Junkers Ju 87 - Knowledge

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was an important consideration as the life expectancy of a Ju 87 had been reduced (since 1941) from 9.5 months to 5.5 months to just 100 operational flying hours. On 26 October, Kupfer reported the Ju 87 could no longer survive in operations and that the Focke-Wulf Fw 190F should take its place. Milch finally agreed and ordered the minimal continuance of Ju 87 D-3 and D-5 production for a smooth transition period. In May 1944, production wound down. 78 Ju 87s were built in May and 69 rebuilt from damaged machines. In the next six months, 438 Ju 87 Ds and Gs were added to the Ju 87 force as new or repaired aircraft. It is unknown whether any Ju 87s were built from parts unofficially after December 1944 and the end of production.

1771: 4335: 3673: 1734:. But this would delay production until the buildings and factories could be furnished with the machine tools. These tools were also in short supply, and the RLM hoped to purchase them from Switzerland and Italy. The Slovaks could provide 3,500–4,000 workers, but no technical personnel. The move would produce only another 25 machines per month at a time when demand was increasing. In October, production plans were dealt another blow when one of WFGs plants burned down, leaving a chronic shortage of tailwheels and undercarriage parts. Junkers director and member of the Luftwaffe industry council Carl Frytag reported that by January 1943 only 120 Ju 87s could be produced at Bremen and 230 at 1468: 1460: 1923: 942:(0.312 in) MG 17 machine guns in its wings, but two of these—one per side—were omitted due to weight concerns; the pair that remained were fed a total of 500 rounds of ammunition, stored in the design's characteristic transverse strut-braced, large-planform undercarriage "trousers", not used on the Ju 87B versions and onward. The pilot relied on the Revi C 21C gun sight for the two MG 17s. The gunner had a single 7.92 mm (0.312 in) MG 15, with 14 drums of ammunition, each containing 75 rounds. This represented a 150-round increase in this area over the Ju 87 A-0. The A-1 was also fitted with a larger 3.3 m (11 ft) propeller. 4118: 571:. This was accepted by the RLM as an interim solution. The reworking of the design began on 1 January 1936. The test flight could not be carried out for over two months due to a lack of adequate aircraft. The 24 January crash had already destroyed one machine. The second prototype was also beset by design problems. It had its twin stabilisers removed and a single tail fin installed due to fears over stability. Due to a shortage of engines, instead of a DB 600, a BMW "Hornet" engine was fitted. All these delays set back testing until 25 February 1936. By March 1936, the second prototype, the V2, was finally fitted with the 3620:, 1,208 Stuka sorties were flown against this small strip of land. The intense air attack, though causing horrific losses on Soviet units, failed to destroy them. The Luftwaffe's Stuka force made a maximum effort during this phase of the war. They flew an average of 500 sorties per day and caused heavy losses among Soviet forces, losing an average of only one Stuka per day. The Battle of Stalingrad marked the high point in the fortunes of the Junkers Ju 87 Stuka. As the strength of the Soviet Air Forces grew, they gradually wrested control of the skies from the Luftwaffe. From this point onward, Stuka losses increased. 1339:

built, increasing to 90 thereafter. Various production problems were encountered. One of the planned 48 was produced in July. Of the 25 the RLM hoped for in August 1941, none were delivered. In September did the first two of the planned 102 Ju 87s came off the production lines. The shortfalls continued to the end of 1941. During this time, the WFG plant in Lemwerder moved production to Berlin. Over 165 Ju 87s had not been delivered and production was only 23 Ju 87 Ds per month out of the 40 expected. By the spring of 1942 to the end of production in 1944, 3,300 Ju 87s, mostly D-1s, D-2s and D-5s had been manufactured.

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On 6 October 1939, with the war already underway, 120 of the planned Ju 87 Tr(C)s on order at that point were cancelled. Despite the cancellation, the tests continued using catapults. The Ju 87 C had a takeoff weight of 5,300 kg (11,700 lb) and a speed of 133 km/h (83 mph) on departure. The Ju 87 could be launched with a SC 500 kg (1,100 lb) bomb and four SC 50 kg (110 lb) bombs under the fuselage. The C-1 was to have two MG 17s mounted in the wing with a MG 15 operated by the rear gunner. On 18 May 1940, production of the C-1 was switched to the R-1.

4347: 3992: 1801: 387: 3874: 3823: 4015: 3919: 862:. With 40%, vision vanished altogether from 7.5 g upwards and black-out sometimes occurred. Despite this blindness, the pilot could maintain consciousness and was capable of "bodily reactions". After more than three seconds, half the subjects passed out. The pilot would regain consciousness two or three seconds after the centrifugal forces had dropped below 3 g and had lasted no longer than three seconds. In a crouched position, pilots could withstand 7.5 g and were able to remain functional for a short duration. In this position, Junkers concluded that 3946: 1566:

necessary equipment, radios and dampeners was a requirement regardless of whether the aircraft was a production D-5 or a D-1 or 3 that had undergone wing changes. The change in designations due to conversions was not readily apparent, for with wing changes, the serial number and designation was applied to the fuselage by the manufacture which remained unaltered by wing changes. Some sub-contractors added an "N" designation (Nacht) for clarity on D-3 and 5s . Others added the roman numeral VII to the D-7s, perhaps to reflect that the aircraft was fitted with the

4082: 2948: 3479:. The dive bomber wing suffered only two losses on the opening day of Barbarossa. As a result of the Luftwaffe's attention, the Soviet Air Force in the western Soviet Union was nearly destroyed. The official report claimed 1,489 Soviet aircraft destroyed. Even Göring was unable to believe such a high total and ordered this checked. After picking their way through the wreckage across the front, Luftwaffe officers found that the tally exceeded 2,000. In the next two days, the Soviets reported the loss of another 1,922 aircraft. 4765: 3851: 556: 4036: 49: 1056:

and completely redesigned fuselage and landing gear, replacing the twin radio masts of the "A" version with a single mast mounted further forward on the "greenhouse" canopy, and much simpler, lighter-weight wheel "spats" used from the -B version onwards, discarding the transverse strut bracing of the "A" version's maingear design. This new design was again tested in Spain, and after proving its abilities there, production was ramped up to 60 per month. As a result, by the outbreak of

3652:. The Ju 87s participated in a huge aerial counter-offensive lasting from 16 to 31 July against a Soviet offensive at Khotynets and saved two German armies from encirclement, reducing the attacking Soviet 11th Guards Army to 33 tanks by 20 July. The Soviet offensive had been completely halted from the air although losses were considerable. Fliegerkorps VIII lost eight Ju 87s on 8 July, six on 9 July, six on 10 July and another eight on 11 July. The Stuka arm also lost eight of their 1783:

Lemwerder. Attacks throughout 1940-45 caused little lasting damage and succeeded only in damaging some Ju 87 airframes, in contrast to the Focke-Wulf plant in Bremen. At Berlin-Tempelhof, little delay or damage was caused to Ju 87 production, despite the heavy bombings and large-scale destruction inflicted on other targets. The WFG again went unscathed. The Junkers factory at Dessau was heavily attacked, but not until Ju 87 production had ceased. The Ju 87 repair facility at the

4402: 806:(an altimeter equipped with an electrical contact which triggers at a preset altitude) came on to indicate the bomb-release point, usually at a minimum height of 450 m (1,480 ft). The pilot released the bomb and initiated the automatic pull-out mechanism by depressing a knob on the control column. An elongated U-shaped crutch located under the fuselage swung the bomb out of the way of the propeller, and the aircraft automatically began a 6 1128:

30 km/h (19 mph) slower than the Ju 87 B-1 and had a lower service ceiling. The Ju 87 R-2 had an increased range advantage of 360 km (220 mi). The R-3 and R-4 were the last R variants developed. Only a few were built. The R-3 was an experimental tug for gliders and had an expanded radio system so the crew could communicate with the glider crew by way of the tow rope. The R-4 differed from the R-2 in the Jumo 211J powerplant.

3798: 3969: 787: 1515:("cannon-bird"), as it was nicknamed, proved very successful in the hands of Stuka aces such as Rudel. The G-1 was converted from older D-series airframes, retaining the smaller wing, but without the dive brakes. The G-2 was similar to the G-1 except for use of the extended wing of the D-5. 208 G-2s were built and at least a further 22 more were converted from D-3 airframes. Only a handful of production Gs were committed in the 11529: 11557: 1108:, used by a wide variety of Luftwaffe aircraft through most of the war. This increased fuel capacity to 1,080 litres (290 US gal) (500 litres in main fuel tank of which 480 litres were usable + 600 litres from drop tanks). To prevent overload conditions, bomb carrying ability was often restricted to a single 250 kg (550 lb) bomb if the aircraft was fully loaded with fuel. 3559:

tanks, 92 artillery batteries and 21 trains for the loss of 25 Ju 87s to hostile action. At the end of Barbarossa, StG 1 had lost 60 Stukas in aerial combat and one on the ground. StG 2 lost 39 Ju 87s in the air and two on the ground, StG 77 lost 29 of their dive-bombers in the air and three on the ground (25 to enemy action). IV.(St)/LG1, operating from Norway, lost 24 Ju 87s, all in aerial combat.

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largest concentration of German air power since 1940 and even in February 1945 the Germans were able to achieve and challenge for air superiority on the Eastern Front. The air offensive was instrumental in saving Berlin, albeit only for three months. The effort exhausted German fuel reserves. The contribution of the Ju 87 was exemplified by Rudel, who claimed 13 enemy tanks on 8 February 1945.

1719:. Working around the clock, the shortfall was made good. WFG received an official commendation. By May 1942, demand increased further. Chief of Procurement General Walter Herthel found that each unit needed 100 Ju 87s as standard strength and an average of 20 per month to cover attrition. Not until June–December 1942 did production capacity increase, and 80 Ju 87s were produced per month. 1331:

The window in the floor of the cockpit was reinforced and four, rather than the previous three, aileron hinges were installed. Higher diving speeds were obtained of 650 km/h (400 mph) up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft). The range was recorded as 715 km (444 mi) at ground level and 835 km (519 mi) at 5,000 m (16,000 ft).

1914:, 13 Ju 87s and 26 crew members were lost when they crashed into the ground almost simultaneously. The planes dived through clouds, expecting to release their practice bombs and pull out of the dive once below the cloud ceiling. They were unaware that the ceiling was too low and unexpected ground mist formed, leaving them no time to pull out of the dive. 598:, so Heinkel could communicate with Udet only by telephone. According to this version of the story, Heinkel warned Udet about the propeller's fragility. Udet failed to consider this, so in a dive, the engine oversped and the propeller broke away. Immediately after this incident, Udet announced the Stuka the winner of the development contest. 3776:. The offensive made rapid progress. The Soviets eventually outran their air support, which was unable to use forward, quagmire-filled, airfields. The Germans, who had fallen back on airbases with good facilities and concrete runways, were able to mount uninterrupted attacks against Soviet army columns. Reminiscent of the early years, the 1213:. The prototypes were Ju 87 B-0 airframes powered by Jumo 211 A engines. Owing to delays, the V10 was not completed until March 1938. It first flew on 17 March and was designated Ju 87 C-1. On 12 May, the V11 also flew for the first time. By 15 December 1939, 915 arrested landings on dry land had been made. It was found that the 2873:

fighters because of its low speed, and the very low altitudes at which it ended its dive bomb attacks. The Stuka depended on air superiority, the very thing being contested over Britain. It was withdrawn from attacks on Britain in August after prohibitive losses, leaving the Luftwaffe without precision ground-attack aircraft.

917: 1519:. On the opening day of the offensive, Hans-Ulrich Rudel flew the only "official" Ju 87 G, although a significant number of Ju 87 D variants were fitted with the 37 mm (1.46 in) cannon, and operated as unofficial Ju 87 Gs before the battle. In June 1943, the RLM ordered 20 Ju 87Gs as production variants. 540:, killing Junkers' chief test pilot, Willy Neuenhofen, and his engineer, Heinrich Kreft. The square twin fins and rudders proved too weak; they collapsed and the aircraft crashed after it entered an inverted spin during the testing of the terminal dynamic pressure in a dive. The crash prompted a change to a single 1492:, after achieving success against Soviet tanks with the 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon. These gun pods were fitted to a Ju 87 D-1, W.Nr 2552. The first flight of the machine took place on 31 January 1943, piloted by Stepp. The continuing problems with about two dozen of the Ju 88P-1 and slow development of the 679:

ground level, and a flying weight of 4,300 kg (9,500 lb). Performance in the diving attack was enhanced by the introduction of dive brakes under each wing, which allowed the Ju 87 to maintain a constant speed and allow the pilot to steady his aim. It also prevented the crew from suffering extreme

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because both sides suffered heavy losses, the Stuka was withdrawn after 16 were destroyed and many others damaged. According to the Generalquartiermeister der Luftwaffe, 59 Stukas had been destroyed and 33 damaged to varying degrees in six weeks of operations. Over 20% of the total Stuka strength had

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In total, 89 merchantmen (of 126,518 grt) were lost, and of 40 RN destroyers used in the battle, eight were sunk (one to an E-boat and one to a submarine), and a further 23 damaged and out of service. The campaign ended after the French surrender on 25 June 1940. Allied air power had been ineffective

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Despite initial production issues with the Ju 87, the RLM ordered 216 Ju 87 A-1s into production and wanted to receive delivery of all machines between January 1936 and 1938. The Junkers production capacity was fully occupied and licensing to other production facilities became necessary. The first 35

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driven by propellers with a diameter of 0.7 m (2.3 ft) The devices caused a loss of 20–25 km/h (12–15 mph) through drag, and over time the sirens were no longer installed on many units, although they remained in use to various extent. As an alternative, some bombs were fitted with

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plant. It was discovered that the highest load a pilot could endure was 8.5 g for three seconds, when the aircraft was pushed to its limit by the centrifugal forces. At less than 4 g, no visual problems or loss of consciousness were experienced. Above 6 g, 50% of pilots suffered visual

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pullout. Once the nose was above the horizon, dive brakes were retracted, the throttle was opened, and the propeller was set to climb. The pilot regained control and resumed normal flight. The coolant flaps had to be reopened quickly to prevent overheating. The automatic pull-out was not liked by all

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of code LI+KU from 1./St.G.5, and was recovered to the United Kingdom in 1998, have also been incorporated. The project was displayed in November 2018 and the restoration was stated to take between 18 months and two years to complete. Work will be conducted in a display hangar to allow the public to

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also included substantial use of the Ju 87 units, although again, unsuccessful in stemming the advances. Stuka units were with the loss of air superiority, becoming vulnerable on the ground as well. Some Stuka aces were lost this way. In the aftermath of Kursk, Stuka strength fell to 184 aircraft in

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saw action in the opening phase of the Italian invasion of Greece in October 1940. Their numbers were low and ineffective in comparison to German operations. The Italian forces were quickly pushed back. By early 1941, the Greeks had pushed into Italian-occupied Albania. Once again, Hitler decided to

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In January 1938, three Ju 87 As from the Legion Condor arrived. Several problems became evident—the spatted undercarriage sank into muddy airfield surfaces, and the spats were temporarily removed. The maximum 500 kg (1,100 lb) bomb load could only be carried if the gunner vacated his seat,

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Production of the D-1 variant started in 1941 with 495 ordered. These aircraft were delivered between May 1941 and March 1942. The RLM wanted 832 machines produced from February 1941. The Weserflug company was tasked with their production. From June to September 1941, 40 Ju 87 Ds were expected to be

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The Ju 87 B series was to be the first mass-produced variant. A total of six pre-production Ju 87 B-0 were produced, built from Ju 87 A airframes. The first production version was the Ju 87 B-1, with a considerably larger engine, its Jumo 211D generating 1,200 PS (883 kW or 1,184 hp),

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The Ju 87 was capable of carrying a 500 kg (1,100 lb) bomb, but only if not carrying the rear gunner/radio operator as, even with the Jumo 210D, the Ju 87 was still underpowered for operations with more than a 250 kg (550 lb) bomb load. All Ju 87 As were restricted to 250 kg

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sections had smooth leading and trailing edges. The pilot could adjust the elevator and rudder trim tabs in flight, and the tail was connected to the landing flaps, which were positioned in two parts between the ailerons and fuselage. The A-0 also had a flatter engine cowling, which gave the pilot a

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of pilots could withstand 8 g and perhaps 9 g for three to five seconds without vision defects which, under war conditions, was acceptable. During tests with the Ju 87 A-2, new technologies were tried out to reduce the effects of g. The pressurised cabin was of great importance during this

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Post-war research revealed that generally, bombing pilots were far less effective than they claimed. The German Luftwaffe, in particular, did not do a scientific analysis of the Ju 87 pilot claims in 1939–1945 but instead relied on pre-war tests and assumptions, contrary to the Allies who did such

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commenced on 7 April. The Luftwaffe committed StG 1, 2 and 77 to the campaign. The Stuka once again spearheaded the air assault, with a front line strength of 300 machines, against minimal Yugoslav resistance in the air, allowing the Stukas to develop a fearsome reputation in this region. Operating

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to heavy attack. The crews were confident that they could sink it as the flight deck had an area of about 6,500 m (70,000 sq ft). On 10 January 1941, the Stuka crews were told that four direct hits with 500 kg (1,100 lb) bombs would be enough to sink the carrier. The Ju 87s

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six Polish divisions trapped by encircling German forces were forced to surrender after a relentless four-day bombardment by StG 51, 76 and 77. Employed in this assault were 50 kg (110 lb) fragmentation bombs, which caused appalling casualties to the Polish ground troops. Demoralised, the

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The range of the B-2 was insufficient, and dropped in favor of the Ju 87 R long-range versions in the second half of 1940. The 105 R-1s were converted to R-2 status and a further 616 production R-2s were ordered. In May 1941, the development of the D-1 was planned and was ordered into production by

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Pilots were also asked to complete the new "Blind Flying Certificate 3", which was especially introduced for this new type of operation. Pilots were trained at night, over unfamiliar terrain, and forced to rely on their instruments for direction. The Ju 87's standard Revi C12D gunsight was replaced

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to "place no particular value on the production of the D-2". The D-3 was an improved D-1 with more armour for its ground-attack role. Some Ju 87 D-3s were designated D-3N or D-3 trop and fitted with night or tropical equipment. The D-4 designation applied to a prototype torpedo-bomber version,

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with a flare gun, signal ammunition and other emergency supplies. A quick fuel dump mechanism and two inflatable 750 L (200 US gal) bags in each wing and a further two 500 L (130 US gal) bags in the fuselage enabled the Ju 87 C to remain afloat for up to three days in calm seas.

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The A-1 differed from the A-0 only slightly. As well as the installation of the Jumo 210D, the A-1 had two 220 L (58 US gal; 48 imp gal) fuel tanks built into the inner wing, but it was not armoured or protected. The A-1 was also intended to be fitted with four 7.92 mm

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A ‘Stuka’ wreck was discovered in 2014 near the island of Žirje in Croatia. It belonged to JU 87R-2 group from 239 squad of the Italian Royal Air Force. On April 12, 1941, during the Balkans Campaign in World War II, it was attacking the Kingdom of Yugoslavia's torpedo boats together with two more

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and it was repainted and modified to resemble a 1940 variant of the Ju 87. The engine was found to be in excellent condition and there was little difficulty in starting it, but returning the aircraft to airworthiness was considered too costly for the filmmakers and, ultimately, models were used in

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On 28 July 1943, strike and bomber production was to be scaled down, and fighter and bomber destroyer production given priority. On 3 August 1943, Milch contradicted this and declared that this increase in fighter production would not affect production of the Ju 87, Ju 188, Ju 288 and Ju 290. This

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production delayed production of the Ju 87 D. The Weserflug plant in Lemwerder experienced production shortfalls. This prompted Milch to visit and threaten the company into meeting the RLM's Ju 87 D-1 requirements on 23 February 1942. To meet these demands, 700 skilled workers were needed. Skilled

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at the end of the war, and the records were lost or destroyed. A main piece of equipment, hereto not installed in the Ju 87, was the FuG 101 Electronic Radio Altimeter. This was used to measure height. Some Ju 87s also used FuG 16Z transmitter/receiver set to augment the FuG 25 IFF (Identification

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The Ju 87 D-5 was based on the D-3 design and was unique in the Ju 87 series as it had wings 0.6 metres (2 ft) longer than previous variants. The two 7.92 mm MG 17 wing guns were exchanged for more powerful 20 mm MG 151/20s to better suit the aircraft's ground-attack role.

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winch was too weak and had to be replaced. Tests showed the average braking distance was 20–35 metres (66–115 ft). The Ju 87 V11 was designated C-0 on 8 October 1938. It was fitted out with standard Ju 87 C-0 equipment and better wing-folding mechanisms. The "carrier Stuka" was to be built at

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had a better acceleration rate, and could climb away from the target area much more quickly, avoiding enemy ground and air defences. Richthofen stated that any maximum speed below 350 km/h (220 mph) was unacceptable for those reasons. Pilots also complained that navigation and powerplant

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were invited to watch Udet perform a trial flight in May 1934 at the Jüterbog artillery range, it raised doubts about the capability of the dive bomber. Udet began his dive at 1,000 m (3,300 ft) and released his 1 kg (2.2 lb) bombs at 100 m (330 ft), barely recovering

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training area. Stepp noted the increase in drag, which reduced the aircraft's speed to 259 km/h (161 mph). Stepp also noted that the aircraft was also less agile than the existing D variants. D-1 and D-3 variants operated in combat with the 37 mm (1.5 in) BK 37 cannon in 1943.

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The engine and propeller had automatic controls, and an auto-trimmer made the aircraft tail-heavy as the pilot rolled over into his dive, lining up red lines at 60°, 75° or 80° on the cockpit side window with the horizon and aiming at the target with the sight of the fixed gun. The heavy bomb was

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The control surfaces operated in much the same way as other aircraft, with the exception of the innovative automatic pull-out system. Releasing the bomb initiated the pull-out, or automatic recovery and climb, upon the deflection of the dive brakes. The pilot could override the system by exerting

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In accordance with the Aircraft Certification Centre for "Stress Group 5", the Ju 87 had reached the acceptable structural strength requirements for a dive bomber. It was able to withstand diving speeds of 600 km/h (370 mph) and a maximum level speed of 340 km/h (210 mph) near

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Fs in minutes. According to Ring and Shores there were 15 Ju 87s on the mission, 2 Squadron SAAF shot down eight with four probable and three were shot down by 57th Fighter Group. Two South-African and one American lost shot down by German fighter escort. Three Stuka crews were captured, one was

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Production of the Ju 87 B started in 1937. 89 B-1s were to be built at Junkers' factory in Dessau and another 40 at the Weserflug plant in Lemwerder by July 1937. Production would be carried out by the Weserflug company after April 1938, but Junkers continued producing Ju 87 up until March 1940.

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These problems were to be resolved by installing the DB 600 engine, but delays in development forced the installation of the Jumo 210 D inverted V-12 engine. Flight testing began on 14 August 1936. Subsequent testing and progress fell short of Richthofen's hopes, although the machine's speed was

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was able to inflict high losses largely unopposed. Over 800 vehicles were destroyed within two weeks. In the first three days of February 1945, 2,000 vehicles and 51 tanks were claimed to be lost to German air attacks. The Ju 87 participated in these intense battles in small numbers. It was the

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in its drive toward Moscow. From 13 to 22 December 420 vehicles and 23 tanks were destroyed by StG 77, greatly improving the morale of the German infantry, who were by now on the defensive. StG 77 finished the campaign as the most effective dive bomber wing. It had destroyed 2,401 vehicles, 234

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had proved a potent ground attack weapon, but its large fuel tanks made it vulnerable to enemy fire, prompting the RLM to say, "that in the shortest possible time a replacement of the Hs 129 type must take place." With Soviet tanks the priority targets, the development of a further variant as a

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in Sweden and secretly brought to Germany in late 1934. It was to have been completed in April 1935, but, due to the inadequate strength of the airframe, construction took until October 1935. The mostly complete Ju 87 V1 W.Nr. 4921 (less non-essential parts) took off for its maiden flight on 17

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The Battle of Britain proved for the first time that the Junkers Ju 87 was vulnerable in hostile skies against well-organised and determined fighter opposition. The Ju 87, like other dive bombers, was slow and possessed inadequate defences. Furthermore, it could not be effectively protected by

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Overall, 550 Ju 87 As and B2s were completed at the Junkers factory in Dessau. Production of the Ju 87 R and D variants was transferred to the Weserflug company, which produced 5,930 of the 6,500 Ju 87s produced in total. During the course of the war, little damage was done to the WFG plant at

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production was scaled down and licence work had shut down at WFG. Production now reached 150 Ju 87 D airframes per month, but spare parts were failing to reach the same production levels. Undercarriage parts were in particularly short supply. Milch ordered production to 350 Ju 87s per month in

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The need to equip night units and the phasing out of Ju 87s from ground attack groups in favour of the Fw 190, enabled the use of D-5 airframes awaiting repair and D-7 and 8s already in conversion units. The latter variants were either conversions or modified D-1 and D-3 air frames. Adding the

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The D-6, according to "Operating instructions, works document 2097", was built in limited numbers to train pilots on "rationalised versions". Due to shortages in raw materials, it did not go into mass production. The D-7 was another ground attack aircraft based on D-1 airframes upgraded to D-5

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powerplant was to be installed in the Ju 87 D-1, but it did not have the power of the Jumo 211 and performed "poorly" during tests and was dropped. The Ju 87 D-series featured two coolant radiators underneath the inboard sections of the wings, while the oil cooler was relocated to the position

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The second prototype had a redesigned single vertical stabiliser and a 610 PS (601.7 hp; 448.7 kW) Jumo 210 A engine installed, and later the Jumo 210Da. The first A series variant, the A-0, was of all-metal construction, with an enclosed cockpit under a "greenhouse" well-framed

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The fuel system comprised two fuel tanks between the main (forward) and rear spars of the (inner) anhedral wing section of the port and starboard wings, each with 240-litre (63 US gal) capacity. The tanks also had a predetermined limit which, if passed, would warn the pilot via a red

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Despite being chosen, the design was still lacking and drew frequent criticism from Wolfram von Richthofen. Testing of the V4 prototype (A Ju 87 A-0) in early 1937 revealed several problems. The Ju 87 could take off in 250 m (820 ft) and climb to 1,875 m (6,152 ft) in eight

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waves (accompanied by He 111s) achieved several near misses, but were unable to obtain a hit. Nevertheless, Wells ordered that no ship was to operate within range of the Ju 87s' Norwegian airfields. The Ju 87s had, in effect, driven British sea power from the Norwegian coast. Moreover, Victor

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The Ju 87 R-2 had the same airframe as the B-2, and strengthened to ensure it could withstand dives of 600 km/h (370 mph). The Jumo 211D in-line engine was installed, replacing the R-1s Jumo 211A. Due to an increase in overall weight by 700 kg (1,500 lb), the Ju 87 R-2 was

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Flying at 4,600 m (15,100 ft), the pilot located his target through a bombsight window in the cockpit floor. The pilot moved the dive lever to the rear, limiting the "throw" of the control column. The dive brakes were activated automatically, the pilot set the trim tabs, reduced his

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with an extremely high rate of fire was installed in the rear defensive position. Engine power was increased again, the Jumo 211J now delivering 1,420 PS (1,044 kW or 1,400 hp). Bomb carrying ability was nearly quadrupled from 500 kg (1,100 lb) in the B-version to

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and it's the only one that you can dive truly vertically. Sometimes with the dive-bombers ... maximum dive is usually in the order of 60 degrees ... When flying the Stuka, because it's all automatic, you are really flying vertically ... The Stuka was in a class of its own."

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Once the Stuka became too vulnerable to fighter opposition on all fronts, work was done to develop a replacement. None of the dedicated close-support designs on the drawing board progressed far due to the impact of the war and technological difficulties. So the Luftwaffe settled on the

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As with the Ju 87 A-0, the B-1s were returned discreetly to the Reich. The experience of the Spanish Civil War proved invaluable—air and ground crews perfected their skills, and equipment was evaluated under combat conditions. The Ju 87 had however not been tested against numerous and

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The Luftwaffe benefited from excellent ground-to-air communications throughout the campaign. Radio equipped forward liaison officers could call upon the Stukas and direct them to attack enemy positions along the axis of advance. In some cases the Stukas responded in 10–20 minutes.

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In the wake of the defeat at Kursk, Ju 87s played a vital defensive role on the southern wing of the Eastern Front. To combat the Luftwaffe, the Soviets could deploy 3,000 fighter aircraft. As a result, the Stukas suffered heavily. SG 77 lost 30 Ju 87s in August 1943 as did SG 2

1104:, "(operational) range". They were primarily intended for anti-shipping missions. The Ju 87 R had a B-series airframe with an additional oil tank and fuel lines to the outer wing stations to permit the use of two 300 litres (79 US gal) standardised capacity under-wing 1209:. The type was ordered into prototype production and available for testing in January 1938. Testing was given two months and was to begin in February and end in April 1938. The prototype V10 was to be a fixed wing test aircraft, while the following V11 would be modified with 1500:-based, autoloading Bordkanone 7,5 7.5 cm (2.95 in) cannon in a conformal gun pod beneath the fuselage, meant the Ju 87G was put into production. In April 1943, the first production Ju 87 G-1s were delivered to front line units. The two 37 mm (1.46 in) 670:

The airframe was also subdivided into sections to allow transport by road or rail. The wings were of standard Junkers double-wing construction. This gave the Ju 87 considerable advantage on take-off; even at a shallow angle, large lift forces were created through the

7579:

There are historical recordings of Stukas that date before the war and that sound has been recycled over the generations for movies and TV shows. It's often used as the classic dive bomber sound, or plane crashing sound, or for an anvil dropping on Wile E. Coyote's

937:

The RLM ordered seven A-0s initially, but then increased the order to 11. Early in 1937, the A-0 was tested with varied bomb loads. The underpowered Jumo 210A, as pointed out by von Richthofen, was insufficient, and was quickly replaced with the Jumo 210D engine.

2582:

from Groupe de Chasse I/5 (Group Interception) attacked a formation of Ju 87s, claiming 11 out of 12 unescorted Ju 87s without loss (the Germans recorded six losses over Sedan entire). For the most part, Allied opposition was disorganised. During the battles of

1685:

Ju 87 A-1s were therefore produced by the Weser Flugzeugbau (WFG). By 1 September 1939, 360 Ju 87 As and Bs had been built by the Junkers factories at Dessau and Weserflug factory in Lemwerder near Bremen. By 30 September 1939, Junkers had received 2,365,196

1435:

With the G variant, the ageing airframe of the Ju 87 found new life as an anti-tank aircraft. This was the final operational version of the Stuka, and was deployed on the Eastern Front. The reverse in German military fortunes after 1943 and the appearance of

925:

canopy; bearing twin radio masts on its aft sections, diagonally mounted to either side of the airframe's planform centreline and unique to the -A version. To ease the difficulty of mass production, the leading edge of the wing was straightened out and the

4716:

Figures are debated. Griehl cites additions of Chief engineer Pichon's list. This indicates 5,930 produced. Griehl points out this may include all machines, even those that were incomplete. Junkers records give 5,126 aircraft delivered to the Luftwaffe.

893:

were equipped for dive bombing. The Heinkel He 177 strategic bomber was initially supposed to have dive bombing capabilities, a requirement that contributed to the failure of the design, with the requirement not rescinded until September 1942 by Göring.

3307:

strength only, often jettisoning their bombs at the first sight of enemy aircraft. Adding to this trouble, the German fighters had only enough fuel to cover the Ju 87s on takeoff, their most vulnerable point. After that, the Stukas were on their own.

1270:

formerly occupied by the single, undernose "chin" coolant radiator. The D-series also introduced an aerodynamically refined cockpit with better visibility and space. Armour protection was increased and a new dual-barrel 7.92 mm (.312 in)

1075:

The Ju 87 B-2s that followed had some improvements and were built in several variants that included ski-equipped versions (the B-1 also had this modification) and at the other end, with a tropical operation kit called the Ju 87 B-2 trop. Italy's

1293:

The D-2 was a variant used as a glider tug by converting older D-series airframes. It was intended as the tropical version of the D-1 and had heavier armour to protect the crew from ground fire. The armour reduced its performance and caused the

873:

research. Testing revealed that at high altitude, even 2 g could cause death in an unpressurised cabin and without appropriate clothing. This new technology, along with special clothing and oxygen masks, was researched and tested. When the

934:

much better field of vision. In order for the engine cowling to be flattened, the engine was set down nearly 0.25 m (9.8 in). The fuselage was also lowered along with the gunner's position, allowing the gunner a better field of fire.

2912:. After a lull, anti-shipping operations attacks were resumed by some Ju 87 units from 1 November 1940, as part of the new winter tactic of enforcing a blockade. Over the next 10 days, seven merchant ships were sunk or damaged, mainly in the 368:, held the opinion that any dive-bomber design needed to be simple and robust. This led to many technical innovations, such as the retractable undercarriage being discarded in favour of one of the Stuka's distinctive features, its fixed and " 1693:

records in Berlin, by the end of the financial year on 30 September 1941, 3,059,000 RM had been spent on Ju 87 airframes. By 30 June 1940, 697 Ju 87 B-1s and 129 B-2s alone had been produced. Another 105 R-1s and seven R-2s had been built.

799:, the automatic dive recovery system would be activated. The Stuka dived at a 60–90° angle, holding a constant speed of 500–600 km/h (310–370 mph) due to dive-brake deployment, which increased the accuracy of the Ju 87's aim. 1636:("night battle groups"—NSGr) had been formed, flying a multitude of different types of aircraft, including the Ju 87, which proved itself ideally suited to the low-level slow flying needed. NSGr 1 and 2 fought with some success on the 735:. The powerplant was cooled by a 10-litre (2.6 US gal), ring-shaped aluminium water container situated between the propeller and engine. A further container of 20-litre (5.3 US gal) was positioned under the engine. 3785:

research during the war, which showed that pilots, for a number of reasons, misjudged most of their tank kills and revealed the ineffectiveness of dive-bombers as an anti-tank weapon, except for the suppression effect of the bombing.

3107:

unmolested, they took a heavy toll of ground forces, suffering only light losses to ground fire. The effectiveness of the dive bombers helped bring about Yugoslav capitulation in ten days. The Stukas also took a peripheral part in

1990:

Bruno Dilly carried out the first bombing attack of the war. The Stukas attacked 11 minutes before the official German declaration of hostilities and hit the targets. The Ju 87s achieved complete success. The mission failed as the

1905:

All Stuka units were moved to Germany's eastern border in preparation for the invasion of Poland. On the morning of 15 August 1939, during a mass-formation dive-bombing demonstration for high-ranking commanders of the Luftwaffe at

2271:. On 27 April, a bomb passed through the quarterdeck, a wardroom, a water tank and 4-inch (10.2 cm) ammunition magazine and out through the hull to explode in the fjord. The muffled explosion limited the damage to her hull. 2261:

were subjected to lengthy attacks which badly damaged the former for one Ju 87 lost. A witness later said, "they threatened to take our masthead with them in every screaming nerve-racking dive". The same fate nearly befell the

758:

pattern along the leading edge. The shape of the wing improved the pilot's ground visibility and also allowed a shorter undercarriage height. The centre section protruded by only 3 m (9 ft 10 in) on either side.

1445:

successor to the Ju 87D began in November 1942. On 3 November, Milch raised the question of replacing the Ju 87, or redesigning it altogether. It was decided to keep the design as it was, but the power-plant was upgraded to a

902:

fighter aircraft, with the Fw 190F becoming the ground-attack version. The Fw 190F started to replace the Ju 87 for day missions in 1943, but the Ju 87 continued to be used as a night nuisance-raider until the end of the war.

795:

throttle and closed the coolant flaps. The aircraft then rolled 180°, automatically nosing the aircraft into a dive. Red tabs protruded from the upper surfaces of the wing as a visual indicator to the pilot that, in case of a

1869:, five days before the city was captured by the Nationalists. 29 Republican fighters were defending the city. There were more than 100 aircraft operating over the city and, while a Ju 87 was dive-bombing a ship, a Republican 3656:

holders. StG 77 lost 24 Ju 87s in the period 5–31 July (StG had lost 23 in July–December 1942), while StG 2 lost another 30 aircraft in the same period. In September 1943, three of the Stuka units were re-equipped with the

1335:

standard (armour, wing cannons, extended wing panels), while the D-8 was similar to the D-7 but based on D-3 airframes. The D-7 and D-8 were both were fitted with exhaust flame dampers, and could conduct night operations.

3616:, Stukas flew thousands of sorties against Soviet positions in the city. StG 1, 2 and 77 flew 320 sorties on 14 October 1942. As the German Sixth Army pushed the Soviets into a 1,000-metre enclave on the west bank of the 2027:

airfield; its pilot, Captain Mieczysław Medwecki, was killed. In air-to-air combat, Ju 87 formations were well protected by German fighter aircraft and losses were light against the tenacious, but short lived opposition.

2326:. All ships were targeted. Armed trawlers were used under the German air umbrella in an attempt to make smaller targets. Such craft were not armoured or armed. The Ju 87s demonstrated this on 30 April when they sank the 3286:

invasion of French North Africa made the situation far worse; the Stuka was obsolete in what was now a fighter-bomber's war. The Bf 109 and Fw 190 could at least fight enemy fighters on equal terms after dropping their

703:

cover which could be breached by the crew in an emergency, enabling them to escape into the main fuselage. The canopy was split into two sections and joined by a strong welded steel frame. The canopy itself was made of

1589:

P engine was installed in some cases. It took 2,170 technicians and workers to carry out the conversions. Total figures for conversions to night flying operations are unknown. The company's equipment was seized by the

1111:

The Ju 87 R-1 had a B-1 airframe with the exception of a modification in the fuselage which enabled an additional oil tank. This was installed to feed the engine due to the increase in range with the extra fuel tanks.

3587:, half the landing force was destroyed, while sea lanes were blocked by the Stukas inflicting heavy losses on Soviet shipping. The Ju 87's effectiveness against Soviet armour was not yet potent. Later versions of the 2935:. By spring 1941, only St.G 1 with 30 Ju 87s remained facing the United Kingdom. Operations on a small scale continued throughout the winter months into March. Targets included ships at sea, the Thames Estuary, the 2471:

demonstrated its accuracy when the small building was destroyed by four direct hits. As a result, only one of the three bridges was destroyed, allowing the German Army to rapidly advance in the opening days of the

1319:. Other modifications included a flame eliminator and, unlike earlier D variants, two 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon, while the radio operator/rear gunner's ammunition supply was increased by 1,000 to 2,000 rounds. 2230:

was run aground and scuttled. The Stuka wings were now equipped with the new Ju 87 R, which differed from the Ju 87 B by having increased internal fuel capacity and two 300l underwing drop tanks for more range.

822:

known to Stuka pilots as "seeing stars". They lose vision while remaining conscious; after five seconds, they black out. The Ju 87 pilots experienced the visual impairments most during "pull-up" from a dive.

3702:(SG) wings, reflecting their ground-attack role, as these combat wings were now also using ground-attack aircraft, such as the Fw 190F-series aircraft. The Luftwaffe's dive-bomber units had ceased to exist. 1265:, the Luftwaffe had no choice but to continue its development, as there was no replacement aircraft in sight. The result was the D-series. In June 1941, the RLM ordered five prototypes, the Ju 87 V21–25. A 1938:

records indicate a total force of 366 Ju 87 A and Bs were available for operations on 31 August 1939. The first Ju 87 operation was to destroy Polish demolition charges fixed to the rail bridges over the

1585:

company (Menibum) converted approximately 300 Ju 87D-3 and 5s to night versions. Dive-brakes were removed there, while gun muzzles and dampers were installed to eliminate exhaust and muzzle flash. The

478:. Nevertheless, development continued at Junkers. Udet's "growing love affair" with the dive bomber pushed it to the forefront of German aviation development. Udet went so far as to advocate that all 2646:(3,047) followed. The Ju 87s operated to maximum effectiveness when the weather allowed. RAF fighter units were held back and Allied air cover was patchy at best. On 29 May the Royal Navy destroyer 379:

Karl Plauth (Plauth was killed in a flying accident in November 1927), and produced the Ju A 48, which underwent testing on 29 September 1928. The military version of the Ju A 48 was designated the

4149:

in May 1945. It is thought to have been built in 1943–1944 as a D-5 before being rebuilt as a G-2 variant, possibly by fitting G-2 outer wings to a D-5 airframe. The wings have the hard-points for

3482:

The Ju 87 took a huge toll on Soviet ground forces, helping to break up counterattacks of Soviet armour, eliminating strongpoints and disrupting the enemy supply lines. A demonstration of the Stuka

3115:. The dive bombers were to attack airfields and anti-aircraft gun positions as the level bombers struck civilian targets. Belgrade was badly damaged, with 2,271 people killed and 12,000 injured. 2234:

The Stukas had numerous successes against Allied naval vessels and in particular the Royal Navy which posed a formidable threat to German naval and coastal operations. The British heavy cruiser

1286:

The internal fuel capacity of the Ju 87 D was raised to 800 L (of which 780 L were usable) by adding wing tanks while retaining the option to carry two 300 L drop tanks. Tests at

815:

later said that he and his unit disconnected the system because it allowed the enemy to predict the Ju 87's recovery pattern and height, making it easier for ground defences to hit an aircraft.

583:

that the Ju 87 stood little chance of becoming the Luftwaffe's main dive bomber, as it was underpowered in his opinion. On 9 June 1936, the RLM ordered cessation of development in favour of the

7494: 4191:. It was abandoned in North Africa and found by British forces in 1941. The Ju 87 was donated by the British government and sent to the US during the war. It was fully restored in 1974 by the 3669:

continued to operate with great success throughout 1943–45, operating the Ju 87 G variants equipped with 37 mm cannons, which became tank killers, although in increasingly small numbers.

1893:

mounting, hit one pilot (Heinz Bohne) in both legs and the Stuka crashed, seriously injuring Bohne, and his machine gunner, Albert Conrad. Those two were the only Stuka casualties of the war.

11082: 4766: 4226:, which was built in 1941 and served with Stukageschwader 5. Shot down in April 1942 on a mission to bomb Murmansk, it was recovered in 1992. The wreck was purchased by New Zealand collector 3591:

tank could withstand Stuka attacks in general, unless a direct hit was scored but the Soviet 44th Army had only obsolescent types with thin armour which were nearly all destroyed. During the

1449:, and two 37 mm (1.5 in) cannons were added. The variant was also designed to carry a 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) free-fall bomb load. Furthermore, the armoured protection of the 607:

minutes with a 250 kg (550 lb) bomb load, and its cruising speed was 250 km/h (160 mph). Richthofen pushed for a more powerful engine. According to the test pilots, the

750:

The wing was the most unusual feature. It consisted of a single centre section and two outer sections, each installed using four universal joints. The centre section had a large negative

699:. The cockpit was protected from the engine by a firewall ahead of the wing centre section where the fuel tanks were located. At the rear of the cockpit, the bulkhead was covered by a 715:. The frame structure was triangulated and emanated from the fuselage. The main frames were bolted onto the engine's top quarter. In turn, the frames were attached to the firewall by 4322: 3149:, the Ju 87s also played a significant role. On 21–22 May 1941, the Germans attempted to send in reinforcements to Crete by sea but lost 10 vessels to "Force D" under the command of 3282:. As the tide turned and Allied air power grew in the autumn of 1942, the Ju 87 became very vulnerable and losses were heavy. The entry of the Americans into North Africa with the 2881:

been lost between 8 and 18 August; and the myth of the Stuka shattered. The Ju 87s did succeed in sinking six warships, 14 merchant ships, badly damaging seven airfields and three

2173:

began on 9 April 1940 with the invasions of Norway and Denmark. Denmark capitulated within the day; Norway continued to resist with British and French help. The campaign was not a

3764:

In the final months of the war the ground attack groups were still able to impose operational constraints upon the enemy. Most notably the aircraft participated in the defence of

2191:. The Ju 87s were given the role of ground attack and anti-shipping missions; they proved to be the most effective weapon in the Luftwaffe's armoury carrying out the latter task. 1853:

therefore the bomb load was restricted to 250 kg (550 lb). These aircraft supported the Nationalist forces and carried out anti-shipping missions until they returned to

306:

in 1940. Though sturdy, accurate, and very effective against ground targets, the Stuka was, like many other dive bombers of the period, vulnerable to fighter aircraft. During the

3498:, the Ju 87s again rendered invaluable support. On 13 September, Stukas from StG 1 destroyed the rail network in the vicinity as well as inflicting heavy casualties on escaping 3400:

On 22 June 1941, the Wehrmacht commenced Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. The Luftwaffe order of battle of 22 June 1941 contained four dive bomber wings.

2797:'s III. Gruppe, Sturzkampfgeschwader 51 and Sturzkampfgeschwader 3's I. Gruppe were committed to the battle. As an anti-shipping weapon, the Ju 87 proved a potent weapon in the 1437: 3757:. The unit claimed 200 Soviet tanks and 150 Soviet aircraft destroyed for 41 losses. By 31 January 1945, only 104 Ju 87s remained operational with their units. The other mixed 1767:, a fighter pilot with operational and combat experience in ground attack, said that abandoning development would be premature, but 150 machines per month would be sufficient. 3709:, a role it had proved successful in when operating in the Mediterranean. In October 1943, this became evident again when StG 3 carried out several attacks against the Soviet 1311:

of 848 kg (1,870 lb). The D-4 was to be converted from D-3 airframes and, in place of the carrier-specific Ju 87C series designs, operated from the aircraft carrier

3753:, a mixed aircraft unit, which included large numbers of Stuka dive bombers, was rushed to the Finnish front in the summer of 1944 and was instrumental in halting the Soviet 4346: 1748: 4358: 4157:. The aircraft was stored and displayed at various RAF sites until 1978, when it was moved to the RAF Museum. In 1967, permission was given to use the aircraft in the film 3665:(attack wings). In the face of overwhelming air opposition, the dive-bomber required heavy protection from German fighters to counter Soviet fighters. Some units like SG 2 3311:

The dive bombers continued operations in southern Europe; after the Italian surrender in September 1943, the Ju 87 participated in the last campaign-sized victory over the

2410:. The town fell in the first week of May. In the remaining four weeks of the campaign in Norway, the Ju 87s supported German forces in containing the Allied land forces in 2216:, but the defenders did not surrender until after Oslo had been captured. As a result, the German naval operation failed. StG 1 caught the 735 ton Norwegian destroyer 885:

The concept of dive bombing became so popular among the leadership of the Luftwaffe that it became almost obligatory in new aircraft designs. Later bomber models like the

3761:

units contained a further 70 Ju 87s and Fw 190s between them. Chronic fuel shortages kept the Stukas grounded and sorties decreased until the end of the war in May 1945.

3502:

columns, for the loss of one Ju 87. On 23 September, Rudel (who was to become the most decorated serviceman in the Wehrmacht) of StG 2, helped sink the Soviet battleship

1290:

revealed it made possible a flight duration of 2 hours and 15 minutes. With an extra two 300 L (80 US gal) fuel tanks, it could achieve four hours flight time.

1275:

1,800 kg (4,000 lb) in the D-version (max. load for short ranges, overload condition), a typical bomb load ranged from 500–1,200 kg (1,100–2,600 lb).

1047: 575:

engine, which a year later was replaced by a Jumo 210 G (W.Nr. 19310). The testing went well, and the pilot, Flight Captain Hesselbach, praised its performance. However,

259:

victories of 1939–1942, as well as providing Stuka pilots with audible feedback as to speed. The Stuka's design included several innovations, including automatic pull-up

2821:. Six more were damaged. That afternoon, 33 Ju 87s delivered the single most deadly air assault on British territory in history, when 33 Ju 87s of III./StG 51, avoiding 616:

increased to 280 km/h (170 mph) at ground level and 290 km/h (180 mph) at 1,250 m (4,100 ft), while maintaining its good handling ability.

333:, the Stuka became an easy target for enemy fighters, but it continued being produced until 1944 for lack of a better replacement. By 1945 ground-attack versions of the 4393:

and Richard H. Kurzenberger. Langhurst's aircraft ended up with the Commemorative Air Force. Kurzenburger's was written off in a crash that killed the pilot in 2000.

1838:

harbour on the night of 1 August 1936, arriving in Cádiz five days later. The only known information pertaining to its combat career in Spain is that it was piloted by

579:, in charge of developing and testing new aircraft in the Technisches Amt, or Technical Service, told the Junkers representative and Construction Office chief engineer 497:

exempted the He 177A, Germany's only operational heavy bomber, in September 1942 from being given the task of such a mismatched mission profile for its large airframe.

2904:, closer to the area of the proposed invasion of Britain. On 13 September, the Luftwaffe targeted airfields again, with a small number of Ju 87s crossing the coast at 4334: 2865:

in Kent unhindered. The attack killed the station commander, destroyed 20 RAF aircraft on the ground and a great many of the airfield's buildings. Detling was not an

667:

parts wherever possible, preferring moulded and cast parts instead. Large airframe segments were interchangeable as a complete unit, which increased speed of repair.

612:

instruments were mixed together, and were not easy to read, especially in combat. Despite this, pilots praised the aircraft's handling qualities and strong airframe.

4175: 3009:

in Austria to be trained for dive-bombing aircraft. In the spring of 1940, between 72 and 108 Ju 87 B-1s, some of them ex-Luftwaffe aircraft, were delivered to 96°

11599: 10750: 10661: 1603:("Night revi") C12N. On some Ju 87s, the Revi 16D was exchanged for the Nachtrevi 16D. To help the pilot see his instrument panel, a violet light was installed. 1154: : W.Nr 0870028. Prototype of the Ju 87B, powered by a 1,000 PS (735 kW or 986 hp) Jumo 211A. Flown on 23 August 1937 (A-0 to B-0 conversion) 4789:(W.Nr.) means "works number" of the factory. The number can usually be found on the vertical stabiliser of all German military aircraft of the Second World War. 11295: 11156: 2851:

During August, the Ju 87s also had some success. On 13 August the opening of the main German attacks on airfields took place; it was known to the Luftwaffe as

2137:

with several auxiliaries. The Polish naval units trapped in the Baltic were destroyed by Ju 87 operations. Once again, enemy air opposition was light, and the

3636:

The Stuka was also heavily involved in Operation Citadel, the Kursk offensive. The Luftwaffe committed I, II, III./St.G 1 and III./StG 3 under the command of

2089:

had a few anti-shipping naval units such as 4.(St)/TrGr 186 to deal with Polish naval forces. This unit performed effectively, sinking the 1540-ton destroyer

2031:

The Ju 87s reverted to ground attack missions for the campaign after the opening air attacks. Ju 87s were involved in the controversial but effective attacks

3262:

in its two-year campaign in North Africa; its other main task was attacking Allied shipping. In 1941, Ju 87 operations in North Africa were dominated by the

2179:

of fast-moving armoured divisions supported by air power as the mountainous terrain ruled out close Panzer/Stuka cooperation. Instead, the Germans relied on

318: 1570:

radio. A great deal of confusion exists concerning the D-7. Its existence has been questioned, but the type is listed in Junkers company records and in the

490:

A—into having an airframe design (due to Udet examining its design details in November 1937) that could perform "medium angle" dive-bombing missions, until

3866:

operated captured aircraft postwar, five Ju 87 D-5s registrations OK-XAA – OK-XAE - OK-KAC. These were operated by the Czechs under the “B-37" designation.

1660:

in 1945. Photographic evidence exists of 16 NSGr 20 Ju 87s lining up to take-off in the woods circling the Lippe airfield, Germany while under attack from

1581:

A Stuka repair centre was set up at Wels-Lichtenegg. From May 1940 to November 1944, 746 were repaired and flight-tested there. In the winter 1943/44, the

10610: 9003: 2777:

losses were mainly due to ground fire. 120 machines, one-third of the Stuka force, were destroyed or damaged by all causes from 10 May to 25 June 1940.

2062: 4590:, the Jericho trumpets sound "is often used in movies and TV shows as the classic dive bomber sound, plane crashing sound, or for an anvil dropping on 3029:, Allied convoys in Mediterranean and in North Africa (where they took part in conquering Tobruk). They were used by the Regia Aeronautica up to 1942. 2967:

ordered the deployment of German forces to these theatres. Amongst the Luftwaffe contingent deployed was the command unit StG 3, which touched down in

242: 7502: 11072: 10940: 10818: 10794: 10760: 10372: 431:. After Plauth's death, Pohlmann continued the development of the Junkers dive bomber. The Ju A 48 registration D-ITOR, was originally fitted with a 536:

The Ju 87 V1, powered by a Rolls-Royce Kestrel V12 cylinder liquid-cooled engine, and with a twin tail, crashed on 24 January 1936 at Kleutsch near

11151: 10725: 10710: 10387: 10363: 9931: 9784: 8758: 1578:. There was no production "nacht stuka", and modifications could vary according to the sub-contractor and depending on what parts were available. 4153:

gun-pods, but these are not fitted. It was one of 12 captured German aircraft selected by the British for museum preservation and assigned to the

563:

The RLM was still not interested in the Ju 87 and was not impressed that it relied on a British engine. In late 1935, Junkers suggested fitting a

11116: 10670: 9606: 9459: 9313: 1068:

whistles on the fin to produce the noise after release. The trumpets were a suggestion from Udet, but some authors say the idea originated from

877:

occupied the Junkers factory at Dessau on 21 April 1945, they were both impressed at and interested in the medical flight tests with the Ju 87.

11226: 9956: 8533: 8508: 6840: 1716: 2047:

and I./StG 2 destroyed a Polish infantry division de-training there. Troop trains were also easy targets. StG 77 destroyed one such target at

310:

of 1940–1941, its lack of manoeuvrability, speed, or defensive armament meant that it required a heavy fighter escort to operate effectively.

7595:

Arthy, Andrew (October 2021). "Last Days of the Cannon Birds: Luftwaffe Junkers Ju 87G Anti-tank Operations, Eastern Front, April-May 1945".

3836: 3214:

with one hit. As the Battle of Crete drew to a close, the Allies began yet another withdrawal. On 23 May, the Royal Navy lost the destroyers

3339:

bases 500 kilometres (310 mi) away, the Ju 87 helped the German landing forces rapidly conquer the islands. On 5 October the minelayer

3175:, forced the remaining German ships to retreat. The Stukas were called upon to deal with the British naval threat. On 21 May, the destroyer 723:

mesh with dural sheets on both sides. All conduits passing through had to be arranged so that no harmful gases could penetrate the cockpit.

10412: 3005:

was equipped for a while with the Stukas. In 1939, the Italian government asked the RLM to supply 100 Ju 87s. Italian pilots were sent to

1995:

delayed their advance allowing the Poles to carry out repairs and destroy all but one of the bridges before the Germans could reach them.

4164:

the film to represent Stukas. In 1998, the film modifications were removed, and the aircraft returned to the original G-2 configuration.

3396:

The Eastern Front brought new challenges. A Ju 87 B-2 is fitted with ski undercarriage to cope with the winter weather, 22 December 1941.

1817: 972: 8429: 3583:) and two dive bomber groups belonging to StG 77. With air superiority, the Ju 87s operated with impunity. In the first 10 days of the 3538: 1308: 2848:

for remaining at his post despite being mortally wounded. Mantle may have been responsible for the single Ju 87 lost during the raid.

11270: 11255: 10863: 4370: 1885:. On 24 January 1939, a group of Stukas prevented the destruction of a bridge near Barcelona by strafing the demolition engineers on 1567: 663:

The Ju 87 was fitted with detachable hatches and removable coverings to aid and ease maintenance and overhaul. The designers avoided

3379:

was also sunk by Ju 87s before the capitulation of the Allied force. It proved to be the Stuka's final victory against the British.

2694:(1,564 and 1,567 tons) were sunk also. By 29 May, the Allies had lost 31 vessels sunk and 11 damaged. On 1 June the Ju 87s sank the 11609: 4219: 4188: 4087: 2044: 548:, was fitted to the fuselage. Other early additions included the installation of hydraulic dive brakes that were fitted under the 11419: 8996: 3503: 2924:

went out against another convoy; as no targets were found over the estuary, the Stukas attacked Dover, their alternative target.

1843: 644:, and the external coverings were made of duralumin sheeting. Parts that were required to be of strong construction, such as the 11389:

Note: Official RLM designations had the prefix "8-", but this was usually dropped and replaced with the manufacturer's prefix.

2951:

A Ju 87 B of 5/StG 2 is examined by British troops after making an emergency landing in the North African desert, December 1941.

2149: 1342:

In January 1943, a variety of Ju 87 Ds became "test beds" for the Ju 87 G variants. At the start of 1943, the coastal Luftwaffe

559:

The Stuka had inverted gull wings, as shown in this photograph. Also visible are the two separate sliding "hoods" of the canopy.

958: 920:

Formation of Ju 87 A dive-bombers, with the A's characteristic large wheel "trousers", each having one transverse bracing strut

731:

via a pump from the tanks to the engine. Should this shut down, it could be pumped manually using a hand-pump on the fuel cock

3741:

Towards the end of the war, as the Allies gained air supremacy, the Stuka was being replaced by ground-attack versions of the

1423: 11619: 11594: 8375: 8361: 8347: 8286: 8191: 8172: 8153: 8009: 7984: 7937: 7821: 7800: 7739: 7678: 7659: 7640: 7621: 2514: 1881:, but the Stuka was capable of landing on the beach without crashing. That was the only time a Stuka attacked the capital of 1313: 2318:

s survivors, was sunk in a later attack with the loss of 63 sailors. 49 officers and men, 13 soldiers and 33 survivors from

1115: 11584: 4692: 3575:

In early 1942, the Ju 87s gave the Heer yet more valuable support. On 29 December 1941, the Soviet 44th Army landed on the

3567: 3291:

but the Stuka could not. The Ju 87's vulnerability was demonstrated on 11 November 1942, when 15 Ju 87Ds were shot down by

1135:

The powerplant; a Jumo 211D installed in a Ju 87 B – the "Jericho Trumpet" siren housing is faired over on the maingear leg

3745:. By early 1944, the number of Ju 87 units and operational aircraft terminally declined. For the Soviet summer offensive, 2406:(1,146 tons). The Ju 87s then took to bombing the town and the airstrip to support the German forces under the command of 1652:

from July 1944, replacing their use of German trainers. The 3rd and 4th group served on the Eastern Front, the 8th in the

1562:("flame eliminators"). On 10 November 1943, the RLM GL/C-E2 Division finally authorised the design in directive No. 1117. 11545: 8835: 7426: 3803: 3653: 2684:(2,376 tons) was sunk having taken on 600 soldiers. The attacks brought the evacuation to a halt for a time. The ferries 2630: 2388: 1820:, a single Ju 87 A-0 (the V4 prototype) was allocated serial number 29-1 and was assigned to the VJ/88, the experimental 1278: 407: 17: 3698:

total. This was well below 50 per cent of the required strength. On 18 October 1943, StG 1, 2, 3, 5 and 77 were renamed

2618:) said that "never again was such a smoothly functioning system for discussing and planning joint operations achieved." 11589: 8989: 4591: 3901: 3392: 2743: 1657: 690: 4251:

Stukas when it was shot down. Today the wreck is a visiting site for many scuba divers, lying at a depth of 28 meters.

9016: 8322: 8267: 8248: 8229: 8210: 8134: 8112: 8093: 8074: 8055: 8036: 7956: 7918: 7878: 7859: 7840: 7777: 7758: 7720: 7701: 4270: 4192: 3749:, 12 Ju 87 groups and five mixed groups (including Fw 190s) were on the Luftwaffe's order of battle on 26 June 1944. 2861:(JG 26) were sent out in advance of the main strike and drew off RAF fighters, allowing 86 Ju 87s of StG 1 to attack 2578:

units. When resistance was organised, the Ju 87s could be vulnerable. For example, on 12 May, near Sedan, six French

2024: 1746:

After evaluating Ju 87 operations on the Eastern Front, Göring ordered production limited to 200 per month in total.

732: 3037:

send military aid to his ally. Before the Luftwaffe could intervene, the Italian Ju 87s achieved some successes. 97

2180: 1697: 995: : W.Nr 4922, registration D-IDQR. Flown on 25 February 1936. Flown again as registration D-UHUH on 4 June 1937 4687: 3958: 1770: 1508: 1456:

was copied to protect the crew from ground fire now that the Ju 87 would be required to conduct low level attacks.

1131: 746:

The RAF Museum's Ju 87, 2016, partially disassembled, showing the four attachment points for the outer wing section

742: 544:

tail design. To withstand strong forces during a dive, heavy plating, along with brackets riveted to the frame and

2749:

sank after a mass-attack. Further victories against shipping were claimed before nightfall on 1 June. The steamer

9012: 3997: 3855: 2434:

of I./StG 1 to silence the Oscarsborg fort, ensured even more attention was paid to pin-point bombing during the

2394:

In the following weeks, StG 1 continued their sea operations. Off Namsos on 5 May 1940, they caught and sank the

314: 2430:

The Ju 87 units had learned lessons from the Polish and Norwegian campaigns. The failures in Poland, and of the

1380:

Ju 87 V 21. Registration D-INRF. W.Nr 0870536. Airframe conversion from B-1 to D-1. First flown on 1 March 1941.

818:

Physical stress on the crew was severe. Human beings subjected to more than 5g in a seated position will suffer

770:

system from the pilot's control column. The rear gunner/radio operator operated one 7.92 mm (.312 in)

9853: 8422: 4004: 2928: 2599:, Ju 87 operations broke up counterattacks and offered pin-point aerial artillery support for German infantry. 1753: 1100:

A long range version of the Ju 87 B was also built, known as the Ju 87 R, the letter being an abbreviation for

9309: 3672: 3467:

occurred early at 03:40–03:47 in the morning of 22 June. While being escorted by Bf 109s from JG 51 to attack

11206: 10048: 4587: 4377: 4138: 4071: 3584: 3292: 1825: 1038: : Production version fitted with an improved 680 PS (500 kW or 670 hp) Jumo 210E engine. 447:

for dive testing. The aircraft was given a good evaluation and "exhibited very good flying characteristics".

3685:, which also reported the loss of 30 aircraft in combat operations. Despite these losses, Ju 87s helped the 1353:

G. Wolfgang Vorwald noted the experiments were not successful, and suggested the cannon be installed on the

1026: : Ten pre-production aircraft, powered by a 640 PS (471 kW or 632 hp) Jumo 210C engine. 961:. By mid-1938, 262 Ju 87 As had been produced, 192 from the Junkers factory in Dessau and a further 70 from 10402: 9877: 9868: 9863: 9685: 4291: 3828: 3464: 3112: 3108: 2939:

and Dover and night-bomber sorties made over the Channel. These attacks were resumed the following winter.

1637: 1201:

On 18 August 1937, the RLM decided to introduce the Ju 87 Tr(C). The Ju 87 C was intended to be a dive and

322: 11412: 11221: 10984: 10980: 10970: 10775: 10638: 10634: 10624: 10324: 10315: 10260: 10141: 9839: 9712: 3733:

decreed that no more ships were to pass within range of German aircraft without his personal permission.

3686: 3275: 3134: 2562:. It was here that most of the Ju 87-equipped units were concentrated. They assisted in the breakthrough 1689:(RM) for Ju 87 construction orders. The RLM paid another 243,646 RM for development orders. According to 1081: 11397: 9378: 8981: 11614: 11519: 11008: 10230: 10146: 10132: 10043: 10039: 9290: 8402: 4846: 4773: 4258:

in Berlin has the wreckage of two complete aircraft that were recovered from separate crash sites near

3961:- Purchased two aircraft from Germany for evaluation. Japan received the Ju 87 A-1 (called a Ju 87 K-1) 3773: 3754: 3271: 2994:

delivered six and three damaging near-misses but the ship's engines were untouched and she reached the

2964: 1715:. Junkers were able to supply 300 German workers to the Weserflug factory, and as an interim solution, 1467: 1459: 1295: 826: 427:. The main, and what was to be the most distinctive, feature of the Ju 87 was its double-spar inverted 10548: 3095: 2283: 2074:, the Ju 87 wings contributed to the defeat of well-entrenched and resolute Polish forces. IV(Stuka)./ 11604: 9978: 8415: 4285: 4117: 3908: 3863: 3246:

had been evacuating 1,100 soldiers to North Africa; 260 of them were killed and another 280 wounded.

2695: 2615: 2592: 2496: 2489: 1922: 1897:

well-coordinated fighter opposition; this lesson was learned later at great cost to the Stuka crews.

1661: 705: 295: 3126:. The Stukas inflicted severe damage on Allied shipping. On 22 April, the 1,389 ton destroyers 2213: 2199: 1998:

A Ju 87 achieved the first air victory during World War II on the morning of 1 September 1939, when

1471:

A technician servicing the 3.7 cm gun pod. The barrel can be seen near the left border of the photo.

1084:, including Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania. The B-2 also had an oil hydraulic system for closing the 10264: 4759: 4577:

1 × 250 kg (550 lb) bomb beneath the fuselage and 4× 50 kg (110 lb) under-wing.

4158: 3981: 2972: 2654: 1408:

of BK+EF. W.Nr 0870530. Also airframe conversion from B-1 to D-4 trop. First flown on 1 March 1941.

1085: 424: 134: 11250: 1727:

September 1942. This was not achievable due to the insufficient production capacity in the Reich.

1401:

of BK+EE. W.Nr 0870544. Also airframe conversion from B-1 to D-1/D-4. First flown on 1 March 1941.

1287: 11310: 10179: 9199: 4697: 4255: 4231: 3750: 3418: 2889: 2571: 2036: 1992: 1665: 1166: : W.Nr 4927. Flown on 16 February 1938 as D-IELZ. Flown again as WL-IELZ on 16 October 1939 462: 458: 2916:, for the loss of four Ju 87s. On 14 November 19 Stukas from III./St.G 1 with escort drawn from 2876:

Steady losses had occurred throughout their participation in the battle. On 18 August, known as

2170: 2040: 474:, feared that such high-level nerves and skill could not be expected of "average pilots" in the 372:" undercarriage. Pohlmann continued to carry on developing and adding to his ideas and those of 11428: 11405: 11201: 11147: 10595: 10533: 10493: 10488: 10449: 10421: 10397: 9996: 9991: 9983: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9556: 9392: 9285: 4640: 4094: 3524: 3312: 2794: 2596: 2588: 2563: 2508: 2422: 2067: 1723: 1322: 1080:

received B-2s and named them the "Picchiatello", while others went to the other members of the

576: 196: 86: 31: 3443: 2574:

alone flying 201 individual missions. The Ju 87s benefited from heavy fighter protection from

1411:

Ju 87 V 30, the only known prototype of the Ju 87 D-5. W.Nr 2296. First flown on 20 June 1943.

1394:

of PB+UB. W.Nr 0870542. Also airframe conversion from B-1 to D-1. First flown on 1 March 1941.

1387:

of SF+TY. W.Nr 0870540. Also airframe conversion from B-1 to D-1. First flown on 1 March 1941.

969:

near Bremen. The new, more powerful, Ju 87B model started to replace the Ju 87A at this time.

696: 351:

became the most successful Stuka pilot and the most highly decorated German pilot of the war.

263:

under both wings to ensure that the aircraft recovered from its attack dive even if the pilot

11496: 11464: 11057: 11023: 10994: 10755: 10680: 10416: 10197: 9692: 9262: 7896:]. Grande enciclopedia delle armi moderne (in Italian). Milano: Alberto Peruzzo Editore. 4841: 4675: 4655: 4645: 4154: 3769: 3694: 3196:

was sunk, with the loss of 45 officers and 648 ratings. The Ju 87s also crippled the cruiser

3128: 3099: 3070: 2995: 2546: 2455:, Belgium. The headquarters of the commander responsible for ordering the destruction of the 1972: 1800: 1528: 337:

had largely replaced the Ju 87, but it remained in service until the end of the war in 1945.

283: 10600: 7363: 2653:

was severely damaged by a Ju 87 attack within Dunkirk's harbour, and subsequently sank. The

2378:. The carriers mounted fighter patrols over the ships evacuating troops from Andalsnes. The 1861:

in January 1939, the Junkers Ju 87 returned to Spain. On the morning of 21 January 1939, 34

1706:

March 1942. The expansion of the Ju 88 production lines to compensate for the withdrawal of

1632:(Luftwaffe Command East) were given six and two respectively. In the first half of 1943, 12 1493: 1446: 533:, stated the only problem was with the small radiator, which caused the engine to overheat. 526:

September 1935. The aircraft was later given the registration D-UBYR. The flight report, by

482:

should have dive-bombing capabilities, which initially doomed the only dedicated, strategic

11339: 11290: 11265: 11161: 11126: 11047: 11018: 11013: 10915: 10908: 10903: 10656: 10647: 10642: 10629: 10620: 10543: 10329: 10320: 10285: 10127: 10117: 10092: 10053: 10035: 10026: 10021: 9726: 9721: 9717: 9502: 9383: 9203: 8910: 4130: 3613: 3592: 3251: 3204: 2987: 2932: 2584: 2575: 2534: 2395: 2266: 2000: 1479: 1354: 454: 386: 7457: 2217: 2032: 1805: 1558:(harassment squadrons). On 23 July 1942, Junkers offered the Ju 87 B-2, R-2 and R-4s with 8: 10685: 10082: 9488: 9071: 9066: 3811: 3746: 3316: 3208: 3190: 3074: 2927:

Bad weather resulted in a decline of anti-shipping operations, and before long the Ju 87

2893: 2866: 2841: 2689: 2528: 2195: 1858: 1645: 1507:

cannons were mounted in under-wing gun pods, each loaded with two six-round magazines of

1343: 1266: 833: 751: 564: 541: 510: 122: 7495:"Odnaleziono wrak bombowca sprzed 71 lat. W jego wnętrzu znajdowały się szczątki pilota" 4872: 4807: 2066:) alone dropped 388 tonnes (428 tons) of bombs during this battle. During the 1554:

at night to drop flares and fragmentation bombs, inspired the Luftwaffe to form its own

11563: 10334: 9872: 9858: 4483:

V-12 inverted liquid-cooled piston engine, 1,000 kW (1,400 hp) for take-off

4146: 3974: 3579:. The Luftwaffe was only able to dispatch meager reinforcements of four bomber groups ( 3368: 3328: 3320: 3288: 3228: 3086: 3080: 2986:. The Ju 87s first made their presence felt by subjecting the British aircraft carrier 2947: 2711: 2504: 2384: 2373: 2367: 2165: 1641: 874: 755: 530: 291: 287: 3323:

had been occupied by the British; the Luftwaffe committed 75 Stukas of StG 3 based in

3303:

By 1943, the Allies enjoyed air supremacy in North Africa. The Ju 87s ventured out in

2753:

was lost while carrying 1,500 Dutch soldiers most of whom were killed. The oil tanker

1907: 340:

Germany built an estimated 6,000 Ju 87s of all versions between 1936 and August 1944.

11280: 11196: 11181: 10847: 10585: 10305: 10207: 10202: 10170: 10155: 10011: 9969: 9960: 9373: 9364: 9257: 9036: 8371: 8357: 8343: 8318: 8301: 8282: 8263: 8244: 8225: 8206: 8187: 8168: 8149: 8130: 8108: 8089: 8070: 8051: 8032: 8015: 8005: 8001: 7980: 7952: 7933: 7914: 7897: 7874: 7855: 7836: 7817: 7796: 7773: 7754: 7735: 7716: 7697: 7690: 7674: 7655: 7636: 7617: 7600: 6834: 4878: 4568: 4564: 4352:

Deutsches Technikmuseum, with a veteran gunner speaking of his combat in North Africa

4026: 3931: 3742: 3658: 3555: 3374: 3362: 3215: 3183: 2960: 2858: 2727: 2647: 2622: 2540: 2473: 2276: 2250: 2090: 1866: 1686: 1673: 1669: 1475: 1271: 1262: 1077: 962: 947: 899: 819: 771: 763: 711:

The engine was mounted on two main support frames that were supported by two tubular

591: 590:

On 27 July 1936, Udet crashed the He 118 prototype, He 118 V1 D-UKYM. That same day,

486:

design to enter German front-line service during the war years—the 30-metre wingspan

376: 348: 334: 326: 307: 299: 279: 212: 128: 48: 7537: 4535:

1,535 km (954 mi, 829 nmi) at 5,100 m (16,730 ft) (maximum)

3644:

VIII. Rudel's cannon-equipped Ju 87 Gs had a devastating effect on Soviet armour at

2982:

was to attack British shipping passing between Sicily and Africa, in particular the

1981: 1963:

targeted the cables along the embankment, the electricity plant and signal boxes at

693: 587:, a rival design. Udet cancelled the order the next day, and development continued. 494: 11087: 10690: 10407: 9428: 9419: 9415: 9387: 9276: 9114: 9085: 8668: 4728: 4660: 4480: 3924: 3516:, which was struck by two 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) bombs. During this action, 3452: 3267: 3119: 3103: 2936: 2833: 2790: 2737: 2667: 2661: 2626: 2559: 2485: 2290: 2256: 2241:

was attacked on 17 April. Her stern was virtually destroyed but she limped back to

2235: 2071: 2020: 1846: 1536: 1261:

Despite the Stuka's vulnerability to enemy fighters having been exposed during the

957:. The only further significant difference between the A-1 and A-2 was the H-PA-III 687: 657: 572: 401:

came to power, the design was given priority. Despite initial competition from the

369: 365: 303: 231: 200: 102: 8122: 4230:, who originally planned for a rebuild to airworthy status, and later went to the 3122:. As the Allies withdrew and resistance collapsed, the Allies began evacuating to 2194:

On 9 April, the first Stukas took off at 10:59 from occupied airfields to destroy

11533: 11305: 11038: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10813: 10808: 10745: 10652: 10572: 10165: 10160: 10072: 10067: 10058: 10006: 10001: 9848: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9769: 9680: 9666: 9526: 7811: 4390: 4048: 4019: 3951: 3710: 3576: 3490:

and 500 vehicles. As the 1st and 2nd Panzer Groups forced bridgeheads across the

3356: 3343:

was sunk along with a patrol vessel, a steam ship and the auxiliary landing ship

3283: 3263: 3222: 3146: 2971:

in December 1940. In the next few days, two groups—80 Stukas—were deployed under

2956: 2877: 2822: 2802: 2786: 2507:

and Dutch gold reserves through the country's ports. Ju 87s sank the Dutch ships

2391:, that carrier operations were no longer practical under the current conditions. 2345:

also had an operational effect, even when little damage was done. On 1 May 1940,

2096: 2079: 2057: 2052: 1944: 1870: 1787:

aircraft works was destroyed on 30 May 1944, and the site abandoned Ju 87 links.

1544: 1516: 1441: 1363: 837: 716: 645: 580: 522: 402: 330: 272: 71: 4214:

One aircraft is being restored to airworthy condition from two wrecks, owned by

11506: 11501: 11474: 11459: 11454: 11357: 11353: 11349: 11329: 11325: 11300: 11285: 11275: 11260: 11240: 11216: 11211: 11176: 11171: 11142: 11101: 11092: 11052: 10975: 10960: 10950: 10930: 10789: 10779: 10770: 10735: 10720: 10705: 10675: 10567: 10382: 10368: 10358: 10353: 10343: 10192: 10183: 10136: 10122: 10112: 10030: 10016: 9779: 9774: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9731: 9650: 9641: 9636: 9631: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8768: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8718: 4630: 4613: 4608: 4041: 3850: 3520: 3468: 3176: 3164: 3153: 2913: 2845: 2636: 2611: 2606: 2566:, the critical and first major land battle of the war on French territory. The 2212:. The 22 Ju 87s had helped suppress the Norwegian defenders during the ensuing 1889:. During the attack the Republican ground defenders, equipped with a quadruple 1862: 1763:

decided continued development would "hardly bring any further tactical value".

1548: 1357:. Testing continued, and on 31 January 1943, Ju 87 D-1 W.Nr 2552 was tested by 1300: 1214: 1202: 890: 728: 584: 555: 514: 487: 325:

war, where it was used for general ground support, as an effective specialised

250: 8396: 7911:

Stopped at Stalingrad: The Luftwaffe and Hitler's Defeat in the East 1942–1943

7563: 4266:, who originally planned for the remains to be restored to airworthy, in 1996. 2844:

continued to fire on the Stukas as the ship sank. He was awarded a posthumous

660:. Bolts and parts that were required to take heavy stress were made of steel. 11578: 11449: 11097: 10955: 10765: 10444: 10440: 10295: 10280: 10174: 9676: 9671: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9517: 9512: 9497: 9468: 9450: 9441: 9432: 9423: 9410: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9369: 9355: 9350: 9346: 9341: 9332: 9327: 9323: 9304: 9300: 9295: 9280: 9248: 9172: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9081: 9076: 9051: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8723: 8713: 8708: 8698: 8678: 8658: 8305: 8019: 7901: 7604: 4851: 4803: 4650: 4064: 3938:

received a delivery of 46 Ju 87 D-2 and D-3 dive bombers and some Ju 87 R-2s.

3426: 3197: 3170: 3157: 3046: 2983: 2897: 2826: 2717: 2481: 2275:

fired 1,000 rounds, but failed to shoot down any of her attackers. The sloop

2246: 2184: 2122: 2009: 1886: 1813: 1764: 1707: 1540: 1497: 1450: 1064: 886: 812: 802:

When the aircraft was reasonably close to the target, a light on the contact

656:

alloy containing titanium as a hardening element) and its components made of

608: 595: 479: 238: 208: 10339: 9090: 3091:

became victims. The former was crippled and later sunk by Italian warships.

2060:

which resulted in the breaking of Polish resistance. The dive bomber wings (

1414:

Ju 87 V 26-28, Ju 87 V 31, and V 42-47 were experiments of unknown variants.

766:

fitted one in each wing outboard of undercarriage, operated by a mechanical

11344: 11315: 11245: 11235: 11230: 11106: 10799: 10581: 10552: 10523: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10425: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10107: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9707: 9697: 9318: 9252: 9228: 9223: 9109: 8804: 8799: 8763: 8673: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8503: 8498: 8488: 4665: 4274: 4126: 3879: 3730: 3713:. On 6 October 1943 the most powerful flotilla in the fleet comprising the 3637: 3435: 3296: 3259: 3255: 3150: 2909: 2901: 2579: 2477: 2460: 2456: 2407: 2361: 2349: 2346: 2263: 2153: 1986: 1948: 1931: 1854: 1760: 1622: 1611: 1591: 1440:

caused Junkers to adapt the existing design to combat this new threat. The

1210: 1206: 1069: 1057: 954: 916: 637: 549: 483: 471: 411:(RLM/German aviation ministry) turned to the designs of Herman Pohlmann of 380: 237:. Upon the leading edges of its faired main gear legs were mounted ram-air 234: 220: 8127:

Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two

7995: 4529:

319 km/h (198 mph, 172 kn) at 5,100 m (16,700 ft)

4523:

410 km/h (255 mph, 222 kn) at 4,100 m (13,500 ft)

4007:- Operated 6 Ju 87 D-1s and 5 more Ju 87s of an unknown variant from 1943. 2885:

radar stations, and destroying 49 British aircraft, mainly on the ground.

953:

The Ju 87 A-2 was retrofitted with the Jumo 210Da fitted with a two-stage

708:

and each compartment had its own "sliding hood" for the two crew members.

203:, it first flew in 1935. The Ju 87 made its combat debut in 1937 with the 11427: 11191: 11077: 10823: 10576: 10557: 10062: 9702: 9626: 9621: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9531: 9522: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9464: 9455: 9446: 9336: 9238: 9233: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9189: 9176: 9167: 9056: 9011: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8703: 8663: 8493: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 7813:

Air Power at the Battlefront: Allied Close Air Support in Europe, 1943–45

4799: 4635: 4401: 4262:

in 1990 and 1994. These wrecks were purchased from New Zealand collector

3690: 3617: 2862: 2524: 2188: 2118: 2102: 1956: 1874: 1303:

on a PVC 1006 B rack—this setup would have had the capacity to carry the

841: 453:

took an immediate liking to the concept of dive-bombing after flying the

416: 216: 192: 67: 1849:

in 1937. Presumably the aircraft was then secretly returned to Germany.

1431:" with its twin Bordkanone 3.7 cm (1.46 in) underwing gun pods 754:(anhedral) and the outer surfaces a positive dihedral. This created the 11320: 10562: 10212: 9493: 4263: 4227: 4215: 2882: 2798: 2500: 2452: 2435: 2353: 2242: 2175: 1955:. To do this, Ju 87s were ordered to perform a low-level attack on the 1911: 829: 767: 686:

The fuselage had an oval cross-section and housed, in most examples, a

630: 450: 444: 440: 390: 313:

After the Battle of Britain, the Luftwaffe deployed Stuka units in the

260: 255: 246: 3608:

making it the largest and most powerful air command in the world. The

2680:(363 and 290 tons) disintegrated under bombardment. The merchant ship 640:

and could carry a two-person crew. The main construction material was

470:

Command Office Walther Wever, and the Secretary of State for Aviation

286:

roles at the outbreak of World War II. It led air assaults during the

11334: 9437: 9118: 8778: 8773: 8368:

Fronteinsätze eines Stuka-Fliegers: Mittelmeer und Ostfront 1943/1944

4625: 4290:

Junkers Ju 87 B-2, Code 98+01, Werk Nr. 870406, is on display at the

4246:

Other aircraft survive as wreckage at or recovered from crash sites:

3886: 3706: 3632:

A wrecked Ju-87 and the corpse of its pilot near Leningrad, June 1943

3600: 3513: 3509: 3347:. On 24 October Ju 87s sank the landing craft LCT-115 and cargo ship 2757:

was also destroyed. A flotilla of French minesweepers were also lost—

2742:, commissioned for just three weeks, was sunk and in the evening the 2705: 2520: 2443: 2223: 2209: 1952: 1882: 1878: 1735: 1712: 1532: 1359: 1326:

A pair of Ju 87Ds following a landing with air brakes still deployed.

1218:

the Weserflug Company's Lemwerder plant between April and July 1940.

1105: 966: 803: 653: 641: 633: 567:

inverted V-12 engine, with the final variant to be equipped with the

428: 420: 227: 204: 114: 8296:

Willigenburg, Henk van (March–April 2001). "Graft Zeppelin Afloat".

4129:

in 1970 wearing inaccurate wing code W8-A, with "W8" belonging to a

3705:

A few Ju 87s were also retained for anti-shipping operations in the

2931:

began re-deploying to Poland, as part of the concealed build-up for

2801:. On 4 July 1940, StG 2 made a successful attack on a convoy in the 1051:

Junkers Ju 87 B parked at Schiphol airport in the Netherlands, 1940.

786: 436: 290:

in September 1939. Stukas proved critical to the rapid conquest of

9181: 8407: 8260:

Junkers Ju 87 Stukageschwader of North Africa and the Mediterranean

4295: 4259: 3649: 3640:. I., II, III. of StGs 2 and 3 were committed under the command of 3499: 2853: 2048: 2017: 2005: 1964: 1890: 1731: 1586: 1221:

Among the "special" equipment of the Ju 87 C was a two-seat rubber

1148: : W.Nr 0870027. Flown on 14 June 1937 (A-0 to B-0 conversion) 739:

significant force on the control column and taking manual control.

720: 672: 568: 545: 518: 8398:

Test flight and combat debut of the "Kanonenvogel" – wartime video

8315:

The Narrow Margin: The Battle of Britain and the Rise of Air Power

7614:

Bagration to Berlin – The Final Air Battles in the East: 1944–1945

4280:

In October 2006, a Ju 87 D-3/Trop. was recovered underwater, near

1172:: W.Nr 0870321. Registration D-IGDK. Destroyed in a crash in 1942. 11111: 11033: 11028: 10453: 10435: 10430: 10290: 10226: 10221: 9360: 8789: 8438: 4969: 4967: 4670: 4505: 4456: 4142: 3491: 3279: 3139: 2464: 2110: 1940: 1835: 1830: 1649: 1551: 1483: 1367: 1120: 930: 926: 807: 680: 664: 537: 513:

engine. Ten engines were ordered by Junkers on 19 April 1934 for

432: 412: 268: 91: 7732:

Dornier Do 17 – The Yugoslav Story: Operational Record 1937–1947

7501:(in Polish). Grupa Onet.pl S.A. 12 November 2015. Archived from 3098:. A furious Hitler ordered the attack to be expanded to include 1812:

Among the many German aircraft designs that participated in the

1717:

Soviet prisoners of war and Soviet civilians deported to Germany

778:

swung down clear of the propeller on crutches prior to release.

9266: 7772:. Black Cross. Vol. V. Bonn: Bernard & Graefe Verlag. 7564:"Behind the spectacular sound of 'Dunkirk' - with Richard King" 7315: 5264: 4312: 4281: 4222:. The project takes its identification from Ju 87 R-4 Werk Nr. 3765: 3487: 3486:

s effectiveness occurred on 5 July, when StG 77 knocked out 18

3332: 3324: 2968: 2905: 2519:(1,520 tons) as they provided close-shore artillery support at 2411: 1653: 1501: 1222: 854: 853:

Extensive tests were carried out by the Junkers works at their

700: 649: 373: 344: 7405: 7099: 6991: 4964: 4492:

1,050 kW (1,410 hp) at 4,300 m (14,100 ft)

2555:

was later beached and scuttled after an air attack on 19 May.

321:

and the Mediterranean theatres and in the early stages of the

11539: 4740: 4014: 3645: 3476: 3352: 3123: 3054: 3026: 2921: 2917: 2733: 2013: 1968: 1960: 1930:

On 1 September 1939, the Wehrmacht invaded Poland, beginning

1690: 1487: 1063:

The B-1 was also fitted with "Jericho trumpets", essentially

796: 712: 398: 264: 7713:

The Most Dangerous Enemy: A History of the Battle of Britain

5966: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5956: 3814:- Bulgaria received 12 Ju 87 R-2 and R-4s and 40 Ju 87 D-5s. 1873:

pilot, Francisco Alférez Jiménez, claimed it destroyed near

8354:

Bomber Units of the Luftwaffe 1933–1945: A Reference Source

8340:

Bomber Units of the Luftwaffe 1933–1945: A Reference Source

8067:

To Win the Winter Sky: Air War over the Ardennes, 1944–1945

5718: 5716: 5714: 4746: 4298:. The parts of three others have been found (S2+?? ; H4+?? 3588: 3495: 3446:, operating from Norway's Arctic Circle, were allotted IV. 3266:, which lasted for over seven months. It served during the 3061:

was sunk later in the day. On 21 April the Greek freighter

3006: 2205: 2075: 1784: 762:

The offensive armament was two 7.92 mm (.312 in)

7303: 7123: 7111: 7051: 7015: 7003: 6895: 6566: 6564: 4074:

tested various captured variants during and after the war.

4051:

tested various captured variants during and after the war.

3736: 3729:

were caught and sunk by dive-bombing. After the disaster,

2825:(RAF) interception, sank the 5,500 ton anti-aircraft ship 1979:("chain" or flight of three) of Ju 87s of 3./StG 1 led by 1299:

which could carry a 750–905 kg (1,653–1,995 lb)

836:(the captured enemy aircraft Flight), tested the Ju 87 at 7267: 7075: 7063: 7039: 7027: 6979: 6955: 6943: 6931: 6919: 6907: 6034: 6022: 5953: 5789: 4137:

A later, ground-attack variant, this is displayed at the

3661:

F and G (ground attack versions) and began to be renamed

3336: 3138:

were sunk. In the next two days, the Greek naval base at

2039:

in the Polish Army magnified the impact of the Ju 87. At

1865:, along with some escorts and three Ju 87B, attacked the 505:

The design of the Ju 87 had begun in 1933 as part of the

393:; proponent of the dive-bomber and the Ju 87 (1928 photo) 8146:

Ju 87 Stuka: Luftwaffe Ju 87 Dive-Bomber Units 1939–1941

7671:

Stalingrad – The Air Battle: November 1942–February 1943

6660: 6658: 5711: 4822: 4106:

Two intact Ju 87s survive, with a third being restored:

3911:- received 33/34 Ju 87 D-3/D-5s and 11/12 B-1 and B-2s. 3537:

were also sunk. The Stukas also crippled the battleship

1722:

By 17 August 1942, production had climbed rapidly after

1648:. NSGr 7 operated in "anti-partisan" role from bases in 6561: 6012: 6010: 6008: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5943: 5941: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5654: 2492:, Ju 87s effectively neutralised artillery and armour. 2484:. In pitched battles against French armoured forces at 2078:

was particularly effective in destroying the fortified

2056:

Poles surrendered. The Stukas also participated in the

1730:

The RLM considered setting up production facilities in

1711:

workers had been called up for military service in the

1307:

LT 850, the German version of the well-proven Japanese

683:

and high acceleration during "pull-out" from the dive.

624: 329:

and in an anti-shipping role. Once the Luftwaffe lost

8129:(3rd ed.). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. 7795:] (in Catalan). Barcelona: Rafael Dalmau, Editor. 7440: 7438: 7436: 7434: 7327: 7291: 7279: 6967: 6371: 6369: 6293: 6291: 6249: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5748: 5746: 5733: 5731: 5605: 5603: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5542: 5332: 5330: 5305: 5303: 5195: 5193: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5141: 4340:

Ju 87 wreck, Sinsheim Auto & Technik Museum (2008)

4273:

displays the remains of an aircraft that crashed near

11517: 8222:

Hitler's Stuka Squadrons: The Ju 87 at War, 1936–1945

6655: 6356: 6354: 6339: 6174: 6172: 6046: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5677: 5675: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5532: 5530: 5517: 5515: 5439: 5437: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5347: 5345: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5220: 4911: 4743: 4734: 4567:

forward firing, 1 × 7.92 mm (0.31 in) twin

4234:

in Berlin. Parts from a second airframe, a Ju 87 R-2

4183:

at the Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago (2014)

3604:, the Luftwaffe had concentrated 1,800 aircraft into 3554:

Elsewhere on the Eastern front, the Junkers assisted

3361:

was put out of action for a year. The light cruisers

2942: 2793:'s IV.(St), Sturzkampfgeschwader 1's III. Gruppe and 2625:, many Allied ships were lost to Ju 87 attacks while 2438:

period. This was to pay off in the Western campaign.

2307:

s forward magazine was hit, killing 108 of the crew.

521:

and sixpence. The first Ju 87 prototype was built by

6133: 6005: 5993: 5976: 5938: 5801: 5651: 5478: 5476: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4737: 4328:

Ju 87 underwater wreck, Adriatic sea, Croatia (2021)

2141:(Stuka force) lost 31 aircraft during the campaign. 226:

The aircraft is easily recognisable by its inverted

7431: 7398: 6366: 6288: 6063: 6061: 5758: 5743: 5728: 5615: 5600: 5588: 5571: 5422: 5327: 5300: 5288: 5276: 5190: 5161: 5138: 5080: 5078: 4731: 4620:

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

3065:was sunk and they accounted for the British tanker 2300:1 on 3 May 1940 during the evacuation from Namsos. 8279:Junkers Ju 87 Stukageschwader of the Russian Front 7689: 6351: 6266: 6264: 6169: 5837: 5699: 5687: 5672: 5639: 5554: 5527: 5512: 5500: 5449: 5434: 5357: 5342: 5217: 4364:The Ju 87 at the Hellenic Air Force Museum, Greece 2356:expedition of seven destroyers, the heavy cruiser 8050:. Maxwell AFB, AL: Air Power Research Institute. 5473: 4923: 4894: 3676:Ju 87 Ds over the Eastern Front, 22 December 1943 1828:. The aircraft was secretly loaded onto the ship 1656:and the 9th in Italy. NSGr 20 fought against the 1509:armour-piercing tungsten carbide-cored ammunition 832:, a British test pilot and Commanding Officer of 423:were introduced to give the rear gunner a better 11576: 8356:, Volume 2. London: Ian Allan Publishing, 2007. 8342:, Volume 1. London: Ian Allan Publishing, 2007. 8200: 7970:. London and New York: Frederick Warne & Co. 7392: 7321: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6058: 5075: 4141:in London; it was captured by British forces at 3562: 2570:flew 300 sorties against French positions, with 2503:in concert with the British were evacuating the 1741: 1349:tested this combination from a static position. 278:The Ju 87 operated with considerable success in 11376:Assigned, but not used before RLM was dissolved 7633:Barbarossa – The Air Battle: July–December 1941 7357: 7355: 6261: 4277:in 1944 and was raised from the seabed in 1989. 2789:included bomber wings equipped with the Ju 87. 2417: 1583:Metal Works Lower Saxony Brinckmann und Mergell 1242:of TK+HD). W.Nr 4928. First flown 17 March 1938 11600:World War II ground attack aircraft of Germany 9013:Reich Air Ministry (RLM) aircraft designations 6239: 6237: 6235: 3373:were badly damaged by StG 3 and the destroyer 2558:The Ju 87 units were also instrumental in the 2495:The Ju 87s also assisted German forces in the 1576:Oberbefehlshaber der Luftwaffe Technisches Amt 840:. He said of the Stuka, "I had flown a lot of 466:and pulling out of the dive. The chief of the 11413: 8997: 8423: 8181: 7997:Hitler's Eagles : The Luftwaffe, 1933–45 7979:. Translated by Weal, John. Frontline Books. 7868: 7786: 7748: 6588: 6103: 6091: 6079: 5321: 5270: 4973: 3207:fighter bombers) while sinking the destroyer 3203:that morning, (she was later finished off by 2204:, which disrupted the amphibious landings in 2105:(both moored in a harbour). The torpedo boat 989: : W.Nr 4921. Flown on 17 September 1935 950:missions were conducted without the gunner). 509:. The Ju 87 was to be powered by the British 8352:de Zeng, H.L., D.G. Stanket and E.J. Creek. 8338:de Zeng, H.L., D.G. Stanket and E.J. Creek. 8312: 8295: 8182:Thompson, Steve J.; Smith, Peter C. (2008). 8048:Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe 1935–1945 7352: 6613: 4396: 2604: 2334:(466 tons). On 15 May, the Polish troopship 1926:Ju 87 Bs over Poland, September/October 1939 1522: 1282:Ju 87Ds, Soviet Union, January/February 1943 1252:of TV+OV. W.Nr 4929. First flown 12 May 1938 1160: : W.Nr 4926. Flown on 11 November 1937 1060:, the Luftwaffe had 336 Ju 87 B-1s on hand. 820:vision impairment in the form of a grey veil 30:"Stuka" redirects here. For other uses, see 8165:The Junkers Ju 87 Stuka: A Complete History 7932:. Vol. II. London: Chevron/Ian Allan. 7729: 7364:"Kennzeichen ab 1939 - Verbandskennzeichen" 6712: 6232: 4547:5,000 m (16,400 ft) in 20 minutes 3475:Karl Führing of StG 77 was shot down by an 2785:For the Battle of Britain, the Luftwaffe's 2476:. The Ju 87 proved to be a useful asset to 1818:German involvement in the Spanish Civil War 1088:. This continued in all the later designs. 946:(550 lb) weapons (although during the 719:. The firewall itself was constructed from 419:. During the trials with the K 47 in 1932, 27:1935 dive bomber aircraft family by Junkers 11420: 11406: 9004: 8990: 8430: 8416: 8385:. München, Germany: Curt Pechstein Verlag. 8370:(in German). Berlin: Helios Verlag, 2009. 7869:Griehl, Manfred; Dressel, Joachim (1998). 7749:Dressel, Joachim; Griehl, Manfred (1994). 7668: 7649: 7630: 7129: 7117: 7105: 7081: 7069: 7057: 7045: 7033: 7021: 7009: 6997: 6985: 6961: 6949: 6937: 6925: 6913: 6901: 6839:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6820: 4798:a feature pioneered by the 1916–17 origin 4187:This aircraft is displayed in the Chicago 3839:Croatia received Ju 87s, delivered to the 3794: 3623: 3096:pro-German Yugoslav government was toppled 2660:was crippled by bomb damage the same day. 2451:helped swiftly neutralise the fortress of 1482:, each one in a self-contained under-wing 1438:huge numbers of well-armoured Soviet tanks 1013: : W.Nr 4925. Flown on 14 August 1936 7835:(2nd ed.). New York: Galahad Books. 7809: 7611: 7458:"Croatia: Stuka Bomber Wreck | X-Ray Mag" 7273: 7261: 7249: 7237: 7225: 7177: 7165: 7153: 4311:found in the village Krościenko Wyżne in 4220:Flying Heritage & Combat Armor Museum 3819: 3408:, II. and III./StG 1. Also included were 3182:was sunk and the next day the battleship 2635:was sunk on 21 May 1940, followed by the 2533:was crippled, beached and scuttled while 2245:with 33 dead and 38 wounded crewmen. The 1463:Hans-Ulrich Rudel's Ju 87 G-1 in May 1944 1001: : W.Nr 4923. Flown on 27 March 1936 848: 629:The Ju 87 was a single-engined all-metal 7965: 7930:Luftwaffe at War; Blitzkrieg in the West 7913:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 7561: 6821:Ring, Hans; Shores, Christopher (1968), 4467:3,900 kg (8,598 lb) (equipped) 4400: 4174: 4116: 3671: 3627: 3566: 3391: 3156:. The force, consisting of the cruisers 2946: 2467:(14 km/ mi to the north). The 2447:(Case Yellow) began on 10 May 1940, the 2421: 2249:squadron consisting of the sister ships 2148: 1921: 1799: 1769: 1696: 1466: 1458: 1422: 1321: 1277: 1130: 1114: 1046: 1007: : W.Nr 4924. Flown on 20 June 1936 971: 915: 785: 741: 554: 385: 7908: 7887: 7854:. London/Stuttgart: Airlife/Motorbuch. 7789:La guerra aèria a Catalunya (1936–1939) 7767: 7538:"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage" 7093: 6664: 5428: 5416: 5309: 5294: 5282: 5211: 5199: 5172: 5155: 4985: 3837:Zrakoplovstvo Nezavisne Države Hrvatske 3737:Operation Bagration to Berlin 1944–1945 3057:on 4 April 1941 while the torpedo boat 2726:was later badly damaged and along with 2198:, after the loss of the German cruiser 1478:, a Stuka ace, had suggested using two 14: 11577: 8281:. Combat Aircraft 74. Oxford: Osprey. 8121: 8064: 8045: 8026: 7974: 7927: 7849: 7787:Gesalí, David; Íñiguez, David (2012). 7710: 7529: 7333: 7309: 7297: 7285: 7141: 6973: 6543: 6483: 6435: 6405: 6202: 6052: 6040: 6028: 6016: 5987: 5970: 5947: 5884: 5872: 5860: 5831: 5807: 5795: 5783: 5771: 5752: 5737: 5722: 5705: 5693: 5681: 5666: 5645: 5633: 5621: 5609: 5594: 5582: 5565: 5548: 5536: 5521: 5506: 5494: 5467: 5455: 5443: 5404: 5392: 5380: 5368: 5351: 5336: 5246: 5234: 5132: 5120: 5108: 5096: 5069: 5033: 5009: 4997: 4958: 4946: 4934: 4917: 4905: 4828: 3689:break out of an encirclement near the 3551:in exchange for two Ju 87s shot down. 2836:, killing 176 of its 298 crew. One of 2716:was crippled before being scuttled by 2672:were badly damaged while the trawlers 2642:on 28 May. The French Channel-steamer 1790: 1480:37 mm (1.46 in) Flak 18 guns 675:, reducing take-off and landing runs. 11401: 8985: 8411: 8380: 8313:Wood, Derek; Dempster, Derek (2003). 8262:. Combat Aircraft 6. Oxford: Osprey. 8243:. Combat Aircraft 1. Oxford: Osprey. 8241:Junkers Ju 87 Stukageschwader 1937–41 8162: 8143: 8083: 7993: 7830: 7730:Ciglic, Boris; Savic, Dragan (2007). 7687: 7594: 7523: 7481: 7444: 7380: 7213: 6889: 6688: 6601: 6471: 6447: 6423: 6411: 6375: 6345: 6309: 6297: 6282: 6226: 6214: 6190: 6163: 5999: 5932: 5920: 5908: 5848: 5819: 5482: 5184: 4802:all-metal sesquiplane of World War I 4758: 4581: 4434:11.5 m (37 ft 8.75 in) 4389:Replicas at 7/10 scale were built by 4101: 3120:little air opposition was encountered 1943:, that linked Eastern Germany to the 11546: 8437: 8276: 8257: 8238: 8219: 8102: 7946: 7894:The Aircraft of the Second World War 7562:Andersen, Asbjoern (2 August 2017). 7535: 7201: 7189: 6877: 6865: 6853: 6808: 6796: 6784: 6772: 6760: 6748: 6736: 6724: 6700: 6676: 6649: 6637: 6625: 6582: 6570: 6555: 6531: 6519: 6507: 6495: 6459: 6399: 6387: 6360: 6333: 6321: 6270: 6255: 6243: 6178: 6151: 6139: 6127: 6115: 6067: 5896: 5258: 5084: 5057: 5045: 5021: 4693:List of military aircraft of Germany 4452:31.9 m (343.37 sq ft) 4446:3.9 m (12 ft 9.25 in) 4440:13.8 m (45 ft 3.5 in) 3335:), to recover the islands. With the 2780: 2627:evacuating British and French troops 1959:Garrison headquarters. II. and III./ 1936:Generalquartiermeister der Luftwaffe 1804:Condor Legion's Junkers Ju 87A with 1795: 1774:Two Junkers Ju 87 Ds near completion 625:Basic design (based on the B series) 443:). The machine was also fitted with 3387: 2984:convoys aimed at re-supplying Malta 2773:and disorganised, and as a result, 2414:until they withdrew in early June. 1900: 1842:Herman Beuer, and took part in the 1606:On 15 November 1942, the Auxiliary 1032: : Initial production version. 781: 223:from beginning to end (1939–1945). 24: 8332: 7890:Gli aerei della 2a guerra mondiale 7696:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 7368:Das Archiv der Deutschen Luftwaffe 4271:Sinsheim Auto & Technik Museum 3612:strength stood at 151. During the 3355:. On 31 October the light cruiser 3069:off Tobruk on 25 May and then the 2943:North Africa and the Mediterranean 1658:Western Allied invasion of Germany 1238:: Registration D-IHFH (changed to 727:warning light in the cockpit. The 25: 11631: 8390: 8105:Luftkampf zwischen Sand und Sonne 7652:Kursk – The Air Battle: July 1943 6823:Luftkampf zwischen Sand und Sonne 3598:For the German summer offensive, 3142:lost 23 vessels to Stuka attack. 2955:After the Italian defeats in the 2892:moved up from their bases around 1701:A Ju 87D during wing installation 756:inverted gull, or "cranked", wing 11555: 11527: 8148:. Vol. I. London: Classic. 7968:The Observer's Book Of Airplanes 7555: 7517: 7487: 7475: 7450: 7420: 7386: 7374: 7361: 7339: 7255: 7243: 7231: 7219: 7207: 7195: 7183: 7171: 7159: 7147: 7135: 7087: 6883: 6871: 6859: 6847: 6814: 6802: 6790: 6778: 6766: 6754: 6742: 6730: 6718: 6706: 6694: 6682: 6670: 6643: 6631: 6619: 6607: 6576: 6549: 6537: 6525: 6513: 6501: 6489: 6477: 6465: 6453: 6441: 6429: 6417: 6393: 6381: 6327: 6315: 6303: 6276: 6220: 6208: 6196: 6184: 6157: 6145: 4727: 4688:List of aircraft of World War II 4563:2 × 7.92 mm (0.31 in) 4369: 4357: 4345: 4333: 4321: 4238:857509 which served bearing the 4198:One Ju 87 is under restoration: 4080: 4057: 4034: 4013: 3990: 3967: 3959:Imperial Japanese Army Air Force 3944: 3917: 3894: 3872: 3849: 3821: 3796: 3654:Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 3382: 3118:In Greece, despite British aid, 3079:on 20 June. The British gunboat 2463:was stationed in the village of 2226:and hit her in the engine room. 2129:(183 tons) and its sister ships 1668:. The unit operated against the 1572:Der Reichsminister der Luftfahrt 1496:, both designs using the large, 880: 364:The Ju 87's principal designer, 47: 11610:Single-engined tractor aircraft 8383:Deutsche Flugzeug Konstrukteure 8201:Vanags-Baginskis, Alex (1982). 7588: 6121: 6109: 6097: 6085: 6073: 5926: 5914: 5902: 5890: 5878: 5866: 5854: 5825: 5813: 5777: 5627: 5488: 5461: 5410: 5398: 5386: 5374: 5315: 5252: 5240: 5205: 5178: 5126: 5114: 5102: 5090: 5063: 5051: 5039: 5027: 5015: 5003: 4991: 4979: 4952: 4792: 4780: 3249:The dive bomber wing supported 2016:"Immelmann" shot down a Polish 1527:The Ju 87 had been used in the 976:The Ju 87 V4 prototype in 1936. 359: 11431:bomber designations, 1945–1958 4940: 4877:Wörterbuch Deutsch-Englisch – 4865: 4834: 4720: 4710: 4473:6,600 kg (14,550 lb) 4189:Museum of Science and Industry 3433:, I., II. and III. of StG 77. 3331:(II.StG 3; from 17 October on 2311:, which had taken off some of 1541:harassing German ground forces 601: 354: 13: 1: 11379:Assigned to captured aircraft 8107:. Motorbuchverlag Stuttgart. 8029:Axis Aircraft of World War II 7949:Stuka Pilot Hans Ulrich Rudel 7673:. London: Chevron/Ian Allan. 7669:Bergström, Christer (2007c). 7654:. London: Chevron/Ian Allan. 7650:Bergström, Christer (2007b). 7635:. London: Chevron/Ian Allan. 7631:Bergström, Christer (2007a). 7427:Flying Heritage Stuka Project 4816: 4541:7,300 m (24,000 ft) 4284:. The aircraft is now in the 4072:United States Army Air Forces 3998:Slovak Republic (1939 - 1945) 3585:Battle of the Kerch Peninsula 3563:Fall Blau to Stalingrad; 1942 3293:United States Army Air Forces 3278:, which drove Rommel back to 3013:. The Italian Stuka, renamed 2842:Leading Seaman John F. Mantle 2426:Campaign in the Low Countries 2023:while it was taking off from 1759:("General of Ground Attack") 1742:Decline and end of production 1679: 1531:role in 1940 and 1941 during 415:and co-designer of the K 47, 11620:Aircraft first flown in 1935 11595:1930s German bomber aircraft 11385:Propaganda/cover designation 8031:. London: Chancellor Press. 7833:Warplanes of the Third Reich 7612:Bergström, Christer (2008). 4413:Warplanes of the Third Reich 4292:Yugoslav Aeronautical Museum 3843:bomber unit in January 1944. 3788: 3463:The first Stuka loss on the 3242:were also severely damaged. 3189:was damaged and the cruiser 3011:Gruppo Bombardamento a Tuffo 2418:France and the Low Countries 2125:—along with the minesweeper 1857:in October 1938. During the 959:controllable-pitch propeller 500: 215:of 1936–1939 and served the 7: 11585:Inverted gull-wing aircraft 8084:Rudel, Hans Ulrich (1952). 7349:, February 2009, pp. 14–18. 4597: 4384: 4307:Junkers Ju 87 B-3 Werk Nr. 4243:observe the work underway. 4097:operated captured aircraft. 3276:Second Battle of El Alamein 2888:On 19 August, the units of 2805:, sinking four freighters: 2387:of the Home Fleet, Admiral 1971:, Poland. At exactly 04:26 1749:General der Schlachtflieger 906: 435:engine, producing 450 421:double vertical stabilisers 10: 11636: 8088:. London, UK: Blackhouse. 8069:. Pennsylvania: Combined. 8046:Murray, Willamson (1983). 7793:The Air War over Catalonia 4847:Collins English Dictionary 3755:fourth strategic offensive 3508:, during an air attack on 3274:, as well as the decisive 3272:First Battle of El Alamein 3017:, was in turn assigned to 2965:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht 2857:("Eagle Day"). Bf 109s of 2799:early stages of the battle 2282:was sunk on 30 April. The 2163: 2121:on 6 September—during the 1662:Republic P-47 Thunderbolts 1610:was created. By mid-1943, 1511:. With these weapons, the 1418: 1296:Oberkommando der Luftwaffe 1256: 1196: 1192:may never have been built. 1095: 1042: 911: 408:Reichsluftfahrtministerium 187:, popularly known as the " 29: 11590:World War II dive bombers 11483: 11436: 11366: 11136:Post-349 (non-sequential) 11135: 10856: 10273: 9659: 9024: 8833: 8787: 8687: 8446: 8317:. London: Pen and Sword. 8224:. London: Eagles of War. 7966:Lawrence, Joseph (1945). 6104:Gesalí & Íñiguez 2012 6092:Gesalí & Íñiguez 2012 6080:Gesalí & Íñiguez 2012 5322:Dressel & Griehl 1994 5271:Thompson & Smith 2008 4974:Griehl & Dressel 1998 4397:Specifications (Ju 87D-1) 4286:Hellenic Air Force Museum 4168:Ju 87 R-2/Trop. Werk Nr. 3909:Royal Hungarian Air Force 3864:Czechoslovakian Air Force 3768:. On 12 January 1945 the 2996:besieged harbour of Malta 2497:Battle of the Netherlands 2144: 1917: 1523:Night-harassment variants 797:g-force induced black-out 619: 173: 165: 157: 152: 144: 109: 97: 85: 77: 63: 58: 46: 41: 8163:Smith, Peter C. (2011). 8144:Smith, Peter C. (2007). 7977:Memoirs of a Stuka Pilot 7951:. Atglen, PA: Schiffer. 7871:Heinkel He 177 – 277–274 7850:Griehl, Manfred (2001). 7831:Green, William (1990) . 7768:Erfurth, Helmut (2004). 7751:Bombers of the Luftwaffe 7711:Bungay, Stephen (2000). 6827:Fighters over the Desert 6614:Wood & Dempster 2003 4703: 4508:constant-speed propeller 3984:- 90 Ju 87 D-3 and D-5s. 3982:Royal Romanian Air Force 3540:Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya 3404:was equipped with units 3021:97°, 101° and 102°. The 2896:and concentrated in the 2516:Johan Maurits Van Nassau 2459:-held bridges along the 2360:, the aircraft carriers 2338:(11,442 tons) was sunk. 1847:offensive against Bilbao 1347:test centre at Tarnewitz 774:for defensive purposes. 135:Royal Romanian Air Force 8691:(experimental aircraft) 8688:Company EF designations 8366:Eisenbach, Hans Peter. 7975:Mahlke, Helmut (2013). 7909:Hayward, J. S. (2001). 7873:. Shrewsbury: Airlife. 7810:Gooderson, Ian (1998). 7542:m-selig.ae.illinois.edu 6713:Ciglic & Savic 2007 6426:, pp. 124, 131–140 4698:List of bomber aircraft 4419:General characteristics 4256:Deutsches Technikmuseum 4232:Deutsches Technikmuseum 3751:Gefechtsverband Kuhlmey 3624:Kursk and decline; 1943 3494:river and closed in on 3439:, under the command of 3422:, under the command of 3416:Immelmann. Attached to 3111:, Hitler's retribution 3045:(squadron) sinking the 2629:. The French destroyer 2284:French large destroyer 2160:on a Norwegian airfield 2117:(441 tons) was sunk in 2109:(412 tons) was sunk at 2037:anti-aircraft artillery 1816:, and as part of other 1724:Blohm & Voss BV 138 1666:IX Tactical Air Command 965:("Weserflug" – WFG) in 463:Robert Ritter von Greim 53:Ju 87Ds in October 1943 11429:Czechoslovak Air Force 8381:Zuerl, Walter (1941). 8186:. Hersham: Ian Allan. 8065:Parker, Danny (1998). 8027:Mondey, David (1996). 7947:Just, Gunther (1986). 7928:Hooton, E. R. (2007). 7888:Gunston, Bill (1984). 7734:. Belgrade: Jeroplan. 7597:The Aviation Historian 7345:"The Stuka Stealers". 4772: 4641:Curtiss SB2C Helldiver 4406: 4184: 4139:Royal Air Force Museum 4134: 4095:SFR Yugoslav Air Force 3774:Vistula–Oder Offensive 3677: 3633: 3572: 3571:Ju 87B over Stalingrad 3529:, while the destroyer 3414:Sturzkampfgeschwader 2 3412:, I., II. and III. of 3397: 2978:The first task of the 2952: 2937:Chatham naval dockyard 2795:Sturzkampfgeschwader 2 2605: 2427: 2214:Battle of Drøbak Sound 2161: 1927: 1910:training grounds near 1809: 1775: 1702: 1630:Luftwaffe Kommando Ost 1472: 1464: 1432: 1327: 1309:Type 91 aerial torpedo 1283: 1136: 1124: 1052: 977: 921: 849:G-force test at Dessau 791: 790:Ju 87 diving procedure 747: 577:Wolfram von Richthofen 560: 552:and could rotate 90°. 394: 197:ground-attack aircraft 72:ground-attack aircraft 32:Stuka (disambiguation) 8184:Air Combat Manoeuvres 7994:McNab, Chris (2012). 7688:Boyne, W. J. (1994). 7616:. London: Ian Allan. 7393:Vanags-Baginskis 1982 7322:Vanags-Baginskis 1982 4676:Vultee A-31 Vengeance 4656:Loire-Nieuport LN.401 4646:Douglas SBD Dauntless 4404: 4376:Junkers Ju 87 D G-2, 4178: 4155:Air Historical Branch 4120: 3770:1st Belorussian Front 3675: 3631: 3570: 3395: 3085:and supply submarine 3071:Royal Australian Navy 2963:in North Africa, the 2950: 2425: 2372:, and the battleship 2152: 1925: 1803: 1773: 1700: 1470: 1462: 1426: 1325: 1288:Rechlin-Lärz Airfield 1281: 1134: 1118: 1050: 975: 919: 789: 745: 558: 389: 253:and of the so-called 8447:Company designations 7408:. Flyingheritage.org 4873:"Sturzkampfflugzeug" 4202:Ju 87 R-4, Werk Nr. 4131:Messerschmitt Me 321 4110:Ju 87 G-2, Werk Nr. 3614:Battle of Stalingrad 3593:Battle of Sevastopol 3252:Generalfeldmarschall 3109:Operation Punishment 3041:(group) and its 239 2933:Operation Barbarossa 2732:, staggered back to 2704:while the destroyer 2576:Messerschmitt Bf 109 2396:Royal Norwegian Navy 2298:Sturzkampfgeschwader 2289:was sunk along with 2171:Operation Weserübung 2063:Sturzkampfgeschwader 2041:Piotrków Trybunalski 1634:Nachtschlachtgruppen 1355:Messerschmitt Me 410 507:Sturzbomber-Programm 455:Curtiss F11C Goshawk 11373:Unofficial/proposed 8277:Weal, John (2008). 8258:Weal, John (1998). 8239:Weal, John (1997). 8220:Ward, John (2004). 8103:Ring, Hans (1978). 7312:, pp. 151–152. 7108:, pp. 123–124. 7000:, pp. 112–113. 6043:, pp. 131–133. 6031:, pp. 120–121. 5923:, pp. 356, 363 5798:, pp. 274–275. 4831:, pp. 129–130. 4603:Related development 4471:Max takeoff weight: 3812:Bulgarian Air Force 3747:Operation Bagration 3543:and the destroyers 3523:sank the destroyer 3465:Soviet-German front 3444:Hans-Jürgen Stumpff 3424:General der Flieger 3317:Dodecanese Campaign 3113:bombing of Belgrade 2894:Cherbourg-Octeville 2867:RAF Fighter Command 2196:Oscarsborg Fortress 2156:addressing a Ju 87 1859:Catalonia Offensive 1806:Spanish Nationalist 1791:Operational history 1646:Battle of the Bulge 1494:Henschel Hs 129 B-3 1267:Daimler-Benz DB 603 1018:Production variants 834:No. 1426 Flight RAF 827:Eric "Winkle" Brown 542:vertical stabiliser 511:Rolls-Royce Kestrel 271:, or suffered from 123:Bulgarian Air Force 59:General information 18:Junkers Ju 87 Stuka 11488:Lehký Bombardovací 8549:H 21 / J 21 / T 21 8205:. London: Jane's. 7852:Junker Ju 87 Stuka 7484:, pp. 385–387 7383:, pp. 382–383 6892:, pp. 305–314 6573:, pp. 108–109 6546:, pp. 251–257 6474:, pp. 138–140 6312:, pp. 113–115 6106:, pp. 482–484 6094:, pp. 478–480 6082:, pp. 470–472 5973:, pp. 116–117 5875:, pp. 210–212 5851:, pp. 352–353 5725:, pp. 101–102 5324:, pp. 100–105 5273:, pp. 235–236 5187:, pp. 438–439 5036:, pp. 111–118 4774:Sturzkampfflugzeug 4760:[ˈʃtuːkaː] 4582:In popular culture 4565:MG 17 machine guns 4407: 4185: 4147:Schleswig-Holstein 4135: 4102:Surviving aircraft 3975:Kingdom of Romania 3902:Kingdom of Hungary 3700:Schlachtgeschwader 3678: 3663:Schlachtgeschwader 3634: 3573: 3402:VIII. Fliegerkorps 3398: 3321:Dodecanese Islands 3025:were used against 2953: 2890:VIII. Fliegerkorps 2699:-class minesweeper 2505:Dutch royal family 2428: 2385:Commander-in-Chief 2166:Norwegian campaign 2162: 2095:and the minelayer 1951:as well as Polish 1928: 1810: 1776: 1703: 1642:Battle of Normandy 1473: 1465: 1433: 1328: 1284: 1272:MG 81Z machine gun 1137: 1125: 1053: 978: 922: 875:United States Army 792: 764:MG 17 machine guns 748: 561: 395: 327:anti-tank aircraft 288:Invasion of Poland 11615:Low-wing aircraft 11515: 11514: 11395: 11394: 8979: 8978: 8376:978-3-938208-96-0 8362:978-1-903223-87-1 8348:978-1-85780-279-5 8288:978-1-84603-308-7 8193:978-1-903223-98-7 8174:978-0-85979-156-4 8167:. London: Crecy. 8155:978-1-903223-69-7 8011:978-1-78096-283-2 8002:Osprey Publishing 7986:978-1-84832-664-4 7939:978-1-85780-272-6 7823:978-0-7146-4211-6 7802:978-84-232-0775-6 7741:978-86-909727-0-8 7715:. London: Aurum. 7680:978-1-85780-276-4 7661:978-1-903223-88-8 7642:978-1-85780-270-2 7623:978-1-903223-91-8 7536:Lednicer, David. 7264:, pp. 99–100 6258:, pp. 34–35. 4879:WordReference.com 4569:MG 81 machine gun 4545:Time to altitude: 4481:Junkers Jumo 211J 4378:RAF Museum London 4160:Battle of Britain 4151:Bordkanone BK 3,7 4133:cargo glider unit 4027:Spanish Air Force 3936:Regia Aeronautica 3932:Regia Aeronautica 3717:class destroyers 3556:Army Group Centre 3003:Regia Aeronautica 2961:Operation Compass 2859:Jagdgeschwader 26 2781:Battle of Britain 2744:French destroyer 2655:French destroyer 2623:Battle of Dunkirk 2513:(1,316 tons) and 2474:Battle of Belgium 2322:were lost aboard 1867:Port of Barcelona 1796:Spanish Civil War 1674:Battle of Remagen 1670:Ludendorff Bridge 1560:Flammenvernichter 1556:Störkampfstaffeln 1543:using antiquated 1489:Bordkanone BK 3,7 1476:Hans-Ulrich Rudel 1447:Junkers Jumo 211J 1263:Battle of Britain 1119:A Ju-87 towing a 1078:Regia Aeronautica 963:Weser Flugzeugbau 948:Spanish Civil War 900:Focke-Wulf Fw 190 772:MG 15 machine gun 729:fuel was injected 636:. It had a fixed 592:Charles Lindbergh 349:Hans-Ulrich Rudel 335:Focke-Wulf Fw 190 308:Battle of Britain 280:close air support 249:symbol of German 245:, which became a 213:Spanish Civil War 181: 180: 169:17 September 1935 158:Introduction date 129:Regia Aeronautica 16:(Redirected from 11627: 11605:Junkers aircraft 11568: 11560: 11559: 11558: 11548: 11532: 11531: 11530: 11523: 11422: 11415: 11408: 11399: 11398: 11188: 11168: 11123: 11069: 11064: 11045: 11005: 11000: 10991: 10967: 10947: 10937: 10927: 10922: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10844: 10805: 10786: 10742: 10732: 10717: 10702: 10697: 10667: 10617: 10607: 10592: 10540: 10530: 10520: 10500: 10485: 10480: 10394: 10379: 10350: 10312: 10302: 10219: 10190: 10153: 10104: 10099: 10089: 10079: 9989: 9976: 9967: 9938: 9846: 9767: 9648: 9618: 9613: 9603: 9563: 9538: 9509: 9273: 9245: 9196: 9187: 9165: 9145: 9063: 9048: 9043: 9033: 9006: 8999: 8992: 8983: 8982: 8692: 8432: 8425: 8418: 8409: 8408: 8399: 8386: 8328: 8309: 8292: 8273: 8254: 8235: 8216: 8197: 8178: 8159: 8140: 8118: 8099: 8080: 8061: 8042: 8023: 7990: 7971: 7962: 7943: 7924: 7905: 7884: 7865: 7846: 7827: 7806: 7783: 7764: 7745: 7726: 7707: 7695: 7684: 7665: 7646: 7627: 7608: 7583: 7582: 7576: 7574: 7559: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7548: 7533: 7527: 7521: 7515: 7514: 7512: 7510: 7491: 7485: 7479: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7468: 7454: 7448: 7442: 7429: 7424: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7413: 7402: 7396: 7390: 7384: 7378: 7372: 7371: 7362:Bert, Hartmann. 7359: 7350: 7343: 7337: 7331: 7325: 7319: 7313: 7307: 7301: 7295: 7289: 7283: 7277: 7271: 7265: 7259: 7253: 7247: 7241: 7235: 7229: 7223: 7217: 7211: 7205: 7199: 7193: 7187: 7181: 7175: 7169: 7163: 7157: 7156:, pp. 25–26 7151: 7145: 7139: 7133: 7127: 7121: 7115: 7109: 7103: 7097: 7091: 7085: 7079: 7073: 7067: 7061: 7055: 7049: 7043: 7037: 7031: 7025: 7019: 7013: 7007: 7001: 6995: 6989: 6983: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6959: 6953: 6947: 6941: 6935: 6929: 6923: 6917: 6911: 6905: 6899: 6893: 6887: 6881: 6880:, pp. 82–83 6875: 6869: 6863: 6857: 6851: 6845: 6844: 6838: 6830: 6829:], Stuttgart 6818: 6812: 6806: 6800: 6794: 6788: 6787:, pp. 45–51 6782: 6776: 6770: 6764: 6763:, pp. 38–39 6758: 6752: 6746: 6740: 6734: 6728: 6722: 6716: 6710: 6704: 6698: 6692: 6686: 6680: 6674: 6668: 6662: 6653: 6647: 6641: 6635: 6629: 6623: 6617: 6611: 6605: 6599: 6586: 6580: 6574: 6568: 6559: 6553: 6547: 6541: 6535: 6529: 6523: 6522:, pp. 66–67 6517: 6511: 6505: 6499: 6493: 6487: 6481: 6475: 6469: 6463: 6462:, pp. 52–53 6457: 6451: 6445: 6439: 6433: 6427: 6421: 6415: 6409: 6403: 6402:, pp. 73–74 6397: 6391: 6385: 6379: 6373: 6364: 6358: 6349: 6343: 6337: 6336:, pp. 68–69 6331: 6325: 6319: 6313: 6307: 6301: 6295: 6286: 6280: 6274: 6268: 6259: 6253: 6247: 6241: 6230: 6229:, pp. 96–97 6224: 6218: 6212: 6206: 6200: 6194: 6188: 6182: 6176: 6167: 6166:, pp. 87–88 6161: 6155: 6154:, pp. 21–22 6149: 6143: 6142:, pp. 18–19 6137: 6131: 6125: 6119: 6118:, pp. 15–16 6113: 6107: 6101: 6095: 6089: 6083: 6077: 6071: 6065: 6056: 6050: 6044: 6038: 6032: 6026: 6020: 6014: 6003: 5997: 5991: 5985: 5974: 5968: 5951: 5945: 5936: 5930: 5924: 5918: 5912: 5906: 5900: 5894: 5888: 5882: 5876: 5870: 5864: 5858: 5852: 5846: 5835: 5829: 5823: 5817: 5811: 5805: 5799: 5793: 5787: 5781: 5775: 5769: 5756: 5750: 5741: 5735: 5726: 5720: 5709: 5703: 5697: 5691: 5685: 5679: 5670: 5664: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5569: 5563: 5552: 5551:, pp. 80–81 5546: 5540: 5534: 5525: 5519: 5510: 5504: 5498: 5492: 5486: 5480: 5471: 5470:, pp. 64–65 5465: 5459: 5453: 5447: 5441: 5432: 5426: 5420: 5414: 5408: 5402: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5355: 5349: 5340: 5334: 5325: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5298: 5292: 5286: 5280: 5274: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5244: 5238: 5232: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5159: 5153: 5136: 5135:, pp. 52–53 5130: 5124: 5118: 5112: 5106: 5100: 5094: 5088: 5082: 5073: 5072:, pp. 42–44 5067: 5061: 5055: 5049: 5043: 5037: 5031: 5025: 5019: 5013: 5007: 5001: 4995: 4989: 4983: 4977: 4971: 4962: 4956: 4950: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4921: 4920:, pp. 38–39 4915: 4909: 4903: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4838: 4832: 4826: 4810: 4808:Luftstreitkräfte 4804:Imperial Germany 4796: 4790: 4784: 4778: 4770: 4769: 4768: 4762: 4757: 4753: 4752: 4749: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4724: 4718: 4714: 4661:Mitsubishi Ki-51 4555: 4539:Service ceiling: 4516: 4421: 4405:Junkers Ju 87B-2 4373: 4361: 4349: 4337: 4325: 4315:in October 2015. 4240:Stammkennzeichen 4086: 4084: 4083: 4063: 4061: 4060: 4040: 4038: 4037: 4018: 4017: 4005:Slovak Air Force 3996: 3994: 3993: 3973: 3971: 3970: 3950: 3948: 3947: 3925:Kingdom of Italy 3923: 3921: 3920: 3900: 3898: 3897: 3878: 3876: 3875: 3854: 3853: 3831: 3827: 3825: 3824: 3806: 3802: 3800: 3799: 3485: 3453:Lehrgeschwader 1 3419:II. Fliegerkorps 3388:Barbarossa; 1941 3268:Battle of Gazala 3104:Operation Marita 2908:and heading for 2834:Portland Harbour 2791:Lehrgeschwader 2 2761:(264 tons), the 2610: 2560:Battle of France 2383:reported to the 2317: 2306: 2187:and specialised 2072:Battle of Modlin 1901:Second World War 1824:of the Legion's 1757: 1736:Berlin-Tempelhof 1595:Friend or Foe). 1537:Soviet Air Force 1406:Stammkennzeichen 1399:Stammkennzeichen 1392:Stammkennzeichen 1385:Stammkennzeichen 1375:Known prototypes 1345:Erprobungsstelle 1250:Stammkennzeichen 1240:Stammkennzeichen 1230:Known prototypes 1180:Stammkennzeichen 1178:: W.Nr 0870279. 1140:Known prototypes 871: 870: 866: 782:Diving procedure 717:universal joints 688:Junkers Jumo 211 531:Willy Neuenhofen 366:Hermann Pohlmann 315:Balkans Campaign 243:Jericho trumpets 201:Hermann Pohlmann 103:Hermann Pohlmann 51: 39: 38: 21: 11635: 11634: 11630: 11629: 11628: 11626: 11625: 11624: 11575: 11574: 11571: 11561: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11547:sister projects 11544:at Knowledge's 11538: 11528: 11526: 11518: 11516: 11511: 11485: 11479: 11438: 11432: 11426: 11396: 11391: 11362: 11186: 11166: 11131: 11121: 11067: 11062: 11043: 11003: 10998: 10989: 10965: 10945: 10935: 10925: 10920: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10852: 10842: 10803: 10784: 10740: 10730: 10715: 10700: 10695: 10665: 10615: 10605: 10590: 10538: 10528: 10518: 10498: 10483: 10478: 10392: 10377: 10348: 10310: 10300: 10269: 10217: 10188: 10151: 10102: 10097: 10087: 10077: 9987: 9974: 9965: 9936: 9844: 9765: 9655: 9646: 9616: 9611: 9601: 9561: 9536: 9507: 9271: 9243: 9194: 9185: 9163: 9143: 9061: 9046: 9041: 9031: 9020: 9010: 8980: 8975: 8829: 8783: 8690: 8689: 8683: 8442: 8436: 8397: 8393: 8335: 8333:Further reading 8325: 8289: 8270: 8251: 8232: 8213: 8194: 8175: 8156: 8137: 8115: 8096: 8077: 8058: 8039: 8012: 7987: 7959: 7940: 7921: 7881: 7862: 7843: 7824: 7803: 7780: 7761: 7753:. London: DAG. 7742: 7723: 7704: 7681: 7662: 7643: 7624: 7591: 7586: 7572: 7570: 7560: 7556: 7546: 7544: 7534: 7530: 7522: 7518: 7508: 7506: 7505:on 20 June 2017 7493: 7492: 7488: 7480: 7476: 7466: 7464: 7456: 7455: 7451: 7443: 7432: 7425: 7421: 7411: 7409: 7404: 7403: 7399: 7391: 7387: 7379: 7375: 7360: 7353: 7344: 7340: 7332: 7328: 7320: 7316: 7308: 7304: 7296: 7292: 7284: 7280: 7272: 7268: 7260: 7256: 7248: 7244: 7236: 7232: 7224: 7220: 7212: 7208: 7200: 7196: 7188: 7184: 7176: 7172: 7164: 7160: 7152: 7148: 7140: 7136: 7130:Bergström 2007b 7128: 7124: 7118:Bergström 2007b 7116: 7112: 7106:Bergström 2007b 7104: 7100: 7092: 7088: 7082:Bergström 2007c 7080: 7076: 7070:Bergström 2007c 7068: 7064: 7058:Bergström 2007c 7056: 7052: 7046:Bergström 2007c 7044: 7040: 7034:Bergström 2007c 7032: 7028: 7022:Bergström 2007a 7020: 7016: 7010:Bergström 2007a 7008: 7004: 6998:Bergström 2007a 6996: 6992: 6986:Bergström 2007a 6984: 6980: 6972: 6968: 6962:Bergström 2007a 6960: 6956: 6950:Bergström 2007a 6948: 6944: 6938:Bergström 2007a 6936: 6932: 6926:Bergström 2007a 6924: 6920: 6914:Bergström 2007a 6912: 6908: 6902:Bergström 2007a 6900: 6896: 6888: 6884: 6876: 6872: 6864: 6860: 6852: 6848: 6832: 6831: 6819: 6815: 6807: 6803: 6795: 6791: 6783: 6779: 6771: 6767: 6759: 6755: 6747: 6743: 6735: 6731: 6723: 6719: 6711: 6707: 6699: 6695: 6687: 6683: 6675: 6671: 6663: 6656: 6648: 6644: 6636: 6632: 6624: 6620: 6612: 6608: 6600: 6589: 6581: 6577: 6569: 6562: 6554: 6550: 6542: 6538: 6530: 6526: 6518: 6514: 6506: 6502: 6494: 6490: 6482: 6478: 6470: 6466: 6458: 6454: 6446: 6442: 6434: 6430: 6422: 6418: 6410: 6406: 6398: 6394: 6386: 6382: 6374: 6367: 6359: 6352: 6344: 6340: 6332: 6328: 6320: 6316: 6308: 6304: 6296: 6289: 6281: 6277: 6269: 6262: 6254: 6250: 6242: 6233: 6225: 6221: 6213: 6209: 6201: 6197: 6189: 6185: 6177: 6170: 6162: 6158: 6150: 6146: 6138: 6134: 6126: 6122: 6114: 6110: 6102: 6098: 6090: 6086: 6078: 6074: 6066: 6059: 6051: 6047: 6039: 6035: 6027: 6023: 6015: 6006: 5998: 5994: 5986: 5977: 5969: 5954: 5946: 5939: 5931: 5927: 5919: 5915: 5907: 5903: 5895: 5891: 5883: 5879: 5871: 5867: 5859: 5855: 5847: 5838: 5830: 5826: 5818: 5814: 5806: 5802: 5794: 5790: 5782: 5778: 5770: 5759: 5751: 5744: 5736: 5729: 5721: 5712: 5704: 5700: 5692: 5688: 5680: 5673: 5665: 5652: 5644: 5640: 5632: 5628: 5620: 5616: 5608: 5601: 5593: 5589: 5581: 5572: 5564: 5555: 5547: 5543: 5535: 5528: 5520: 5513: 5505: 5501: 5493: 5489: 5481: 5474: 5466: 5462: 5454: 5450: 5442: 5435: 5427: 5423: 5415: 5411: 5403: 5399: 5391: 5387: 5379: 5375: 5367: 5358: 5350: 5343: 5335: 5328: 5320: 5316: 5308: 5301: 5293: 5289: 5281: 5277: 5269: 5265: 5257: 5253: 5245: 5241: 5233: 5218: 5210: 5206: 5198: 5191: 5183: 5179: 5171: 5162: 5154: 5139: 5131: 5127: 5119: 5115: 5107: 5103: 5095: 5091: 5083: 5076: 5068: 5064: 5056: 5052: 5044: 5040: 5032: 5028: 5020: 5016: 5008: 5004: 4996: 4992: 4984: 4980: 4972: 4965: 4957: 4953: 4945: 4941: 4933: 4924: 4916: 4912: 4904: 4895: 4885: 4883: 4871: 4870: 4866: 4856: 4854: 4840: 4839: 4835: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4814: 4813: 4797: 4793: 4785: 4781: 4777:, "dive bomber" 4764: 4763: 4755: 4730: 4726: 4725: 4721: 4715: 4711: 4706: 4600: 4584: 4556: 4551: 4512: 4417: 4399: 4391:Louis Langhurst 4387: 4380: 4374: 4365: 4362: 4353: 4350: 4341: 4338: 4329: 4326: 4206:(incorporating 4179:Ju 87 R-2/Trop 4104: 4081: 4079: 4058: 4056: 4049:Royal Air Force 4035: 4033: 4012: 3991: 3989: 3968: 3966: 3952:Empire of Japan 3945: 3943: 3918: 3916: 3895: 3893: 3873: 3871: 3848: 3822: 3820: 3797: 3795: 3791: 3739: 3711:Black Sea Fleet 3687:XXIX Army Corps 3626: 3577:Kerch Peninsula 3565: 3483: 3390: 3385: 3327:(I./StG 3) and 3284:Operation Torch 3264:Siege of Tobruk 3147:Battle of Crete 2973:X. Fliegerkorps 2957:Italo-Greek War 2945: 2878:the Hardest Day 2823:Royal Air Force 2803:English Channel 2787:order of battle 2783: 2765:(380 tons) and 2420: 2402:(335 tons) and 2330:(452 tons) and 2315: 2304: 2183:transported by 2168: 2147: 2068:Siege of Warsaw 2058:Battle of Bzura 2053:Battle of Radom 1945:Danzig corridor 1920: 1903: 1871:Polikarpov I-15 1798: 1793: 1751: 1744: 1682: 1617:was given four 1545:Polikarpov Po-2 1525: 1517:Battle of Kursk 1442:Henschel Hs 129 1421: 1364:Hans-Karl Stepp 1259: 1199: 1098: 1045: 914: 909: 883: 868: 864: 863: 851: 838:RAE Farnborough 784: 648:, were made of 627: 622: 604: 523:AB Flygindustri 503: 492:Reichsmarschall 403:Henschel Hs 123 362: 357: 331:air superiority 273:target fixation 191:", is a German 140: 139: 105: 78:National origin 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11633: 11623: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11570: 11569: 11540: 11537: 11536: 11513: 11512: 11510: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11493: 11491: 11481: 11480: 11478: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11446: 11444: 11434: 11433: 11425: 11424: 11417: 11410: 11402: 11393: 11392: 11387: 11386: 11383: 11380: 11377: 11374: 11371: 11367: 11364: 11363: 11361: 11360: 11347: 11342: 11337: 11332: 11323: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11224: 11219: 11214: 11209: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11189: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11145: 11139: 11137: 11133: 11132: 11130: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11065: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10992: 10987: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10912: 10911: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10860: 10858: 10854: 10853: 10851: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10659: 10650: 10645: 10632: 10627: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10579: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10447: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10419: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10277: 10275: 10271: 10270: 10268: 10267: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10224: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10186: 10177: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10056: 10051: 10049:Me 164/MeC 164 10046: 10033: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9981: 9972: 9963: 9954: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9729: 9724: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9689: 9688: 9674: 9669: 9663: 9661: 9657: 9656: 9654: 9653: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9462: 9453: 9444: 9435: 9426: 9413: 9404: 9399: 9390: 9381: 9376: 9367: 9358: 9353: 9344: 9339: 9330: 9321: 9316: 9307: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9274: 9269: 9260: 9255: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9197: 9192: 9179: 9170: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9088: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9028: 9026: 9022: 9021: 9009: 9008: 9001: 8994: 8986: 8977: 8976: 8974: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8842: 8840: 8831: 8830: 8828: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8796: 8794: 8785: 8784: 8782: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8695: 8693: 8685: 8684: 8682: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8450: 8448: 8444: 8443: 8435: 8434: 8427: 8420: 8412: 8406: 8405: 8392: 8391:External links 8389: 8388: 8387: 8378: 8364: 8350: 8334: 8331: 8330: 8329: 8323: 8310: 8298:Air Enthusiast 8293: 8287: 8274: 8268: 8255: 8249: 8236: 8230: 8217: 8211: 8198: 8192: 8179: 8173: 8160: 8154: 8141: 8135: 8123:Rohwer, Jürgen 8119: 8113: 8100: 8094: 8081: 8075: 8062: 8056: 8043: 8037: 8024: 8010: 7991: 7985: 7972: 7963: 7957: 7944: 7938: 7925: 7919: 7906: 7885: 7879: 7866: 7860: 7847: 7841: 7828: 7822: 7807: 7801: 7784: 7778: 7765: 7759: 7746: 7740: 7727: 7721: 7708: 7702: 7692:Clash of Wings 7685: 7679: 7666: 7660: 7647: 7641: 7628: 7622: 7609: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7584: 7568:A Sound Effect 7554: 7528: 7526:, pp. 442 7516: 7486: 7474: 7449: 7430: 7419: 7406:"FHCAM – Home" 7397: 7385: 7373: 7351: 7338: 7336:, p. 150. 7326: 7314: 7302: 7300:, p. 156. 7290: 7288:, p. 135. 7278: 7276:, p. 103. 7274:Gooderson 1998 7266: 7262:Bergström 2008 7254: 7250:Bergström 2008 7242: 7238:Bergström 2008 7230: 7226:Bergström 2008 7218: 7206: 7194: 7182: 7178:Bergström 2008 7170: 7166:Bergström 2008 7158: 7154:Bergström 2008 7146: 7134: 7132:, p. 118. 7122: 7120:, p. 109. 7110: 7098: 7086: 7074: 7062: 7060:, p. 122. 7050: 7038: 7026: 7024:, p. 119. 7014: 7012:, p. 115. 7002: 6990: 6978: 6976:, p. 102. 6966: 6954: 6942: 6930: 6918: 6906: 6904:, p. 131. 6894: 6882: 6870: 6858: 6846: 6813: 6801: 6789: 6777: 6765: 6753: 6741: 6729: 6717: 6705: 6693: 6681: 6669: 6654: 6642: 6630: 6618: 6606: 6587: 6575: 6560: 6548: 6536: 6524: 6512: 6500: 6488: 6476: 6464: 6452: 6440: 6428: 6416: 6404: 6392: 6380: 6365: 6350: 6348:, p. 116. 6338: 6326: 6314: 6302: 6287: 6275: 6260: 6248: 6231: 6219: 6207: 6195: 6183: 6168: 6156: 6144: 6132: 6120: 6108: 6096: 6084: 6072: 6057: 6055:, p. 134. 6045: 6033: 6021: 6004: 6002:, p. 278. 5992: 5975: 5952: 5937: 5925: 5913: 5901: 5889: 5877: 5865: 5853: 5836: 5824: 5812: 5800: 5788: 5776: 5757: 5742: 5727: 5710: 5698: 5686: 5671: 5650: 5638: 5626: 5614: 5599: 5587: 5570: 5553: 5541: 5526: 5511: 5499: 5487: 5472: 5460: 5448: 5433: 5421: 5409: 5397: 5385: 5373: 5356: 5341: 5326: 5314: 5299: 5287: 5275: 5263: 5251: 5239: 5216: 5204: 5189: 5177: 5160: 5137: 5125: 5113: 5101: 5089: 5074: 5062: 5050: 5038: 5026: 5014: 5002: 4990: 4978: 4963: 4951: 4939: 4922: 4910: 4893: 4864: 4833: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4791: 4779: 4719: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4679: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4631:Blackburn Skua 4628: 4617: 4616: 4614:Heinkel He 118 4611: 4609:Junkers Ju 187 4599: 4596: 4592:Wile E. Coyote 4583: 4580: 4579: 4578: 4572: 4549: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4521:Maximum speed: 4510: 4509: 4498: 4497: 4496: 4495: 4494: 4493: 4485: 4484: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4398: 4395: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4381: 4375: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4320: 4317: 4316: 4305: 4288: 4278: 4267: 4252: 4212: 4211: 4195:of Wisconsin. 4173: 4172: 4115: 4114: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4098: 4091: 4090: 4076: 4075: 4068: 4067: 4053: 4052: 4045: 4044: 4042:United Kingdom 4030: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4009: 4008: 4001: 4000: 3986: 3985: 3978: 3977: 3963: 3962: 3955: 3954: 3940: 3939: 3928: 3927: 3913: 3912: 3905: 3904: 3890: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3868: 3867: 3859: 3858: 3856:Czechoslovakia 3845: 3844: 3833: 3832: 3816: 3815: 3808: 3807: 3790: 3787: 3772:initiated the 3738: 3735: 3695:Battle of Kiev 3625: 3622: 3564: 3561: 3533:and submarine 3521:Egbert Jaeckel 3469:Brest Fortress 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3313:Western Allies 3227:, followed by 3154:Irvine Glennie 3094:In March, the 2944: 2941: 2914:Thames Estuary 2846:Victoria Cross 2782: 2779: 2763:Le Moussaillon 2637:paddle steamer 2616:Chief of Staff 2614:(Richthofen's 2612:Hans Seidemann 2607:Oberstleutnant 2551:were damaged. 2527:. The British 2419: 2416: 2389:Charles Forbes 2185:Junkers Ju 52s 2146: 2143: 2115:General Haller 2113:; the gunboat 2035:. The lack of 1982:Staffelkapitän 1919: 1916: 1902: 1899: 1863:Heinkel He 111 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1743: 1740: 1681: 1678: 1529:night intruder 1524: 1521: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1402: 1395: 1388: 1381: 1301:aerial torpedo 1258: 1255: 1254: 1253: 1243: 1215:arresting gear 1203:torpedo bomber 1198: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1183: 1182:code of GT+AX. 1173: 1167: 1161: 1155: 1149: 1097: 1094: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1033: 1027: 1015: 1014: 1008: 1002: 996: 990: 913: 910: 908: 905: 891:Dornier Do 217 882: 879: 850: 847: 783: 780: 626: 623: 621: 618: 603: 600: 585:Heinkel He 118 502: 499: 495:Hermann Göring 488:Heinkel He 177 480:medium bombers 361: 358: 356: 353: 267:from the high 199:. Designed by 179: 178: 175: 171: 170: 167: 163: 162: 159: 155: 154: 150: 149: 146: 142: 141: 138: 137: 132: 125: 119: 118: 111: 107: 106: 101: 99: 95: 94: 89: 83: 82: 79: 75: 74: 65: 61: 60: 56: 55: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11632: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11582: 11580: 11573: 11566: 11565: 11553: 11552: 11549: 11543: 11542:Junkers Ju 87 11535: 11525: 11524: 11521: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11482: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11435: 11430: 11423: 11418: 11416: 11411: 11409: 11404: 11403: 11400: 11390: 11384: 11381: 11378: 11375: 11372: 11369: 11368: 11365: 11359: 11355: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11140: 11138: 11134: 11128: 11125: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11002: 10996: 10993: 10988: 10986: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10910: 10907: 10906: 10905: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10882: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10861: 10859: 10855: 10849: 10846: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10783: 10781: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10643:Me 263 (1945) 10640: 10639:Me 263 (1942) 10636: 10635:Me 263 (1941) 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10622: 10619: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10589: 10587: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10376: 10374: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10347: 10345: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10278: 10276: 10272: 10266: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10187: 10185: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10041: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9973: 9971: 9964: 9962: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9935: 9933: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9687: 9684: 9683: 9682: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9664: 9662: 9658: 9652: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9421: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9278: 9275: 9270: 9268: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9250: 9247: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9201: 9198: 9193: 9191: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9030: 9029: 9027: 9023: 9018: 9014: 9007: 9002: 9000: 8995: 8993: 8988: 8987: 8984: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8837: 8832: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8791: 8786: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8696: 8694: 8686: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8451: 8449: 8445: 8440: 8433: 8428: 8426: 8421: 8419: 8414: 8413: 8410: 8404: 8400: 8395: 8394: 8384: 8379: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8363: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8349: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8336: 8326: 8324:0-85052-915-8 8320: 8316: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8300:(92): 59–65. 8299: 8294: 8290: 8284: 8280: 8275: 8271: 8269:1-85532-722-8 8265: 8261: 8256: 8252: 8250:1-85532-636-1 8246: 8242: 8237: 8233: 8231:1-86227-246-8 8227: 8223: 8218: 8214: 8212:0-7106-0191-3 8208: 8204: 8199: 8195: 8189: 8185: 8180: 8176: 8170: 8166: 8161: 8157: 8151: 8147: 8142: 8138: 8136:1-59114-119-2 8132: 8128: 8124: 8120: 8116: 8114:3-87943-151-5 8110: 8106: 8101: 8097: 8095:9781908476876 8091: 8087: 8082: 8078: 8076:0-938289-35-7 8072: 8068: 8063: 8059: 8057:0-16-002160-X 8053: 8049: 8044: 8040: 8038:1-85152-966-7 8034: 8030: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7998: 7992: 7988: 7982: 7978: 7973: 7969: 7964: 7960: 7958:0-88740-252-6 7954: 7950: 7945: 7941: 7935: 7931: 7926: 7922: 7920:0-7006-1146-0 7916: 7912: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7886: 7882: 7880:1-85310-364-0 7876: 7872: 7867: 7863: 7861:1-84037-198-6 7857: 7853: 7848: 7844: 7842:0-883-65666-3 7838: 7834: 7829: 7825: 7819: 7815: 7814: 7808: 7804: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7785: 7781: 7779:1-85780-186-5 7775: 7771: 7770:Junkers Ju 87 7766: 7762: 7760:1-85409-140-9 7756: 7752: 7747: 7743: 7737: 7733: 7728: 7724: 7722:1-85410-721-6 7718: 7714: 7709: 7705: 7703:0-684-83915-6 7699: 7694: 7693: 7686: 7682: 7676: 7672: 7667: 7663: 7657: 7653: 7648: 7644: 7638: 7634: 7629: 7625: 7619: 7615: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7599:(37): 20–28. 7598: 7593: 7592: 7581: 7569: 7565: 7558: 7543: 7539: 7532: 7525: 7520: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7490: 7483: 7478: 7463: 7459: 7453: 7447:, p. 387 7446: 7441: 7439: 7437: 7435: 7428: 7423: 7407: 7401: 7394: 7389: 7382: 7377: 7369: 7365: 7358: 7356: 7348: 7342: 7335: 7330: 7324:, p. 52. 7323: 7318: 7311: 7306: 7299: 7294: 7287: 7282: 7275: 7270: 7263: 7258: 7252:, p. 131 7251: 7246: 7239: 7234: 7228:, p. 129 7227: 7222: 7216:, p. 292 7215: 7210: 7203: 7198: 7191: 7186: 7179: 7174: 7167: 7162: 7155: 7150: 7144:, p. 279 7143: 7138: 7131: 7126: 7119: 7114: 7107: 7102: 7096:, p. 211 7095: 7090: 7084:, p. 84. 7083: 7078: 7072:, p. 49. 7071: 7066: 7059: 7054: 7048:, p. 46. 7047: 7042: 7036:, p. 30. 7035: 7030: 7023: 7018: 7011: 7006: 6999: 6994: 6988:, p. 85. 6987: 6982: 6975: 6970: 6964:, p. 69. 6963: 6958: 6952:, p. 89. 6951: 6946: 6940:, p. 23. 6939: 6934: 6928:, p. 20. 6927: 6922: 6916:, p. 18. 6915: 6910: 6903: 6898: 6891: 6886: 6879: 6874: 6867: 6862: 6855: 6850: 6842: 6836: 6828: 6824: 6817: 6810: 6805: 6798: 6793: 6786: 6781: 6775:, p. 123 6774: 6769: 6762: 6757: 6750: 6745: 6739:, p. 121 6738: 6733: 6726: 6721: 6714: 6709: 6703:, p. 120 6702: 6697: 6691:, p. 218 6690: 6685: 6678: 6673: 6667:, p. 137 6666: 6661: 6659: 6651: 6646: 6639: 6634: 6628:, p. 109 6627: 6622: 6616:, p. 228 6615: 6610: 6603: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6592: 6584: 6579: 6572: 6567: 6565: 6557: 6552: 6545: 6540: 6534:, p. 105 6533: 6528: 6521: 6516: 6509: 6504: 6497: 6492: 6485: 6480: 6473: 6468: 6461: 6456: 6450:, p. 138 6449: 6444: 6437: 6432: 6425: 6420: 6413: 6408: 6401: 6396: 6389: 6384: 6378:, p. 124 6377: 6372: 6370: 6362: 6357: 6355: 6347: 6342: 6335: 6330: 6323: 6318: 6311: 6306: 6300:, p. 118 6299: 6294: 6292: 6285:, p. 114 6284: 6279: 6272: 6267: 6265: 6257: 6252: 6245: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6228: 6223: 6217:, p. 101 6216: 6211: 6204: 6199: 6192: 6187: 6180: 6175: 6173: 6165: 6160: 6153: 6148: 6141: 6136: 6129: 6124: 6117: 6112: 6105: 6100: 6093: 6088: 6081: 6076: 6069: 6064: 6062: 6054: 6049: 6042: 6037: 6030: 6025: 6019:, p. 120 6018: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6001: 5996: 5990:, p. 118 5989: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5972: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5950:, p. 115 5949: 5944: 5942: 5935:, p. 364 5934: 5929: 5922: 5917: 5911:, p. 354 5910: 5905: 5899:, p. 200 5898: 5893: 5887:, p. 208 5886: 5881: 5874: 5869: 5863:, p. 210 5862: 5857: 5850: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5834:, p. 209 5833: 5828: 5822:, p. 349 5821: 5816: 5810:, p. 286 5809: 5804: 5797: 5792: 5786:, p. 274 5785: 5780: 5774:, p. 284 5773: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5755:, p. 103 5754: 5749: 5747: 5740:, p. 102 5739: 5734: 5732: 5724: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5707: 5702: 5695: 5690: 5683: 5678: 5676: 5669:, p. 95. 5668: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5647: 5642: 5636:, p. 114 5635: 5630: 5624:, p. 243 5623: 5618: 5612:, p. 242 5611: 5606: 5604: 5597:, p. 241 5596: 5591: 5585:, p. 240 5584: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5567: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5550: 5545: 5538: 5533: 5531: 5523: 5518: 5516: 5508: 5503: 5496: 5491: 5484: 5479: 5477: 5469: 5464: 5457: 5452: 5445: 5440: 5438: 5430: 5425: 5418: 5413: 5406: 5401: 5394: 5389: 5382: 5377: 5370: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5353: 5348: 5346: 5339:, p. 179 5338: 5333: 5331: 5323: 5318: 5311: 5306: 5304: 5296: 5291: 5284: 5279: 5272: 5267: 5260: 5255: 5249:, p. 132 5248: 5243: 5236: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5214:, p. 122 5213: 5208: 5201: 5196: 5194: 5186: 5181: 5174: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5157: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5134: 5129: 5122: 5117: 5110: 5105: 5098: 5093: 5086: 5081: 5079: 5071: 5066: 5059: 5054: 5047: 5042: 5035: 5030: 5023: 5018: 5011: 5006: 4999: 4994: 4987: 4982: 4975: 4970: 4968: 4960: 4955: 4948: 4943: 4936: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4919: 4914: 4907: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4881: 4880: 4874: 4868: 4853: 4852:HarperCollins 4849: 4848: 4843: 4837: 4830: 4825: 4821: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4795: 4788: 4783: 4776: 4775: 4767: 4761: 4751: 4723: 4713: 4709: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4684: 4683: 4682:Related lists 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4651:Ilyushin Il-2 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4622: 4621: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4605: 4604: 4595: 4593: 4589: 4586:According to 4576: 4573: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4557: 4554: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4527:Cruise speed: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4507: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4491: 4490: 4489: 4488: 4487: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4465:Empty weight: 4463: 4461:Göttingen 256 4460: 4458: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4415: 4414: 4411: 4403: 4394: 4392: 4379: 4372: 4367: 4360: 4355: 4348: 4343: 4336: 4331: 4324: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4248: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4200: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4190: 4182: 4177: 4171: 4167: 4166: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4132: 4128: 4125:displayed at 4124: 4119: 4113: 4109: 4108: 4107: 4096: 4093: 4092: 4089: 4078: 4077: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4066: 4065:United States 4055: 4054: 4050: 4047: 4046: 4043: 4032: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4024: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4010: 4006: 4003: 4002: 3999: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3976: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3957: 3956: 3953: 3942: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3926: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3903: 3892: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3884: 3881: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3860: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3818: 3817: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3805: 3793: 3792: 3786: 3782: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3723:Besposhchadny 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3674: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3630: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3602: 3596: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3569: 3560: 3557: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3541: 3536: 3532: 3531:Steregushchiy 3528: 3527: 3522: 3519: 3515: 3512:harbour near 3511: 3507: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3442: 3441:Generaloberst 3438: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3427:Bruno Loerzer 3425: 3421: 3420: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3394: 3383:Eastern front 3380: 3378: 3377: 3372: 3371: 3366: 3365: 3360: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3345:Porto Di Roma 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3306: 3301: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3220: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3206: 3202: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3168: 3167: 3162: 3161: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3136: 3131: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3090: 3089: 3084: 3083: 3078: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3047:Hellenic Navy 3044: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2997: 2992: 2991: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2949: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2898:Pas de Calais 2895: 2891: 2886: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2855: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2830: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2778: 2776: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2730: 2725: 2721: 2720: 2715: 2714: 2710:was sunk and 2709: 2708: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2693: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2678:Polly Johnson 2675: 2671: 2670: 2665: 2664: 2659: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2645: 2641: 2640:Crested Eagle 2638: 2634: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2608: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2580:Curtiss H-75s 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2549: 2544: 2543: 2538: 2537: 2532: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2517: 2512: 2511: 2510:Jan Van Galen 2506: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2482:Low Countries 2479: 2475: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2445: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2424: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2376: 2371: 2370: 2365: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2314: 2310: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2274: 2270: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2259: 2254: 2253: 2248: 2247:light cruiser 2244: 2240: 2239: 2232: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2123:Battle of Hel 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2099: 2094: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2051:. During the 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2010:Frank Neubert 2008: 2007: 2003: 2002: 1996: 1994: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1924: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1898: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1887:Molins de Rei 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1840:Unteroffizier 1837: 1834:and departed 1833: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1814:Condor Legion 1807: 1802: 1788: 1786: 1780: 1772: 1768: 1766: 1765:Adolf Galland 1762: 1758: 1755: 1750: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1725: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1708:Dornier Do 17 1699: 1695: 1692: 1688: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1664:of the USAAF 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1638:Western Front 1635: 1631: 1627: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1602: 1599:with the new 1596: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1504: 1499: 1498:7.5 cm Pak 40 1495: 1491: 1490: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1469: 1461: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1451:Ilyushin Il-2 1448: 1443: 1439: 1430: 1425: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1372: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1346: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1324: 1320: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1315:Graf Zeppelin 1310: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1291: 1289: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1268: 1264: 1251: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1227: 1224: 1219: 1216: 1212: 1211:folding wings 1208: 1204: 1191: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1133: 1129: 1122: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1093: 1089: 1087: 1086:cowling flaps 1083: 1079: 1073: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1059: 1049: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1020: 1019: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 988: 985: 984: 983: 982: 974: 970: 968: 964: 960: 956: 951: 949: 943: 939: 935: 932: 928: 918: 904: 901: 895: 892: 888: 887:Junkers Ju 88 881:Other designs 878: 876: 861: 858:problems, or 856: 846: 843: 839: 835: 831: 828: 824: 821: 816: 814: 813:Helmut Mahlke 809: 805: 800: 798: 788: 779: 775: 773: 769: 765: 760: 757: 753: 744: 740: 736: 734: 730: 724: 722: 718: 714: 709: 707: 702: 698: 695: 692: 689: 684: 682: 676: 674: 668: 666: 661: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 638:undercarriage 635: 632: 617: 613: 610: 609:Heinkel He 50 599: 597: 596:Ernst Heinkel 594:was visiting 593: 588: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 557: 553: 551: 547: 543: 539: 534: 532: 529: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 498: 496: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 464: 460: 459:Walther Wever 456: 452: 448: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 425:field of fire 422: 418: 414: 410: 409: 404: 400: 392: 388: 384: 382: 378: 375: 371: 367: 352: 350: 347: 346: 341: 338: 336: 332: 328: 324: 323:Eastern Front 320: 316: 311: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 284:anti-shipping 281: 276: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 257: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 235:undercarriage 233: 229: 224: 222: 218: 214: 210: 209:Condor Legion 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 185:Junkers Ju 87 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 151: 147: 143: 136: 133: 131: 130: 126: 124: 121: 120: 117: 116: 112: 110:Primary users 108: 104: 100: 96: 93: 90: 88: 84: 80: 76: 73: 69: 66: 62: 57: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 11572: 11567:from Commons 11562: 11541: 11487: 11484:Light Bomber 11469: 11441:Bombardovací 11440: 11388: 11370:Not assigned 9581: 8875: 8839:designations 8834: 8793:designations 8788: 8382: 8367: 8353: 8339: 8314: 8297: 8278: 8259: 8240: 8221: 8202: 8183: 8164: 8145: 8126: 8104: 8085: 8066: 8047: 8028: 7996: 7976: 7967: 7948: 7929: 7910: 7893: 7889: 7870: 7851: 7832: 7812: 7792: 7788: 7769: 7750: 7731: 7712: 7691: 7670: 7651: 7632: 7613: 7596: 7589:Bibliography 7578: 7571:. Retrieved 7567: 7557: 7545:. Retrieved 7541: 7531: 7519: 7507:. Retrieved 7503:the original 7499:onet.rzeszow 7498: 7489: 7477: 7465:. Retrieved 7462:xray-mag.com 7461: 7452: 7422: 7412:20 September 7410:. Retrieved 7400: 7395:, p. 51 7388: 7376: 7367: 7346: 7341: 7329: 7317: 7305: 7293: 7281: 7269: 7257: 7245: 7240:, p. 59 7233: 7221: 7209: 7204:, p. 77 7197: 7192:, p. 74 7185: 7180:, p. 30 7173: 7168:, p. 27 7161: 7149: 7137: 7125: 7113: 7101: 7094:Hayward 2001 7089: 7077: 7065: 7053: 7041: 7029: 7017: 7005: 6993: 6981: 6969: 6957: 6945: 6933: 6921: 6909: 6897: 6885: 6873: 6868:, p. 68 6861: 6856:, p. 67 6849: 6826: 6822: 6816: 6811:, p. 65 6804: 6799:, p. 44 6792: 6780: 6768: 6756: 6751:, p. 38 6744: 6732: 6727:, p. 32 6720: 6715:, p. 59 6708: 6696: 6684: 6679:, p. 23 6672: 6665:Gunston 1984 6645: 6633: 6621: 6609: 6604:, p. 51 6585:, p. 66 6578: 6558:, p. 83 6551: 6539: 6527: 6515: 6510:, p. 94 6503: 6498:, p. 55 6491: 6486:, p. 74 6479: 6467: 6455: 6443: 6438:, p. 67 6431: 6419: 6414:, p. 78 6407: 6395: 6390:, p. 46 6383: 6363:, p. 43 6341: 6329: 6324:, p. 37 6317: 6305: 6278: 6273:, p. 35 6251: 6246:, p. 34 6222: 6210: 6205:, p. 91 6198: 6193:, p. 98 6186: 6181:, p. 22 6159: 6147: 6135: 6130:, p. 17 6123: 6111: 6099: 6087: 6075: 6070:, p. 15 6048: 6036: 6024: 5995: 5928: 5916: 5904: 5892: 5880: 5868: 5856: 5827: 5815: 5803: 5791: 5779: 5708:, p. 98 5701: 5696:, p. 97 5689: 5684:, p. 99 5648:, p. 87 5641: 5629: 5617: 5590: 5568:, p. 49 5544: 5539:, p. 79 5524:, p. 68 5509:, p. 66 5502: 5497:, p. 65 5490: 5485:, p. 30 5463: 5458:, p. 64 5451: 5446:, p. 63 5431:, p. 42 5429:Erfurth 2004 5424: 5419:, p. 40 5417:Erfurth 2004 5412: 5407:, p. 57 5400: 5395:, p. 54 5388: 5383:, p. 53 5376: 5371:, p. 52 5354:, p. 50 5317: 5312:, p. 54 5310:Erfurth 2004 5297:, p. 53 5295:Erfurth 2004 5290: 5285:, p. 52 5283:Erfurth 2004 5278: 5266: 5261:, p. 54 5254: 5242: 5237:, p. 61 5212:Gunston 1984 5207: 5202:, p. 49 5200:Erfurth 2004 5180: 5175:, p. 50 5173:Erfurth 2004 5158:, p. 48 5156:Erfurth 2004 5128: 5123:, p. 47 5116: 5111:, p. 46 5104: 5099:, p. 44 5092: 5087:, p. 31 5065: 5060:, p. 41 5053: 5048:, p. 27 5041: 5029: 5024:, p. 28 5017: 5012:, p. 41 5005: 5000:, p. 40 4993: 4988:, p. 27 4986:Erfurth 2004 4981: 4976:, p. 53 4961:, p. 16 4954: 4949:, p. 13 4942: 4937:, p. 38 4913: 4908:, p. 37 4884:. Retrieved 4876: 4867: 4855:. Retrieved 4845: 4836: 4824: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4722: 4712: 4681: 4680: 4666:Nakajima B5N 4619: 4618: 4602: 4601: 4588:Richard King 4585: 4574: 4560: 4552: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4513: 4511: 4501: 4476: 4470: 4464: 4455: 4449: 4443: 4437: 4431: 4425: 4418: 4416: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4388: 4308: 4302: 4299: 4275:Saint-Tropez 4245: 4239: 4235: 4223: 4213: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4186: 4180: 4169: 4159: 4150: 4136: 4127:RAF Chivenor 4122: 4111: 4105: 3935: 3880:Nazi Germany 3840: 3783: 3777: 3763: 3758: 3740: 3731:Josef Stalin 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3704: 3699: 3682: 3679: 3666: 3662: 3642:Fliegerkorps 3641: 3638:Luftflotte 6 3635: 3609: 3606:Luftflotte 4 3605: 3599: 3597: 3581:Kampfgruppen 3580: 3574: 3553: 3549:Grozyashchiy 3548: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3517: 3504: 3481: 3473:Oberleutnant 3472: 3462: 3457: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3436:Luftflotte 5 3434: 3430: 3423: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3399: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3310: 3304: 3302: 3297:Curtiss P-40 3260:Afrika Korps 3256:Erwin Rommel 3250: 3248: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3223: 3217: 3210: 3199: 3192: 3185: 3178: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3151:Rear Admiral 3144: 3133: 3127: 3117: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3050: 3042: 3038: 3034:Picchiatelli 3033: 3032:Some of the 3031: 3023:Picchiatelli 3022: 3018: 3015:Picchiatello 3014: 3010: 3002: 3000: 2989: 2979: 2977: 2954: 2926: 2902:Luftflotte 2 2887: 2875: 2871: 2852: 2850: 2837: 2828: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2784: 2774: 2771: 2769:(264 tons). 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2738: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2649: 2644:Côte d'Arzur 2643: 2639: 2631: 2620: 2601: 2567: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2515: 2509: 2494: 2478:Army Group B 2468: 2461:Albert Canal 2457:Belgian Army 2448: 2442: 2440: 2431: 2429: 2408:Eduard Dietl 2403: 2399: 2393: 2379: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2357: 2352:commanded a 2350:Lionel Wells 2347:Vice Admiral 2342: 2340: 2335: 2332:Warwickshire 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2312: 2308: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2285: 2278: 2272: 2267: 2257: 2251: 2237: 2233: 2227: 2218: 2200: 2193: 2174: 2169: 2157: 2154:Erhard Milch 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2114: 2106: 2097: 2091: 2086: 2084: 2061: 2030: 2004: 2001:Rottenführer 1999: 1997: 1987:Oberleutnant 1985: 1980: 1976: 1949:East Prussia 1935: 1932:World War II 1929: 1904: 1895: 1851: 1839: 1829: 1826:fighter wing 1821: 1811: 1781: 1777: 1761:Ernst Kupfer 1747: 1745: 1729: 1721: 1704: 1683: 1633: 1629: 1623: 1618: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1600: 1597: 1592:Soviet Union 1582: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1564: 1559: 1555: 1539:practice of 1526: 1513:Kanonenvogel 1512: 1502: 1488: 1474: 1453: 1434: 1429:Kanonenvogel 1428: 1405: 1398: 1391: 1384: 1374: 1373: 1358: 1350: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1314: 1312: 1304: 1292: 1285: 1260: 1249: 1245: 1239: 1235: 1229: 1228: 1220: 1207:Kriegsmarine 1200: 1189: 1185: 1179: 1175: 1169: 1163: 1157: 1151: 1145: 1139: 1138: 1126: 1110: 1101: 1099: 1090: 1074: 1070:Adolf Hitler 1062: 1058:World War II 1054: 1035: 1029: 1023: 1017: 1016: 1010: 1004: 998: 992: 986: 980: 979: 955:supercharger 952: 944: 940: 936: 923: 896: 884: 859: 852: 842:dive-bombers 825: 817: 801: 793: 776: 761: 749: 737: 725: 710: 691:water-cooled 685: 677: 669: 662: 628: 614: 605: 589: 581:Ernst Zindel 562: 550:leading edge 535: 527: 517:20,514, two 506: 504: 491: 484:heavy bomber 475: 472:Erhard Milch 467: 449: 406: 396: 363: 360:Early design 343: 342: 339: 312: 277: 254: 225: 221:World War II 188: 184: 182: 166:First flight 145:Number built 127: 113: 87:Manufacturer 81:Nazi Germany 36: 11382:Unconfirmed 10325:Me 209 (II) 8569:F 24 / G 24 8203:Ju 87 Stuka 8086:Stuka Pilot 7816:. F. Cass. 7573:3 September 7509:29 November 7467:4 September 7334:Griehl 2001 7310:Griehl 2001 7298:Griehl 2001 7286:Griehl 2001 7142:Griehl 2001 6974:Rohwer 2005 6652:, p. 9 6640:, p. 7 6544:Bungay 2000 6484:Hooton 2007 6436:Hooton 2007 6203:Hooton 2007 6053:Griehl 2001 6041:Griehl 2001 6029:Griehl 2001 6017:Griehl 2001 5988:Griehl 2001 5971:Griehl 2001 5948:Griehl 2001 5885:Parker 1998 5873:Griehl 2001 5861:Griehl 2001 5832:Griehl 2001 5808:Griehl 2001 5796:Griehl 2001 5784:Griehl 2001 5772:Griehl 2001 5753:Griehl 2001 5738:Griehl 2001 5723:Griehl 2001 5706:Griehl 2001 5694:Griehl 2001 5682:Griehl 2001 5667:Griehl 2001 5646:Griehl 2001 5634:Mondey 1996 5622:Griehl 2001 5610:Griehl 2001 5595:Griehl 2001 5583:Griehl 2001 5566:Griehl 2001 5549:Griehl 2001 5537:Griehl 2001 5522:Griehl 2001 5507:Griehl 2001 5495:Griehl 2001 5468:Griehl 2001 5456:Griehl 2001 5444:Griehl 2001 5405:Griehl 2001 5393:Griehl 2001 5381:Griehl 2001 5369:Griehl 2001 5352:Griehl 2001 5337:Griehl 2001 5247:Mahlke 2013 5235:Griehl 2001 5133:Griehl 2001 5121:Griehl 2001 5109:Griehl 2001 5097:Griehl 2001 5070:Griehl 2001 5034:Mondey 1996 5010:Griehl 2001 4998:Griehl 2001 4959:Murray 1983 4947:Murray 1983 4935:Griehl 2001 4918:Griehl 2001 4906:Griehl 2001 4882:(in German) 4829:Griehl 2001 4800:Junkers J.I 4636:Breda Ba.65 4514:Performance 4502:Propellers: 4477:Powerplant: 3691:Sea of Azov 3618:Volga River 3234:on 26 May; 3145:During the 3043:Squadriglia 2990:Illustrious 2863:RAF Detling 2838:Foylebank's 2811:Dallas City 2759:Denis Papin 2621:During the 2548:Westminster 2525:Afsluitdijk 2398:transports 2119:Hel Harbour 2103:Polish Navy 1993:German Army 1957:Polish Army 1875:El Vendrell 1844:Nationalist 1752: [ 1672:during the 1640:during the 1427:Ju 87 G-1 " 1404:Ju 87 V 25 1397:Ju 87 V 24 1390:Ju 87 V 23 1383:Ju 87 V 22 697:V-12 engine 602:Refinements 445:dive brakes 417:Karl Plauth 355:Development 296:Netherlands 265:blacked out 261:dive brakes 211:during the 193:dive bomber 68:Dive bomber 11579:Categories 10857:301 to 349 10321:Me 209 (I) 10274:201 to 300 9660:101 to 200 8000:. Oxford: 7524:Green 1990 7482:Smith 2011 7445:Smith 2011 7381:Smith 2011 7214:Smith 2011 6890:Smith 2011 6689:Smith 2011 6602:Smith 2007 6472:Smith 2011 6448:Smith 2011 6424:Smith 2011 6412:Boyne 1994 6376:Smith 2011 6346:Smith 2011 6310:Smith 2011 6298:Smith 2011 6283:Smith 2011 6227:Smith 2011 6215:Smith 2011 6191:Smith 2011 6164:Smith 2011 6000:McNab 2012 5933:Smith 2011 5921:Smith 2011 5909:Smith 2011 5849:Smith 2011 5820:Smith 2011 5483:Boyne 1994 5185:Green 1990 4817:References 4787:Werknummer 4594:’s head". 4450:Wing area: 4264:Tim Wallis 4236:Werknummer 4228:Tim Wallis 4216:Paul Allen 4088:Yugoslavia 3610:Stukawaffe 3193:Gloucester 3100:Yugoslavia 3073:destroyer 3049:freighter 2883:Chain Home 2746:Foudroyant 2585:Montcornet 2568:Stukawaffe 2536:Winchester 2501:Dutch Navy 2453:Eben Emael 2436:Phoney War 2354:Home Fleet 2273:Black Swan 2268:Black Swan 2243:Scapa Flow 2189:ski troops 2181:paratroops 2176:Blitzkrieg 2164:See also: 2139:Stukawaffe 1687:Reichsmark 1680:Production 1624:Luftflotte 1613:Luftflotte 1535:, but the 1503:Bordkanone 1305:Luftorpedo 1123:over Italy 1106:drop tanks 1102:Reichweite 981:Prototypes 768:pneumatics 652:(a German 646:wing flaps 631:cantilever 573:Jumo 210Aa 451:Ernst Udet 439:(600 429:gull wings 397:After the 391:Ernst Udet 256:Blitzkrieg 247:propaganda 230:and fixed 228:gull wings 8306:0143-5450 8020:779264558 7902:797533857 7605:2051-1930 7347:Aeroplane 7202:Weal 2008 7190:Weal 2008 6878:Weal 1998 6866:Weal 1998 6854:Weal 1998 6809:Weal 1998 6797:Weal 1998 6785:Weal 1998 6773:Ward 2004 6761:Weal 1998 6749:Weal 1998 6737:Ward 2004 6725:Weal 1998 6701:Ward 2004 6677:Weal 1998 6650:Weal 1998 6638:Weal 1998 6626:Ward 2004 6583:Weal 1997 6571:Ward 2004 6556:Weal 1997 6532:Ward 2004 6520:Weal 1997 6508:Ward 2004 6496:Weal 1997 6460:Weal 1997 6400:Ward 2004 6388:Weal 1997 6361:Weal 1997 6334:Ward 2004 6322:Weal 1997 6271:Weal 1997 6256:Weal 1997 6244:Weal 1997 6179:Weal 1997 6152:Weal 1997 6140:Weal 1997 6128:Weal 1997 6116:Weal 1997 6068:Weal 1997 5897:Ward 2004 5259:Just 1986 5085:Ward 2004 5058:Ward 2004 5046:Ward 2004 5022:Ward 2004 4626:Aichi D3A 4504:3-bladed 4438:Wingspan: 4410:Data from 4121:Ju 87G-2 3887:Luftwaffe 3789:Operators 3778:Luftwaffe 3715:Leningrad 3707:Black Sea 3683:Immelmann 3667:Immelmann 3601:Fall Blau 3514:Leningrad 3510:Kronstadt 3300:wounded. 3229:HMS 3216:HMS 3211:Greyhound 3209:HMS 3198:HMS 3191:HMS 3184:HMS 3177:HMS 3158:HMS 2988:HMS 2869:station. 2840:gunners, 2829:Foylebank 2827:HMS 2815:Deucalion 2724:Whitehall 2719:Whitehall 2691:Normannia 2530:Valentine 2521:Waalhaven 2444:Fall Gelb 2404:Blaafjeld 2369:Ark Royal 2291:HMS 2277:HMS 2224:Stavanger 2210:Oslofjord 2087:Luftwaffe 2033:at Wieluń 2018:PZL P.11c 1953:Pomerania 1908:Neuhammer 1883:Catalonia 1879:Comarruga 1713:Wehrmacht 1601:Nachtrevi 1533:The Blitz 1486:, as the 1454:Sturmovik 1366:near the 1360:Hauptmann 1246:Ju 87 V11 1236:Ju 87 V10 1190:Ju 87 V18 1186:Ju 87 V17 1176:Ju 87 V16 1170:Ju 87 V15 1036:Ju 87 A-2 1030:Ju 87 A-1 1024:Ju 87 A-0 967:Lemwerder 804:altimeter 706:Plexiglas 654:aluminium 642:duralumin 634:monoplane 528:Hauptmann 519:shillings 501:Evolution 476:Luftwaffe 468:Luftwaffe 251:air power 241:known as 205:Luftwaffe 115:Luftwaffe 11534:Aviation 10909:Zwilling 9025:1 to 100 8441:aircraft 8125:(2005). 7547:16 April 6835:citation 4598:See also 4553:Armament 4385:Replicas 4301:; 5B+?? 4296:Belgrade 4260:Murmansk 3804:Bulgaria 3759:Schlacht 3727:Sposobny 3650:Belgorod 3518:Leutnant 3500:Red Army 3370:Carlisle 3364:Penelope 3349:Taganrog 3295:(USAAF) 3289:ordnance 3270:and the 3231:Hereward 3186:Warspite 3088:Cachalot 3076:Waterhen 2910:Tangmere 2854:Adlertag 2713:Basilisk 2702:Skipjack 2632:L'Adroit 2593:Bolougne 2564:at Sedan 2523:and the 2490:Gembloux 2363:Glorious 2208:through 2135:Jaskolka 2070:and the 2049:Radomsko 2006:Leutnant 1965:Dirschau 1891:PM M1910 1808:markings 1732:Slovakia 1619:Staffeln 1587:Jumo 211 1552:biplanes 1205:for the 1164:Ju 87 V9 1158:Ju 87 V8 1152:Ju 87 V7 1146:Ju 87 V6 1011:Ju 87 V5 1005:Ju 87 V4 999:Ju 87 V3 993:Ju 87 V2 987:Ju 87 V1 931:aerofoil 927:ailerons 907:Variants 889:and the 811:pilots. 752:dihedral 733:armature 721:asbestos 694:inverted 681:g forces 673:aerofoil 658:Elektron 569:Jumo 210 546:longeron 269:g-forces 98:Designer 11311:ZSO 523 11271:DFS 468 11256:DFS 446 11222:ZMe 423 11112:DFS 346 11088:WNF 342 11034:DFS 332 11029:DFS 331 10985:ZMe 323 10864:DFS 301 10625:Me 261w 10454:DFS 230 10436:DFS 228 10431:FGP 227 10291:DFS 203 10227:DFS 194 10222:DFS 193 9736:He 111U 9722:Bf 109R 8820:E.I (2) 8790:Idflieg 8439:Junkers 8403:YouTube 4886:22 July 4857:22 July 4842:"Stuka" 4771:; from 4756:German: 4671:Saab 17 4571:to rear 4506:Junkers 4457:Airfoil 4444:Height: 4432:Length: 4143:Eggebek 3829:Croatia 3719:Kharkov 3492:Dnieper 3429:, were 3376:Panther 3341:Lagnano 3280:Tunisia 3218:Kashmir 3140:Piraeus 3082:Cricket 3059:Proussa 3051:Susanah 2807:Britsum 2729:Ivanhoe 2697:Halcyon 2682:Fenella 2657:Mistral 2650:Grenade 2553:Whitley 2542:Whitley 2480:in the 2465:Lanaken 2400:Aafjord 2375:Valiant 2358:Berwick 2336:Chrobry 2328:Jardine 2279:Bittern 2252:Curacoa 2238:Suffolk 2201:Blücher 2158:staffel 2111:Oksywie 2101:of the 2021:fighter 1941:Vistula 1855:Germany 1836:Hamburg 1831:Usaramo 1822:Staffel 1650:Albania 1608:Staffel 1484:gun pod 1419:Ju 87 G 1368:Briansk 1257:Ju 87 D 1197:Ju 87 C 1121:DFS 230 1096:Ju 87 R 1043:Ju 87 B 912:Ju 87 A 867:⁄ 860:greyout 665:welding 538:Dresden 457:. When 433:BMW 132 413:Junkers 381:Ju K 47 370:spatted 319:African 300:Belgium 232:spatted 174:Retired 153:History 92:Junkers 11520:Portal 11437:Bomber 11358:Ju 635 11354:He 635 11350:Do 635 11345:Ar 632 11340:Me 609 11335:Me 600 11330:He 535 11326:Do 535 11316:Ar 532 11301:He 519 11296:Me 510 11291:Me 509 11286:He 500 11281:Fw 491 11276:Ju 488 11266:Me 462 11261:Ju 452 11246:Ar 440 11241:Do 435 11236:Ar 432 11231:Ka 430 11227:Ar 430 11217:He 419 11212:Do 417 11207:Me 410 11202:Me 409 11197:Ta 400 11192:Ar 396 11187:Ar 393 11182:Fw 391 11177:Ju 390 11172:Ju 388 11167:Me 368 11162:Me 364 11157:Me 362 11152:Ju 356 11148:Fi 356 11143:Ju 352 11127:Ba 349 11117:Rk 347 11107:Go 345 11102:So 344 11098:Rk 344 11093:He 343 11078:Ar 340 11073:Fl 339 11063:Ju 337 11058:Fa 336 11053:Do 335 11048:Me 334 11044:Ar 334 11039:Fi 333 11024:Fa 330 11019:Me 329 11014:Me 328 11009:Me 327 10999:Fw 325 10995:Fa 325 10981:Me 323 10976:Ju 322 10971:Me 321 10966:Me 320 10961:He 319 10956:Do 318 10951:Do 317 10941:Hs 315 10916:Me 310 10904:Me 309 10848:Fw 300 10843:Ju 299 10838:Hs 298 10833:Hs 297 10828:Hs 296 10824:Ar 296 10819:Hs 295 10814:Hs 294 10809:Hs 293 10804:Hs 292 10800:As 292 10795:Hs 291 10790:Ju 290 10785:Ju 289 10780:Ju 288 10776:Do 288 10771:Ju 287 10766:Ju 286 10761:Fl 285 10756:Fa 284 10751:Fa 283 10746:Fl 282 10741:He 281 10736:He 280 10731:He 279 10726:He 278 10721:He 277 10716:He 276 10711:He 275 10706:He 274 10701:He 273 10696:He 272 10691:We 271 10686:He 270 10681:Fa 269 10676:Ju 268 10671:Ho 267 10666:Go 266 10662:Fa 266 10657:Me 265 10653:Fl 265 10648:Me 264 10630:Me 262 10621:Me 261 10611:Fw 259 10601:SK 257 10596:Fi 256 10586:Ta 254 10582:Ho 254 10577:Ho 253 10573:Fi 253 10568:Ju 252 10563:Ho 252 10558:Ho 251 10553:Ho 250 10549:BV 250 10544:Ju 248 10534:BV 246 10529:Go 245 10524:Go 244 10519:Me 243 10514:Go 242 10509:Go 241 10504:Ar 240 10494:BV 238 10489:BV 237 10484:Fa 236 10479:Do 235 10474:Ar 234 10469:Ar 233 10464:Ar 232 10459:Ar 231 10445:Ho 229 10441:Go 229 10426:Ho 226 10422:BV 226 10417:Fa 225 10413:Ao 225 10408:Fa 224 10403:Fa 223 10398:BV 222 10393:Do 221 10388:He 220 10383:He 219 10378:Do 218 10373:Hs 217 10369:Do 217 10364:Do 216 10359:Do 215 10354:Do 214 10344:Do 212 10335:Hü 211 10330:Me 210 10316:Me 208 10306:Fw 206 10296:Si 204 10286:Si 202 10281:Si 201 10265:Fw 200 10261:Do 200 10256:Ar 199 10251:Ar 198 10246:Ar 197 10241:Ar 196 10236:Ar 195 10231:Me 194 10218:Ao 193 10213:Ao 192 10208:Fw 191 10203:Fw 190 10198:Fw 189 10193:Ju 188 10189:Fw 188 10184:Ju 187 10180:Fw 187 10175:Ju 186 10171:Fw 186 10166:Fl 185 10161:Fl 184 10156:Ta 183 10152:Bü 183 10147:Bü 182 10142:Bü 181 10137:He 180 10133:Bü 180 10128:He 179 10123:He 178 10118:He 177 10113:He 176 10103:He 174 10098:He 173 10093:He 172 10088:He 171 10083:He 170 10078:Fi 169 10073:Fi 168 10068:Fi 167 10063:FK 166 10059:Fi 166 10054:Bf 165 10044:Me 163 10040:Li 163 10036:Bf 163 10031:He 162 10027:Bf 162 10022:Bf 161 10017:Ju 160 10012:Fw 159 10007:Fi 158 10002:Fi 157 9997:Fi 156 9992:Me 155 9988:Kl 155 9984:BV 155 9979:Ta 154 9975:Kl 154 9970:Ta 153 9966:Kl 153 9961:Ta 152 9957:Kl 152 9952:Kl 151 9947:Go 150 9942:Go 149 9937:Go 148 9932:Ju 147 9928:Go 147 9923:Go 146 9918:Go 145 9913:BV 144 9908:BV 143 9903:BV 142 9898:BV 141 9893:Ha 140 9888:Ha 139 9883:BV 138 9878:Ha 137 9873:Hü 136 9869:Ha 136 9864:Ha 135 9859:Bü 134 9854:Bü 133 9849:Hs 132 9845:Bü 132 9840:Bü 131 9835:Hs 130 9830:Hs 129 9825:Hs 128 9820:Hs 127 9815:Hs 126 9810:Hs 125 9805:Hs 124 9800:Hs 123 9795:Hs 122 9790:Hs 121 9785:He 120 9780:He 119 9775:He 118 9770:Hs 117 9766:He 117 9761:He 116 9756:He 115 9751:He 114 9746:He 113 9741:He 112 9732:He 111 9727:Bf 110 9718:Bf 109 9713:Bf 108 9708:Kl 107 9703:Kl 106 9698:Kl 105 9693:Fh 104 9681:Fi 103 9677:Al 103 9672:Al 102 9667:Al 101 9651:He 100 9647:Fi 100 9527:FZG 76 9361:DFS 54 9267:DFS 40 9258:DFS 39 8971:Ju 635 8966:Ju 488 8961:Ju 452 8956:Ju 390 8951:Ju 388 8946:Ju 352 8941:Ju 322 8936:Ju 290 8931:Ju 288 8926:Ju 287 8921:Ju 268 8916:Ju 252 8911:Ju 248 8906:Ju 188 8901:Ju 187 8896:Ju 160 8779:EF 150 8774:EF 140 8769:EF 132 8764:EF 131 8759:EF 130 8754:EF 128 8749:EF 127 8744:EF 126 8374: 8360: 8346: 8321: 8304: 8285: 8266: 8247: 8228: 8209: 8190: 8171: 8152: 8133: 8111: 8092: 8073: 8054: 8035: 8018: 8008: 7983: 7955: 7936: 7917: 7900: 7877: 7858: 7839: 7820: 7799: 7776: 7757: 7738: 7719: 7700: 7677: 7658: 7639: 7620: 7603: 4575:Bombs: 4533:Range: 4313:Poland 4309:110757 4282:Rhodes 4208:857509 4123:494083 4112:494083 4085: 4062: 4039: 3995: 3972: 3949: 3922: 3899: 3877: 3826: 3801: 3766:Berlin 3743:Fw 190 3693:. The 3659:Fw 190 3545:Silnyy 3488:trains 3448:Gruppe 3358:Aurora 3333:Rhodes 3325:Megara 3319:. The 3315:, the 3205:Bf 109 3063:Ioanna 3039:Gruppo 3019:Gruppi 2969:Sicily 2929:groups 2906:Selsey 2900:under 2739:Havant 2686:Lorina 2669:Verity 2663:Jaguar 2597:Calais 2595:, and 2572:StG 77 2499:. 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