453:("Help for the East") granted Junkers 500,000,000 marks in subsidies to help pay for certain debts and to improve equipment. Junkers continued to demand and receive more and more subsidies, which gave them more money in their pockets, thus resulting in political power. Junkers exploited a monopoly on grain by storing it to drive up the price. As more money was profited, they were able to control political offices. Junkers were able to force people to continue paying more money for their product, while keeping who they wanted in office. Through the controlling of politics behind a veil, Junkers were able to influence politicians to create a law that prohibited collecting of debts from agrarians, thus pocketing even more money and strengthening their power.
25:
479:
2299:
2020:
135:. Junkers fled or were expelled alongside other German-speaking populations by the incoming Polish and Soviet administrations, and their lands were confiscated. In western and southern Germany, the land was often owned by small independent farmers or a mixture of small farmers and estate owners, and this system was often contrasted with the dominance of the large estate owners of the east. Before World War II, the dividing line was often drawn at the river
2032:
402:
lying east of the River Elbe. Since the Junker estates were necessarily inherited by the eldest son alone, younger sons, all well-educated and with a sense of noble ancestry, turned to the civil and military services, and dominated all higher civil offices, as well as the officer corps. Around 1900
3326:
Last year the east German state of
Brandenburg... I came across half a dozen members of the Prussian diaspora—their parents had fled the communists in 1945 and settled in West Germany—who had become wealthy (an eye surgeon, a gallery owner, a banker) and returned to buy back and restore their
372:
2329:, all private property exceeding an area of 100 hectares (250 acres) was expropriated, and then predominantly allocated to 'New Farmers' on condition that they continued farming them. As most of these large estates, especially in
100:. They owned great estates that were maintained and worked by peasants with few rights. These estates often lay in the countryside outside of major cities or towns. They were an important factor in Prussian and, after 1871,
2400:, some Junkers tried to regain their former estates through civil lawsuits, but the German courts have upheld the land reforms and rebuffed claims to full compensation, confirming the legal validity of the terms within the
233:
before their family names without further ranks. The abbreviation of the title is Jkr., most often placed before the given name and titles, for example: Jkr. Heinrich von
Hohenberg. The female equivalent
2269:
415:, increased grain production, and improved productivity per worker. Their political influence achieved the imposition of high tariffs that reduced competition from U.S. grain and meat.
2137:"Junker" acquired its current and often pejorative sense during the 19th-century disputes over the domestic policies of the German Empire. The term was used by sociologists such as
2428:. Other families, however, have quietly purchased or leased back their ancestral homes from the current owners (often the German federal government in its role as trustee). A
2781:
2401:
363:
Junkers formed a tightly knit elite. Their challenge was how to retain their dominance in an emerging modern state with a growing middle and working class.
3402:
Torp, Cornelius. "The "Coalition of 'Rye and Iron'" under the
Pressure of Globalization: A Reinterpretation of Germany's Political Economy before 1914,"
2215:
2776:
2062:
312:, and owning immense estates worked by tenants. These were located especially in the north-eastern half of Germany (i.e. the Prussian provinces of
403:
they modernised their farming operations to increase productivity. They sold off less productive land, invested more heavily in new breeds of
2405:
2379:
447:
of 1919–1933. It was said that "if
Prussia ruled Germany, the Junkers ruled Prussia, and through it the Empire itself". A policy known as
2358:
2165:
379:
2786:
2531:
2408:), by which expropriations of land under Soviet occupation were irreversible. The last decisive case was the unsuccessful lawsuit of
2354:
1473:
3104:
Henry VIII: September 1540, 26–30', Letters and Papers, Foreign and
Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 16: 1540–1541 (1898), p. 51. URL:
2936:
2130:
in the 1890s reduced the protective duties on imports of grain, these landed magnates demanded and obtained his dismissal; and in
205:. It evolved to a general denotation of a young or lesser noble, often poor and politically insignificant, understood as "country
520:
2134:, they brought about a restoration of such duties on foodstuffs as would keep the prices of their own products at a high level.
2931:
2413:
3342:
Anderson, Margaret
Lavinia. "Voter, Junker, Landrat, Priest: The Old Authorities and the New Franchise in Imperial Germany,"
3075:
2409:
2370:
2273:
2055:
1603:
1161:
317:
120:
436:
landlord class to the
Prussian Junkers, saying, "England goes to fight for liberty in Europe and for junkerdom in Ireland."
2906:
2861:
2811:
2566:
2257:
2219:
2911:
2756:
2103:
1151:
2092:
3375:
3037:
2322:
2157:
1944:
1683:
1611:
1281:
1261:
1191:
578:
75:
3315:
2836:
3456:
2866:
2338:
2122:). This political class held tremendous power over industrial classes and government alike, especially through the
2048:
864:
493:
460:
2451:
1531:
289:. Over the centuries, they had become influential commanders and landowners, especially in the lands east of the
270:
2791:
2706:
2541:
2476:
2123:
1857:
1141:
2771:
2751:
2726:
2666:
2646:
2466:
2185:
1722:
937:
912:
647:
296:
As landed aristocrats, the
Junkers owned most of the arable land in Prussia. Being the bulwark of the ruling
1765:
3466:
3461:
2856:
2676:
2536:
2496:
1662:
1561:
1241:
997:
2871:
2576:
2526:
2277:
2235:
1950:
1731:
1626:
124:
2199:
3451:
2656:
1976:
1791:
1772:
1654:
1546:
544:
1875:
1743:
2951:
2886:
2421:
2111:
2107:
1847:
1758:
1738:
1675:
1639:
1211:
549:
967:
2761:
2561:
2227:
1966:
1918:
1699:
1412:
1406:
1301:
595:
88:
24:
2631:
221:
as "Juncker Heintz"). As part of the nobility, many Junker families only had prepositions such as
2956:
2731:
2671:
2551:
2521:
2096:
1929:
1753:
1667:
1634:
1587:
1201:
1181:
1112:
952:
947:
708:
573:
468:
313:
2581:
530:
3433:
2946:
2921:
2916:
2881:
2711:
2651:
2641:
2606:
2571:
2511:
2471:
2456:
2245:
2080:
1621:
1556:
719:
675:
395:
357:
348:, where land was owned by small farms, or the mixed agriculture of the western states like the
3414:
1595:
3027:
2926:
2851:
2816:
2721:
2546:
2486:
2177:
2154:
2131:
2088:
1995:
1961:
1748:
1401:
1171:
743:
738:
297:
109:
3227:
3203:
3179:
3105:
2691:
2373:. From 1952 these individual farms were pressured by a variety of means to join together as
1368:
478:
2831:
2801:
2736:
2636:
2616:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2516:
2501:
2481:
2397:
2281:
2261:
2252:
of 20 July 1944. Fifty-eight of them either were executed when the plot failed, among them
2181:
1291:
1271:
1251:
845:
825:
503:
426:
349:
345:
159:
or East Elbia. They played a prominent role in repressing the liberal movement in
Germany.
2796:
1343:
1107:
874:
8:
2896:
2826:
2821:
2766:
2741:
2701:
2696:
2681:
2506:
2461:
2253:
2238:
to Nazi rule. As World War II turned against Nazi
Germany, several senior Junkers in the
2161:
2024:
1800:
1784:
1691:
1488:
1463:
1453:
1221:
1077:
932:
798:
561:
498:
387:
321:
33:
2153:
region west of the Elbe. After World War I many Prussian agriculturists gathered in the
1047:
3427:
2941:
2891:
2846:
2806:
2626:
2586:
2491:
2374:
2211:
2203:
1988:
1939:
1924:
1852:
1820:
1483:
1458:
1391:
1067:
977:
957:
922:
907:
691:
585:
566:
525:
433:
341:
229:
198:
177:
97:
3029:
The Course of German History: a survey of the development of German history since 1815
2901:
2416:
decided that the prince had no right to compensation for the disseized estates of the
1363:
1333:
3371:
3071:
3033:
2841:
2746:
2716:
2446:
2350:
2334:
2285:
2146:
2142:
1956:
1842:
1468:
1396:
1052:
1027:
892:
423:
333:
105:
104:
military, political and diplomatic leadership. The most famous Junker was Chancellor
2661:
808:
2961:
2621:
2556:
2417:
2389:
1934:
1503:
1417:
1231:
1082:
1022:
942:
869:
852:
803:
724:
620:
337:
280:
144:
49:
1042:
987:
927:
2984:
2876:
2686:
2384:
2298:
2127:
1981:
1899:
1566:
1536:
1493:
1443:
1433:
1386:
1092:
1087:
1062:
635:
590:
444:
93:
2432:
for official rehabilitation of the ousted landowners was rejected by the German
2002:
1541:
962:
2974:
2611:
2357:
and the SED, with many of them being arrested, brutally beaten and interned in
2231:
2207:
2036:
1887:
1862:
1835:
1478:
1438:
1348:
1311:
1102:
1037:
1032:
703:
508:
353:
3302:
The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949
3289:
The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949
3267:
The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949
1002:
982:
897:
3445:
3094:
2425:
2342:
2084:
1971:
1513:
1358:
1338:
1117:
972:
917:
838:
682:
661:
513:
440:
309:
301:
210:
101:
1880:
3000:
2326:
2249:
2223:
2196:
2173:
2141:
and was even adopted by members of the landed class themselves. Chancellor
1867:
1551:
1498:
1448:
1353:
1122:
1072:
1017:
830:
793:
757:
731:
399:
329:
325:
132:
128:
2366:
2330:
2115:
2076:
1428:
1097:
1057:
1007:
992:
902:
698:
640:
556:
539:
449:
419:
285:
149:
773:
139:
which was also roughly the western boundary of Slavic settlement by the
3347:
2989:
2349:("Junker land into farmer's hand!"). The former owners were accused of
2268:
in the closing months of the war and subsequently, most Junkers had to
2099:
1508:
1422:
714:
655:
429:
412:
218:
155:
113:
2433:
2311:
2307:
2240:
2169:
2138:
818:
750:
615:
239:
2075:
Supporting monarchism and military traditions, Junkers were seen as
183:, meaning "young nobleman" or otherwise "young lord" (derivation of
3426:
3253:
The European Nobilities in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
2994:
2429:
2265:
1894:
305:
244:
214:
202:
193:
3361:
Ordinary Prussians – Brandenburg Junkers and Villagers, 1500–1840
3132:
Ordinary Prussians – Brandenburg Junkers and Villagers, 1500–1840
3119:
Ordinary Prussians – Brandenburg Junkers and Villagers, 1500–1840
2150:
1012:
630:
2979:
1778:
668:
404:
383:
275:
206:
168:
67:
3090:
257:
A good number of poorer Junkers took up careers as soldiers (
140:
1828:
764:
625:
290:
250:
136:
61:
371:
58:
3106:
http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=76214
408:
273:. These families were mostly part of the German medieval
223:
191:), and originally was the title of members of the higher
55:
238:(Jkfr.) was used only sporadically. In some cases, the
3409:
Weber, Max. "National Character and the Junkers," in
2782:
Hyazinth Graf Strachwitz von Groß-Zauche und Camminetz
2402:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
108:. Bismarck held power in Germany from 1871 to 1890 as
2404:(Two Plus Four Agreement) (and incorporated into the
2160:(DNVP). The term was also applied to Reich President
76:
64:
283:
of the northeastern European territories during the
52:
153:. The term for the junker dominated East was thus
3255:. Vol. 2. UK: Basingstoke. pp. 118–119.
3025:
2777:Ludwig Freiherr von und zu der Tann-Rathsamhausen
2383:("agricultural production comradeships", LPG) or
3443:
2369:demolished. Some were executed. Many women were
2341:promoted their plans with East German President
2380:Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossenschaften
2202:were also members of the Junkers, most notably
2106:. Their political interests were served by the
2365:), while their property was plundered and the
2056:
336:). This was in contrast to the predominantly
3392:, Chap. IX (bibliography, pp. 210–211).
2276:that were turned over to the re-established
2000:
1986:
1885:
1833:
1798:
1789:
1763:
1729:
1720:
850:
816:
771:
762:
748:
729:
689:
680:
666:
439:Their political influence extended from the
3313:
2180:, personified by men like Hindenburg's son
394:The Junkers held a virtual monopoly on all
2353:and involvement in the Nazi regime by the
2063:
2049:
3003:, 19th-century Swedish political movement
2532:Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein
2317:After World War II, during the communist
3413:(Routledge classics in sociology) (1991)
3065:
2997:, the Dutch cognate and rough equivalent
2297:
370:
279:and had carried on the colonisation and
2787:Gottfried Graf von Bismarck-Schönhausen
2321:(land reform) of September 1945 in the
2172:" around him urging the appointment of
3444:
2932:Friedrich Wilhelm von Lindeiner-Wildau
36:was born into a wealthy Junker family.
3390:Economic Development of Modern Europe
3250:
2937:Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst
1604:Christian Democratic Union of Germany
1162:Lectures on the Philosophy of History
87:
2907:Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg
2862:Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach
2812:Heinrich Graf von Lehndorff-Steinort
2567:Kurt Freiherr von Hammerstein-Equord
2258:Heinrich Graf von Lehndorff-Steinort
366:
213:'s disguise as "Junker Jörg" at the
3411:From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology
3291:. Cambridge: Belknap Press. p. 143.
3269:. Cambridge: Belknap Press. p. 145.
3084:
2912:Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach
2757:Eugen Anton Theophil von Podbielski
1152:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
13:
3363:(Cambridge University Press, 2007)
3304:. Cambridge: Belknap Press. p. 86.
3121:(Cambridge University Press, 2007)
2439:
2184:and his West Prussian "neighbour"
14:
3478:
3419:
3354:A history of the Prussian Junkers
3054:A History of the Prussian Junkers
2406:Basic Law of the Federal Republic
2393:("publicly owned estates", VEG).
2188:, who played a vital role in the
1612:Christian Social Union in Bavaria
1192:Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man
386:), presented to German President
293:River in the Kingdom of Prussia.
201:) nobility without or before the
3314:Roger Boyes (January 26, 2011).
3093:; Meaning of Junker, in German.
2867:Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg
2339:Socialist Unity Party of Germany
2030:
2018:
865:Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918
477:
48:
23:
3399:, Oxford University Press, 2011
3346:(1993) 98#5 pp. 1448–1474
3307:
3294:
3281:
3272:
3259:
3244:
3220:
3196:
3172:
3159:
2337:, had belonged to Junkers, the
2280:with the implementation of the
2145:was a noted Junker, though his
261:), mercenaries, and officials (
112:. He was removed from power by
110:Chancellor of the German Empire
3154:The Lost Voices of World War I
3146:
3137:
3124:
3111:
3098:
3059:
3046:
3019:
2837:Heinrich Freiherr von Lüttwitz
2792:Wessel Freytag von Loringhoven
2707:Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk
2542:Helmuth von Moltke the Younger
2477:Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz
2410:Prince Ernst August of Hanover
2355:Soviet Military Administration
2291:
2158:German National People's Party
2124:Prussian three-class franchise
1951:Die Freischwebende Intelligenz
1858:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
1684:German National People's Party
1142:Addresses to the German Nation
269:) at the court of territorial
1:
3007:
2772:Job von Witzleben (historian)
2752:Karl vom Stein zum Altenstein
2727:Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach
2667:Elard von Oldenburg-Januschau
2647:Helmuth James Graf von Moltke
2467:Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben
2452:Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher
2228:Helmuth James Graf von Moltke
2186:Elard von Oldenburg-Januschau
2168:in West Prussia, and to the "
2095:, as they had sided with the
1945:Criticism of multiculturalism
1723:Bibliothek des Konservatismus
378:Neudeck, East Prussia (today
300:, the Junkers controlled the
16:Member of the landed nobility
3066:Jonathan, Steinberg (2011).
2857:Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist
2677:Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck
2537:Helmuth von Moltke the Elder
2497:Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal
2414:Federal Administrative Court
2412:in September 2006, when the
2264:. During the advance of the
2260:, or committed suicide like
1242:The Concept of the Political
123:that were annexed by either
7:
3300:Naimark, Norman M. (1995).
3287:Naimark, Norman M. (1995).
3265:Naimark, Norman M. (1995).
3108:Date accessed: 10 June 2012
3070:. Oxford University Press.
2968:
2872:Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski
2577:Heinrich Graf von Einsiedel
2527:Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg
2114:and the extraparliamentary
1940:Conservatism in Switzerland
1732:Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung
1627:Ecological Democratic Party
217:; he would later mock King
10:
3483:
3385:, MacMillan Company, 1920.
3352:Carsten, Francis Ludwig.
3344:American Historical Review
3327:crumbling ancestral homes.
3316:"The Prussians are coming"
3026:Alan J. P. Taylor (2001).
2657:Peter Yorck von Wartenburg
1977:Philosophical anthropology
1792:Studienzentrum Weikersheim
1773:Konrad Adenauer Foundation
1766:Institut für Staatspolitik
166:
162:
3383:The Governments of Europe
3251:Scott, H.M., ed. (2007).
3167:The Governments of Europe
3032:. Routledge. p. 20.
2952:Hans-Georg von Friedeburg
2887:Franz Pfeffer von Salomon
2347:Junkerland in Bauernhand!
2126:. When German chancellor
2108:German Conservative Party
1759:Hans Filbinger Foundation
1739:Forum of German Catholics
1676:German Conservative Party
1212:Prussianism and Socialism
443:of 1871–1918 through the
3404:Central European History
3052:Francis Ludwig Carsten,
2762:Adolf Wild von Hohenborn
2562:Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer
2244:participated in Colonel
1967:Pan-European nationalism
1302:Germany Abolishes Itself
459:This article is part of
338:Catholic southern states
3457:Conservatism in Germany
3381:Ogg, Frederick Austin,
2957:Robert Ritter von Greim
2732:Gerhard von Scharnhorst
2672:Veruschka von Lehndorff
2552:Alexander von Linsingen
2522:Hans Joachim von Zieten
2025:Conservatism portal
1935:Conservatism in Austria
1876:Süddeutsche Monatshefte
1754:Hanns Seidel Foundation
1744:Gerhard Löwenthal Prize
1668:Free Conservative Party
1655:Bavarian People's Party
1635:Family Party of Germany
1588:Alternative for Germany
1202:The Decline of the West
470:Conservatism in Germany
242:Jkr. was also used for
3434:Encyclopedia Americana
3406:(2010) 43#3 pp 401–427
3388:Ogg, Frederic Austin.
3370:, Basic Books, (2007)
2947:Ferdinand von Zeppelin
2922:Richard von Weizsacker
2917:Konstantin von Neurath
2882:Joachim von Ribbentrop
2712:Eberhard von Mackensen
2652:Wolfram von Richthofen
2642:Otto Liman von Sanders
2607:Walter von Brauchitsch
2572:Claus von Stauffenberg
2512:Joseph von Eichendorff
2472:Christoph II von Dohna
2457:Manfred von Richthofen
2377:and incorporated into
2323:Soviet Occupation Zone
2314:
2246:Claus von Stauffenberg
2116:Agriculturists' League
2001:
1987:
1886:
1834:
1799:
1790:
1764:
1730:
1721:
851:
817:
772:
763:
749:
730:
690:
681:
667:
391:
119:Many Junkers lived in
92:) were members of the
3395:Stienberg, Jonathan.
3165:Frederic Austin Ogg,
2927:Maximilian von Weichs
2852:Lothar von Richthofen
2817:Georg von Derfflinger
2722:Walther von Reichenau
2632:Hans-Jürgen von Arnim
2547:Gustav von Wangenheim
2487:Alfred von Schlieffen
2301:
2250:assassination attempt
2178:Chancellor of Germany
2155:national conservative
1996:Theory of generations
1962:Liberalism in Germany
1749:German Burschenschaft
1700:German People's Party
998:Moeller van den Bruck
744:Social market economy
374:
352:or even the Prussian
298:House of Hohenzollern
219:Henry VIII of England
167:Further information:
121:the eastern provinces
2832:Rudolf von Bennigsen
2802:Ernst von Weizsacker
2737:August von Gneisenau
2637:Hermann von Eichhorn
2617:Oskar von Hindenburg
2602:Henning von Tresckow
2597:August von Mackensen
2592:Erich von Falkenhayn
2582:Günther von Reibnitz
2517:Ferdinand von Schill
2502:Josias von Heeringen
2482:Alfred von Waldersee
2398:German reunification
2262:Henning von Tresckow
2214:. Many Junkers used
2192:scandal of 1932/33.
1292:Moral und Hypermoral
1272:Fascism in Its Epoch
1252:On the Marble Cliffs
846:German reunification
826:German Confederation
350:Grand Duchy of Hesse
346:Grand Duchy of Baden
3467:Politics of Prussia
3462:German noble titles
3232:history.hanover.edu
3208:history.hanover.edu
3184:history.hanover.edu
2897:Baldur von Schirach
2827:Ludwig von Wolzogen
2822:Erich von Drygalski
2767:Erwin von Witzleben
2742:Carl von Clausewitz
2702:Werner von Blomberg
2697:Alexander von Kluck
2682:Kurt von Schleicher
2507:Heinrich von Kleist
2462:Paul von Hindenburg
2274:eastern territories
2254:Erwin von Witzleben
2162:Paul von Hindenburg
1919:Böckenförde dilemma
1801:Tradition und Leben
1785:Queen Louise League
1596:Bündnis Deutschland
1222:Ideology and Utopia
799:Anti-Socialist Laws
499:Christian democracy
398:in the part of the
388:Paul von Hindenburg
306:political influence
34:Paul von Hindenburg
3366:MacDonogh, Giles,
3359:Hagen, William W.
3152:Tim Cross (1988),
3117:William W. Hagen,
2942:Georg von Hertling
2892:Werner von Fritsch
2847:Gerd von Rundstedt
2807:Ulrich von Hassell
2692:Bernhard von Bülow
2662:Marion von Dönhoff
2627:Erich von Manstein
2587:Alfred von Tirpitz
2492:Werner von Siemens
2422:Blankenburg Castle
2359:NKVD special camps
2315:
2278:Republic of Poland
2212:Erich von Manstein
2204:Gerd von Rundstedt
2120:Bund der Landwirte
2104:Revolution of 1848
2102:forces during the
2037:Germany portal
1989:Stahlhelm-Fraktion
1925:European New Right
1853:Deutsche Rundschau
1663:Conservative Party
968:Jünger (Friedrich)
720:Political theology
392:
342:Kingdom of Bavaria
178:Middle High German
3452:Prussian nobility
3278:MacDonogh, p. 204
3077:978-0-19-978252-9
2842:Remus von Woyrsch
2797:Günther von Kluge
2747:Albrecht von Roon
2717:Wernher von Braun
2447:Otto von Bismarck
2390:Volkseigene Güter
2335:Western Pomerania
2286:Potsdam Agreement
2284:according to the
2143:Otto von Bismarck
2073:
2072:
1957:German militarism
1262:The Questionnaire
875:Völkisch movement
596:Historical School
591:Right-Hegelianism
424:Irish nationalist
367:Modern influences
143:in the so-called
114:Kaiser Wilhelm II
106:Otto von Bismarck
3474:
3438:
3430:
3330:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3311:
3305:
3298:
3292:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3270:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3176:
3170:
3163:
3157:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3135:
3128:
3122:
3115:
3109:
3102:
3096:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3063:
3057:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3023:
2962:Adolf von Baeyer
2622:Wilhelm von Leeb
2557:Franz von Hipper
2418:House of Hanover
2282:Oder–Neisse line
2216:forced labourers
2149:hailed from the
2065:
2058:
2051:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2006:
1992:
1930:Collective guilt
1891:
1872:
1839:
1825:
1804:
1795:
1769:
1735:
1726:
1704:
1696:
1688:
1680:
1672:
1659:
1644:
1631:
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1608:
1600:
1592:
1317:
1307:
1297:
1287:
1277:
1267:
1257:
1247:
1237:
1232:Man and Technics
1227:
1217:
1207:
1197:
1187:
1182:Das Ressentiment
1177:
1167:
1157:
1147:
1038:Ritter (Joachim)
1033:Ritter (Gerhard)
870:Oster conspiracy
856:
853:Historikerstreit
822:
804:Carlsbad Decrees
777:
768:
754:
739:Social hierarchy
735:
725:Prussian virtues
695:
686:
672:
621:Christian values
481:
471:
456:
455:
281:Christianisation
176:is derived from
145:Germania Slavica
91:
89:[ˈjʊŋkɐ]
86:
79:
74:
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70:
69:
66:
63:
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27:
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3442:
3441:
3428:"Junkers"
3425:
3422:
3397:Bismarck a Life
3368:After the Reich
3334:
3333:
3320:
3318:
3312:
3308:
3299:
3295:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3264:
3260:
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3147:
3142:
3138:
3129:
3125:
3116:
3112:
3103:
3099:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3068:Bismarck a Life
3064:
3060:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3024:
3020:
3010:
2985:German nobility
2971:
2966:
2902:Claus von Bülow
2877:Franz von Papen
2687:Hans von Seeckt
2442:
2440:Notable Junkers
2296:
2234:as part of the
2128:Leo von Caprivi
2081:anti-democratic
2069:
2031:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2010:
2009:
1913:
1905:
1904:
1900:Welt am Sonntag
1870:
1823:
1816:
1808:
1807:
1716:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1694:
1686:
1678:
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1657:
1642:
1640:The Republicans
1629:
1614:
1606:
1598:
1590:
1580:
1572:
1571:
1527:
1519:
1518:
1382:
1374:
1373:
1359:Strauss (Botho)
1329:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1305:
1295:
1285:
1275:
1265:
1255:
1245:
1235:
1225:
1215:
1205:
1195:
1185:
1175:
1165:
1155:
1145:
1136:
1128:
1127:
888:
880:
879:
789:
781:
780:
611:
603:
602:
550:State Socialism
489:
469:
445:Weimar Republic
369:
171:
165:
94:landed nobility
84:
77:
51:
47:
40:
39:
38:
37:
30:
29:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3480:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
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3420:External links
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3169:(1920), p. 681
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2232:Kreisau Circle
2208:Fedor von Bock
2200:field marshals
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1912:Related topics
1911:
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1897:
1892:
1888:Verlag Antaios
1883:
1878:
1873:
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1312:Finis Germania
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953:von Hildebrand
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945:
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22:
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3039:9780415255585
3035:
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3018:
3015:
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2999:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
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2423:
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2399:
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2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
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2305:
2300:
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2159:
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2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2085:protectionist
2082:
2078:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2028:
2026:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1972:Pan-Germanism
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
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1715:Organizations
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1109:
1106:
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1101:
1099:
1098:Strauss (Leo)
1096:
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904:
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891:
890:
887:Intellectuals
884:
883:
876:
873:
871:
868:
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863:
861:
858:
855:
854:
849:
847:
844:
840:
839:German Empire
837:
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834:
829:
827:
824:
821:
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815:
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688:
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683:In Treue fest
679:
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662:Germanisation
660:
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650:
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584:
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574:Revolutionary
572:
568:
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558:
555:
551:
548:
547:
546:
545:Paternalistic
543:
541:
538:
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529:
528:
527:
524:
522:
519:
515:
514:Ritter School
512:
510:
507:
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485:
484:
480:
476:
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472:
467:
466:
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458:
457:
454:
452:
451:
446:
442:
441:German Empire
437:
435:
432:compared the
431:
428:
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397:
389:
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364:
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331:
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323:
319:
315:
311:
310:social status
307:
304:, leading in
303:
302:Prussian Army
299:
294:
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288:
287:
282:
278:
277:
272:
268:
264:
260:
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253:
252:
248:(Barons) and
247:
246:
241:
237:
232:
231:
226:
225:
220:
216:
212:
211:Martin Luther
208:
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90:
82:
81:
72:
45:
35:
26:
3432:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3343:
3337:Bibliography
3336:
3335:
3325:
3319:. Retrieved
3309:
3301:
3296:
3288:
3283:
3274:
3266:
3261:
3252:
3246:
3235:. Retrieved
3231:
3222:
3211:. Retrieved
3207:
3198:
3187:. Retrieved
3183:
3174:
3166:
3161:
3153:
3148:
3139:
3131:
3126:
3118:
3113:
3100:
3086:
3067:
3061:
3053:
3048:
3028:
3021:
3012:
3011:
3001:Junker Party
2395:
2388:
2385:nationalised
2378:
2367:manor houses
2363:Speziallager
2362:
2346:
2327:East Germany
2318:
2316:
2306:memorial in
2303:
2292:
2239:
2224:Soviet Union
2197:World War II
2194:
2189:
2174:Adolf Hitler
2136:
2119:
2097:conservative
2074:
2003:Überfremdung
1949:
1917:
1868:Kreuzzeitung
1777:
1692:German Party
1648:
1647:
1622:Centre Party
1582:
1454:von Radowitz
1397:von Bismarck
1328:Commentators
1310:
1300:
1290:
1280:
1270:
1260:
1250:
1240:
1230:
1220:
1210:
1206:(1918, 1922)
1200:
1190:
1180:
1172:Degeneration
1170:
1160:
1150:
1140:
893:Benedict XVI
859:
832:
809:
794:20 July plot
758:Subsidiarity
732:Sittlichkeit
654:
649:Gemeinschaft
648:
562:Cameralistic
531:
448:
438:
417:
400:German Reich
393:
380:Ogrodzieniec
375:
362:
340:such as the
330:East Prussia
326:West Prussia
295:
284:
274:
267:Kammerjunker
266:
262:
259:Fahnenjunker
258:
256:
249:
243:
235:
228:
222:
192:
188:
184:
180:
173:
172:
154:
148:
133:World War II
129:Soviet Union
118:
43:
41:
3143:Torp, 2010)
2375:collectives
2331:Brandenburg
2319:Bodenreform
2304:Bodenreform
2293:Bodenreform
2230:formed the
2226:. Although
2077:reactionary
1982:Remigration
1562:Wackenroder
1547:von Savigny
1532:Böckenförde
1504:von Westarp
1407:von Gerlach
1381:Politicians
1053:von Salomon
860:The Junkers
699:Medievalism
676:Imperialism
641:Meritocracy
636:Aristocracy
586:Romanticism
557:Prussianism
540:Neue Rechte
526:Nationalist
434:Anglo-Irish
420:World War I
413:fertilisers
411:, used new
396:agriculture
360:provinces.
358:Westphalian
314:Brandenburg
286:Ostsiedlung
150:Ostsiedlung
3446:Categories
3321:2013-09-29
3237:2018-10-29
3213:2018-10-29
3189:2018-10-29
3008:References
2990:East Elbia
2351:war crimes
2345:'s slogan
2308:Wolfshagen
2236:resistance
2164:, lord of
2100:monarchist
2093:Socialists
1881:Der Türmer
1537:von Gierke
1509:Wilhelm II
1484:von Storch
1469:Stresemann
1459:Rauschning
1402:Fehrenbach
1334:Kubitschek
1135:Literature
1083:Sloterdijk
774:Volksgeist
715:Patriotism
709:Organicism
704:Monarchism
656:Geopolitik
610:Principles
521:Monarchism
488:Ideologies
430:Tom Kettle
254:(Counts).
245:Freiherren
2436:in 2008.
2434:Bundestag
2312:Uckermark
2272:from the
2241:Wehrmacht
2170:camarilla
2139:Max Weber
2112:Reichstag
1871:(Defunct)
1824:(Defunct)
1474:vom Stein
1444:von Papen
1418:Hugenberg
1413:Goerdeler
1344:Safranski
1103:Steinbuch
1028:von Ranke
978:Koselleck
943:Heidegger
913:von Galen
819:Freikorps
810:Erklärung
751:Sonderweg
616:Authority
567:Socialist
376:Rittergut
318:Pomerania
263:Hofjunker
240:honorific
199:immediate
181:Juncherre
156:Ostelbien
147:prior to
3348:in JSTOR
3228:"Heilig"
3204:"Heilig"
3180:"Heilig"
3156:, p. 42.
2995:Jonkheer
2969:See also
2430:petition
2325:, later
2266:Red Army
2222:and the
2190:Osthilfe
2089:liberals
1895:Die Welt
1479:Stoecker
1392:Ancillon
1387:Adenauer
1369:Weißmann
1349:Sarrazin
1118:Voegelin
1093:Spengler
1088:Spaemann
1078:Sieferle
1068:Schlegel
1063:Schelsky
1023:Plessner
923:Gogarten
532:Völkisch
494:Agrarian
461:a series
450:Osthilfe
236:Junkfrau
215:Wartburg
203:accolade
194:edelfrei
3437:. 1920.
3356:(1989).
3130:Hagen,
3056:(1989).
2420:around
2166:Neudeck
2151:Altmark
2110:in the
1848:COMPACT
1821:Antaios
1649:Defunct
1579:Parties
1567:Wagener
1552:Schmitt
1526:Jurists
1494:Wagener
1489:Strauss
1364:Stürmer
1108:Tönnies
1073:Schmitt
1058:Scheler
1013:Novalis
908:Gadamer
831:German
788:History
631:Elitism
504:Liberal
418:During
390:in 1928
344:or the
322:Silesia
271:princes
209:" (cf.
163:Origins
127:or the
98:Prussia
85:German:
44:Junkers
3374:
3134:(2007)
3074:
3036:
2980:Gentry
2396:After
2220:Poland
2210:, and
2147:family
2083:, and
1843:Cicero
1779:PEGIDA
1687:(DNVP)
1583:Active
1514:Winnig
1499:Weidel
1427:
1411:
1316:(2017)
1306:(2010)
1296:(1969)
1286:(1966)
1276:(1963)
1266:(1951)
1256:(1939)
1246:(1932)
1236:(1931)
1226:(1929)
1216:(1919)
1196:(1918)
1186:(1913)
1176:(1892)
1166:(1837)
1156:(1820)
1146:(1806)
1048:Rüstow
1018:Pieper
1003:Müller
983:Löwith
973:Klages
948:Herder
933:Hamann
928:Görres
918:Gehlen
903:Freyer
898:Blüher
713:
692:Kultur
669:Heimat
405:cattle
384:Poland
332:, and
276:Uradel
251:Grafen
207:squire
174:Junker
169:Junker
131:after
125:Poland
102:German
3091:Duden
3013:Notes
2371:raped
2302:1985
2218:from
2195:Many
2182:Oskar
1815:Media
1703:(DVP)
1679:(DkP)
1671:(FKP)
1658:(BVP)
1643:(REP)
1630:(ÖDP)
1615:(CSU)
1607:(CDU)
1591:(AFD)
1557:Stahl
1542:Möser
1449:Petry
1354:Stein
1123:Weber
1043:Röpke
1008:Nolte
988:Lübbe
958:Hoppe
938:Hegel
833:Reich
579:Young
354:Rhine
334:Posen
141:Wends
78:YUUNG
3372:ISBN
3072:ISBN
3034:ISBN
2333:and
2270:flee
2256:and
2132:1902
2091:and
1836:Cato
1829:Bild
1695:(DP)
1599:(BD)
1439:Merz
1434:Krah
1429:Kohl
1423:Jung
1339:Kuby
1282:Envy
993:Mann
812:2018
765:Volk
626:Duty
509:Ordo
409:pigs
407:and
356:and
308:and
291:Elbe
189:Herr
187:and
185:jung
137:Elbe
80:-kər
42:The
2424:in
2387:as
2248:'s
2176:as
2087:by
227:or
224:von
96:in
3448::
3431:.
3324:.
3230:.
3206:.
3182:.
2310:,
2288:.
2206:,
2079:,
463:on
427:MP
422:,
382:,
328:,
324:,
320:,
316:,
265:,
230:zu
116:.
83:;
68:ər
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3240:.
3216:.
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3080:.
3042:.
2361:(
2118:(
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2057:t
2050:v
197:(
71:/
65:k
62:ŋ
59:ʊ
56:j
53:ˈ
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46:(
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