312: 5306: 5300: 5294: 5288: 5282: 5276: 5270: 5264: 5258: 5250: 5244: 5238: 5232: 5226: 5220: 5214: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5164: 5158: 5152: 5146: 5140: 5134: 5128: 5122: 5116: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5062: 5056: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4972: 4966: 4960: 4954: 4948: 4942: 4936: 4930: 4921: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4904: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4868: 4852: 4836: 4820: 4807:Fred M. Vinson 4804: 4788: 4772: 4756: 4740: 4724: 4711:Morrison Waite 4708: 4692: 4679:Roger B. Taney 4676: 4660: 4644: 4628: 4611: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4603:Chief justices 4594: 4593: 4585: 4584: 4577: 4570: 4562: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4523: 4521: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4497: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4483: 4481:Edward A. Ross 4478: 4476:Lucille Milner 4473: 4468: 4463: 4457: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4447: 4446:(2001–present) 4441: 4435: 4429: 4426:Jack Pemberton 4423: 4417: 4410: 4408: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4400: 4399:(2021–present) 4397:Deborah Archer 4394: 4388: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4351: 4349: 4342: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4276: 4269: 4268: 4261: 4254: 4246: 4238: 4237: 4232: 4229: 4220: 4215: 4211: 4210: 4209:Legal offices 4204: 4203: 4190: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4151: 4142: 4141:External links 4139: 4137: 4136: 4130: 4115: 4109: 4096: 4073: 4058: 4047: 4041: 4026: 4015: 4014: 4003: 4002: 3975: 3962: 3949: 3943: 3927: 3922: 3906: 3884: 3869: 3863: 3848: 3842: 3827: 3821: 3806: 3800: 3787: 3781: 3768: 3762: 3747: 3740: 3725:and Public Law 3718: 3711: 3704: 3697: 3690: 3672:(6): 683–702. 3656: 3650: 3633: 3627: 3614: 3608: 3593: 3570: 3564: 3549: 3543: 3530: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3506: 3493:10.2307/789345 3471: 3446: 3420: 3414:The New Yorker 3399: 3360: 3335: 3323: 3290: 3278: 3263: 3251: 3239: 3227: 3215: 3203: 3191: 3179: 3164: 3152: 3140: 3128: 3116: 3104: 3075: 3049: 3024: 3012: 3000: 2985: 2973: 2950: 2938: 2926: 2911: 2890: 2875: 2863: 2851: 2834: 2828: 2808: 2796: 2779: 2767: 2755: 2743: 2726: 2688: 2662: 2635: 2604: 2573: 2561: 2543: 2514: 2484: 2478: 2450: 2433: 2418: 2385: 2350: 2337: 2317: 2305: 2291: 2271: 2244: 2238: 2220: 2208: 2196: 2184: 2178: 2160:"Introduction" 2150: 2118: 2106: 2085: 2055: 2031: 2019: 2015:Alexander 2001 2004: 1992: 1980: 1968: 1956: 1952:Alexander 2001 1941: 1937:Alexander 2001 1929: 1917: 1905: 1901:Alexander 2001 1893: 1856: 1852:Alexander 2001 1844: 1829: 1816: 1781: 1774: 1754: 1724: 1698: 1672: 1666:978-1576078495 1665: 1639: 1632: 1614: 1597:New York Times 1583: 1556: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1438: 1435: 1410: 1407: 1382: 1379: 1335:Bill of Rights 1293:Fred M. Vinson 1279:Sherman Minton 1262: 1259: 1169:Fred M. Vinson 980: 977: 969: 968: 962: 955:Thomas Elliott 952: 943: 930: 917: 916: 910: 897: 893:, head of the 888: 879: 851:Louis Brandeis 847:Benjamin Cohen 794: 791: 718: 715: 705: 702: 670:Louis Brandeis 657: 654: 610:courts-martial 564:. With fellow 549: 546: 542:Woodrow Wilson 495: 492: 488:Louis Brandeis 466:Phi Beta Kappa 447:trade unionism 405:(then part of 394: 391: 386:Trop v. Dulles 274: 273: 270: 269: 264: 260: 259: 256: 252: 251: 246: 245:Branch/service 242: 241: 238: 234: 233: 229: 228: 221: 217: 216: 210: 206: 205: 184: 180: 179: 168: 164: 163: 161: 157: 156: 151: 147: 146: 140:(aged 82) 134: 130: 129: 111: 107: 106: 102: 101: 98: 97: 92: 86: 85: 80: 74: 73: 68: 62: 61: 51: 50: 44: 43: 40: 39: 36: 28: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5761: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5574: 5564: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5545: 5542: 5539: 5536: 5533: 5530: 5527: 5524: 5521: 5518: 5515: 5512: 5509: 5506: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5482: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5470: 5467: 5464:* (1972–1986) 5463: 5459: 5456: 5453: 5450: 5447: 5444: 5441: 5438: 5435: 5432: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5420: 5417: 5414: 5411: 5408: 5405: 5402: 5399: 5396: 5393: 5390: 5387: 5384: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5363: 5360: 5357: 5354: 5351: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5327: 5324: 5321: 5318:* (1925–1941) 5317: 5313: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5301: 5298: 5295: 5292: 5289: 5286: 5283: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5256:* (1910–1916) 5255: 5251: 5248: 5245: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5230: 5227: 5224: 5221: 5218: 5215: 5212:* (1894–1910) 5211: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5198: 5195: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5168: 5165: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5138: 5135: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5108: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5078: 5075: 5072: 5069: 5066: 5063: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5051: 5048: 5045: 5042: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5018: 5015: 5012: 5009: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4991: 4988: 4985: 4982: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4928:* (1790–1791) 4927: 4923: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4909: 4905: 4894: 4882: 4881: 4876: 4872: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4860: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4844: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4828: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4796: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4780: 4776: 4773: 4770: 4769: 4764: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4732: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4712: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4668: 4664: 4663:John Marshall 4661: 4658: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4636: 4632: 4631:John Rutledge 4629: 4626: 4625: 4620: 4616: 4613: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4583: 4578: 4576: 4571: 4569: 4564: 4563: 4560: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4518: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4379:Norman Dorsen 4377: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4367:Ernest Angell 4365: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4355:Harry F. Ward 4353: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4343: 4339: 4333: 4332:Walter Nelles 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4267: 4262: 4260: 4255: 4253: 4248: 4247: 4244: 4235: 4226: 4225: 4218: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4191: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4145: 4144: 4133: 4127: 4123: 4122: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4085:0-8153-1176-1 4082: 4078: 4074: 4071: 4070:1-57003-120-7 4067: 4063: 4059: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4038: 4034: 4033: 4027: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4016: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3999:0-226-68443-1 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3974: 3973:0-8139-1665-8 3970: 3965: 3963:0-8139-1459-0 3959: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3925: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3904: 3903:0-19-503122-9 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3881:0-87187-554-3 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3856: 3855: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3835: 3834: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3814: 3813: 3807: 3803: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3778: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3755: 3754: 3748: 3745: 3741: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3724: 3719: 3716: 3712: 3709: 3705: 3702: 3698: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3647: 3642: 3641: 3634: 3630: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3605: 3601: 3600: 3594: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3582:1-56802-126-7 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3561: 3557: 3556: 3550: 3546: 3540: 3536: 3535:Jazz Age Jews 3531: 3528: 3527:0-19-506557-3 3524: 3520: 3516: 3515: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3475: 3460: 3456: 3450: 3434: 3430: 3424: 3416: 3415: 3410: 3403: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3364: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3347: 3339: 3333:, p. 137 3332: 3327: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3301: 3294: 3287: 3282: 3276:, p. 187 3275: 3270: 3268: 3261:, p. 140 3260: 3255: 3248: 3243: 3237:, p. 213 3236: 3231: 3224: 3219: 3212: 3207: 3201:, p. 190 3200: 3195: 3189:, p. 327 3188: 3183: 3176: 3171: 3169: 3162:, p. 188 3161: 3156: 3150:, p. 102 3149: 3144: 3138:, p. 106 3137: 3132: 3126:, p. 100 3125: 3120: 3113: 3108: 3093: 3089: 3082: 3080: 3064: 3060: 3053: 3039: 3035: 3028: 3022:, p. 340 3021: 3016: 3010:, p. 129 3009: 3004: 2996: 2989: 2983:, p. 128 2982: 2977: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2954: 2947: 2942: 2935: 2930: 2923: 2918: 2916: 2907: 2903: 2897: 2895: 2887: 2882: 2880: 2872: 2867: 2860: 2855: 2848: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2831: 2825: 2821: 2820: 2812: 2805: 2800: 2793: 2789: 2783: 2776: 2771: 2764: 2759: 2753:, p. 121 2752: 2747: 2741:, p. 328 2740: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2692: 2673: 2666: 2650: 2646: 2639: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2608: 2592: 2591: 2583: 2577: 2570: 2565: 2557: 2553: 2547: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2518: 2502: 2498: 2491: 2489: 2481: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2466: 2461: 2454: 2448:, p. 266 2447: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2431:, p. 437 2430: 2425: 2423: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2389: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2354: 2340: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2321: 2314: 2309: 2294: 2292:9781448117567 2288: 2284: 2283: 2275: 2259: 2255: 2248: 2241: 2235: 2231: 2224: 2217: 2212: 2206:, p. 283 2205: 2200: 2194:, p. 358 2193: 2188: 2181: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2166: 2161: 2154: 2138: 2134: 2133: 2128: 2122: 2116:, p. 261 2115: 2110: 2104:, p. 265 2103: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2059: 2043: 2042: 2035: 2028: 2023: 2016: 2011: 2009: 2002:, p. 267 2001: 1996: 1990:, p. 253 1989: 1984: 1978:, p. 244 1977: 1972: 1966:, p. 132 1965: 1960: 1953: 1948: 1946: 1938: 1933: 1926: 1921: 1914: 1909: 1902: 1897: 1878: 1874: 1867: 1860: 1853: 1848: 1842:, p. 264 1841: 1836: 1834: 1819: 1813: 1809: 1808: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1777: 1775:9780465019793 1771: 1767: 1766: 1758: 1750: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1728: 1713:. May 3, 2022 1712: 1708: 1702: 1686: 1682: 1676: 1668: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1652: 1643: 1635: 1633:9781439803998 1629: 1625: 1618: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1587: 1571: 1567: 1560: 1544: 1538: 1536: 1531: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1472: 1471: 1466: 1465: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1449: 1444: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1416: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1389:by President 1388: 1378: 1368: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1289: 1288:Irvin v. Dowd 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1195: 1189: 1185: 1184: 1178: 1176: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1148: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1122: 1121:Baker v. Carr 1116: 1114: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1085: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1060: 1054: 1052: 1051:Irvin v. 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Johnson 4975:Washington 4957:T. Johnson 4348:Presidents 4228:1939–1962 3893:New York: 3487:(7): 685. 2970:(Rev. 23). 2886:Stone 2004 2804:Irons 1999 2775:Irons 1999 2739:Irons 1999 2719:August 29, 2569:Irons 1999 2507:August 18, 2411:August 29, 2404:New York; 2264:August 15, 2216:Stone 2004 2204:Irons 1999 2143:August 24, 2000:Irons 1999 1886:October 4, 1527:References 1347:Hugo Black 1327:Hugo Black 1304:Hugo Black 1251:Abe Fortas 1157:A pivotal 1126:preceding 1031:voice vote 973:Jan Karski 900:Alger Hiss 863:anglophile 861:. 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Lamar 5161:Matthews 5101:Clifford 5095:Campbell 5077:Woodbury 5059:McKinley 5017:Thompson 4969:S. Chase 4963:Paterson 4615:John Jay 4520:See also 4184:April 5, 3912:(2003), 3889:(1982), 2710:Archived 2618:NBC News 2556:Archived 2066:(1945). 1717:July 17, 1691:July 17, 1607:April 9, 1478:See also 1463:(1960). 1455:(1938); 1451:(1927); 1199:Brown II 1183:Brown II 877:Treasury 831:New Deal 749:. 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