History of Ireland

55: 2796: 1674: 3220:. However, these non-violent protests posed a problem to Northern Ireland's prime minister Terrance O'Neil (1963) because it hampered his efforts to persuade Catholics in Northern Ireland that they too, like their Protestant counterparts, belong within the United Kingdom. Despite O'Neil's reforming efforts there was growing discontent amongst both Catholics and Unionists. In October 1968 a peaceful civil rights march in Derry turned violent as police brutally beat protesters. The outbreak was televised by international media, and as a result the march was highly publicised which further confirmed the socio-political turmoil in Ireland. A violent counter-reaction from conservative unionists led to civil disorder, notably the 2263: 1551: 1541: 629: 2008:

sectors of the Irish economy, the bulk of the farmland, the legal system, local government and held strong majorities in both houses of the Irish Parliament. They strongly distrusted the Presbyterians in Ulster and were convinced that the Catholics should have minimal rights. They did not have full political control because the government in London had superior authority and treated Ireland as a backward colony. When the American colonies revolted in the 1770s, the Ascendency wrested multiple concessions to strengthen its power. They did not seek independence because they knew they were heavily outnumbered and ultimately depended upon the British Army to guarantee their security.

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from Stormont to the people of Northern Ireland (and the Republic of Ireland). Conversely, the Sunningdale Agreement included a "provision of a Council of Ireland which held the right to execute executive and harmonizing functions". Most significantly, the Sunningdale Agreement brought together political leaders from Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland and the UK to deliberate for the first time since 1925. The Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention and Jim Prior's 1982 assembly were also temporarily implemented; however all failed to either reach consensus or operate in the longer term.

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would bring about a civil war. After the Second World War, keeping the cohesion within Stormont seemed impossible; increased economic pressures, solidified Catholic unity, and British involvement ultimately led to Stormont's collapse. As the civil rights movement of the United States gained worldwide acknowledgment, Catholics rallied together to achieve a similar socio-political recognition. This resulted in the formation of various organisations such as the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA) in 1967 and the Campaign for Social Justice (CSJ) in 1964.

1771:, 1594–1603, for details.) After this point, the English authorities in Dublin established real control over Ireland for the first time, bringing a centralised government to the entire island, and successfully disarmed the native lordships. In 1614 the Catholic majority in the Irish Parliament was overthrown through the creation of numerous new boroughs which were dominated by the new settlers. However, the English were not successful in converting the Catholic Irish to the Protestant religion and the brutal methods used by crown authority (including resorting to 3366:

stated that the two governments must implement a cross-border co-operation. Socially and economically Northern Ireland suffered the worst levels of unemployment in the UK and although high levels of public spending ensured a slow modernisation of public services and moves towards equality, progress was slow in the 1970s and 1980s. Only in the 1990s, when progress toward peace became tangible, did the economic situation brighten. By then the demographics of Northern Ireland had undergone significant change, and more than 40% of the population was Catholic.

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emigration was disproportionate in this period. Many Protestants left the country in the early 1920s, either because they felt unwelcome in a predominantly Catholic and nationalist state, because they were afraid due to the burning of Protestant homes (particularly of the old landed class) by republicans during the civil war, because they regarded themselves as British and did not wish to live in an independent Irish state, or because of the economic disruption caused by the recent violence. The Catholic Church had also issued a decree, known as

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eleventh century. On the interior of the town, an extensive series of defences have been excavated at Fishamble Street, Dublin. The site featured nine waterfronts, including two possible flood banks and two positive defensive embankments during the Viking Age. The early embankments were non-defensive, being only one metre high, and it is uncertain how much of the site they encircled. After several generations a group of mixed Irish and Norse ethnic background arose, the

7981: 1735:, Fitzgerald went into open rebellion against the crown. Having put down this rebellion, Henry resolved to bring Ireland under English government control so the island would not become a base for future rebellions or foreign invasions of England. In 1542, he upgraded Ireland from a lordship to a full kingdom. Henry was proclaimed King of Ireland at a meeting of the Irish Parliament that year. This was the first meeting of the Irish Parliament to be attended by the 242: 935: 1012: 8551: 3464: 1603: 2753:. Nevertheless, until the mid-1930s, considerable parts of Irish society saw the Free State through the prism of the civil war, as a repressive, British-imposed state. It was only the peaceful change of government in 1932 that signalled the final acceptance of the Free State on their part. In contrast to many other states in the period, the Free State remained financially solvent as a result of low government expenditure, despite the 3201:, declared that it would be "a Protestant State for a Protestant People". Craig's goal was to form and preserve Protestant authority in the new state which was above all an effort to secure a unionist majority. In 1926 the majority of the population in the province were Presbyterian and Anglican, therefore, solidifying Craig's Protestant political power. The Ulster Unionist Party thereafter formed every government until 1972. 3455:, who resigned abruptly in 1992 after it was revealed that he had had an affair with an American woman and had fathered a child. Further controversies and scandals arose concerning paedophile and child-abusing priests. As a result, many in the Irish public began to question the credibility and effectiveness of the Catholic Church. In 2011 Ireland closed its embassy at the Vatican, an apparent result of this growing trend. 2560: 54: 361:), settled from the late 8th century CE which resulted in extensive cultural interchange, as well as innovation in military and transport technology. Many of Ireland's towns were founded at this time as Scandinavian trading posts and coinage made its first appearance. Scandinavian penetration was limited and concentrated along coasts and rivers, and ceased to be a major threat to Gaelic culture after the 3443:. By the beginning of the 1990s, Ireland had transformed itself into a modern industrial economy and generated substantial national income that benefited the entire nation. Although dependence on agriculture still remained high, Ireland's industrial economy produced sophisticated goods that rivalled international competition. Ireland's international economic boom of the 1990s became known as the 765: 2703: 2055:. Originally they sought to reform the Irish Parliament which was controlled by those belonging to the state church; seek Catholic Emancipation; and help remove religion from politics. When their ideals seemed unattainable they became more determined to use force to overthrow British rule and found a non-sectarian republic. Their activity culminated in the 2338:, the long-separated wife of a fellow Irish MP. Disaster came quickly: Gladstone and the Liberal Party refused to cooperate with him; his party split; the Irish Catholic bishops led the successful effort to crush his minority faction at by-elections. Parnell fought for control to the end, but his body was collapsing and he died in 1891 at age 45. 1008:, which demonstrates that there were already Christians living in Ireland. Palladius seems to have worked purely as Bishop to Irish Christians in the Leinster and Meath kingdoms, while Patrick – who may have arrived as late as 461 – worked first and foremost as a missionary to the pagan Irish, in the more remote kingdoms in Ulster and Connacht. 1030:, which enabled Irish monks to preserve parts of the extensive oral literature. The historicity of these claims remains the subject of debate and there is no direct evidence linking Patrick with any of these accomplishments. The myth of Patrick, as scholars refer to it, was developed in the centuries after his death. 393:), martial traditions, difficult terrain and climate and lack of urban infrastructure, meant that attempts to assert Crown authority were slow and expensive. Attempts to impose the new Protestant faith were also successfully resisted by both the Gaelic and Norman-Irish. The new policy fomented the rebellion of the 1873:. Cromwell's conquest was the most brutal phase of the war. By its close, around half of Ireland's pre-war population was killed or exiled as slaves, where many died due to harsh conditions. As retribution for the rebellion of 1641, the better-quality remaining lands owned by Irish Catholics were confiscated and 6365: 4394: 734:, under earthen mounds and were accompanied by distinctive decorated pottery. This culture apparently prospered, and the island became more densely populated. Near the end of the Neolithic new types of monuments developed, such as circular embanked enclosures and timber, stone and post and pit circles. 3365:

signalling a formal partnership in seeking a political solution. The Anglo-Irish Agreement (AIA) recognised the Irish government's right to be consulted and heard as well as guaranteed equality of treatment and recognition of the Irish and British identities of the two communities. The agreement also

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The violent outbreaks in the late 1960s encouraged and helped strengthen military groups such as the IRA, who served as the protectors of the working class Catholics who were vulnerable to police and civilian brutality. During the late sixties and early seventies recruitment into the IRA organisation

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A central issue throughout the 19th and early 20th century was land ownership. A small group of about 10,000 English families owned practically all the farmland; Most were permanent residents of England, and seldom presented the land. They rented it out to Irish tenant farmers. Falling behind in rent

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in the way that the High King would now have more power and control over the country and could manage the country's affairs. This led to prosperity for Ireland over the next few years. The Irish economy grew as international trade became more common. The towns founded by the Vikings continued to grow

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to serve as control centres to exert a more localized force on the island through raiding. The third wave in 917 established towns as not only control centres, but also as centres of trade to enter into Irish economy and greater Western Europe. Returning to Dublin, they set up a market town. Over the

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and established a fortress. Dublin became the centre for the trade of many goods, especially slaves. Bringing back new ideas and motivations, they began settling more permanently. In the tenth century, an earthen bank was constructed around the city with a second larger bank built outside that in the

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Ireland in some ways was the first acquisition of the British Empire. Marshall says historians continue to debate whether Ireland should be considered part of the British Empire. Recent work by historians pays special attention to continuing Imperial aspects of Irish history, Atlantic Ocean history,

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The middle centuries of the first millennium CE marked great changes in Ireland. Politically, what appears to have been a prehistoric emphasis on tribal affiliation had been replaced by the 8th century by patrilineal dynasties ruling the island's kingdoms. Many formerly powerful kingdoms and peoples

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still existed at that time, more recent studies indicate that Ireland was separated from Britain by c. 14,000 BCE when the climate was still cold and local ice caps persisted in parts of the country. The people remained hunter-gatherers until about 4000 BCE. It is argued this is when the first signs

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is an approach in several academic disciplines that seeks to analyze, explain, and respond to the cultural legacies of colonialism and imperialism. The emphasis is usually on the human consequences of controlling a country and establishing settlers for the economic exploitation of the native people

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Ireland has a very large historiography, contributed by scholars in Ireland, North America, and Britain. There has been both a standard interpretation and, since the late 1930s, a good deal of revisionism. One of the most important themes has always been Irish nationalism—what Alfred Markey, calls:

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From the 15th to the 18th century, Irish, English, Scots and Welsh prisoners were transported for forced labour in the Caribbean to work off their term of punishment. Even larger numbers came voluntarily as indentured servants. In the 18th century they were sent to the American colonies, and in the

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The Catholic Church, which once exercised great power, found its influence on socio-political issues in Ireland much reduced. Irish bishops were no longer able to advise and influence the public on how to exercise their political rights. Modern Ireland's detachment of the Church from ordinary life

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and nationalists control of limited areas of government. However, both the power-sharing Executive and the elected Assembly were suspended between January and May 2000, and from October 2002 until April 2007, following breakdowns in trust between the political parties involving outstanding issues,

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families, who were loyal to the Anglican Church of Ireland. They owned the great bulk of the farmland, where the work was done by the Catholic peasants. Many of these families lived in England and were absentee landlords, whose loyalty was basically to England. The Anglo-Irish who lived in Ireland

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aristocracy. With the institutions of government in place, the next step was to extend the control of the English Kingdom of Ireland over all of its claimed territory. This took nearly a century, with various English administrations either negotiating or fighting with the independent Irish and Old

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arrived in Ireland in 1348. Because most of the English and Norman inhabitants of Ireland lived in towns and villages, the plague hit them far harder than it did the native Irish, who lived in more dispersed rural settlements. After it had passed, Gaelic Irish language and customs came to dominate

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community suffered from a series of invasions that ceased the spread of their settlement and power. Politics and events in Gaelic Ireland served to draw the settlers deeper into the orbit of the Irish. Furthermore, unlike the Anglo-Normans, the Gaelic kings did not keep detailed estate inventories

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According to L.A. Clarkson in 1980, the 18th and 19th centuries are the best covered time frames. Recent research on 18th-century overseas trade and 19th-century agrarian conditions has broken the nationalist approach that traditionally structured Irish economic historiography. Understudied areas

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Both acts however did little to create cohesion between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. The Constitution Act of 1973 formalised the UK government's affirmation of reunification of Ireland by consent only; therefore ultimately delegating the authoritative power of the border question

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in the late 1960s, inspired by Martin Luther King's civil rights movement in the United States of America. The military forces of the Northern Protestants and Northern Catholics (IRA) turned to brutal acts of violence to establish power. As time went on it became clear that these two rival states

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The majority of the people of Ireland were Catholic peasants; they were very poor and largely inert politically during the eighteenth century, as many of their leaders converted to Protestantism to avoid severe economic and political penalties. Nevertheless, there was a growing Catholic cultural

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were reinforced more thoroughly after this war, as the infant Anglo-Irish Ascendancy wanted to ensure that the Irish Roman Catholics would not be in a position to repeat their rebellions. Power was held by the 5% who were Protestants belonging to the Church of Ireland. They controlled all major

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looted the island. Early Viking raids were generally fast-paced and small in scale. These early raids interrupted the golden age of Christian Irish culture and marked the beginning of two centuries of intermittent warfare, with waves of Viking raiders plundering monasteries and towns throughout

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in 1169 resulted again in a partial conquest of the island and marked the beginning of more than 800 years of English political and military involvement in Ireland. Initially successful, Norman gains were rolled back over succeeding centuries as a Gaelic resurgence reestablished Gaelic cultural

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bursting. Some 25-26% of GDP was needed to bail out failing Irish banks and force banking sector consolidation. This was the largest banking bailout for any country in history, in comparison, only 7–8% of GDP was needed to bail out failing Finnish banks in its banking crisis in the 1990s. This

1578:, and penetrated a considerable distance inland as well. The counties were ruled by many smaller kings. The first Lord of Ireland was King John, who visited Ireland in 1185 and 1210 and helped consolidate the Norman-controlled areas while ensuring that the many Irish kings swore fealty to him. 896:

tells us that Roman "arms had been taken beyond the shores of Ireland". In recent years, some experts have hypothesized that Roman-sponsored Gaelic forces (or perhaps even Roman regulars) mounted some kind of invasion around CE 100, but the exact relationship between Rome and the dynasties and

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With the partition of Ireland in 1922, 92.6% of the Free State's population were Catholic while 7.4% were Protestant. By the 1960s the Protestant population had fallen by half. Although emigration was high among all the population, due to a lack of economic opportunity, the rate of Protestant

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and agrarian. The northeast, however, was predominantly unionist, Protestant and industrialised. Unionists feared a loss of political power and economic wealth in a predominantly rural, nationalist, Catholic home-rule state. Nationalists believed they would remain economically and politically

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served 1767-72 and was in residence in The Castle in Dublin. Townsend had the strong support of both the King and the British cabinet in London, and all major decisions were basically made in London. The Ascendancy complained, and obtained a series of new laws in the 1780s that made the Irish

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from the 1660s, which placed tariffs on Irish products entering England, but exempted English goods from tariffs on entering Ireland. Despite this, most of the 18th century was relatively peaceful in comparison with the preceding two centuries, and the population doubled to over four million.

1626:. The war continued between the different lords and earls for about 100 years, causing much destruction, especially around Dublin. In this chaotic situation, local Irish lords won back large amounts of land that their families had lost since the conquest and held them after the war was over. 849:

from the continent. However, other research has postulated that the culture developed gradually and continuously and that the introduction of Celtic language and elements of Celtic culture may have been a result of cultural exchange with Celtic groups in southwest continental Europe from the

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in the late 1960s, after civil rights marches were met with opposition by authorities. The violence escalated after the deployment of the British Army to maintain authority led to clashes with nationalist communities. The violence continued for twenty-eight years until an uneasy, but largely

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being found in at least the northern part of the island by about 300 BCE. The result of a gradual blending of Celtic and indigenous cultures would result in the emergence of Gaelic culture by the fifth century. It is also during the fifth century that the main over-kingdoms of In Tuisceart,

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was introduced, the tricolour was formally confirmed as the national flag: "The national flag is the tricolour of green, white and orange." While the tricolour today is the official flag of Ireland, it is not an official flag in Northern Ireland although it is sometimes used unofficially.

1170: 1197:, and by the early 840s, had begun to establish settlements along the Irish coasts and to spend the winter months there. The longships were technologically advanced, allowing them to travel faster through the narrow rivers. Vikings founded settlements in several places; most famously in 3474:

The national flag of Ireland is a tricolour of green, white and orange. This flag, which bears the colours green for Irish Catholics, orange for Irish Protestants, and white for the desired peace between them, dates to the mid-19th century. The tricolour was first unfurled in public by

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to be at the forefront of combating the IRA). Although IRA violence decreased it was obvious that no military victory was on hand in either the short or medium terms. Even Catholics who generally rejected the IRA were unwilling to offer support to a state that seemed to remain mired in

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dramatically increased as street and civilian violence worsened. The interjection from the British troops proved to be insufficient to quell the violence and thus solidified the IRA's growing military importance. On 30 January 1972 the worst tensions came to a head with the events of

1201:. Most of the settlements were near the water, allowing the Vikings to trade using their longships. Written accounts from this time (early to mid 840s) show that the Vikings were moving further inland to attack (often using rivers) and then retreating to their coastal headquarters. 808:. As the period progressed, inhumation burial gave way to cremation and by the Middle Bronze Age, remains were often placed beneath large burial urns. During the late Bronze Age, there was an increase in stored weapons, which has been taken as evidence for greater warfare. Fleshed 2066:

or viceroy. In practice, the viceroys lived in England and the affairs in the island were largely controlled by an elite group of Irish Protestants known as "undertakers." The system changed in 1767, with the appointment of an English politician who became a very strong Viceroy.

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ornaments, weapons and tools. There was a movement away from the construction of communal megalithic tombs to the burial of the dead in small stone cists or simple pits, which could be situated in cemeteries or in circular earth or stone-built burial mounds known respectively as

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next century, a great period of economic growth would spread across the pastoral country. The Vikings brought Ireland into their wide-ranging system of international trade, as well as popularizing a silver-based economy with local trade and the first minting of coins in 997.

2162:, known in Ireland as "The Liberator" began an ultimately successful Irish campaign to achieve emancipation and to be seated in the Parliament. This culminated in O'Connell's successful election in the Clare by-election, which revived the parliamentary efforts at reform. 4002:

Edwards, R.J., Brooks, A.J. (2008) The Island of Ireland: Drowning the Myth of an Irish Land-bridge? In: Davenport, J.J., Sleeman, D.P., Woodman, P.C. (eds.) Mind the Gap: Postglacial Colonisation of Ireland. Special Supplement to The Irish Naturalists' Journal. pp.

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The 17th century was perhaps the bloodiest in Ireland's history. Two periods of war (1641–53 and 1689–91) caused a huge loss of life. The ultimate dispossession of most of the Irish Catholic landowning class was engineered, and recusants were subordinated under the

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Perhaps it was some of the latter returning home as rich mercenaries, merchants, or slaves stolen from Britain or Gaul, that first brought the Christian faith to Ireland. Some early sources claim that there were missionaries active in southern Ireland long before

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parties. On 28 July 2005, the Provisional IRA announced the end of its armed campaign and on 25 September 2005 international weapons inspectors supervised the disarmament of the majority of weapons of the PIRA. Eventually, devolution was restored in April 2007.

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The Iron Age in Ireland began about 600 BCE. The period between the start of the Iron Age and the historic period (CE 431) saw the gradual infiltration of small groups of Celtic-speaking people into Ireland, with items of the continental Celtic

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A 16th century perception of Irish women and girls, illustrated in the manuscript "Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel". Painted by

6355: 3279:(RUC) also took part in the chaos that resulted in the deaths of over 3,000 men, women and children, civilians and military. Most of the violence took place in Northern Ireland, but some also spread to England and across the Irish border. 482:

During the 17th century, this division between a Protestant landholding minority and a dispossessed Catholic majority was intensified and conflict between them was to become a recurrent theme in Irish history. Domination of Ireland by the

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As historiography evolves, new approaches have been applied to the Irish situation. Studies of women, and gender relationships more generally, had been rare before 1990; they now are commonplace with over 3,000 books and articles.

3484:"The white in the centre signifies a lasting truce between the "Orange" and the "Green," and I trust that beneath its folds the hands of the Irish Protestant and the Irish Catholic may be clasped in generous and heroic brotherhood" 662:, that lasted between 14,700 and 12,700 years ago (i.e. between 12,700 BCE and 10,700 BCE) towards the end of the last ice age, and allowed the reinhabitation of northern Europe. A sudden return to freezing conditions known as the 3612:, 1912–23. Starting in 2012 a series of conferences on "Reflecting on a decade of War and Revolution in Ireland 1912-1923: Historians and Public History" brought together hundreds of academics, teachers, and the general public. 2220:, exacerbated by the political factors of the time leading to mass starvation and emigration. The impact of emigration in Ireland was severe; the population dropped from over 8 million before the Famine to 4.4 million in 1911. 3349:

discrimination, and the Unionists were not interested in Catholic participation in running the state in any case. In the 1980s the IRA attempted to secure a decisive military victory based on massive arms shipments from

2899:, led to the emergence of one of the world's highest economic growth rates, with mass immigration (particularly of people from Asia and Eastern Europe) as a feature of the late 1990s. This period came to be known as the 860:

in Wales causing concerns across the Irish Sea, but there is a small controversy on if they even set foot into Ireland. The closest Rome got to conquering Ireland was in 80 CE, when, according to Turtle Bunbury from the

2480:, an insurrection in Dublin. Though support for the insurgents was small, the violence used in its suppression led to resentment against British rule and a swing in support of the rebels. In addition, the unprecedented 666:

cold phase, which lasted from 10,900 BCE to 9700 BCE, may have depopulated Ireland. During the Younger Dryas, sea levels continued to rise and no ice-free land bridge between Great Britain and Ireland ever returned.

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Presbyterians and Dissenters too faced persecution on a lesser scale, and in 1791 a group of dissident Protestant individuals, all of whom but two were Presbyterians, held the first meeting of what would become the

4658:"Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel par Luc Dheere peintre et sculpteur Gantois[manuscript]" 655:, County Clare, in 1903 may push back dates for the earliest human settlement of Ireland to 10,500 BCE. The bone shows clear signs of cut marks with stone tools and has been radiocarbon dated to 12,500 years ago. 3639:

include economic growth and fluctuations, the labour market, capital formation, business, and history. Except for emigration, little has been written on Ireland's external economic relations in the 19th century.

2792:, whereby the children of marriages between Catholics and Protestants had to be brought up as Catholics. From 1945, the emigration rate of Protestants fell and they became less likely to emigrate than Catholics. 1976:

awakening underway. There were two Protestant groups. The Presbyterians in Ulster in the North lived in much better economic conditions but had virtually no political power. Power was held by a small group of

389:(1488). This released resources and manpower for overseas expansion, beginning in the early 16th century. However, the nature of Ireland's decentralised political organisation into small territories (known as 1442: 3451:

can be explained by the increasing disinterest in Church doctrine by younger generations and the questionable morality of the Church's representatives. A highly publicised case was that of Eamonn Casey, the

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Irish society adopted relatively liberal social policies during this period. Divorce was legalised, homosexuality decriminalised, and abortion in limited cases was allowed by the Irish Supreme Court in the

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Tanabe, Susumu; Nekanishi, Toshimichi; Yasui, Satoshi (14 October 2010). "Relative sea-level change in and around the Younger Dryas inferred from late Quaternary incised valley fills along the Japan sea".

1802:. These Protestant settlers replaced the Irish Catholic landowners who were removed from their lands. These settlers formed the ruling class of future British appointed administrations in Ireland. Several 1489:, known as Strongbow, heir to his kingdom. This troubled King Henry, who feared the establishment of a rival Norman state in Ireland. Accordingly, he resolved to establish his authority. In 1177, Prince 2349:"Grand Juries", passing for the first time democratic control of local affairs into the hands of the people through elected Local County Councils, the debate over full Home Rule led to tensions between 5082:

SDLP leader John Hume regularly refers to Martin Luther King as an important influence in the late 1960s, and representatives from King's Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) visited Belfast

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to establish self-government for Ireland, but it was suspended for the duration of the war. To ensure implementation of Home Rule after the war, nationalist leaders and the IPP under Redmond supported

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the received nationalist tale replete with heroes, villains, and a host of stock elements, has a long history and has exercised a particularly important influence on the development of Irish identity.

1318:, to lead campaigns against the Irish in 1098 and again in 1102 to bring Norse areas back under Norwegian control, while also raiding the various British kingdoms. Although direct conflict with the 1045:

spread the news of the flowering of learning, and scholars from other nations came to Irish monasteries. The excellence and isolation of these monasteries helped preserve Latin learning during the

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early 19th century to Australia. The Irish were dehumanised by the English, described as "savages," so making their displacement appear all the more justified. In 1654 the British parliament gave

830:). Within these kingdoms, a rich culture flourished. The society of these kingdoms was dominated by an upper class consisting of aristocratic warriors and learned people, which possibly included 2043:. This was partially enabled in 1793, but Catholics could not yet become members of the Irish Parliament, or become government officials. Some were attracted to the more militant example of the 1830:, on behalf of the English Commonwealth, re-conquered Ireland by invasion which lasted from 1649 to 1651. Under Cromwell's government, landownership in Ireland was transferred overwhelmingly to 3216:

Non-violent protest became an increasingly important factor in mobilising Catholic sympathies and opinion and thus more effective in generating support than actively violent groups such as the

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struck Ireland in 1845 resulting in over a million deaths from starvation and disease and a million refugees fleeing the country, mainly to America. Irish attempts to break away continued with

2835:), which saved it from much of the horrors of the war, although tens of thousands volunteered to serve in the British forces. Ireland was also impacted by food rationing, and coal shortages; 2668:

in 1949); while the 6-county Northern Ireland, gaining Home Rule for itself, remained part of the United Kingdom. For most of the next 75 years, each territory was strongly aligned to either

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legal judgement. Major scandals in the Roman Catholic Church, both sexual and financial, coincided with a widespread decline in religious practice, with weekly attendance at Roman Catholic

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succeeded in turning public opinion against the British establishment after the execution of the leaders by British authorities. It also eclipsed the home rule movement. In 1922, after the

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in Northern Ireland discouraged foreign investment. Devaluation was enabled when the Irish Pound, or Punt, was established as a separate currency in 1979, breaking the link with the UK's

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reads: "Indarba n-gennti a h-Ere, .í. longport Atha Cliath o Mael Findia m. Flandacain co feraibh Bregh & o Cerball m. Muiricain co Laignibh...", that is "longport", not "fortress".

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and accounts. Coupled with the absence of archaeological evidence to the contrary, this has tempted many scholars of medieval western Ireland to agree with the twelfth-century historian

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had a powerful influence over the Irish state for much of its history. The clergy's influence meant that the Irish state had very conservative social policies, forbidding, for example,

2311:. This Act set the conditions for the break-up of large estates and gradually devolved to rural landholders, and tenants' ownership of the lands. It effectively ended the era of the 2287:. Parliament passed laws in 1870, 1881, 1903 and 1909 that enabled most tenant farmers to purchase their lands, and lowered the rents of the others. From 1870 and as a result of the 690:

culture, characterised by the appearance of pottery, polished stone tools, rectangular wooden houses, megalithic tombs, and domesticated sheep and cattle. Some of these tombs, as at

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became a priority during this time. Though nominally neutral, recent studies have suggested a far greater level of involvement by the state with the Allies than was realised, with

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disappeared. Irish pirates struck all over the coast of western Britain in the same way that the Vikings would later attack Ireland. Some of these founded entirely new kingdoms in

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in 1014 which began the decline of Viking power in Ireland but the towns which Vikings had founded continued to flourish, and trade became an important part of the Irish economy.

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in 1886 and 1893. Parnell's leadership ended when he was implicated in a divorce scandal that gained international publicity in 1890. He had been secretly living for years with

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and land confiscations, whereas Protestants supported William and Mary in this "Glorious Revolution" to preserve their property in the country. James and William fought for the

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lords expanded their powers at the expense of the English government in Dublin but the power of the Dublin government was in any case seriously curtailed by the introduction of

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Patrick is traditionally credited with preserving and codifying Irish laws and changing only those that conflicted with Christian practices. He is credited with introducing the

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in the world. Using various dating methods, it was discovered that the creation and development of the Céide Fields goes back some five and a half thousand years (~3500 BCE).

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The plagues of the 660s and the 680s had a traumatic effect on Irish society. The golden age of the saints was over, together with the generation of kings who could fire a

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of Leinster joined forces against Dublin, and "The heathens were driven from Ireland, i.e. from the fortress of Áth Cliath ". They were allowed by the Saxons to settle in

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Forty years later, Irish Catholics, known as "Jacobites", fought for James from 1688 to 1691, but failed to restore James to the throne of Ireland, England and Scotland.

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of many books and films. In addition, the Church largely controlled the State's hospitals and schools, and remained the largest provider of many other social services.

8869: 2197:. The continuing enactment of parliamentary reform during the ensuing administrations further extended the initially limited franchise. Daniel O'Connell later led the 4942: 3189:, which consisted of the six northeastern counties of Londonderry, Tyrone, Fermanagh, Antrim, Down and Armagh. From 1921 to 1972, Northern Ireland was governed by a 1457:

and over-kingdoms. Power was exercised by the heads of a few regional dynasties vying against each other for supremacy over the whole island. One of these men, King

3531:

Since Partition, there has been no universally accepted flag to represent the entire island. As a provisional solution for certain sports fixtures, the Flag of the

2469:

during 1917–1918, but the Irish sides (Nationalist, Unionist) were unable to agree to terms for the temporary or permanent exclusion of Ulster from its provisions.

8847: 3317:

with minimal parliamentary scrutiny. Attempts were made to establish a power-sharing executive, representing both the nationalist and unionist communities, by the

6799: 1330:

in August 1103, under mysterious circumstances (it is possible Muircherteach ordered his killing). Muircherteach was also politically involved in the Kingdoms of

8874: 7896: 6819: 463:

landholders. With English colonies going back to the 1550s, Ireland was arguably the first English and then British territory colonised by a group known as the

8422: 4919: 2015:

managed their estates inefficiently, and food tended to be produced for export rather than for domestic consumption. Two very cold winters near the end of the

6916: 5013: 1279:

levied tribute from the Norse, they rarely directly intervened in the affairs of the city-state, as it brought trade to the area. This changed, however, when

8017: 2745:

in 1929. In contrast with many contemporary European states, it remained a democracy. Testament to this came when the losing faction in the Irish civil war,

1581:

Throughout the thirteenth century, the policy of the English Kings was to weaken the power of the Norman Lords in Ireland. For example, King John encouraged

5030: 1119:, felt the need to collect ancient traditions before they were totally forgotten. Many were in fact swallowed by oblivion; when we examine the writing of 853:

The hypothesis that the native Late Bronze Age inhabitants gradually absorbed Celtic influences has since been supported by some recent genetic research.

5220: 2624:". In July 1921 the Irish and British governments agreed to a truce that halted the war. In December 1921 representatives of both governments signed an 7901: 6317: 865:, “Túathal Techtmar, the son of a deposed high king, who is said to have invaded Ireland from afar in order to regain his kingdom at about this time”. 4684: 4098: 6912: 4062: 2394:

and the third Home Rule Bill was introduced in 1912. Unionist resistance was immediate with the leadership of Edward Carson and the formation of the

573:, remained within the United Kingdom, creating the partition of Ireland. The treaty was opposed by many; their opposition led to the outbreak of the 357:

church, profoundly altering Irish society. Scandinavian seafaring people who took jobs pirating, pillaging, and raiding lands (later referred to as

2718:

supporters (who accepted the Free State as the first step towards full independence and unity). Between 1922 and 1923 both sides fought the bloody

2151:, which allowed Catholic members of parliament but raised the property qualification to £10 effectively removing the poorer Irish freeholders from 6347: 6181:

King, Jason. "The Genealogy of Famine Diary in Ireland and Quebec: Ireland's Famine Migration in Historical Fiction, Historiography, and Memory."

5313: 3354:. When this failed, senior republican figures began to look to broaden the struggle from purely military means. In time this began a move towards 1947:

a free hand to banish Irish "undesirables". Cromwell rounded up Catholics throughout the Irish countryside and placed them on ships bound for the

495:

in 1689–91. Political power thereafter rested almost exclusively in the hands of a minority Protestant Ascendancy, while Catholics and members of

7758: 2446: 2224:

or Irish, once the island's spoken language, declined in use sharply in the nineteenth century as a result of the Famine and the creation of the

1322:

seemed imminent, the two Kings formed an alliance by the marriage of Muircherteach's daughter to Magnus' son. The two would campaign together in

996:, in Latin, written by him is the earliest Irish historical document. It gives some information about the Saint. On the other hand, according to 2031:

By the 18th century, the Anglo-Irish ruling class had come to see Ireland, not England, as their native country. A Parliamentary faction led by

9119: 2476:

in 1920 and independence for 26 of its 32 counties. A failed militant attempt was made to gain separate independence for Ireland with the 1916

1123:

we encounter obscure references to tribes that are quite unknown to the later genealogical tradition. The laws describe a ... society that was

2883:

Global economic problems in the 1970s, augmented by a set of misjudged economic policies followed by governments, including that of Taoiseach

6978: 2907:

in the early 2000s (decade). Property values had risen by a factor of between four and ten between 1993 and 2006, in part fuelling the boom.

4292: 1854:, when Irish Catholics rebelled against the domination of English and Protestant settlers. The Catholic gentry briefly ruled the country as 9231: 7930: 2757:

with Britain. However, unemployment and emigration were high. The population declined to a low of 2.7 million recorded in the 1961 census.

1715:, who had become the effective rulers of Ireland in the 15th century, had become unreliable allies of the Tudor monarchs. They had invited 270: 3423:

announced that the DUP would restore an executive government on the condition that new legislation was passed by the UK house of commons.

1981:

became increasingly identified as Irish nationalists, and were resentful of the English control of their island. Their spokesmen, such as

9409: 9287: 7097: 6521: 6433: 2920: 2112: 1658: 515: 143: 8857: 3309:

was designed to be a temporary solution until Northern Ireland was capable of governing itself again. Principal acts were passed by the

2072:

Parliament effective and independent of the British Parliament, although still under the supervision of the king and his Privy Council.

1641:

By the end of the 15th century, central English authority in Ireland had all but disappeared. England's attentions were diverted by the

9241: 8415: 7944: 5386: 3091: 2275:

payments meant eviction, and very bad feelings – often violence. The late 19th century witnessed major land reform, spearheaded by the

2228:

education system, as well as hostility to the language from leading Irish politicians of the time; it was largely replaced by English.

1147:

were founded by 670 for English students who wished to study or live in Ireland. In summer 684, an English expeditionary force sent by

3204:

Discrimination against the minority Catholic community in jobs and housing, and their total exclusion from political power due to the

2023:, which killed about 400,000 people and caused over 150,000 Irish to leave the island. In addition, Irish exports were reduced by the 1653:, who dominated the country by means of military force and alliances with Irish lords and clans. Around the country, local Gaelic and 8010: 6865: 6743: 3378:("Good Friday Agreement") of 10 April 1998 brought – on 2 December 1999 – a degree of power-sharing to Northern Ireland, giving both 3209: 2730:. This division among nationalists still colours Irish politics today, specifically between the two leading Irish political parties, 1481:

knights to regain his kingdom. The first Norman knights landed in Ireland in 1167, followed by the main forces of Normans, Welsh and

475:

in 1601 which marked the collapse of the Gaelic system and the beginning of Ireland's history as fully part of the English and later

3834: 3431:

Ireland's economy became more diverse and sophisticated than ever before; integrating itself into the global economy by joining the

1365:

in Ireland were built bringing improved defence and brought a new aspect to Irish warfare. He also built a naval base and castle at

9124: 7763: 6399: 4647:

Inside a Medieval Gaelic Castle, Author : Jarrett A. Lobell, Magazine : Archaeology, p.27. Issue : March/April 2020.

2170: 2068: 8953: 7935: 6959: 6748: 3739: 3302: 2582: 5336: 4713:

Hilary McD. Beckles, "A 'riotous and unruly lot': Irish Indentured Servants and Freemen in the English West Indies, 1644-1713,"

4542:

Keimelia: Studies in Medieval Archaeology and History in Memory of Tom Delaney, ed. Geared Mac Niocaill & Patrick F. Wallace

2741:

The new Irish Free State (1922–1937) existed against the backdrop of the growth of dictatorships in mainland Europe and a major

8919: 8775: 7109: 6993: 6653: 3318: 1486: 1466: 4344: 2362:

second-class citizens without self-government. Out of this division, two opposing sectarian movements evolved, the Protestant

9251: 8408: 7911: 6942: 4900: 4789: 4754: 4636: 4449: 4264: 3987: 3225: 2923:

set up from the 1990s have investigated alleged malpractices by politicians, the Catholic clergy, judges, hospitals, and the

2781: 2727: 2515: 2062:

Ireland was a separate kingdom ruled by King George III of Britain; he set policy for Ireland through his appointment of the

8618: 3780: 428:

England's attempts either to conquer or to assimilate both the Hiberno-Norman lordships and the Gaelic territories into the

9109: 8811: 8667: 8003: 7813: 7196: 7082: 4939: 3734: 1397:, increasing Ireland's international presence which brought more trade to the island. His reign lasted more than 50 years. 1711:

From 1536, Henry VIII of England decided to reconquer Ireland and bring it under crown control. The Fitzgerald dynasty of

651:

tools have been found, none of the finds is convincing of Paleolithic settlement in Ireland. However a bear bone found in

8794: 7151: 7064: 7021: 3198: 2773: 2342: 2011:

Subsequent Irish antagonism toward England was aggravated by the economic situation of Ireland in the 18th century. Some

8822: 2035:

agitated for a more favourable trading relationship with Great Britain and for greater legislative independence for the

1673: 9319: 9246: 8881: 8806: 8757: 8559: 8145: 7916: 7680: 7583: 7077: 6988: 6763: 6566: 6526: 6514: 6509: 6497: 6425: 5771: 4784:. New Gill History of Ireland. Vol. 4. ch. 6: How Catholic Ireland Survived, ch. 7: Bishops, Priests, and people. 4025: 3709: 3704: 3384: 3102: 2685: 2410: 2088: 1964: 1803: 1691: 1425: 161: 104: 99: 94: 89: 4968: 2465:. Before the war ended, Britain made two concerted efforts to implement Home Rule, one in May 1916 and again with the 1748:

suffered heavy losses during an extraordinary season of storms in the autumn of 1588. Among the survivors was Captain

1245:

The Vikings never achieved total domination of Ireland, often fighting for and against various Irish kings. The great

985:. Whatever the route, and there were probably many, this new faith was to have the most profound effect on the Irish. 588:

has since been dominated by the division of society along sectarian faultlines and conflict between (mainly Catholic)

459:

settlers, and the displacement of both the Hiberno-Normans (or Old English as they were known by then) and the native

8886: 8752: 8703: 8075: 6773: 6492: 6294: 6100: 6077: 6060: 5905: 5757: 5701: 5672: 5634: 5604: 5275: 5075: 4604: 4280: 4248: 4228: 4212: 3878: 3333: 3306: 3298: 3252: 2947:. Emigration rose to 1989 levels as the unemployment rate rose from 4.2% in 2007 to reach 14.6% as of February 2012. 2940: 2236: 1164: 218: 84: 6160:(1969), annotated guide to 1000 history books on every major topic, plus book reviews and major scholarly articles. 4916: 4154: 4128: 8978: 8764: 8747: 8713: 8708: 8632: 7939: 6963: 6595: 6538: 6478: 5362: 5010: 3396: 3310: 2308: 2262: 2128: 1662: 1582: 1436: 1319: 929: 659: 263: 79: 8607: 5560: 4721: 8691: 8686: 7576: 7203: 6649: 2656:

could opt out of the Free State and stay within the United Kingdom: it promptly did so. In 1922 both parliaments

1866: 1778:

From the mid-16th to the early 17th century, crown governments had carried out a policy of land confiscation and

992:

arrived on the island and, in the years that followed, worked to convert the Irish to Christianity. St Patrick's

3419:

as deputy first minister and collapsed the executive of Northern Ireland. On 30 January 2024, leader of the DUP

9552: 8725: 8681: 7208: 7104: 6778: 6758: 6713: 6411: 6332: 4043: 3260: 2633: 2621: 2609: 2586: 2422: 2166: 2120: 2075:

Largely in response to the 1798 rebellion, Irish self-government was ended altogether by the provisions of the

2052: 1550: 1540: 628: 213: 2231:

Outside mainstream nationalism, a series of violent rebellions by Irish republicans took place in 1803, under

1806:, aimed at Catholics, Baptists and Presbyterians, were introduced to encourage conversion to the established ( 9324: 8831: 8735: 8730: 8490: 8448: 8389: 8282: 8095: 7186: 6895: 6809: 5472:

Barry Crosbie, "Networks of Empire: Linkage and Reciprocity in Nineteenth‐Century Irish and Indian History."

5217: 4934:

Timothy W. Guinnane and Ronald I. Miller. "The Limits to Land Reform: The Land Acts in Ireland, 1870–1909*."

4081: 3719: 3679: 3268: 2613: 1449:. The Normans consolidated their presence in Ireland by building hundreds of castles and towers such as this. 1361:, Ireland underwent a period of modernization and elevation on the European stage. Under his rule, the first 1280: 1001: 496: 228: 17: 6314: 6246: 4681: 2903:

and was focused on as a model for economic development in the former Eastern Bloc states, which entered the

2402:

were established to oppose Unionist efforts for resistance and enforce the introduction of self-government.

401:

in 1534, keen to defend his traditional autonomy and Catholicism, and marked the beginning of the prolonged

9282: 8799: 8651: 8458: 8439: 8431: 8348: 8120: 7843: 7161: 7087: 6937: 6870: 6794: 6668: 6625: 6392: 5200: 5129:

Paseta, Senia :"Modern Ireland: A Very Short Introduction", pp. 119–121. Oxford University Press, 2003

5120:

Paseta, Senia :"Modern Ireland: A Very Short Introduction", pp. 116–118. Oxford University Press, 2003

4106: 2880:

but, because 90% of exports were to the United Kingdom market, it did not do so until the UK did, in 1973.

2252: 2020: 1955:. By 1655, 12,000 political prisoners had been forcibly shipped to Barbados and into indentured servitude. 1911: 441: 183: 5140:"DUP's Paul Givan resigns as Northern Ireland first minister, as Taoiseach brands it 'very damaging move'" 4427:*Philip Rance, 'Attacotti, Déisi and Magnus Maximus: the Case for Irish Federates in Late Roman Britain’, 4059: 9657: 9334: 9261: 8946: 8698: 8509: 7181: 6554: 5331:

Steven G. Ellis, "Nationalist historiography and the English and Gaelic worlds in the late middle ages."

3694: 3579: 3559:

a blue flag with a harp used from the 18th century onwards by many nationalists (now the standard of the

3432: 3157: 2963: 2877: 2750: 2545: 2497: 2489: 2481: 2369: 1585:

to destabilise and then overthrow the Lord of Ulster, before naming him as the first Earl of Ulster. The

1295:, who ruled Ireland since the days of Brian Boru, reclaimed the High Kingship and Irish influence in the 585: 256: 223: 165: 34: 6039:

In Search of Ancient Ireland: the origins of the Irish from Neolithic Times to the Coming of the English

9617: 9361: 9256: 9236: 8973: 8742: 8676: 8521: 8363: 8315: 8207: 8202: 7886: 7525: 7191: 6885: 5485:

Joe Cleary, "Amongst Empires: A Short History of Ireland and Empire Studies in International Context,"

3609: 3575: 3113: 3001: 2381: 2276: 2063: 1859: 1413: 1346: 723: 366: 5190:

Paseta, Senia: "Modern Ireland: A Very Short Introduction", pp. 128–141. Oxford University Press, 2003

5111:

Paseta, Senia: "Modern Ireland: A Very Short Introduction", pp. 114–116. Oxford University Press, 2003

5102:

Paseta, Senia: "Modern Ireland: A Very Short Introduction", pp. 110–114. Oxford University Press, 2003

5093:

Paseta, Senia: "Modern Ireland: A Very Short Introduction", pp. 108–110. Oxford University Press, 2003

5056:

Paseta, Senia: "Modern Ireland: A Very Short Introduction", pp. 102–104. Oxford University Press, 2003

4700:

Kristen Block and Jenny Shaw, "Subjects Without an Empire: The Irish in the Early Modern Caribbean,"

3552:

a green flag with a harp (used by most nationalists in the 19th century and which is also the flag of

1524:

to set foot on Irish soil. Henry awarded his Irish territories to his younger son John with the title

9114: 7593: 7449: 7169: 6983: 6905: 6890: 6875: 6723: 6658: 6620: 6610: 6600: 6460: 3957: 3754: 3400: 3276: 3248: 3027: 2605: 2590: 2357:(those who favoured the maintenance of the Union). Most of the island was predominantly nationalist, 2323: 2225: 2169:

was eventually approved by the UK parliament under the leadership of the Dublin-born Prime Minister,

1927: 1745: 1702: 1354: 1276: 652: 558: 538: 492: 109: 7611: 6343:

Historic Maps of Ireland from the Library of Congress, 1665 – 1797. A UCD Digital Library Collection

4180: 9394: 9266: 8720: 8320: 8167: 7838: 6968: 6582: 6214:

Ireland's 1916 Rising: Explorations of History-making, Commemoration & Heritage in Modern Times

5622: 4987:"Central Statistics Office Ireland Key short-term economic indicators:Gross Domestic Product (GDP)" 3591: 2990: 2697: 2391: 2331: 2177:, guided the legislation through both houses of Parliament. By threatening to resign, he persuaded 2136: 1768: 1683: 1038: 750: 437: 414: 193: 8573: 6221:

Holodomor and Gorta Mór: histories, memories, and representations of famine in Ukraine and Ireland

6046:

In Search of Ireland's Heroes: the Story of the Irish from the English Invasion to the Present Day

5952:"The Course of Irish History" Fourth Edition (Lanham, Maryland: Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 2001) 5576:

Timothy W. Guinnane, "Interdisciplinary perspectives on Irish economic and demographic history."

3524:

of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland however its use is controversial. The

3228:. To restore order, British troops were deployed to the streets of Northern Ireland at that time. 2181:

to sign the bill into law in 1829. The continuing obligation of Catholics to fund the established

2173:. This indefatigable Anglo-Irish statesman, a former Chief Secretary for Ireland, and hero of the 1661:

in 1494. According to this act, the Irish Parliament was essentially put under the control of the

1619: 1485:. Several counties were restored to the control of Diarmait, who named his son-in-law, the Norman 1401: 1235: 8862: 8646: 8642: 8325: 8287: 7906: 7855: 7571: 7323: 7072: 6932: 6738: 6683: 6673: 6640: 6473: 6385: 6186: 5723: 5047:

Paseta, Senia: "Modern Ireland: A Very Short Introduction", p. 102. Oxford University Press, 2003

4322: 4296: 3542: 3509: 3341: 3264: 3012: 2854: 2846: 2812: 2665: 2649: 2493: 2441:. The core of the Irish Volunteers were against this decision, but the majority left to form the 2426: 2327: 2319: 2190: 2104: 2056: 1851: 1152: 618: 535: 507: 433: 349:". By the late 4th century CE Christianity had begun to gradually subsume or replace the earlier 342: 203: 74: 3313:

in the same way as for much of the rest of the UK, but many smaller measures were dealt with by

2843:'s date set on the basis of secret weather information on Atlantic storms supplied by Ireland. ( 8939: 8637: 8267: 7926: 7803: 7429: 6949: 6804: 6693: 6644: 6371: 6269: 6240: 5379:""Reflecting on a Decade of War and Revolution in Ireland 1912 - 1923: The Road to War" (2014)" 4380: 3479: 3058: 2462: 2244: 2132: 2115:

with effect from 1 January 1801. Part of the agreement forming the basis of union was that the

2093: 1915: 1874: 1847: 1783: 1756: 1377:

and this allowed him to keep control of Ireland, with the help of the castles he built and his

1300: 1148: 1054: 885: 837:

Linguists realised from the 17th century onwards that the language spoken by these people, the

827: 707: 531: 511: 488: 460: 449: 422: 341:

Greek and Roman writers give some information about Ireland during the Classical period (see "

198: 4746: 4099:"Where To Go in Ireland | Cities in Ireland | Visit Ireland | Discover Ireland" 3497:

it became widely accepted by nationalists as the national flag and was used officially by the

1634:

the country again. The English-controlled territory shrank to a fortified area around Dublin (

353:. By the end of the 6th century it had introduced writing along with a predominantly monastic 9542: 9387: 9083: 8237: 8197: 8177: 8157: 8060: 7588: 7559: 7092: 3621:

and the role of migration in forming the Irish diaspora across the Empire and North America.

3392: 3362: 3322: 3221: 3217: 3190: 3080: 2935: 2761: 2754: 2723: 2669: 2601: 2458: 2454: 2430: 2358: 2346: 2194: 2148: 2040: 2036: 1970: 1458: 1441: 602: 523: 484: 445: 296: 5662: 5265: 3574:

St Patrick's Saltire was formerly used to represent the island of Ireland by the all-island

3236:. Paratroops opened fire on civil rights protesters in Derry, killing 13 unarmed civilians. 658:

It is possible that humans crossed a land bridge during the warm period, referred to as the

9161: 9003: 8904: 8784: 8583: 8578: 8353: 8172: 7958: 7725: 7496: 7473: 7258: 7144: 6998: 6973: 6842: 6663: 6635: 6278: 5308:

Alfred Markey, "Revisionisms and the Story of Ireland: From Sean O'Faolain to Roy Foster,"

3930: 3729: 3560: 3532: 3305:

in the British Cabinet responsible for the departments of the Northern Ireland government.

3237: 3233: 3069: 2504: 2473: 2318:

In the 1870s the issue of Irish self-government again became a major focus of debate under

2000: 1919: 1884: 1870: 1840: 1749: 1405: 1358: 1307: 1288: 1284: 1264: 1246: 1140: 997: 938: 542: 527: 500: 208: 6304: 5238: 4472:

Meaning "pertaining to the tribe of . .", or roughly equivalent to the later "Mc" or "Mac"

3894: 3146: 2600:

Unwilling to negotiate any understanding with Britain short of complete independence, the

2216:) was the second of Ireland's "Great Famines". It struck the country during 1845–49, with 1271:

Despite the breaking of Norse power in Ireland, the Norse still maintained control of the

1069:

that dot the island. Insular style was to be a crucial ingredient in the formation of the

8: 9627: 9547: 9404: 9351: 9339: 9040: 8602: 8568: 8537: 8527: 8475: 8470: 8463: 8373: 8358: 8305: 8252: 8247: 8222: 8080: 7833: 7735: 7631: 7519: 7364: 7054: 7044: 6954: 6630: 6487: 6468: 6422: 6029:

The Irish Constitutional Tradition: Responsible Government & Modern Ireland 1782–1992

4519: 3714: 3699: 3689: 3416: 3379: 3205: 3135: 3125: 2924: 2876:

as Minister for Education in 1968. From the early 1960s, Ireland sought admission to the

2872:, who produced a series of economic plans. Free second-level education was introduced by 2693: 2657: 2450: 2442: 2354: 2307:

to pave the way for the most advanced social legislation in Ireland since the Union, the

2159: 2097: 1931: 1907: 1903: 1893: 1889: 1855: 1646: 1591: 1565: 1533: 1498: 1474: 1408:

himself. He was arguably the first High King without opposition, however, he would later

1331: 633: 614: 593: 418: 354: 300: 132: 69: 8343: 7995: 7660: 5165: 3934: 3855:

The Resurgence of Gaelic power in Ireland and Scotland and its wider impact, c.1350-1513

3809: 9437: 9399: 9382: 9329: 9129: 9075: 8909: 8588: 8485: 8453: 8277: 8227: 8187: 8140: 8135: 8125: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8085: 8070: 8065: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 7860: 7793: 7788: 7715: 7698: 7616: 7303: 7298: 7231: 6860: 6728: 6678: 6615: 6590: 6586: 6504: 6161: 4986: 3669: 3649: 2896: 2873: 2625: 2300: 2209: 2198: 2108: 2076: 2004: 1923: 1764: 1760: 1706: 1446: 1374: 1350: 1335: 1315: 1292: 1283:, King of Leinster, captured Dublin in 1052. This gave the Irish greater access to the 1254: 1092: 1042: 1037:

learning and Christian theology in the monasteries that flourished shortly thereafter.

893: 838: 776: 566: 546: 519: 429: 362: 137: 5971:

Abject Loyalty: Nationalism and Monarchy in Ireland During the Reign of Queen Victoria

4825:

Dickinson, Harry T. (2012). "Why did the American Revolution not spread to Ireland?".

2746: 2608:) from 1919 to 1921. In the course of the fighting and amid much acrimony, the Fourth 876:, in CE 100, recorded Ireland's geography and tribes. Ireland was never a part of the 370:

preeminence over most of the country, apart from the walled towns and the area around

335: 9607: 9498: 9356: 8656: 8595: 8532: 8480: 8368: 8310: 8272: 8262: 8242: 8232: 8217: 8212: 8192: 8162: 8130: 8115: 8090: 8026: 7891: 7821: 7541: 7403: 7268: 7174: 7124: 7039: 6900: 6814: 6287: 6273: 6096: 6073: 6056: 5922: 5901: 5753: 5697: 5668: 5630: 5610: 5600: 5498:

Catriona Kennedy, "Women and Gender in Modern Ireland," in Bourke and McBride, eds.

5271: 5071: 4896: 4785: 4782:

Eighteenth-Century Ireland: The Isle of Slaves - The Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland

4750: 4739: 4632: 4610: 4600: 4577: 4445: 4276: 4260: 4244: 4224: 4208: 4021: 3983: 3874: 3684: 3674: 3664: 3420: 3375: 3194: 2836: 2395: 2350: 2335: 2312: 2202: 2182: 2044: 2012: 1996: 1811: 1775:) to bring the country under English control, heightened resentment of English rule. 1642: 1623: 1502: 1272: 1144: 1103:-writer's imagination. The literary tradition looks back to the reign of the sons of 1046: 589: 499:

Protestant denominations suffered severe political and economic privations under the

472: 386: 350: 331: 7397: 7134: 4538:"Muircherteach Ua Briain, politics and naval activity in the Irish Sea 1075 to 1119" 4482: 3942: 2660:, formalising independence for the 26-county Irish Free State (which renamed itself 2503:, the party of the rebels, won three-quarters of all seats in Ireland, twenty-seven 1607: 1299:

area would increase dramatically over the next few decades, notably under High King

9602: 9468: 9460: 9445: 9377: 9344: 9054: 8852: 8497: 8257: 8182: 8152: 7750: 7730: 7551: 7506: 6880: 6561: 6543: 6430: 6088: 6034: 5988: 5068:

Black and Green: The Fight for Civil Rights in Northern Ireland & Black America

4515: 4460: 4355: 3938: 3744: 3724: 3659: 3517: 3502: 3452: 3314: 3186: 3048: 2831: 2742: 2689: 2676:

ideologies, although this was more marked in the six counties of Northern Ireland.

2653: 2641: 2617: 2466: 2399: 2292: 2240: 1822: 1239: 909: 842: 578: 570: 562: 464: 156: 4414: 2576: 2472:

The period 1916–1921 was marked by political violence and upheaval, ending in the

2119:

would be repealed to remove any remaining discrimination against Roman Catholics,

826:

Airgialla, Ulaid, Mide, Laigin, Mumhain, Cóiced Ol nEchmacht began to emerge (see

730:

and Munster, individual adult males were buried in small stone structures, called

413:

in 1541 to facilitate the project. Ireland became a potential battleground in the

9622: 9511: 9473: 9215: 9156: 9032: 7850: 7778: 7773: 7603: 7481: 7408: 7049: 6733: 6708: 6359: 6321: 6158:

Modern Historians on British History 1485-1945: A Critical Bibliography 1945-1969

6016: 5911: 5707: 5689: 5640: 5564: 5366: 5343: 5320: 5224: 5017: 4946: 4923: 4795: 4725: 4688: 4399: 4085: 4066: 4047: 3810:"Reindeer bone found in north Cork to alter understanding of Irish human history" 3784: 3778: 3749: 3654: 3631: 3567: 3528:

is sometimes used unofficially as a de facto regional flag for Northern Ireland.

3468: 2800: 2719: 2629: 2418: 2304: 2296: 2174: 2140: 2024: 1944: 1863: 1827: 1728: 1712: 1650: 1529: 1521: 1494: 1311: 1211: 1086: 862: 674: 574: 453: 410: 5976: 5681:

Brendan Bradshaw, 'Nationalism and Historical Scholarship in Modern Ireland' in

1139:

The first English involvement in Ireland took place in this period. Tullylease,

738: 677:, who arrived sometime around 7900 BCE. While some authors take the view that a 9587: 9582: 9577: 9488: 9478: 9450: 9198: 9181: 9176: 9045: 8400: 7985: 7881: 7720: 7708: 7486: 6549: 6533: 6483: 6146:

Clarkson, L. A. "The writing of Irish economic and social history since 1968."

6134:

The Making of Modern Irish History: Revisionism and the Revisionist Controversy

5998: 5883: 5729: 5354:

Brendan Bradshaw, "Nationalism and historical scholarship in modern Ireland."

3498: 3440: 3436: 3240:, Bloody Sunday, and other violent acts in the early 1970s came to be known as 3017: 2951: 2916: 2904: 2892: 2637: 2565: 2531: 2508: 2438: 2434: 2386:

Home Rule became likely when in 1910 the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) under

2375: 2280: 2221: 2016: 1982: 1740: 1736: 1724: 1679: 1586: 1107:(Diarmait and Blathmac, who died in 665) as to the end of an era. Antiquaries, 1070: 1062: 1027: 1020: 946: 476: 468: 394: 346: 316: 287:

dates to around 33,000 years ago, with further findings dating the presence of

246: 151: 127: 9516: 5552:

L.A. Clarkson, "The writing of Irish economic and social history since 1968."

3297:

years, with the exception of five months in 1974, Northern Ireland was under "

2865: 2731: 2722:. The new Irish Free State government defeated the anti-Treaty remnant of the 2405: 1268:

and thrive as centres of Irish trade and finance. They remain so to this day.

385:

did not make another attempt to conquer the island until after the end of the

9651: 9483: 9166: 8962: 8914: 8842: 8837: 8627: 7536: 7369: 7243: 6718: 6703: 6326: 6282: 6008: 5776: 4614: 4181:"The Irish Bronze Age | National Museum of Ireland | Bronze Age Handling Box" 3525: 3490:

said of it: "I hope to see that flag one day waving as our national banner."

3476: 3337: 2950:

However, since 2014, Ireland has seen strong economic growth, dubbed as the "

2895:. However, economic reforms in the late 1980s, helped by investment from the 2869: 2769: 2477: 2248: 2217: 2032: 1732: 1654: 1490: 1454: 1382: 1366: 1058: 1016: 989: 917: 905: 889: 822: 758: 699: 682: 663: 554: 398: 382: 292: 5614: 4799: 4581: 3545:(St Patrick's Saltire, St Patrick's Cross) which represented Ireland on the 2512: 2039:. However, reform in Ireland stalled over the more radical proposals toward 1057:, metalworking, and sculpture flourished and produced such treasures as the 561:, most of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom to become the independent 9632: 9597: 8789: 8502: 7690: 7626: 7621: 7531: 7514: 7339: 7278: 6768: 6753: 6342: 6020: 5949: 5915: 5711: 5644: 5578:

Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History

5541:

Empire, the national and postcolonial, 1890-1920: Resistance in Interaction

5297:

Interpreting Irish history: the debate on historical revisionism, 1938-1994

3487: 3444: 3388: 3272: 3256: 3241: 2900: 2888: 2826: 2604:, the army of the newly declared Irish Republic, waged a guerilla war (the 2485: 2387: 2364: 2232: 1986: 1779: 1509: 877: 772: 719: 644: 640: 597: 402: 288: 6348:

New Discovery Pushes back date of human existence in Ireland by 2500 Years

6055:, prefazione di Luca Riccardi, Guerini e Associati, Milano 2006, 294 pp., 4318: 3404: 2500: 1786:. Scottish and English Protestant colonists were sent to the provinces of 1752:, who gave a remarkable account of his experiences on the run in Ireland. 913: 545:

through the parliamentary constitutional movement, eventually winning the

9612: 9193: 9093: 7827: 7740: 7439: 7383: 7344: 6605: 6261: 5945: 4777: 4158: 4132: 3494: 2804: 2777: 2127:

and other dissenter religions in the newly United Kingdom. However, King

1977: 1772: 1716: 1630: 1124: 1116: 1050: 982: 942: 791:, which came to Ireland around 2000 BCE, saw the production of elaborate 742: 715: 678: 648: 550: 188: 9521: 5359: 4155:"Ceide Fields Visitor Centre, Ballycastle, County Mayo, West of Ireland" 3853: 2860:

In the 1960s, Ireland underwent a major economic change under reforming

1011: 934: 9592: 9526: 7921: 7444: 7354: 7318: 7308: 7114: 6151: 5840: 5557: 4718: 3546: 3521: 3482:

who, using the symbolism of the flag, explained his vision as follows:

3412: 3251:

in 1972 and abolished in 1973. Paramilitary private armies such as the

2930:

Ireland's newfound prosperity was challenged abruptly in 2008 when the

2884: 2673: 1992: 1409: 1260: 1250: 1205: 1104: 1074: 1066: 788: 784: 671: 456: 406: 320: 312: 304: 7565: 6092: 1095:

describes the effect of the epidemics which occurred during this era:

1077:

styles throughout Western Europe. Sites dating to this period include

9506: 8550: 7953: 7674: 7458: 7313: 7288: 7263: 6688: 3346: 2944: 2861: 2789: 2735: 2186: 2178: 1948: 1638:), whose rulers had little real authority outside (beyond the Pale). 1571: 1528:("Lord of Ireland"). When John unexpectedly succeeded his brother as 1517: 1513: 1470: 1296: 1223: 1174: 1132: 1112: 970: 768: 754: 703: 687: 432:

provided the impetus for ongoing warfare, notable examples being the

308: 7639: 7359: 6176:

The Shadow of a Year: The 1641 Rebellion in Irish History and Memory

4537: 4463:, Leo Eaton "In Search of Ancient Ireland" Ivan R Dee (2002)PBS 2002 4040: 2507:

of which assembled in Dublin on 21 January 1919 to form a 32-county

1602: 1345:

One of the most prosperous reigns of any High King was the reign of

977:

may even have served in the Roman military in the mid-to-late 300s.

9208: 9171: 9059: 9013: 7865: 7798: 7463: 7349: 7293: 6698: 6072:

Nicholas Canny "The Elizabethan Conquest of Ireland"(London, 1976)

3858:(Doctoral thesis). University College Cork – via cora.ucc.ie. 3553: 2710:

The treaty to sever the Union divided the republican movement into

2645: 2288: 2267: 2152: 2144: 2124: 2116: 1952: 1918:. The wealthier Irish Catholics backed James to try to reverse the 1878: 1877:. Several hundred remaining native landowners were transplanted to 1807: 1635: 1482: 1462: 1453:

By the 12th century, Ireland was divided politically into shifting

1194: 1120: 1082: 974: 958: 880:, but Roman influence was often projected well beyond its borders. 869: 857: 809: 727: 375: 324: 6310:

Sources: A National Library of Ireland database for Irish research

6193:

The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume V: Historiography

6125:

Bourke, Richard. "Historiography" in Bourke and Ian McBride, eds.

5435:

Ireland and empire: colonial legacies in Irish history and culture

4319:"DNA Research Links Scots, Irish And Welsh To North-western Spain" 4078: 4011: 4009: 3463: 2714:(who wanted to fight on until an Irish Republic was achieved) and 1826:

After an unusually bitter Irish Catholic rebellion and civil war,

1369:. A settlement grew around this castle which would grow to be the 686:

of agriculture started to show, leading to the establishment of a

390: 9188: 9049: 8998: 7783: 7768: 7667: 7454: 7434: 6408: 6377: 6251: 6207:

Ireland's Heritages: Critical Perspectives On Memory and Identity

5834: 5031:"Ireland is a spending nation once again as Celtic Phoenix rises" 2765: 2749:'s Fianna Fáil, was able to take power peacefully by winning the 2295:

of the 1880s, various British governments introduced a series of

2135:

controversially and adamantly blocked attempts by Prime Minister

1831: 1787: 1720: 1615: 1478: 1394: 1169: 1078: 966: 881: 873: 801: 746: 358: 291:

to around 10,500 to 7,000 BCE. The receding of the ice after the

284: 9008: 8931: 6337: 2821: 2612:

implemented Home Rule while separating the island into what the

2559: 2143:

and his new cabinet failed to legislate to repeal or change the

1385:. He also had commercial and political links with the rulers of 1222:

The second wave of Vikings made stations at winter bases called

639:

What is known of pre-Christian Ireland comes from references in

9557: 9203: 9088: 8988: 7653: 7646: 7491: 7424: 7283: 5166:"DUP executive endorses deal to restore devolution at Stormont" 4006: 3958:"The Mesolithic and Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in Ireland" 2912: 1799: 1791: 1575: 1386: 1370: 1362: 1323: 1198: 1190:

Ireland. Most of those early raiders came from western Norway.

1186: 1182: 1108: 796: 711: 691: 371: 323:

proper begins around 2000 BCE and ends with the arrival of the

5660: 5513:

Claire Connolly, "Postcolonial Ireland: Posing the Question."

5263: 4241:

Treasures of the National Museum of Ireland: Irish Antiquities

3535:

enjoys a certain amount of general acceptance and popularity.

3332:

During the 1970s British policy concentrated on defeating the

9064: 8993: 7703: 7273: 6333:

Irish history stories recalled on dvd, free web videos online

4567: 4565: 4563: 3351: 3180: 2840: 1795: 1570:

The Normans initially controlled the entire east coast, from

1390: 1339: 1327: 1263:, though he did not succeed in unifying Ireland, changed the 1034: 962: 954: 901: 831: 805: 695: 444:. This period was marked by the Crown policies of, at first, 328: 5795:

Gaelic Ireland c.1250-c.1650:Land, Lordship & Settlement

5448:

Kingdom and Colony: Ireland in the Atlantic World, 1560-1800

4682:'The Wild Irish are Barbarous and Most Filthy in their Diet' 3978:

O'Kelly, Michael J. (2005). "III. Ireland Before 3000 BCE".

3578:(IRFU), before the adoption of the four-provinces flag. The 3399:

parties lost their dominant positions to the more hard-line

3369: 2551:

House of Commons of the Kingdom of Ireland (abolished 1800)

2376:

Home Rule, Easter Rising and War of Independence (1912–1922)

1242:, England, but would however later return to retake Dublin. 764: 8983: 6141:

Interpreting Irish History: The Debate On Irish Revisionism

5940:

Ireland in the age of imperialism and revolution, 1760–1801

4866:

Ireland in the age of imperialism and revolution, 1760–1801

3355: 3197:

in east Belfast. Unionist leader and first Prime Minister,

2931: 1378: 1185:

raid in Irish history occurred in 795 CE when Vikings from

1158: 1100: 846: 792: 731: 6256: 6219:

Noack, Christian, Lindsay Janssen, and Vincent Comerford.

5201:"Closure of Vatican embassy has wide-ranging implications" 4560: 4497:

Annála Ríoghachta Éireann (The Annals of the Four Masters)

3538:

Historically a number of flags have been used, including:

3435:(EEC), a precursor to the European Community (EC) and the 8025: 7391: 4845: 4806: 3415:

resigned as first minister, which automatically resigned

3185:

The 1920 Government of Ireland Bill created the state of

2702: 2679: 2652:

in the manner of Canada and Australia. Under the Treaty,

2537:

House of Lords of the Kingdom of Ireland (abolished 1800)

1934:

in 1690, where James's outnumbered forces were defeated.

698:, are huge stone monuments and many of them, such as the 303:, which includes the archaeological periods known as the 6309: 4259:

S.J. Connolly, Oxford Companion to Irish History, 2002,

4088:, Placenames Database of Ireland. Retrieved: 2010-09-10. 4050:, Placenames Database of Ireland. Retrieved: 2010-09-10. 3605:

Nationalism has led to numerous monographs and debates.

3582:(GAA) uses the tricolour to represent the whole island. 1594:

who argued that the Gaelic kings did not build castles.

845:. This is usually explained as a result of invasions by 812:

also appear at this time, continuing into the Iron Age.

6820:

List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland

5422:

The Cambridge illustrated history of the British Empire

4495:"Chronicles the history of the world from the deluge". 3980:

A New History of Ireland: Prehistoric and early Ireland

2082: 1834:

soldiery and commercial undertakers to pay for the war.

1597: 1306:

Perhaps it was Muircherteach's increasing power in the

487:

was reinforced after two periods of religious war, the

4969:"Today marks 70 years since Ireland became a republic" 4882:. London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1972. pp. 187–243 4741:

The historical encyclopedia of world slavery. 1. A – K

3868: 1682:

in the 2nd half of the 16th century. Preserved in the

4833: 3383:

including "decommissioning" of paramilitary weapons,

3361:

In 1985 the Irish and British governments signed the

2266:

Irish family evicted at Moyasta, County Clare during

1303:, who was noted for his interest in foreign affairs. 549:, although this Act was suspended at the outbreak of 6550:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

6053:

I cristiani d'Irlanda e la guerra civile (1968–1998)

3919: 2259:

remained an undercurrent in the nineteenth century.

2107:, the Irish and the British parliaments enacted the 2079:(which abolished the Irish Parliament of that era). 1958: 923: 452:, involving the arrival of thousands of English and 6067:

Ireland: Contested Ideas of Nationalism and History

4381:"Romans in Ireland? - Archaeology Magazine Archive" 4069:, New York Times 2001-07-08. Retrieved: 2010-09-10. 2111:. The merger created a new political entity called 1755:The re-conquest was completed during the reigns of 1668: 1419: 1349:, who had overthrown Muircherteach and partitioned 670:The earliest confirmed inhabitants of Ireland were 345:" period), by which time the island may be termed " 6112:Ireland: a social and cultural history, 1922-2001, 4738: 4736: 3871:Early Ireland: an introduction to Irish prehistory 2957: 1846:During the 17th century, Ireland was convulsed by 1193:The Vikings were expert sailors, who travelled in 608: 315:beginning around 2500 BCE with the arrival of the 6913:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland 4548: 4345:"A Y Chromosne Census of the British Isles (pdf)" 2825:in Irish). The state remained neutral throughout 2189:of 1831–38. The Church was disestablished by the 2185:, however, led to the sporadic skirmishes of the 1995:resistance in Ireland eventually ended after the 706:, are astronomically aligned. Four main types of 506:On 1 January 1801, in the wake of the republican 229:History of the Irish language 9649: 8430: 4275:Sean Duffy, A Concise History of Ireland, 2005, 3336:(IRA) by military means including the policy of 2967: 7759:Association football in the Republic of Ireland 5892:F. S. L. Lyons, Culture and Anarchy in Ireland, 5870:The problem of the frontier in medieval Ireland 5833:, Historical Geography Research Series, No. 3, 5752:. Vol. I – Prehistoric and Early Ireland. 1902:Ireland became the main battleground after the 1554:The extent of Norman control of Ireland in 1300 1469:of the Western kingdom of Connacht. Fleeing to 1006:"first Bishop to the Irish believing in Christ" 601:successful peace was finally achieved with the 522:. Catholics were not granted full rights until 514:was abolished and Ireland became part of a new 405:conquest of Ireland lasting from 1536 to 1603. 6228:Young Ireland And the Writing of Irish History 5787:The Nature of the Medieval Frontier in Ireland 5310:Estudios Irlandeses - Journal of Irish Studies 4957:M.E.Collins, Ireland 1868–1966, (1993) p. 431) 3391:bases. In new elections in 2003, the moderate 2139:. Pitt resigned in protest, but his successor 1544:Ireland in 1014: a patchwork of rival kingdoms 1326:, until Magnus was killed in an ambush by the 757:site in Ireland and contains the oldest known 8947: 8416: 8011: 6393: 5957:Patrick Pearse and the Politics of Redemption 4512:Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle Online 4239:Wallace, Patrick F., O'Floinn, Raghnall eds. 3869:O'Kelly, Michael J.; O'Kelly, Claire (1989). 3608:A great deal of attention has focused on the 2845:For more detail on 1939–45, see main article 2315:, finally resolving the Irish Land Question. 856:In 60 CE, it is said that the Romans invaded 647:, myth, and archaeology. While some possible 581:, or "pro-treaty", forces proved victorious. 381:Reduced to the control of small pockets, the 338:brought new styles and practices by 300 BCE. 264: 5863:The Modernisation of Irish Society 1848–1918 5696:. Civilization and Capitalism. Vol. 3. 5661:Richard Bourke and Ian McBride, ed. (2016). 5264:Richard Bourke and Ian McBride, ed. (2016). 4407: 4207:Jonathan Bardon, A History of Ulster, 2005, 3340:(requiring the RUC and British Army reserve 3255:, resulted from a split within the IRA, the 2285:3 Fs; Fair rent, free sale, fixity of tenure 1649:lay in the hands of the powerful Fitzgerald 892:and would return to seize power in Ireland. 884:writes that an exiled Irish prince was with 815: 299:, around 9700 BCE, heralds the beginning of 9410:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 6522:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 6305:A Concise History of Ireland by P. W. Joyce 6150:33.1 (1980): 100–111. DOI: 10.2307/2595549 5927:Ireland in the Age of Reform and Revolution 5895: 5743:. Vol. I – Medieval Ireland 1169–1534. 3977: 3807: 2868:and Secretary of the Department of Finance 2113:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1763:, after several brutal conflicts. (See the 516:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 9120:British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference 8954: 8940: 8423: 8409: 8018: 8004: 7945:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland 6400: 6386: 6129:(Princeton University Press, 2016), ch 11. 5878:The Lordship of Ireland in the Middle Ages 4574:The tribes of Galway = na tuatha Gaillimhe 4395:"What did the Romans ever do for Ireland?" 4269: 3282: 3092:Belfast International Airport Constabulary 2568:, home of Ireland's parliament since 1922. 1858:(1642–1649) against the background of the 1465:was forcibly exiled by the new High King, 1004:was sent to Ireland by the Pope in 431 as 623: 334:, beginning about 600 BCE. The subsequent 271: 257: 5809:Patrick Pearse and the Triumph of Failure 5802:The archaeology of early medieval Ireland 5236: 4824: 4730: 4481:"Tribes and Tribalism in Early Ireland", 4223:David Ross, Ireland History of a Nation, 4203: 4201: 3873:. Cambridge University Press. p. 5. 3835:"What have the Vikings ever done for us?" 3615: 3370:Devolution and direct rule (1999–present) 3210:Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association 2158:In 1823 an enterprising Catholic lawyer, 2003:that had been relaxed somewhat after the 1696: 1536:" fell directly under the English Crown. 1430: 7764:Association football in Northern Ireland 6366:What did the Romans ever do for Ireland? 5738: 4936:Economic Development and Cultural Change 4863: 4285: 3895:"Earliest evidence of humans in Ireland" 3462: 2887:, caused the Irish economy to stagnate. 2794: 2701: 2421:broke out, the UK Parliament passed the 2413:, issued by Leaders of the Easter Rising 2404: 2261: 2201:in an unsuccessful campaign to undo the 2171:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington 2092: 1883: 1821: 1672: 1601: 1549: 1539: 1440: 1168: 1159:Early medieval and Viking era (795–1169) 1033:Irish scholars excelled in the study of 1010: 933: 763: 627: 569:the six northeastern counties, known as 283:The first evidence of human presence in 6960:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland 6338:The Irish Story – Irish History website 6191:Louis, Wm Roger, and Robin Winks, eds. 6127:The Princeton History of Modern Ireland 6082: 5823:Anglo-Norman settlement in County Meath 5747: 5688: 5664:The Princeton History of Modern Ireland 5501:The Princeton History of Modern Ireland 5267:The Princeton History of Modern Ireland 4913:Ireland and the Land Question 1800-1922 4895:, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1991, p. 19. 4776: 3740:History of Roman Catholicism in Ireland 3303:Secretary of State for Northern Ireland 2330:made two unsuccessful attempts to pass 1219:being the Old Irish word for foreign). 749:, about 7 kilometres northwest of 741:is an archaeological site on the north 14: 9650: 6132:Boyce, D. George and Alan O'Day, eds, 6085:The prehistoric archaeology of Ireland 5793:23 & 23, 1982–83, pp. 21–38; 5621: 5065: 5011:CSO figures reveal unemployment levels 4851: 4839: 4827:Valahian Journal of Historical Studies 4812: 4571: 4535: 4253: 4198: 4015: 3852:Egan, Simon Peter (18 December 2018). 2857:and was formally declared a republic. 2680:Free State and Republic (1922–present) 1869:Ireland in 1649–1653 on behalf of the 1817: 1559: 1467:Ruaidri mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair 1127:, and the meaning and use of the word 988:Tradition maintains that in A.D. 432, 541:which strove from the 1880s to attain 8935: 8404: 8027:History of current European countries 7999: 7229: 7019: 6840: 6446: 6381: 6247:History of Ireland: Primary Documents 6169:Memory Ireland: History and Modernity 6007: 5964:James Connolly: A Political Biography 5720:The Oxford Companion to Irish History 5594: 5284:The Oxford Companion to Irish History 4966: 4629:The Oxford Companion to Irish History 4594: 4554: 4531: 4529: 3808:Roseingrave, Louise (18 April 2021). 3226:Northern Ireland riots of August 1969 2461:, their Northern counterparts in the 1516:, Henry landed with a large fleet at 1508:With the authority of the papal bull 957:and, to a lesser degree, in parts of 897:peoples of Hibernia remains unclear. 753:, and the site is the most extensive 9125:British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly 6200:History and Memory in Modern Ireland 5299:(Dublin, Irish Academic Press, 1994) 4520:10.1163/9789004184640_emc_sim_001174 4415:"Yes, the Romans did invade Ireland" 4217: 3955: 3851: 3735:History of rail transport in Ireland 3624: 3516:The only official flag representing 2518:sovereignty over the entire island. 2482:threat of Irishmen being conscripted 2083:Union with Great Britain (1801–1912) 1937: 1598:Gaelic resurgence and Norman decline 1473:, Diarmait obtained permission from 1135:at the beginning of the new century. 916:settled in western Scotland and the 8870:Post-war period (political history) 6368:By Turtle Bunbury on March 21, 2020 6119: 6114:Rev. edn, Harper Perennial, London. 6087:. Galway: Galway University Press. 5515:European Journal of English Studies 5237:Devenport, Mark (15 January 2018). 4967:Aodha, Gráinne Ní (18 April 2019). 4631:, 2007, Oxford Univ. Press. p.423. 4311: 4295:. Prospect Magazine. Archived from 3982:. Clarendon Press. pp. 66–67. 3458: 2343:Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 2283:demanding what became known as the 24: 6989:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland 6764:Economy of the Republic of Ireland 6562:Irish Free State (1922–1937) 6407: 6013:England in the Eighteenth Century 5653: 4526: 3710:History of the Republic of Ireland 3103:Police Service of Northern Ireland 2919:dropping by half in twenty years. 2853:In 1949, Ireland left the British 2686:History of the Republic of Ireland 2628:. The Irish delegation was led by 2496:) accelerated this change. In the 2303:played a leading role in the 1902 868:The Romans referred to Ireland as 25: 9669: 8961: 6774:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn 6234: 4131:. Museums of Mayo. Archived from 3585: 3426: 3334:Provisional Irish Republican Army 3319:Northern Ireland Constitution Act 3253:Provisional Irish Republican Army 2147:. This was followed by the first 2131:, invoking the provisions of the 2059:, which was bloodily suppressed. 1959:Protestant ascendancy (1691–1800) 924:Early Christian Ireland (400–795) 771:, built c. 3200 BCE, is an Irish 9110:Ireland–United Kingdom relations 8875:Post-war period (social history) 8549: 7979: 6943:Tallest buildings and structures 6374:By Andrew L. Slayman in May 1996 5983:Ireland in the Twentieth Century 4536:Candon, Anthony (January 1988). 3777:Note that the untranslated text 3311:Parliament of the United Kingdom 3181:"A Protestant state" (1921–1972) 2575: 2558: 2544: 2530: 2309:Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903 1719:troops into Dublin to crown the 1669:Early modern Ireland (1536–1691) 1437:Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland 1420:Anglo-Norman Ireland (1169–1536) 240: 53: 5748:Cróinín, Dáibhí Ó, ed. (1976). 5570: 5546: 5533: 5528:Ireland and postcolonial theory 5520: 5507: 5492: 5479: 5466: 5453: 5440: 5427: 5414: 5401: 5371: 5348: 5325: 5302: 5289: 5256: 5230: 5211: 5193: 5184: 5158: 5132: 5123: 5114: 5105: 5096: 5087: 5059: 5050: 5041: 5023: 5004: 4979: 4960: 4951: 4928: 4905: 4885: 4872: 4857: 4818: 4770: 4707: 4694: 4675: 4650: 4641: 4621: 4588: 4503: 4488: 4475: 4466: 4454: 4434: 4421: 4387: 4373: 4337: 4233: 4173: 4147: 4121: 4091: 4072: 4053: 4034: 4018:Landscapes of Neolithic Ireland 3943:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.09.018 3768: 2958:Northern Ireland (1921–present) 2583:Parliament Buildings (Stormont) 2417:In September 1914, just as the 1767:, 1569–73 and 1579–83, and the 904:) attacked and some settled in 609:Prehistory (10,500 BCE–600 BCE) 596:. These divisions erupted into 9553:Northern Ireland Sign Language 6779:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis 5977:the 1921 Treaty debates online 5667:. Princeton University Press. 5587: 5409:Ireland and the British Empire 5270:. Princeton University Press. 5020:- Inside Ireland, 7 March 2012 4597:The Norman invasion of Ireland 3996: 3971: 3949: 3913: 3887: 3862: 3845: 3827: 3801: 3705:History of Ireland (1801–1923) 3439:(EU), at the same time as the 3261:Irish National Liberation Army 3208:, led to the emergence of the 2941:financial and political crisis 2610:Government of Ireland Act 1920 2423:Government of Ireland Act 1914 2341:After the introduction of the 2167:Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 2089:History of Ireland (1801–1923) 2053:Society of the United Irishmen 1965:History of Ireland (1691–1800) 1692:History of Ireland (1536–1691) 1622:defeated a Norman army at the 1426:History of Ireland (1169–1536) 1287:. Diarmuit was able to become 1253:, defeated the Vikings at the 1204:In 852, the Vikings landed in 13: 1: 6841: 5993:Gaelic and Gaelicised Ireland 5973:(Cork University Press, 2001) 5768:Atlas of the Irish Revolution 4572:Martyn, Adrian James (2001). 4129:"Céide Fields Visitor Centre" 3794: 3720:History of the United Kingdom 3680:History of the European Union 3275:and the (largely Protestant) 3206:majoritarian electoral system 2390:held the balance of power in 2345:which broke the power of the 2243:, most prominent among them, 2041:enfranchising Irish Catholics 1989:, sought more local control. 1614:By 1261 the weakening of the 1165:History of Ireland (795–1169) 1000:, a contemporary chronicler, 850:Neolithic to the Bronze Age. 311:from about 4000 BCE, and the 8432:History of the British Isles 7844:Northern Ireland flags issue 7020: 6795:List of conflicts in Ireland 6539:Southern Ireland (1921–1922) 6031:(Irish Academic Press, 1994) 6011:(1963). "The Irish Empire". 5896:Mac Annaidh, Séamus (1999). 5848:The Most Distressful Country 5694:The Perspective of the World 5595:Byrne, Francis John (1973). 4715:William & Mary Quarterly 4079:Céide, "a hill level at top" 3247:The Stormont parliament was 2815:re-established the state as 2488:in 1918 (for service on the 2253:Irish Republican Brotherhood 2021:famine between 1740 and 1741 1520:in 1171, becoming the first 1400:One of Tairrdelbach's sons, 930:History of Ireland (400–795) 471:was finally defeated at the 7: 7230: 6815:Gaelic clothing and fashion 6447: 6299:1916 Rebellion Walking Tour 5739:Cosgrove, Art, ed. (1987). 5282:; and S. J. Connolly, ed., 5227:Department of the Taoiseach 4737:Junius P Rodriguez (1997). 4510:"Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib". 4293:"Myths of British Ancestry" 3695:History of Northern Ireland 3642: 3580:Gaelic Athletic Association 3433:European Economic Community 3039:Current Irish police forces 2982:Defunct Irish police forces 2964:History of Northern Ireland 2878:European Economic Community 2780:as well as encouraging the 2370:Ancient Order of Hibernians 1906:of 1688, when the Catholic 1291:, and after his death, the 912:of 367. In particular, the 828:Kingdoms of ancient Ireland 724:wedge-shaped gallery graves 586:history of Northern Ireland 10: 9674: 5844:The Green Flag Volumes 1–3 5766:John Crowley et al. eds., 5597:Irish Kings and High Kings 5070:. Pluto Press. p. 4. 3923:Quaternary Science Reviews 3610:Irish revolutionary period 3589: 3576:Irish Rugby Football Union 3397:Social Democrat and Labour 3114:Ministry of Defence Police 3002:Dublin Metropolitan Police 2961: 2683: 2666:declared itself a republic 2382:Irish revolutionary period 2379: 2291:agitations and subsequent 2257:physical force nationalism 2086: 2064:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 1968: 1962: 1860:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1739:chieftains as well as the 1700: 1689: 1606:Irish soldiers, 1521 – by 1563: 1434: 1423: 1414:Norman invasion of Ireland 1404:, would later go on to be 1347:Toirdelbach Ua Conchobhair 1232:Máel Finnia mac Flannacain 1162: 1053:, mainly in the fields of 927: 900:Irish confederations (the 612: 9570: 9535: 9497: 9459: 9436: 9429: 9422: 9370: 9312: 9296: 9281: 9224: 9149: 9142: 9102: 9074: 9031: 9024: 8969: 8896: 8821: 8774: 8666: 8617: 8558: 8547: 8438: 8382: 8334: 8296: 8033: 7975: 7874: 7812: 7749: 7689: 7602: 7550: 7505: 7472: 7417: 7382: 7332: 7251: 7242: 7238: 7225: 7160: 7063: 7032: 7028: 7015: 6925: 6853: 6849: 6836: 6787: 6575: 6459: 6455: 6442: 6418: 6295:Timeline of Irish History 5831:Medieval Irish Settlement 5627:Modern Ireland, 1600–1972 3755:Timeline of Irish history 3277:Royal Ulster Constabulary 3028:Royal Ulster Constabulary 2606:Irish War of Independence 2437:against the expansion of 2324:Irish Parliamentary Party 1875:given to British settlers 1746:Spanish Armada in Ireland 1703:Tudor conquest of Ireland 1618:had become manifest when 1039:Missionaries from Ireland 816:Iron Age (600 BCE–400 CE) 653:Alice and Gwendoline Cave 559:Irish War of Independence 539:Irish Parliamentary Party 508:United Irishmen Rebellion 146:Great Britain and Ireland 110:Timeline of Irish history 9395:Kingdom of Great Britain 6315:The Ireland of Yesterday 6266:The diary of an American 6252:History of Ireland guide 5887:Ireland Since the Famine 5750:A New History of Ireland 5741:A New History of Ireland 5718:S. J. Connolly (editor) 5683:Irish Historical Studies 5459:Andrew Bielenberg, ed., 5356:Irish Historical Studies 5342:1 September 2011 at the 5333:Irish Historical Studies 4945:17 November 2015 at the 4864:McDowell, R. B. (1979). 4717:(1990) 47#4 pp 503-545. 4060:A Pompeii in Slow Motion 4016:Cooney, Gabriel (2000). 3783:27 February 2017 at the 3761: 3592:List of Irish historians 2991:Royal Irish Constabulary 2706:Political map of Ireland 2698:Names of the Irish state 2137:William Pitt the Younger 1731:in 1487. Again in 1536, 1684:Ghent University Library 1281:Diarmuit mac Maél na mBó 592:and (mainly Protestant) 8704:Early medieval Scotland 7936:Prostitution (Republic) 6358:3 December 2020 at the 6272:, published 1888, from 6257:Irish History Digitized 6148:Economic History Review 5804:(London, Batsford 1990) 5724:Oxford University Press 5554:Economic History Review 5383:Creativecentenaries.org 5319:17 January 2018 at the 4911:Michael J. Winstanley, 4724:8 November 2018 at the 4595:Roche, Richard (1995). 4323:George Mason University 4084:21 October 2013 at the 4046:21 October 2013 at the 3774: 3549:after the Act of Union; 3510:Constitution of Ireland 3342:Ulster Defence Regiment 3283:Direct rule (1972–1999) 3265:Ulster Defence Regiment 3013:Irish Republican Police 2743:world economic downturn 2650:Commonwealth of Nations 2498:December 1918 elections 2494:German spring offensive 2427:Ireland's participation 2320:Charles Stewart Parnell 2105:Irish Rebellion of 1798 2103:In 1800, following the 2057:Irish Rebellion of 1798 1951:, mainly the island of 1930:, most famously at the 1848:eleven years of warfare 1373:today. He was a superb 1301:Muircherteach Ua Briain 1055:illuminated manuscripts 660:Bølling–Allerød warming 624:Stone Age to Bronze Age 619:Protohistory of Ireland 8748:Early medieval Ireland 8714:Late medieval Scotland 8709:High medieval Scotland 8682:Early medieval England 8076:Bosnia and Herzegovina 6805:List of Irish kingdoms 6270:William Henry Hurlbert 6262:Ireland Under Coercion 6243:at Irish History Links 6241:Irish History Timeline 6083:Waddell, John (1998). 5066:Dooley, Brian (1998). 4938:45#3 (1997): 591-612. 4704:(2011) 210#1 pp 33-60. 4431:32 (2001), pp. 243–270 4417:. British Archaeology. 4103:www.discoverireland.ie 3616:Relations with Britain 3480:Thomas Francis Meagher 3471: 3269:Ulster Volunteer Force 3158:Garda Síochána Reserve 3059:Belfast Harbour Police 2808: 2707: 2516:unilaterally declaring 2511:Parliament, the first 2463:36th (Ulster) Division 2459:16th (Irish) Divisions 2414: 2271: 2245:Thomas Francis Meagher 2133:Act of Settlement 1701 2100: 1899: 1835: 1697:Conquest and rebellion 1687: 1663:Westminster Parliament 1611: 1555: 1545: 1450: 1431:Arrival of the Normans 1178: 1137: 1131:dies out with archaic 1065:, and the many carved 1023: 949: 841:, was a branch of the 783:The short-lived Irish 780: 710:have been identified: 708:Irish Megalithic Tombs 681:connecting Ireland to 636: 489:Irish Confederate Wars 423:Protestant Reformation 9543:British Sign Language 9388:Principality of Wales 9232:Bailiwick of Guernsey 9115:British–Irish Council 9103:Political cooperation 9084:Bailiwick of Guernsey 8795:Early modern Scotland 8758:Late medieval Ireland 8753:High medieval Ireland 8692:Late medieval England 8687:High medieval England 8643:Protohistoric Ireland 7912:Mass media (Republic) 7856:National coat of arms 6744:IRA Northern Campaign 6223:(Anthem Press, 2012). 5807:Ruth Dudley Edwards, 5580:30.4 (1997): 173-181. 5563:4 August 2020 at the 5556:33.1 (1980): 100-111 5489:(2007) 42#1 pp 11-57. 5476:7#3 (2009): 993-1007. 5365:4 August 2020 at the 4891:Cecil Woodham-Smith, 4745:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 4440:MacAmnaidh, S. 2013. 4065:6 August 2019 at the 4020:. London: Routledge. 3590:Further information: 3493:After its use in the 3486:. Fellow nationalist 3466: 3363:Anglo-Irish Agreement 3323:Sunningdale Agreement 3222:Battle of the Bogside 3193:government, based at 3081:Royal Military Police 2943:as Ireland entered a 2936:Irish property bubble 2934:collapsed due to the 2921:A series of tribunals 2798: 2782:censoring and banning 2762:Roman Catholic Church 2751:1932 general election 2724:Irish Republican Army 2705: 2636:. This abolished the 2602:Irish Republican Army 2585:. Previously home of 2433:war effort under the 2408: 2265: 2195:Irish Church Act 1869 2149:Irish Reform Act 1832 2096: 1971:Protestant Ascendancy 1887: 1850:, beginning with the 1825: 1676: 1605: 1553: 1543: 1459:Diarmait Mac Murchada 1444: 1236:Cerball mac Muirecáin 1172: 1097: 1014: 937: 767: 745:coast in the west of 631: 603:Good Friday Agreement 526:in 1829, achieved by 524:Catholic Emancipation 485:Protestant Ascendancy 446:surrender and regrant 438:2nd Desmond Rebellion 434:1st Desmond Rebellion 224:Economic history 219:British monarchs 9162:Islands of the Clyde 8905:House of Plantagenet 8807:Early modern Ireland 8790:Early modern England 8785:Early modern Britain 8726:Early medieval Wales 8584:Prehistoric Shetland 8579:Prehistoric Scotland 7834:County coats of arms 7726:List of Irish people 6800:List of Irish tribes 6650:Cromwellian conquest 6636:Plantation of Ulster 6567:Ireland (since 1922) 6279:The Story of Ireland 6212:McCarthy, Mark, ed. 6205:McCarthy, Mark, ed. 6185:47#1 (2012): 45–69. 6015:. pp. 179–185. 5985:(Gill and Macmillan) 5955:Seán Farrell Moran, 5865:(Gill and Macmillan) 5780:The Isles: A History 5526:Patricia King, ed., 5517:3#3 (1999): 255-261. 5223:24 June 2018 at the 5016:8 March 2012 at the 4922:22 June 2018 at the 4687:1 March 2012 at the 4444:Parragon Books Ltd. 4325:History News Network 4299:on 26 September 2006 4185:microsites.museum.ie 3929:(27–28): 3956–3971. 3730:History of Waterford 3561:president of Ireland 3543:Saint Patrick's Flag 3411:On 3 February 2022, 3070:Larne Harbour Police 2971:Irish police forces 2939:resulted in a major 2474:partition of Ireland 2249:another insurrection 2191:Gladstone government 1910:left London and the 1871:English Commonwealth 1794:and the counties of 1750:Francisco de Cuellar 1530:King John of England 1289:High King of Ireland 1285:Kingdom of the Isles 1247:High King of Ireland 998:Prosper of Aquitaine 209:Gaelic monarchs 122:Peoples and polities 9548:Irish Sign Language 9405:Kingdom of Scotland 9242:Bailiwick of Jersey 9225:Lists of islands of 8882:Late modern Ireland 8776:Early modern period 8736:Late medieval Wales 8731:High medieval Wales 8603:Prehistoric Ireland 8574:Prehistoric England 8569:Prehistoric Britain 8297:States with limited 7949:in Northern Ireland 7940:in Northern Ireland 7681:Legendary creatures 7594:Traditional singing 7430:Saint Patrick's Day 7065:Republic of Ireland 6994:Tourist attractions 6979:ROI–UK border 6964:of Northern Ireland 6917:in Northern Ireland 6749:IRA Border Campaign 6724:War of Independence 6694:Second Great Famine 6679:Act of Union (1800) 6631:Flight of the Earls 6488:Lordship of Ireland 6423:Republic of Ireland 6362:By Rare Irish Stuff 5852:The Bold Fenian Men 5629:. Penguin history. 5446:Nicholas P. Canny, 5389:on 11 December 2015 5295:Ciaran Brady, ed., 5239:"Flags and symbols" 5207:. 18 February 2012. 4854:, pp. 226–240. 4815:, pp. 153–225. 4361:on 1 September 2012 3956:Driscoll, Killian. 3935:2010QSRv...29.3956T 3715:History of Scotland 3700:History of Kilkenny 3690:History of Limerick 3401:Democratic Unionist 3387:and the removal of 3374:More recently, the 3263:fought against the 3126:Republic of Ireland 2728:multiple executions 2694:Republic of Ireland 2658:ratified the Treaty 2644:, a self-governing 2492:as a result of the 2443:National Volunteers 2429:in the British and 2411:Easter Proclamation 1932:Battle of the Boyne 1904:Glorious Revolution 1894:Sir Godfrey Kneller 1890:James II of England 1856:Confederate Ireland 1818:Wars and penal laws 1744:English lords. The 1647:Lordship of Ireland 1592:Giraldus Cambrensis 1566:Lordship of Ireland 1560:Lordship of Ireland 1534:Lordship of Ireland 1499:Henry II of England 1445:A tower house near 1181:The first recorded 632:Ireland during the 615:Prehistoric Ireland 491:in 1641-52 and the 419:Counter-Reformation 409:proclaimed himself 301:Prehistoric Ireland 162:Republic of Ireland 133:Lordship of Ireland 9658:History of Ireland 9400:Kingdom of Ireland 9383:Kingdom of England 9130:Common Travel Area 9076:Crown Dependencies 8910:House of Lancaster 8863:World Wars (Wales) 8823:Late modern period 8800:Early modern Wales 8589:Prehistoric Orkney 8560:Prehistoric period 7986:Ireland portal 7304:Skirts and kidneys 6810:List of High Kings 6729:Anglo-Irish Treaty 6669:First Great Famine 6654:Settlement of 1652 6626:Tyrone's Rebellion 6616:Desmond Rebellions 6505:Kingdom of Ireland 6372:Romans in Ireland? 6353:History of Ireland 6320:5 May 2010 at the 6048:(Ivan R Dee, 2006) 6041:(Ivan R Dee, 2002) 6009:Plumb, John Harold 6001:, (Lord Longford) 5934:The Irish Republic 5900:. Bath: Parragon. 5785:Patrick J. Duffy, 5735:(Hutchinson, 1993) 5461:The Irish Diaspora 5407:Kevin Kenny, ed., 4702:Past & Present 3670:History of England 3650:History of Belfast 3501:(1919–21) and the 3472: 3403:and (nationalist) 3395:and (nationalist) 3356:military cessation 3325:in December 1973. 2897:European Community 2809: 2708: 2626:Anglo-Irish Treaty 2614:British government 2589:. Now used by the 2415: 2351:Irish nationalists 2347:landlord-dominated 2272: 2255:. All failed, but 2210:Great Irish Famine 2199:Repeal Association 2101: 2077:Acts of Union 1800 2019:led directly to a 2013:absentee landlords 1999:in July 1691. The 1924:Kingdom of Ireland 1914:replaced him with 1912:English Parliament 1900: 1836: 1765:Desmond Rebellions 1707:Kingdom of Ireland 1688: 1612: 1556: 1546: 1451: 1447:Quin, County Clare 1375:military commander 1255:Battle of Clontarf 1179: 1175:Viking settlements 1145:Maigh Eo na Saxain 1093:Francis John Byrne 1043:Continental Europe 1024: 950: 839:Goidelic languages 781: 637: 590:Irish nationalists 567:Anglo-Irish Treaty 547:Home Rule Act 1914 520:Acts of Union 1800 430:Kingdom of Ireland 363:Battle of Clontarf 295:cold phase of the 247:Ireland portal 138:Kingdom of Ireland 9645: 9644: 9641: 9640: 9566: 9565: 9418: 9417: 9277: 9276: 9138: 9137: 8929: 8928: 8812:Early modern Mann 8699:Medieval Scotland 8657:Sub-Roman Britain 8652:End of Roman rule 8596:Prehistoric Wales 8398: 8397: 7993: 7992: 7971: 7970: 7967: 7966: 7378: 7377: 7269:Bacon and cabbage 7221: 7220: 7217: 7216: 7088:Foreign relations 7011: 7010: 7007: 7006: 6938:Notable buildings 6832: 6831: 6828: 6827: 6288:Project Gutenberg 6274:Project Gutenberg 6069:(NYU Press, 2007) 6044:Carmel McCaffrey 5932:Dorothy McCardle 5923:Nicholas Mansergh 5782:(Macmillan, 1999) 5685:, XXVI, Nov. 1989 5539:Ellekje Boehmer, 5358:(1989): 329-351. 5286:(Oxford UP, 2000) 5172:. 30 January 2024 5146:. 3 February 2022 5037:. 24 August 2014. 5035:Irish Independent 4901:978-0-14-014515-1 4829:. 18–19: 155–180. 4791:978-0-7171-5927-7 4756:978-0-87436-885-7 4637:978-0-19-923483-7 4499:((Noah) to 1616). 4450:978-1-4723-2723-9 4352:Familytreedna.com 4265:978-0-19-923483-7 3989:978-0-19-821737-4 3685:History of Galway 3675:History of Europe 3665:History of Dublin 3625:Recent approaches 3508:In 1937 when the 3421:Jeffrey Donaldson 3376:Belfast Agreement 3178: 3177: 3162: 3151: 3140: 3129: 3118: 3107: 3096: 3085: 3074: 3063: 3052: 3041: 3032: 3021: 3006: 2995: 2984: 2864:(prime minister) 2524:Irish parliaments 2396:Ulster Volunteers 2368:and the Catholic 2326:. Prime Minister 2322:, founder of the 2313:absentee landlord 2203:Act of Union 1800 2183:Church of Ireland 2045:French Revolution 1997:Battle of Aughrim 1938:Indentured Labour 1916:William of Orange 1852:Rebellion of 1641 1812:Church of Ireland 1643:Wars of the Roses 1624:Battle of Callann 1526:Dominus Hiberniae 1503:Council of Oxford 1320:Kingdom of Norway 1273:Kingdom of Dublin 1047:Early Middle Ages 594:British unionists 473:battle of Kinsale 417:between Catholic 387:Wars of the Roses 351:Celtic polytheism 332:Hallstatt culture 281: 280: 144:United Kingdom of 16:(Redirected from 9665: 9603:Irish Travellers 9434: 9433: 9430:Modern languages 9427: 9426: 9378:Irish Free State 9335:Northern Ireland 9294: 9293: 9147: 9146: 9055:Northern Ireland 9033:Sovereign states 9029: 9028: 8956: 8949: 8942: 8933: 8932: 8887:Late modern Mann 8858:Second World War 8843:Edwardian period 8838:Victorian period 8743:Medieval Ireland 8677:Medieval England 8619:Classical period 8608:Prehistoric Mann 8553: 8510:Northern Ireland 8425: 8418: 8411: 8402: 8401: 8335:Dependencies and 8034:Sovereign states 8020: 8013: 8006: 7997: 7996: 7984: 7983: 7982: 7661:Tuatha Dé Danann 7249: 7248: 7240: 7239: 7227: 7226: 7162:Northern Ireland 7140: 7130: 7120: 7030: 7029: 7017: 7016: 6851: 6850: 6838: 6837: 6714:Home Rule crisis 6544:Northern Ireland 6457: 6456: 6444: 6443: 6431:Northern Ireland 6402: 6395: 6388: 6379: 6378: 6110:Brown, T. 2004, 6106: 6065:Hugh F. Kearney 6035:Carmel McCaffrey 6024: 5989:Kenneth Nicholls 5969:James H. Murphy 5938:R. B. McDowell, 5919: 5814:Marianne Eliot, 5791:Studia Hibernica 5763: 5744: 5715: 5690:Braudel, Fernand 5678: 5648: 5618: 5581: 5574: 5568: 5550: 5544: 5537: 5531: 5524: 5518: 5511: 5505: 5496: 5490: 5483: 5477: 5470: 5464: 5457: 5451: 5444: 5438: 5431: 5425: 5418: 5412: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5385:. Archived from 5375: 5369: 5352: 5346: 5329: 5323: 5312:(2005): 91-101. 5306: 5300: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5260: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5234: 5228: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5197: 5191: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5136: 5130: 5127: 5121: 5118: 5112: 5109: 5103: 5100: 5094: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5063: 5057: 5054: 5048: 5045: 5039: 5038: 5027: 5021: 5008: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4964: 4958: 4955: 4949: 4932: 4926: 4909: 4903: 4893:The Great Hunger 4889: 4883: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4744: 4734: 4728: 4711: 4705: 4698: 4692: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4654: 4648: 4645: 4639: 4627:Connolly, S.J., 4625: 4619: 4618: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4569: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4533: 4524: 4523: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4492: 4486: 4485:22, 1971, p. 153 4479: 4473: 4470: 4464: 4461:Carmel McCaffrey 4458: 4452: 4438: 4432: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4360: 4354:. Archived from 4349: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4289: 4283: 4273: 4267: 4257: 4251: 4237: 4231: 4221: 4215: 4205: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4157:. Archived from 4151: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4109:on 14 April 2019 4105:. Archived from 4095: 4089: 4076: 4070: 4057: 4051: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4013: 4004: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3805: 3788: 3772: 3745:Irish Historians 3725:History of Wales 3660:History of Derry 3635:and their land. 3518:Northern Ireland 3503:Irish Free State 3459:Flags in Ireland 3453:Bishop of Galway 3417:Michelle O'Neill 3321:of 1973 and the 3315:Order in Council 3296: 3295: 3291: 3271:. Moreover, the 3187:Northern Ireland 3156: 3145: 3134: 3123: 3112: 3101: 3090: 3079: 3068: 3057: 3049:Northern Ireland 3046: 3037: 3026: 3011: 3000: 2989: 2980: 2968: 2832:Irish neutrality 2803:in motorcade in 2690:Irish Free State 2654:Northern Ireland 2642:Irish Free State 2640:and created the 2622:Southern Ireland 2618:Northern Ireland 2579: 2562: 2548: 2534: 2467:Irish Convention 2451:New British Army 2445:who enlisted in 2400:Irish Volunteers 2336:Katherine O'Shea 2293:Plan of Campaign 2241:Young Irelanders 2160:Daniel O'Connell 2098:Daniel O'Connell 2069:George Townshend 2037:Irish Parliament 1620:Fineen MacCarthy 1487:Richard de Clare 1355:King of Connacht 1277:King of Leinster 1173:Map showing the 1087:promontory forts 1049:. The period of 1015:A page from the 941:'s monastery at 910:Great Conspiracy 843:Celtic languages 675:hunter-gatherers 579:Irish Free State 571:Northern Ireland 565:, but under the 563:Irish Free State 528:Daniel O’Connell 512:Irish Parliament 465:West Country Men 397:Earl of Kildare 355:Celtic Christian 273: 266: 259: 245: 244: 243: 166:Northern Ireland 157:Irish Free State 57: 47: 29: 28: 21: 9673: 9672: 9668: 9667: 9666: 9664: 9663: 9662: 9648: 9647: 9646: 9637: 9593:English Gypsies 9562: 9531: 9493: 9474:Scottish Gaelic 9455: 9414: 9366: 9308: 9285: 9273: 9220: 9216:Isles of Scilly 9157:Channel Islands 9134: 9098: 9070: 9020: 8965: 8960: 8930: 8925: 8924: 8892: 8891: 8853:Interwar period 8848:First World War 8817: 8816: 8770: 8769: 8668:Medieval period 8662: 8661: 8613: 8612: 8554: 8545: 8544: 8528:Channel Islands 8464:Isles of Scilly 8434: 8429: 8399: 8394: 8378: 8336: 8330: 8316:Northern Cyprus 8298: 8292: 8208:North Macedonia 8029: 8024: 7994: 7989: 7980: 7978: 7963: 7931:outside Ireland 7902:Historic houses 7870: 7851:Irish Wolfhound 7822:Brighid's Cross 7808: 7779:Gaelic handball 7774:Gaelic football 7745: 7716:Hiberno-Normans 7685: 7598: 7546: 7501: 7482:Hiberno-English 7468: 7413: 7374: 7328: 7234: 7213: 7156: 7138: 7128: 7118: 7059: 7050:Ulster loyalism 7024: 7003: 6921: 6845: 6824: 6783: 6709:Dublin lock-out 6645:Confederate War 6596:Norman invasion 6583:Battles of Tara 6571: 6527:1801–1923 6515:1691–1800 6510:1536–1691 6498:1169–1536 6451: 6438: 6414: 6406: 6360:Wayback Machine 6324:– slideshow by 6322:Wayback Machine 6237: 6167:Frawley, Oona. 6139:Brady, Ciaran, 6122: 6117: 6103: 6003:Peace by Ordeal 5981:John A. Murphy 5962:Austen Morgan, 5908: 5856:Ourselves Alone 5800:Nancy Edwards, 5760: 5704: 5675: 5656: 5654:Further reading 5651: 5637: 5607: 5590: 5585: 5584: 5575: 5571: 5565:Wayback Machine 5551: 5547: 5538: 5534: 5525: 5521: 5512: 5508: 5503:(2016) pp: 361+ 5497: 5493: 5484: 5480: 5474:History Compass 5471: 5467: 5458: 5454: 5445: 5441: 5432: 5428: 5420:P.J. Marshall, 5419: 5415: 5406: 5402: 5392: 5390: 5377: 5376: 5372: 5367:Wayback Machine 5353: 5349: 5344:Wayback Machine 5330: 5326: 5321:Wayback Machine 5307: 5303: 5294: 5290: 5278: 5261: 5257: 5247: 5245: 5235: 5231: 5225:Wayback Machine 5216: 5212: 5205:The Irish Times 5199: 5198: 5194: 5189: 5185: 5175: 5173: 5164: 5163: 5159: 5149: 5147: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5128: 5124: 5119: 5115: 5110: 5106: 5101: 5097: 5092: 5088: 5078: 5064: 5060: 5055: 5051: 5046: 5042: 5029: 5028: 5024: 5018:Wayback Machine 5009: 5005: 4995: 4993: 4985: 4984: 4980: 4965: 4961: 4956: 4952: 4947:Wayback Machine 4933: 4929: 4924:Wayback Machine 4910: 4906: 4890: 4886: 4877: 4873: 4862: 4858: 4850: 4846: 4838: 4834: 4823: 4819: 4811: 4807: 4792: 4775: 4771: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4735: 4731: 4726:Wayback Machine 4712: 4708: 4699: 4695: 4689:Wayback Machine 4680: 4676: 4666: 4664: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4646: 4642: 4626: 4622: 4607: 4599:. Anvil Books. 4593: 4589: 4570: 4561: 4553: 4549: 4534: 4527: 4509: 4508: 4504: 4494: 4493: 4489: 4480: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4459: 4455: 4439: 4435: 4426: 4422: 4413: 4412: 4408: 4400:The Irish Times 4393: 4392: 4388: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4364: 4362: 4358: 4347: 4343: 4342: 4338: 4328: 4326: 4317: 4316: 4312: 4302: 4300: 4291: 4290: 4286: 4274: 4270: 4258: 4254: 4238: 4234: 4222: 4218: 4206: 4199: 4189: 4187: 4179: 4178: 4174: 4164: 4162: 4161:on 22 July 2011 4153: 4152: 4148: 4138: 4136: 4135:on 22 July 2011 4127: 4126: 4122: 4112: 4110: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4086:Wayback Machine 4077: 4073: 4067:Wayback Machine 4058: 4054: 4048:Wayback Machine 4039: 4035: 4028: 4014: 4007: 4001: 3997: 3990: 3976: 3972: 3962: 3960: 3954: 3950: 3918: 3914: 3904: 3902: 3901:. 21 March 2016 3893: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3867: 3863: 3850: 3846: 3839:The Irish Times 3833: 3832: 3828: 3818: 3816: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3791: 3785:Wayback Machine 3773: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3750:Irish genealogy 3655:History of Cork 3645: 3632:Postcolonialism 3627: 3618: 3594: 3588: 3568:Irish tricolour 3477:Young Irelander 3469:Irish tricolour 3461: 3429: 3393:Ulster Unionist 3385:policing reform 3372: 3293: 3289: 3288: 3287:For the next 27 3285: 3183: 3160: 3149: 3138: 3116: 3105: 3094: 3083: 3072: 3061: 3030: 3015: 3004: 2993: 2966: 2960: 2874:Donogh O'Malley 2837:peat production 2807:on 27 June 1963 2801:John F. Kennedy 2747:Éamon de Valera 2720:Irish Civil War 2700: 2684:Main articles: 2682: 2634:Michael Collins 2630:Arthur Griffith 2616:'s Act termed " 2598: 2597: 2596: 2595: 2594: 2580: 2571: 2570: 2569: 2563: 2554: 2553: 2552: 2549: 2540: 2539: 2538: 2535: 2526: 2525: 2447:Irish regiments 2419:First World War 2384: 2378: 2355:Irish unionists 2305:Land Conference 2301:William O'Brien 2297:Irish Land Acts 2247:; and in 1867, 2226:National School 2175:Napoleonic Wars 2141:Henry Addington 2091: 2085: 2025:Navigation Acts 1973: 1967: 1961: 1945:Oliver Cromwell 1940: 1897: 1864:Oliver Cromwell 1828:Oliver Cromwell 1820: 1729:King of England 1709: 1701:Main articles: 1699: 1694: 1671: 1651:Earl of Kildare 1600: 1568: 1562: 1557: 1547: 1522:King of England 1495:Lord of Ireland 1439: 1433: 1428: 1422: 1359:King of Ireland 1312:Magnus Barefoot 1293:O'Brien dynasty 1275:. Although the 1167: 1161: 1041:to England and 1019:that opens the 932: 926: 872:around CE 100. 818: 787:and subsequent 626: 621: 613:Main articles: 611: 575:Irish Civil War 553:. In 1916, the 411:King of Ireland 367:Norman invasion 336:La Tène culture 277: 241: 239: 234: 233: 179: 171: 170: 148: 145: 123: 115: 114: 65: 45: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9671: 9661: 9660: 9643: 9642: 9639: 9638: 9636: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9618:Northern Irish 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9574: 9572: 9568: 9567: 9564: 9563: 9561: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9539: 9537: 9533: 9532: 9530: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9503: 9501: 9495: 9494: 9492: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9465: 9463: 9457: 9456: 9454: 9453: 9448: 9442: 9440: 9431: 9424: 9420: 9419: 9416: 9415: 9413: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9391: 9390: 9380: 9374: 9372: 9368: 9367: 9365: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9348: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9325:United Kingdom 9322: 9316: 9314: 9313:Current states 9310: 9309: 9307: 9306: 9300: 9298: 9291: 9279: 9278: 9275: 9274: 9272: 9271: 9270: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9252:United Kingdom 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9228: 9226: 9222: 9221: 9219: 9218: 9213: 9212: 9211: 9206: 9199:Northern Isles 9196: 9191: 9186: 9185: 9184: 9179: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9153: 9151: 9144: 9140: 9139: 9136: 9135: 9133: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9106: 9104: 9100: 9099: 9097: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9080: 9078: 9072: 9071: 9069: 9068: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9046:United Kingdom 9043: 9037: 9035: 9026: 9022: 9021: 9019: 9018: 9017: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8976: 8970: 8967: 8966: 8959: 8958: 8951: 8944: 8936: 8927: 8926: 8923: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8901: 8900: 8898: 8894: 8893: 8890: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8878: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8866: 8865: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8832:United Kingdom 8828: 8827: 8825: 8819: 8818: 8815: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8803: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8781: 8780: 8778: 8772: 8771: 8768: 8767: 8762: 8761: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8740: 8739: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8721:Medieval Wales 8718: 8717: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8696: 8695: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8673: 8672: 8670: 8664: 8663: 8660: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8640: 8635: 8633:Roman Scotland 8630: 8624: 8623: 8621: 8615: 8614: 8611: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8599: 8598: 8593: 8592: 8591: 8586: 8576: 8565: 8564: 8562: 8556: 8555: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8542: 8541: 8540: 8535: 8525: 8519: 8514: 8513: 8512: 8507: 8506: 8505: 8495: 8494: 8493: 8491:Outer Hebrides 8488: 8486:Inner Hebrides 8483: 8478: 8468: 8467: 8466: 8461: 8449:United Kingdom 8445: 8444: 8442: 8436: 8435: 8428: 8427: 8420: 8413: 8405: 8396: 8395: 8393: 8392: 8390:European Union 8386: 8384: 8383:Other entities 8380: 8379: 8377: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8340: 8338: 8337:other entities 8332: 8331: 8329: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8302: 8300: 8294: 8293: 8291: 8290: 8285: 8283:United Kingdom 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8096:Czech Republic 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8037: 8035: 8031: 8030: 8023: 8022: 8015: 8008: 8000: 7991: 7990: 7976: 7973: 7972: 7969: 7968: 7965: 7964: 7962: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7942: 7933: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7897:Heritage Sites 7894: 7889: 7884: 7878: 7876: 7872: 7871: 7869: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7847: 7846: 7836: 7831: 7824: 7818: 7816: 7810: 7809: 7807: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7755: 7753: 7747: 7746: 7744: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7721:Irish diaspora 7718: 7713: 7712: 7711: 7709:Gaelic Ireland 7701: 7695: 7693: 7687: 7686: 7684: 7683: 7678: 7671: 7664: 7657: 7650: 7643: 7636: 7635: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7608: 7606: 7600: 7599: 7597: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7580: 7579: 7569: 7562: 7556: 7554: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7522: 7517: 7511: 7509: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7478: 7476: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7466: 7461: 7452: 7450:Rose of Tralee 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7421: 7419: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7394: 7388: 7386: 7380: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7336: 7334: 7330: 7329: 7327: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7259:List of dishes 7255: 7253: 7246: 7236: 7235: 7223: 7222: 7219: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7200: 7199: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7178: 7177: 7175:D'Hondt method 7166: 7164: 7158: 7157: 7155: 7154: 7149: 7148: 7147: 7142: 7136:Seanad Éireann 7132: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7101: 7100: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7069: 7067: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7036: 7034: 7026: 7025: 7013: 7012: 7009: 7008: 7005: 7004: 7002: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6946: 6945: 6940: 6929: 6927: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6919: 6910: 6909: 6908: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6876:Extreme points 6873: 6868: 6866:Climate change 6863: 6857: 6855: 6847: 6846: 6834: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6791: 6789: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6684:1803 Rebellion 6681: 6676: 6674:1798 Rebellion 6671: 6666: 6661: 6659:Williamite War 6656: 6647: 6641:1641 Rebellion 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6621:Spanish Armada 6618: 6613: 6611:Tudor conquest 6608: 6603: 6601:Bruce campaign 6598: 6593: 6579: 6577: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6558: 6557: 6547: 6546:(1921–present) 6541: 6536: 6534:Irish Republic 6531: 6530: 6529: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6512: 6502: 6501: 6500: 6495: 6493:800–1169 6484:Gaelic Ireland 6481: 6476: 6471: 6465: 6463: 6453: 6452: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6436: 6428: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6405: 6404: 6397: 6390: 6382: 6376: 6375: 6369: 6363: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6292: 6276: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6236: 6235:External links 6233: 6232: 6231: 6226:Quinn, James. 6224: 6217: 6210: 6203: 6198:McBride, Ian, 6196: 6189: 6179: 6174:Gibney, John. 6172: 6165: 6154: 6144: 6137: 6130: 6121: 6120:Historiography 6118: 6116: 6115: 6108: 6101: 6080: 6070: 6063: 6049: 6042: 6037:and Leo Eaton 6032: 6025: 6005: 5999:Frank Pakenham 5996: 5986: 5979: 5974: 5967: 5960: 5953: 5943: 5936: 5930: 5920: 5906: 5893: 5890: 5884:F. S. L. Lyons 5881: 5866: 5859: 5838: 5819: 5812: 5805: 5798: 5783: 5774: 5764: 5758: 5745: 5736: 5730:Tim Pat Coogan 5727: 5716: 5702: 5686: 5679: 5673: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5649: 5635: 5619: 5605: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5569: 5545: 5532: 5519: 5506: 5491: 5478: 5465: 5452: 5439: 5433:Stephen Howe, 5426: 5413: 5400: 5370: 5347: 5335:(1986): 1-18. 5324: 5301: 5288: 5276: 5255: 5229: 5210: 5192: 5183: 5157: 5144:Independent.ie 5131: 5122: 5113: 5104: 5095: 5086: 5076: 5058: 5049: 5040: 5022: 5003: 4978: 4959: 4950: 4927: 4904: 4884: 4880:The Green Flag 4871: 4856: 4844: 4842:, p. 178. 4832: 4817: 4805: 4790: 4769: 4755: 4729: 4706: 4693: 4674: 4649: 4640: 4620: 4605: 4587: 4576:. The author. 4559: 4547: 4525: 4502: 4487: 4483:Ériu (journal) 4474: 4465: 4453: 4442:Irish History. 4433: 4420: 4406: 4386: 4372: 4336: 4310: 4284: 4268: 4252: 4243:, pp. 126–12, 4232: 4216: 4197: 4172: 4146: 4120: 4090: 4071: 4052: 4041:Achaidh Chéide 4033: 4027:978-0415169776 4026: 4005: 3995: 3988: 3970: 3948: 3912: 3886: 3879: 3861: 3844: 3826: 3814:Irish Examiner 3799: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3789: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3626: 3623: 3617: 3614: 3603: 3602: 3587: 3586:Historiography 3584: 3572: 3571: 3564: 3557: 3550: 3533:Four Provinces 3499:Irish Republic 3460: 3457: 3441:United Kingdom 3437:European Union 3428: 3427:Modern Ireland 3425: 3371: 3368: 3284: 3281: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3168: 3167: 3164: 3163: 3153: 3152: 3142: 3141: 3136:Garda Síochána 3131: 3130: 3120: 3119: 3109: 3108: 3098: 3097: 3087: 3086: 3076: 3075: 3065: 3064: 3054: 3053: 3043: 3042: 3034: 3033: 3023: 3022: 3018:Irish Republic 3008: 3007: 2997: 2996: 2986: 2985: 2977: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2962:Main article: 2959: 2956: 2952:Celtic Phoenix 2932:banking system 2905:European Union 2811:In 1937 a new 2681: 2678: 2638:Irish Republic 2581: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2566:Leinster House 2564: 2557: 2556: 2555: 2550: 2543: 2542: 2541: 2536: 2529: 2528: 2527: 2523: 2522: 2521: 2520: 2509:Irish Republic 2439:Central Powers 2435:Triple Entente 2398:. In turn the 2380:Main article: 2377: 2374: 2281:Michael Davitt 2087:Main article: 2084: 2081: 2017:Little Ice Age 1983:Jonathan Swift 1963:Main article: 1960: 1957: 1939: 1936: 1928:Williamite War 1819: 1816: 1769:Nine Years War 1741:Hiberno-Norman 1725:Lambert Simnel 1698: 1695: 1690:Main article: 1670: 1667: 1608:Albrecht Dürer 1599: 1596: 1587:Hiberno-Norman 1564:Main article: 1561: 1558: 1548: 1538: 1497:by his father 1455:petty kingdoms 1435:Main article: 1432: 1429: 1424:Main article: 1421: 1418: 1412:following the 1371:city of Galway 1316:King of Norway 1163:Main article: 1160: 1157: 1155:raided Brega. 1063:Ardagh Chalice 1028:Roman alphabet 1021:Gospel of John 947:County Wicklow 928:Main article: 925: 922: 817: 814: 625: 622: 610: 607: 518:formed by the 493:Williamite war 477:British Empire 469:Gaelic Ireland 442:Nine Years War 395:Hiberno-Norman 347:Gaelic Ireland 317:Beaker Culture 279: 278: 276: 275: 268: 261: 253: 250: 249: 236: 235: 232: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 180: 177: 176: 173: 172: 169: 168: 159: 154: 152:Irish Republic 149: 142: 140: 135: 130: 128:Gaelic Ireland 124: 121: 120: 117: 116: 113: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 66: 63: 62: 59: 58: 50: 49: 40: 39: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9670: 9659: 9656: 9655: 9653: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9575: 9573: 9569: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9540: 9538: 9534: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9504: 9502: 9500: 9496: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9466: 9464: 9462: 9458: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9443: 9441: 9439: 9435: 9432: 9428: 9425: 9421: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9389: 9386: 9385: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9375: 9373: 9371:Former states 9369: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9327: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9317: 9315: 9311: 9305: 9302: 9301: 9299: 9297:Island groups 9295: 9292: 9289: 9284: 9280: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9254: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9229: 9227: 9223: 9217: 9214: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9201: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9174: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9167:Great Britain 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9154: 9152: 9150:Island groups 9148: 9145: 9141: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9107: 9105: 9101: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9081: 9079: 9077: 9073: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9038: 9036: 9034: 9030: 9027: 9023: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8981: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8971: 8968: 8964: 8963:British Isles 8957: 8952: 8950: 8945: 8943: 8938: 8937: 8934: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8915:House of York 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8902: 8899: 8895: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8864: 8861: 8860: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8835: 8834:(since 1707) 8833: 8830: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8820: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8787: 8786: 8783: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8773: 8766: 8765:Medieval Mann 8763: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8745: 8744: 8741: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8723: 8722: 8719: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8701: 8700: 8697: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8679: 8678: 8675: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8665: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8647:Roman Ireland 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8628:Roman Britain 8626: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8616: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8597: 8594: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8581: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8571: 8570: 8567: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8557: 8552: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8530: 8529: 8526: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8511: 8508: 8504: 8501: 8500: 8499: 8496: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8473: 8472: 8469: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8459:Isle of Wight 8457: 8456: 8455: 8452: 8451: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8437: 8433: 8426: 8421: 8419: 8414: 8412: 8407: 8406: 8403: 8391: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8381: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8349:Faroe Islands 8347: 8345: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8333: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8321:South Ossetia 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8303: 8301: 8295: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8168:Liechtenstein 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8021: 8016: 8014: 8009: 8007: 8002: 8001: 7998: 7988: 7987: 7974: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7954:Public houses 7952: 7950: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7879: 7877: 7873: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7845: 7842: 7841: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7829: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7819: 7817: 7815: 7811: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7756: 7754: 7752: 7748: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7710: 7707: 7706: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7692: 7688: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7676: 7672: 7670: 7669: 7665: 7663: 7662: 7658: 7656: 7655: 7651: 7649: 7648: 7644: 7642: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7614: 7613: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7601: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7567: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7553: 7549: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7527: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7508: 7504: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7479: 7477: 7475: 7471: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7416: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7399: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7389: 7387: 7385: 7381: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7331: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7228: 7224: 7210: 7209:Peace process 7207: 7205: 7202: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7163: 7159: 7153: 7150: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7139:(upper house) 7137: 7133: 7131: 7129:(lower house) 7127: 7123: 7122: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7099: 7096: 7095: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7066: 7062: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7045:Republicanism 7043: 7041: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7018: 7014: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6934: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6924: 6918: 6914: 6911: 6907: 6904: 6903: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6839: 6835: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6786: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6759:Peace process 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6739:The Emergency 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6719:Easter Rising 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6704:Fenian Rising 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6574: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6556: 6553: 6552: 6551: 6548: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6523: 6520: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6506: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6490: 6489: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6479:Early history 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6445: 6441: 6435: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6417: 6413: 6410: 6403: 6398: 6396: 6391: 6389: 6384: 6383: 6380: 6373: 6370: 6367: 6364: 6361: 6357: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6328: 6327:Life magazine 6323: 6319: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6300: 6296: 6293: 6290: 6289: 6284: 6283:Emily Lawless 6280: 6277: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6229: 6225: 6222: 6218: 6215: 6211: 6208: 6204: 6201: 6197: 6194: 6190: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6177: 6173: 6170: 6166: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6142: 6138: 6135: 6131: 6128: 6124: 6123: 6113: 6109: 6104: 6102:9781901421101 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6081: 6079: 6078:0-85527-034-9 6075: 6071: 6068: 6064: 6062: 6061:88-8335-794-9 6058: 6054: 6051:Paolo Gheda, 6050: 6047: 6043: 6040: 6036: 6033: 6030: 6027:Alan J. Ward 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6004: 6000: 5997: 5994: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5968: 5965: 5961: 5958: 5954: 5951: 5947: 5944: 5941: 5937: 5935: 5931: 5928: 5924: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5907:0-7525-6139-1 5903: 5899: 5898:Irish History 5894: 5891: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5864: 5860: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5842: 5839: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5821:B.J. Graham, 5820: 5817: 5813: 5810: 5806: 5803: 5799: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5781: 5778: 5777:Norman Davies 5775: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5759:0-19-821737-4 5755: 5751: 5746: 5742: 5737: 5734: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5703:0-06-015317-2 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5674:9781400874064 5670: 5666: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5636:9780140132502 5632: 5628: 5624: 5623:Foster, R. F. 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5606:0-7134-1304-2 5602: 5598: 5593: 5592: 5579: 5573: 5566: 5562: 5559: 5555: 5549: 5542: 5536: 5529: 5523: 5516: 5510: 5504: 5502: 5495: 5488: 5482: 5475: 5469: 5462: 5456: 5449: 5443: 5436: 5430: 5423: 5417: 5410: 5404: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5374: 5368: 5364: 5361: 5357: 5351: 5345: 5341: 5338: 5334: 5328: 5322: 5318: 5315: 5311: 5305: 5298: 5292: 5285: 5279: 5277:9781400874064 5273: 5269: 5268: 5259: 5244: 5240: 5233: 5226: 5222: 5219: 5218:National Flag 5214: 5206: 5202: 5196: 5187: 5171: 5167: 5161: 5145: 5141: 5135: 5126: 5117: 5108: 5099: 5090: 5083: 5079: 5077:9780745312958 5073: 5069: 5062: 5053: 5044: 5036: 5032: 5026: 5019: 5015: 5012: 5007: 4992: 4988: 4982: 4974: 4973:TheJournal.ie 4970: 4963: 4954: 4948: 4944: 4941: 4937: 4931: 4925: 4921: 4918: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4888: 4881: 4878:Kee, Robert. 4875: 4867: 4860: 4853: 4848: 4841: 4836: 4828: 4821: 4814: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4773: 4758: 4752: 4748: 4743: 4742: 4733: 4727: 4723: 4720: 4716: 4710: 4703: 4697: 4690: 4686: 4683: 4678: 4663: 4659: 4653: 4644: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4624: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4606:0-9479-6281-6 4602: 4598: 4591: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4556: 4551: 4543: 4539: 4532: 4530: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4506: 4498: 4491: 4484: 4478: 4469: 4462: 4457: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4437: 4430: 4424: 4416: 4410: 4402: 4401: 4396: 4390: 4382: 4376: 4357: 4353: 4346: 4340: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4298: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4281:0-7171-3810-0 4278: 4272: 4266: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4249:0-7171-2829-6 4246: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4229:1-84205-164-4 4226: 4220: 4214: 4213:0-85640-764-X 4210: 4204: 4202: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4160: 4156: 4150: 4134: 4130: 4124: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4094: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4075: 4068: 4064: 4061: 4056: 4049: 4045: 4042: 4037: 4029: 4023: 4019: 4012: 4010: 3999: 3991: 3985: 3981: 3974: 3959: 3952: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3916: 3900: 3896: 3890: 3882: 3880:0-521-33687-2 3876: 3872: 3865: 3857: 3856: 3848: 3840: 3836: 3830: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3800: 3786: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3647: 3640: 3636: 3633: 3622: 3613: 3611: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3598: 3593: 3583: 3581: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3562: 3558: 3555: 3551: 3548: 3544: 3541: 3540: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3529: 3527: 3526:Ulster Banner 3523: 3519: 3514: 3511: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3478: 3470: 3465: 3456: 3454: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3409: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3377: 3367: 3364: 3359: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3338:Ulsterisation 3335: 3330: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3238:Bloody Friday 3235: 3234:Bloody Sunday 3229: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3174: 3173: 3170: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3137: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3127: 3122: 3121: 3115: 3111: 3110: 3104: 3100: 3099: 3093: 3089: 3088: 3082: 3078: 3077: 3071: 3067: 3066: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3050: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3035: 3029: 3025: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3009: 3003: 2999: 2998: 2992: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2978: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2955: 2953: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2870:T.K. Whitaker 2867: 2863: 2858: 2856: 2851: 2849: 2848: 2847:The Emergency 2842: 2838: 2834: 2833: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2791: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2770:contraception 2767: 2763: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2664:in 1937, and 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2578: 2567: 2561: 2547: 2533: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2490:Western Front 2487: 2483: 2479: 2478:Easter Rising 2475: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2366: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2218:potato blight 2215: 2211: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2161: 2156: 2154: 2153:the franchise 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2121:Presbyterians 2118: 2114: 2110: 2109:Acts of Union 2106: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2080: 2078: 2073: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2033:Henry Grattan 2029: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1972: 1966: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1842: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1733:Silken Thomas 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1708: 1704: 1693: 1685: 1681: 1680:Lucas d'Heere 1675: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1659:Poynings' Law 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1609: 1604: 1595: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1567: 1552: 1542: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1491:John Lackland 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1427: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1383:Dún Gaillimhe 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1367:Dún Gaillimhe 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1338:, as well as 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1266: 1265:High Kingship 1262: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1234:of Brega and 1233: 1228: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1207: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1117:hagiographers 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1067:stone crosses 1064: 1060: 1059:Book of Kells 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1029: 1022: 1018: 1017:Book of Kells 1013: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 986: 984: 978: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 948: 944: 940: 936: 931: 921: 919: 918:Western Isles 915: 911: 907: 903: 898: 895: 891: 890:Roman Britain 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 866: 864: 859: 854: 851: 848: 844: 840: 835: 833: 829: 824: 823:La Tene style 813: 811: 807: 803: 798: 794: 790: 786: 778: 777:Brú na Bóinne 774: 770: 766: 762: 760: 759:field systems 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 735: 733: 729: 725: 721: 720:passage tombs 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 700:Passage Tombs 697: 693: 689: 684: 683:Great Britain 680: 676: 673: 668: 665: 664:Younger Dryas 661: 656: 654: 650: 646: 642: 635: 630: 620: 616: 606: 604: 599: 595: 591: 587: 582: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 555:Easter Rising 552: 548: 544: 540: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 504: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 480: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 455: 451: 448:, and later, 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 426: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 399:Silken Thomas 396: 392: 388: 384: 383:English Crown 379: 377: 373: 368: 365:in 1014. The 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 343:protohistoric 339: 337: 333: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 293:Younger Dryas 290: 286: 274: 269: 267: 262: 260: 255: 254: 252: 251: 248: 238: 237: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 181: 175: 174: 167: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 147: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 125: 119: 118: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 67: 61: 60: 56: 52: 51: 48: 42: 41: 36: 31: 30: 27: 19: 18:Irish history 9628:Ulster-Scots 9303: 8516: 8326:Transnistria 8288:Vatican City 7977: 7947: / 7938: / 7929: / 7907:Homelessness 7826: 7794:Road bowling 7789:Martial arts 7736:Ulster Scots 7673: 7666: 7659: 7652: 7645: 7638: 7617:Mythological 7564: 7524: 7497:Ulster Scots 7457: / 7396: 7324:Three-in-One 7135: 7126:Dáil Éireann 7125: 7115: 7073:Constitution 6962: / 6933:Architecture 6915: / 6788:Other topics 6769:Celtic Tiger 6754:The Troubles 6652: / 6643: / 6589: / 6585: / 6486: / 6474:Protohistory 6448: 6325: 6298: 6286: 6265: 6227: 6220: 6213: 6206: 6199: 6192: 6183:Éire-Ireland 6182: 6175: 6168: 6157: 6156:Elton, G.R. 6147: 6140: 6133: 6126: 6111: 6084: 6066: 6052: 6045: 6038: 6028: 6012: 6002: 5992: 5982: 5970: 5963: 5956: 5950:F. X. Martin 5939: 5933: 5926: 5897: 5886: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5868:J.F. Lydon, 5862: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5815: 5808: 5801: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5779: 5767: 5749: 5740: 5732: 5719: 5693: 5682: 5663: 5626: 5596: 5577: 5572: 5553: 5548: 5540: 5535: 5527: 5522: 5514: 5509: 5500: 5494: 5487:Eire-Ireland 5486: 5481: 5473: 5468: 5460: 5455: 5447: 5442: 5434: 5429: 5421: 5416: 5408: 5403: 5391:. Retrieved 5387:the original 5382: 5373: 5355: 5350: 5332: 5327: 5309: 5304: 5296: 5291: 5283: 5266: 5262:For example 5258: 5246:. Retrieved 5242: 5232: 5213: 5204: 5195: 5186: 5174:. Retrieved 5169: 5160: 5148:. Retrieved 5143: 5134: 5125: 5116: 5107: 5098: 5089: 5081: 5067: 5061: 5052: 5043: 5034: 5025: 5006: 4994:. Retrieved 4990: 4981: 4972: 4962: 4953: 4935: 4930: 4912: 4907: 4892: 4887: 4879: 4874: 4865: 4859: 4847: 4835: 4826: 4820: 4808: 4781: 4778:McBride, Ian 4772: 4760:. Retrieved 4740: 4732: 4714: 4709: 4701: 4696: 4677: 4665:. Retrieved 4662:lib.ugent.be 4661: 4652: 4643: 4628: 4623: 4596: 4590: 4573: 4550: 4541: 4511: 4505: 4496: 4490: 4477: 4468: 4456: 4441: 4436: 4428: 4423: 4409: 4398: 4389: 4375: 4363:. Retrieved 4356:the original 4351: 4339: 4327:. Retrieved 4313: 4301:. Retrieved 4297:the original 4287: 4271: 4255: 4240: 4235: 4219: 4188:. Retrieved 4184: 4175: 4163:. Retrieved 4159:the original 4149: 4137:. Retrieved 4133:the original 4123: 4111:. Retrieved 4107:the original 4102: 4093: 4074: 4055: 4036: 4017: 3998: 3979: 3973: 3961:. Retrieved 3951: 3926: 3922: 3915: 3903:. Retrieved 3898: 3889: 3870: 3864: 3854: 3847: 3838: 3829: 3817:. Retrieved 3813: 3803: 3770: 3637: 3628: 3619: 3607: 3604: 3595: 3573: 3537: 3530: 3515: 3507: 3492: 3488:John Mitchel 3483: 3473: 3449: 3445:Celtic tiger 3430: 3410: 3389:British army 3373: 3360: 3331: 3327: 3286: 3273:British army 3257:Official IRA 3246: 3242:the Troubles 3230: 3215: 3203: 3184: 3147:Póilíní Airm 3124: 3047: 3038: 2981: 2949: 2929: 2909: 2901:Celtic Tiger 2889:The Troubles 2882: 2859: 2855:Commonwealth 2852: 2844: 2830: 2827:World War II 2820: 2816: 2813:Constitution 2810: 2786: 2759: 2755:Economic War 2740: 2715: 2711: 2709: 2661: 2599: 2513:Dáil Éireann 2486:British Army 2471: 2416: 2388:John Redmond 2385: 2365:Orange Order 2363: 2340: 2317: 2284: 2273: 2256: 2235:; in 1848 a 2233:Robert Emmet 2230: 2214:An Gorta Mór 2213: 2207: 2164: 2157: 2102: 2074: 2061: 2049: 2030: 2010: 1991: 1987:Edmund Burke 1974: 1941: 1901: 1888:Portrait of 1845: 1837: 1780:colonisation 1777: 1754: 1737:Gaelic Irish 1710: 1640: 1628: 1613: 1583:Hugh de Lacy 1580: 1569: 1525: 1510:Laudabiliter 1507: 1452: 1399: 1353:in 1118. As 1344: 1305: 1270: 1259: 1244: 1229: 1221: 1216: 1210: 1203: 1192: 1180: 1149:Northumbrian 1141:Rath Melsigi 1138: 1128: 1113:genealogists 1098: 1091: 1032: 1025: 1005: 993: 987: 979: 951: 899: 878:Roman Empire 867: 855: 852: 836: 819: 782: 773:passage tomb 739:Céide Fields 736: 716:court cairns 669: 657: 645:Irish poetry 638: 598:the Troubles 583: 532:Great Famine 505: 481: 427: 380: 340: 319:. The Irish 289:homo sapiens 282: 75:Protohistory 43: 26: 9517:Guernésiais 9362:Isle of Man 9247:Isle of Man 9194:Isle of Man 9094:Isle of Man 8979:Terminology 8638:Roman Wales 8522:Isle of Man 8364:Isle of Man 8299:recognition 8268:Switzerland 8203:Netherlands 7927:Place names 7804:Rugby union 7699:Anglo-Irish 7584:Instruments 7440:The Twelfth 7404:Set dancing 7204:LGBT rights 7110:LGBT rights 7040:Nationalism 6606:Black Death 6297:1840–1916 ( 6107:Alex Vittum 5946:T. W. Moody 5588:Works cited 5424:(2001) p 9. 4852:Foster 1988 4840:Foster 1988 4813:Foster 1988 4762:19 November 4691:, bbc.co.uk 3505:(1922–37). 3495:1916 Rising 3307:Direct Rule 3299:direct rule 3199:James Craig 3031:(1922–2001) 3005:(1836–1925) 2994:(1822–1922) 2866:Seán Lemass 2778:pornography 2732:Fianna Fáil 2726:, imposing 2712:anti-Treaty 2277:Land League 2005:Restoration 1978:Anglo-Irish 1867:reconquered 1784:Plantations 1773:martial law 1723:pretender, 1631:Black Death 1574:to eastern 1477:to recruit 1125:obsolescent 1051:Insular art 990:St. Patrick 983:St. Patrick 943:Glendalough 908:during the 863:Irish Times 775:located at 751:Ballycastle 743:County Mayo 679:land bridge 649:Paleolithic 577:, in which 551:World War I 44:History of 9527:Sercquiais 8238:San Marino 8198:Montenegro 8178:Luxembourg 8158:Kazakhstan 8061:Azerbaijan 7828:Cláirseach 7731:Travellers 7589:Rock music 7572:Folk music 7507:Literature 7309:Soda bread 7192:Government 7119:parliament 7116:Oireachtas 7093:Government 7033:Ideologies 6664:Penal Laws 6555:since 1922 6469:Prehistory 6093:10379/1357 5876:13, 1967; 5861:J. J. Lee 5841:Robert Kee 5816:Wolfe Tone 5599:. Dublin. 5393:15 January 5248:15 January 5176:30 January 5150:30 January 4996:15 January 4555:Byrne 1973 4365:15 January 4139:3 February 4113:9 November 3905:15 January 3795:References 3547:Union Flag 3522:Union Flag 3413:Paul Givan 3020:1920–1922) 2885:Jack Lynch 2799:President 2716:pro-Treaty 2674:Protestant 2587:Parliament 2129:George III 2001:Penal Laws 1969:See also: 1920:Penal Laws 1841:Penal Laws 1804:Penal Laws 1717:Burgundian 1655:Gaelicised 1261:Brian Boru 1251:Brian Boru 1224:longphorts 1212:Gall-Gaels 1206:Dublin Bay 1177:in Ireland 1105:Aed Slaine 1071:Romanesque 994:Confession 810:bog bodies 789:Bronze Age 785:Copper Age 672:Mesolithic 643:writings, 501:Penal Laws 497:dissenting 457:Protestant 450:plantation 407:Henry VIII 321:Bronze Age 313:Copper Age 305:Mesolithic 297:Quaternary 70:Prehistory 64:Chronology 9507:Auregnais 9143:Geography 8354:Gibraltar 8173:Lithuania 7959:Squatting 7675:Fomorians 7604:Mythology 7474:Languages 7459:Halloween 7435:Bealtaine 7418:Festivals 7409:Stepdance 7314:Spice Bag 7299:Irish fry 7289:Colcannon 7264:Barmbrack 7187:Education 7145:President 7083:Education 6999:Transport 6974:Provinces 6896:Mountains 6871:Coastline 6843:Geography 6734:Civil War 6689:Tithe War 6164:pp 206–16 5827:RIA Proc. 5733:De Valera 5243:Bbc.co.uk 4800:48222771M 4667:25 August 4615:231697876 4429:Britannia 3899:Bbc.co.uk 3405:Sinn Féin 3380:unionists 3347:sectarian 3301:" with a 3249:prorogued 2945:recession 2862:Taoiseach 2790:Ne Temere 2736:Fine Gael 2501:Sinn Féin 2332:Home Rule 2328:Gladstone 2237:rebellion 2187:Tithe War 2179:George IV 2047:of 1789. 1949:Caribbean 1782:known as 1757:Elizabeth 1572:Waterford 1518:Waterford 1514:Adrian IV 1493:was made 1471:Aquitaine 1406:High King 1381:based at 1357:and then 1310:that led 1297:Irish Sea 1195:longships 1133:Old Irish 1083:ringforts 1002:Palladius 973:of south 971:Attacotti 914:Dál Riata 769:Newgrange 755:Neolithic 704:Newgrange 688:Neolithic 605:in 1998. 543:Home Rule 536:Parnell's 374:known as 309:Neolithic 184:Conflicts 105:1801–1923 100:1691–1800 95:1536–1691 90:1169–1536 9652:Category 9623:Scottish 9522:Jèrriais 9438:Germanic 9352:Guernsey 9340:Scotland 9262:Scotland 9209:Shetland 9172:Hebrides 9060:Scotland 9025:Politics 9014:Hibernia 8920:Monarchs 8538:Guernsey 8503:Anglesey 8476:Shetland 8471:Scotland 8440:Overview 8374:Svalbard 8359:Guernsey 8306:Abkhazia 8253:Slovenia 8248:Slovakia 8223:Portugal 8081:Bulgaria 7917:Monastic 7882:Calendar 7866:Shamrock 7861:Red Hand 7799:Rounders 7464:Wren Day 7398:Sean-nós 7350:Guinness 7294:Drisheen 7170:Assembly 7152:Taxation 7055:Unionism 7022:Politics 6955:Counties 6699:Land War 6591:Clontarf 6587:Glenmama 6461:Timeline 6356:Archived 6318:Archived 6285:, 1896 ( 6021:4610830M 5916:7983444M 5770:(2017). 5712:9230060M 5692:(1982). 5645:7348307M 5625:(1988). 5615:47920418 5561:Archived 5363:Archived 5360:in JSTOR 5340:Archived 5317:Archived 5221:Archived 5170:BBC News 5014:Archived 4943:Archived 4920:Archived 4780:(2009). 4722:Archived 4719:in JSTOR 4685:Archived 4582:48208254 4082:Archived 4063:Archived 4044:Archived 3819:23 April 3781:Archived 3775:AU 902.2 3643:See also 3554:Leinster 3267:and the 3224:and the 3195:Stormont 3191:Unionist 2893:sterling 2774:abortion 2670:Catholic 2646:Dominion 2591:Assembly 2359:Catholic 2289:Land War 2270:, c.1879 2268:Land War 2145:Test Act 2125:Baptists 2117:Test Act 1993:Jacobite 1953:Barbados 1908:James II 1879:Connacht 1808:Anglican 1636:the Pale 1483:Flemings 1475:Henry II 1463:Leinster 1410:abdicate 1332:Scotland 1153:Ecgfrith 1121:Tirechan 1079:clochans 975:Leinster 959:Cornwall 955:Pictland 886:Agricola 870:Hibernia 858:Anglesey 728:Leinster 461:Catholic 454:Scottish 440:and the 425:Europe. 376:The Pale 325:Iron Age 199:Kingdoms 85:795–1169 35:a series 33:Part of 9588:English 9583:Cornish 9578:British 9499:Romance 9469:Cornish 9446:English 9423:Society 9330:England 9320:Ireland 9304:Ireland 9288:outline 9283:History 9257:England 9237:Ireland 9189:Ireland 9050:England 9041:Ireland 9004:Britain 8999:Prydain 8897:Related 8517:Ireland 8454:England 8278:Ukraine 8228:Romania 8188:Moldova 8146:Ireland 8141:Iceland 8136:Hungary 8126:Germany 8121:Georgia 8111:Finland 8106:Estonia 8101:Denmark 8086:Croatia 8071:Belgium 8066:Belarus 8056:Austria 8051:Armenia 8046:Andorra 8041:Albania 7887:Castles 7814:Symbols 7784:Hurling 7769:Camogie 7668:Firbolg 7654:Immrama 7647:Echtrai 7577:session 7560:Ballads 7537:Theatre 7526:Gaeilge 7520:Fiction 7455:Samhain 7370:Whiskey 7244:Cuisine 7232:Culture 7182:Economy 7078:Economy 6886:Islands 6861:Climate 6854:Natural 6449:History 6409:Ireland 5835:Norwich 5772:excerpt 5726:, 2000) 5437:(2002). 4915:(1984) 4329:30 June 4303:30 June 4165:16 July 3963:19 July 3931:Bibcode 3520:is the 3292:⁄ 2817:Ireland 2766:divorce 2662:Ireland 2648:of the 2620:" and " 2484:to the 2449:of the 2392:Commons 2251:by the 2239:by the 2193:in the 1926:in the 1832:Puritan 1788:Munster 1761:James I 1721:Yorkist 1713:Kildare 1616:Normans 1532:, the " 1501:at the 1402:Ruadhrí 1395:England 1363:castles 1351:Munster 1336:England 1230:In 902 1109:brehons 967:Cumbria 906:Britain 894:Juvenal 882:Tacitus 874:Ptolemy 802:barrows 747:Ireland 712:dolmens 634:Ice Age 359:Vikings 327:of the 285:Ireland 214:Judaism 194:Cuisine 80:400–795 46:Ireland 9571:People 9558:Shelta 9512:French 9461:Celtic 9357:Jersey 9204:Orkney 9089:Jersey 8989:Albion 8533:Jersey 8524:(Mann) 8481:Orkney 8369:Jersey 8311:Kosovo 8273:Turkey 8263:Sweden 8243:Serbia 8233:Russia 8218:Poland 8213:Norway 8193:Monaco 8163:Latvia 8131:Greece 8116:France 8091:Cyprus 7892:Cinema 7691:People 7640:Aos Sí 7627:Ulster 7622:Fenian 7612:Cycles 7542:Triads 7532:Poetry 7515:Annals 7492:Shelta 7445:Lúnasa 7425:Imbolc 7360:Poitín 7340:Coffee 7333:Drinks 7284:Coddle 6950:Cities 6901:Rivers 6891:Loughs 6576:Events 6434:topics 6426:topics 6412:topics 6268:", by 6230:(2015) 6216:(2012) 6209:(2005) 6202:(2001) 6195:(2001) 6187:online 6178:(2013) 6171:(2011) 6162:online 6152:online 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