Atlantic slave trade

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the 1840s through the mid-1860s, although shipping and operating costs for slave traders seem to have risen considerably. In addition, increased bribes to Spanish colonial officials effectively raised operating costs for slavers. These factors did not restrict the number of Africans embarking for Cuba, nor can they be used alone to explain Cuban slave price rises in the late 1850s and early 1860s. Three interacting factors produced the overwhelming demand for slaves responsible for pushing prices to the high levels The first was the uncertainty surrounding the future of the slave trade itself. The long and persistent British campaign to force an end to the Cuban trade had traditionally been circumvented by collusion between Spanish colonial officials and Cuban slave traders. An additional obstacle to British efforts was the unwillingness of the United States to permit the search of U.S.-flag vessels suspected of involvement in the slave trade". By the mid-1860s, prices of Africans in their elderly years decreased while prices of younger Africans increased because they were considered to be of prime working age. According to research, in 1860 in

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existed in Europe against enslaving Christians (few Europeans not being Christian at the time) and those slaves that existed in Europe tended to be non-Christians and their immediate descendants (since a slave converting to Christianity did not guarantee emancipation) and thus by the 15th century Europeans as a whole came to be regarded as insiders. Eltis argues that while all slave societies have demarked insiders and outsiders, Europeans took this process further by extending the status of insider to the entire European continent, rendering it unthinkable to enslave a European since this would require enslaving an insider. Conversely, Africans were viewed as outsiders and thus qualified for enslavement. While Europeans may have treated some types of labour, such as convict labour, with conditions similar to that of slaves, these labourers would not be regarded as chattel and their progeny could not inherit their subordinate status, thus not making them slaves in the eyes of Europeans. The status of chattel slavery was thus confined to non-Europeans, such as Africans.

6624: 5262:. During the Atlantic slave trade following the discovery of the New World, diseases such as these are recorded as causing mass mortality. Due to the many diseases in the African continent, Europeans nicknamed Sierra Leone in West Africa "white man's grave" because of the number of European deaths from diseases. From 1819 to 1836, the regions of Africa that had the highest European deaths from malaria were Sierra Leone and Senegal. Out of European deaths per 1,000, 164.66 whites died from malaria in Senegal, and 483 whites died from malaria in Sierra Leone. Sierra Leone had the highest number of whites dying from malaria accounting for 40 percent of deaths each year, because of this it was nicknamed "white man's grave." The phrase white man's grave was coined in the 1830s. However, Europeans prior to the creation of the phrase considered Africa a dangerous environment due to tropical heat and the high death rates of people dying from diseases, which was why the phrase was created in the 19th century. 5960: 4748:, 50% of African deaths occurred in Africa as a result of wars between native kingdoms, which produced the majority of slaves. This includes not only those who died in battles but also those who died as a result of forced marches from inland areas to slave ports on the various coasts. The practice of enslaving enemy combatants and their villages was widespread throughout Western and West Central Africa, although wars were rarely started to procure slaves. The slave trade was largely a by-product of tribal and state warfare as a way of removing potential dissidents after victory or financing future wars. In addition, European nations instigated war between African nations and increased the number of war captives by making alliances with warring nations and shifted trade locations in coastal areas to follow patterns of African military conflicts to acquire more slaves. Some African groups proved particularly adept and brutal at the practice of enslaving, such as 2775: 6497:, took the opposite view, arguing that the fragile local economy and societies were being severely harmed by the trade. According to research from historian Nathan Nunn, the underdeveloped infrastructure and economy in Africa is a result of colonization and the slave trade. Nunn wrote: "...Africa's poor economic performance is a result of postcolonial state failure, the roots of which lie in the underdevelopment and instability of precolonial polities..., because of a lack of significant political development during colonial rule, the limited precolonial political structures continued to exist after independence. As a result, Africa's postindependence leaders inherited nation states that did not have the infrastructure necessary to extend authority and control over the whole country. Many states were, and still are, unable to collect taxes from their citizens, and as a result they are also unable to provide a minimum level of public goods and services". 4932:. Meltzer's research puts this phase of the slave trade's overall mortality at 12.5%. Their deaths were the result of brutal treatment and poor care from the time of their capture and throughout their voyage. Around 2.2 million Africans died during these voyages, where they were packed into tight, unsanitary spaces on ships for months at a time. Measures were taken to stem the onboard mortality rate, such as enforced "dancing" (as exercise) above deck and the practice of force-feeding enslaved persons who tried to starve themselves. The conditions on board also resulted in the spread of fatal diseases. Other fatalities were suicides, slaves who escaped by jumping overboard. The slave traders would try to fit anywhere from 350 to 600 slaves on one ship. Before the African slave trade was completely banned by participating nations in 1853, 15.3 million enslaved people had arrived in the Americas. 2732:(1972) has argued that it was an unequal relationship, with Africans being forced into a "colonial" trade with the more economically developed Europeans, exchanging raw materials and human resources (i.e. slaves) for manufactured goods. He argued that it was this economic trade agreement dating back to the 16th century that led to Africa being underdeveloped in his own time. These ideas were supported by other historians, including Ralph Austen (1987). This idea of an unequal relationship was contested by John Thornton (1998), who argued that "the Atlantic slave trade was not nearly as critical to the African economy as these scholars believed" and that "African manufacturing was more than capable of handling competition from preindustrial Europe". However, Anne Bailey, commenting on Thornton's suggestion that Africans and Europeans were equal partners in the Atlantic slave trade, wrote: 6777: 5219: 2747: 5002: 3294: 6510:

Thus, as African scholar John Thornton argues, African leaders who allowed the continuation of the slave trade likely derived an economic benefit from selling their subjects to Europeans. The Kingdom of Benin, for instance, participated in the African slave trade, at will, from 1715 to 1735, surprising Dutch traders, who had not expected to buy slaves in Benin. The benefit derived from trading slaves for European goods was enough to make the Kingdom of Benin rejoin the trans-Atlantic slave trade after centuries of non-participation. Such benefits included military technology (specifically guns and gunpowder), gold, or simply maintaining amicable trade relationships with European nations. The slave trade was, therefore, a means for some African elites to gain economic advantages. Historian

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took matters into their own hands, however, and paired enslaved men and women together with the intent that they would procreate." Enslaved teenage girls gave birth at the ages of fifteen or sixteen years old. Enslaved women gave birth in their early twenties. To meet the demands of slaveholders' needs to birth more slaves, enslaved girls and women had seven or nine children. Enslaved girls and women were forced to give birth to as many slaves as possible. The mortality rate of enslaved mothers and children was high because of poor nutrition, sanitation, lack of medical care, and overwork. In the United States a slave's life expectancy was 21 to 22 years, and a black child through the age of 1 to 14 had twice the risk of dying of a white child of the same age.

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dominated and which resulted in a general declaration condemning the slave trade. The problem was that the treaties and declarations were hard to enforce, given the very high profits available to private interests. As Foreign Minister, Castlereagh cooperated with senior officials to use the Royal Navy to detect and capture slave ships. He used diplomacy to make search-and-seize agreements with all the governments whose ships were trading. There was serious friction with the United States, where the southern slave interest was politically powerful. Washington recoiled at British policing of the high seas. Spain, France and Portugal also relied on the international slave trade to supply their colonial plantations.

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seen to labour." In a 2015 paper, economist Elena Esposito argued that the enslavement of Africans in colonial America was attributable to the fact that the American south was sufficiently warm and humid for malaria to thrive; the disease had debilitating effects on the European settlers. Conversely, many enslaved Africans were taken from regions of Africa which hosted particularly potent strains of the disease, so the Africans had already developed natural resistance to malaria. This, Esposito argued, resulted in higher malaria survival rates in the American south among enslaved Africans than among European labourers, making them a more profitable source of labour and encouraging their use.

5780: 3255: 70: 7706: 2910: 4718: 7396: 5455: 3010: 4480: 4082:. He called it "one of the worst holocausts in human history", and claims arguments to the contrary such as "it was in slave owners' interest to keep slaves alive, not exterminate them" to be "mostly sophistry" stating: "the killing and destruction were intentional, whatever the incentives to preserve survivors of the Atlantic passage for labour exploitation. To revisit the issue of intent already touched on: If an institution is deliberately maintained and expanded by discernible agents, though all are aware of the hecatombs of casualties it is inflicting on a definable human group, then why should this not qualify as genocide?" 5942: 3263: 3343: 7601:. Despite the prohibition, it took another three years for the trade to effectively end. Between the first law in 1831 and the effective ban of transatlantic trade in 1850, an estimated 500,000 Africans were enslaved and illegally trafficked to Brazil, and until 1856, the year of the last recorded seizure of a slave ship by the Brazilian authorities, around 38,000 Africans still entered the country as slaves. Historians João José Reis, Sidney Chalhoub, Robert W. Slenes and Flávio dos Santos Gomes proposed that another reason for the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade to Brazil was the 7635:"recent" argument of a "moral shift" (the basis of the previous lines of this article) is described by Hardt and Negri as an "ideological" apparatus in order to eliminate the sentiment of guilt in western society. Although moral arguments did play a secondary role, they usually had major resonance when used as a strategy to undercut competitors' profits. This argument holds that Eurocentric history has been blind to the most important element in this fight for emancipation, precisely, the constant revolt and the antagonism of slaves' revolts. The most important of those being the 2918: 7565: 4915: 5920: 5066: 31979: 5025:, and for most of the Caribbean, mortality rate was high because of the taxing labor of sugar cultivation. Sugar was a major cash crop and as the Caribbean plantations exported sugar to Europe and North America, they needed an enslaved work force to make its production economically viable, so slaves were imported from Africa. Enslaved Africans lived in inhumane conditions and the mortality rate of enslaved children under the age of five was forty percent. Many enslaved persons died from smallpox and intestinal worms contracted from contaminated food and water. 3142:, the British maintained this position during the 18th century, becoming the biggest shippers of slaves across the Atlantic. It is estimated that more than half of the entire slave trade took place during the 18th century, with the Portuguese, British, and French being the main carriers of nine out of ten slaves abducted in Africa. At the time, slave trading was regarded as crucial to Europe's maritime economy, as noted by one English slave trader: "What a glorious and advantageous trade this is ... It is the hinge on which all the trade of this globe moves." 2766:

slaves for European consumer goods. Also, Europeans shifted the location of disembarkation points for trade along the African coast to follow military conflicts in West-Central Africa. In areas of Africa where slavery was not prevalent, European slave traders worked and negotiated with African rulers on their terms for trade, and African rulers refused to supply European demands. Africans and Europeans profited from the slave trade; however, African populations, the social, political, and military changes to African societies suffered greatly. For example,

6586:, in an article written before Williams' book, dismisses the influence of wealth generated from the West Indian plantations upon the financing of the Industrial Revolution, stating that whatever substantial flow of investment from West Indian profits into industry there occurred after emancipation, not before. However, each of these works focus primarily on the slave trade or the Industrial Revolution, and not the main body of the Williams thesis, which was on sugar and slavery itself. Therefore, they do not refute the main body of the Williams thesis. 5206:, established a colony on Galveston Island in 1817 and participated in privateering for four years and made a profit by smuggling in slaves and sold over 200 Africans to slaveholders in the United States. Lafitte used intermediaries such as the Bowie brothers, John, Resin, and James who contracted with slave traders and planters from the United States who had an interest in buying slaves. From 1818 to 1820, Lafitte and the Bowie brothers made $ 65,000 smuggling Africans into the Southern states and selling them to planters in Louisiana and Mississippi. 8010: 3407: 2021: 6715: 6738:". In this invasion and subsequent colonization, the seven European powers (Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, and Italy) removed African kingdoms of power, created national borders that did not align with the already existing ethnic borders in Africa and forced diverse tribal ethnic groups to coexist and be controlled under one colonial power. This caused an unnatural division of people and was the groundwork for the instability in the African continent beginning in the 20th century into the present day. 3099: 2679:

Europeans, at the time primarily Portuguese traders, began to move their activities down the western coast of Africa, performing raids in which slaves would be captured to be later sold in the Mediterranean. Although initially successful in this venture, "it was not long before African naval forces were alerted to the new dangers, and the Portuguese ships began to meet strong and effective resistance", with the crews of several of them being killed by African sailors, whose boats were better equipped at traversing the

8066: 7671:" After free and enslaved people gained their independence from France, France and French slaveholders wanted financial compensation from Haiti in the amount of 150 million francs to compensate for their lost wealth, calling it an "Independence Debt" because France had lost its wealthiest colony when Haiti gained independence. Haitians defeated the French, British, and Spanish during the revolution. Prior to the revolution, the United States was a major trade partner with Saint Domingue. After the revolution, the 5093:

influential jurist and politician Agostinho Marques Perdigão Malheiro, was officially endorsed by Pedro II as the most practical means to end slavery in a controlled and peaceful manner. This conservative proposal, a modified version of which became the 'free womb' law passed by Parliament in 1871, did provide for the freedom of children subsequently born of enslaved women, while it forced those children to serve their mothers' masters until age twenty-one, and deferred complete emancipation to a later date".

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demographic shift have been the subject of much debate. In addition to the depopulation Africa experienced because of the slave trade, African nations were left with severely imbalanced gender ratios, with females comprising up to 65 percent of the population in hard-hit areas such as Angola. Moreover, many scholars (such as Barbara N. Ramusack) have suggested a link between the prevalence of prostitution in Africa today with the temporary marriages that were enforced during the course of the slave trade.

6711:: "European trade goods supplanted former African reliance on indigenous material goods, natural resources and products as the economic basis of their society. At the same time Europeans increasingly required people in exchange for trade goods. Once this stage was reached an African society had little choice but to trade human lives for European goods and guns; guns that had become necessary to wage wars for further captives in order to trade for goods upon which an African society was now dependent". 5976: 2635: 2437:. "It is important to distinguish between European slavery and African slavery. In most cases, slavery systems in Africa were more like indentured servitude in that the slaves retained some rights and children born to slaves were generally born free. The slaves could be released from servitude and join a family clan. In contrast, European slaves were chattel, or property, who were stripped of their rights. The cycle of slavery was perpetual; children of slaves would, by default, also be slaves." 7905: 2568: 4804:

unless it is wine and flour for Mass. It is our wish that this Kingdom not be a place for the trade or transport of slaves ... Many of our subjects eagerly lust after Portuguese merchandise that your subjects have brought into our domains. To satisfy this inordinate appetite, they seize many of our black free subjects ... They sell them. After having taken these prisoners secretly or at night ... As soon as the captives are in the hands of white men they are branded with a red-hot iron.

28050: 7456: 5680: 3841: 6811: 7639:. The shock of this 1804 revolution introduced an essential political argument into the end of the slave trade as slaveholders in North America feared a similar situation could happen in the United States, where enslaved people in the Southern states might free themselves through an armed resistance movement and free all enslaved people. The success of enslaved and free blacks in Haiti in freeing themselves through revolt invoked fear among many whites in North America. 7229: 5603: 3306:

whether enemies or just neighbors. These captive slaves were considered "other", not part of the people of the ethnic group or "tribe"; African kings were only interested in protecting their own ethnic group, but sometimes criminals would be sold to get rid of them. Most other slaves were obtained from kidnappings, or through raids that occurred at gunpoint through joint ventures with the Europeans. The kingdom of Dahomey supplied war captives to European slave traders.

2173:, religion and not race was a determining factor for who was considered to be a legitimate target of slavery. While Christians did not enslave Christians and Muslims did not enslave Muslims, both allowed the enslavement of people they regarded to be heretics or insufficiently correct in their religion, which allowed Catholic Christians to enslave Orthodox Christians, and Sunni Muslims to enslave Shia Muslims; similarly both Christians and Muslims approved of enslaving 31780: 3500: 2154: 31792: 28714: 26007: 25971: 2092:. It involved the transfer of goods unique to one hemisphere to another. Europeans brought cattle, horses, and sheep to the New World, and from the New World Europeans received tobacco, potatoes, tomatoes, and maize. Other items and commodities becoming important in global trade were the tobacco, sugarcane, and cotton crops of the Americas, along with the gold and silver brought from the American continent not only to Europe but elsewhere in the Old World. 28360: 4047: 3239:, failed to provide a sufficient workforce. Many crops could not be sold for profit, or even grown, in Europe. Exporting crops and goods from the New World to Europe often proved to be more profitable than producing them on the European mainland. A vast amount of labour was needed to create and sustain plantations that required intensive labour to grow, harvest, and process prized tropical crops. Western Africa (part of which became known as "the 26017: 5266:

Africans born in regions where malaria was dominate were higher. Historian Elena Esposito explains: "By looking at the historical prices of African slaves in the United States, we find evidence of a malaria premium granted by resistance to the disease. In fact, we show that on Louisiana plantations, more malaria resistant individuals - those born in regions of Africa with a higher prevalence of malaria - commanded significantly higher prices."

7615: 4710: 5639:, which classified children of slave mothers as slaves, regardless of paternity. Under British law, children born of white male slave owners and black female slaves would have inherited the father's status and rights. The change to maternal inheritance for slaves guaranteed that anyone born with any slave ancestors was a slave, with no regard to the nature of the relations between the white father and the black mother, consensual or not. 5041:. Florida remained under Spanish control until 1821 which made it difficult for the United States to cease the smuggling of enslaved Africans from Cuba. In 1821, Florida was ceded to the United States and the smuggling of enslaved Africans continued, and from 1821 to 1841 Cuba became a main supplier of enslaved Africans for the United States. Between 1859 and 1862, slave traders made 40 illegal voyages between Cuba and the United States. 6475: 6450:

the populations of Europe and the Americas grew exponentially, while the population of Africa remained stagnant. Rodney contended that the profits from slavery were used to fund economic growth and technological advancement in Europe and the Americas. Based on earlier theories by Eric Williams, he asserted that the industrial revolution was at least in part funded by agricultural profits from the Americas. He cited examples such as the

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slave raids and wars in Africa and forced marches to ports. Manning estimates that 4 million died inside Africa after capture, and many more died young. Manning's estimate covers the 12 million who were originally destined for the Atlantic, as well as the 6 million destined for Arabian slave markets and the 8 million destined for African markets. Of the slaves shipped to the Americas, the largest share went to Brazil and the Caribbean.

7844: 30: 7935:, South Africa, African nations demanded a clear apology for slavery from the former slave-trading countries. Some nations were ready to express an apology, but the opposition, mainly from the United Kingdom, Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, and the United States blocked attempts to do so. A fear of monetary compensation might have been one of the reasons for the opposition. As of 2009, efforts are underway to create a 2847: 2282:"Written as a logical sequel to Dum Diversas, Romanus Pontifex allowed the European Catholic nations to expand their dominion over 'discovered' land. Possession of non-Christian lands would be justified along with the enslavement of native, non-Christian 'pagans' in Africa and the 'New World.'" Dum Diversas and Romanus Pontifex may have had an influence with the creation of doctrines supportive of empire building. 28366: 6682: 2515: 6723:

ports and trading posts". The trans-Atlantic slave trade resulted in the colonization of Africa. Colonization in Africa continues to have negative effects as some traditional African cultures are erased, along with traditional languages and traditional African religions. After the trans-Atlantic slave trade had ceased, European colonial powers fought over the land and resources in Africa. The development of the

30674: 7240: 2422: 5375: 6582:. Engerman's 5% figure gives as much as possible in terms of benefit of the doubt to the Williams argument, not solely because it does not take into account the associated costs of the slave trade to Britain, but also because it carries the full-employment assumption from economics and holds the gross value of slave trade profits as a direct contribution to Britain's national income. Historian 2687: 5202:

Galveston Island is located in the Gulf of Mexico and is 800 miles away from the slave ports in Cuba and between 60 and 70 miles away from the Louisiana border. Smugglers utilized these geographic locations to their advantage and illegally imported enslaved Africans from Cuba and made a profit by selling Africans to slaveholders in Texas and Louisiana. For example, French pirate and privateer

2316: 7371:, which became the dominant mode of US slave trading until the 1860s. In 1805 the British Order-in-Council had restricted the importation of slaves into colonies that had been captured from France and the Netherlands. Britain continued to press other nations to end its trade; in 1810 an Anglo-Portuguese treaty was signed whereby Portugal agreed to restrict its trade into its colonies; an 5187: 7444:, established in 1808, grew by 1850 to a force of some 25 vessels, which were tasked with combating slavery along the African coast. Between 1807 and 1860, the Royal Navy's Squadron seized approximately 1,600 ships involved in the slave trade and freed 150,000 Africans who were aboard these vessels. Several hundred slaves a year were transported by the navy to the British colony of 3399:

could momentarily stop trade and even capture or kill Europeans. Europeans who desired safe and uninterrupted trade aimed to prevent kidnapping incidents, and the British passed the "Acts of Parliament for Regulating the Slave Trade" in 1750 which outlawed the abduction of free Africans by "fraud, force, or violence". According to a source from the Lowcountry Digital Library at the

3403:, "When Portuguese, and later their European competitors, found that peaceful commercial relations alone did not generate enough enslaved Africans to fill the growing demands of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, they formed military alliances with certain African groups against their enemies. This encouraged more extensive warfare to produce captives for trading." 2000:(although there is much debate about whether it existed and if it did, just what it was). Between 1600 and 1800, approximately 300,000 sailors engaged in the slave trade visited West Africa. In doing so, they came into contact with societies living along the west African coast and in the Americas which they had never previously encountered. Historian 6673:

percent of the population are Christian, 20 percent Muslim, 3 percent adhere to indigenous or animistic religious beliefs, and 6 percent belong to other religious groups or have no religious beliefs". Historian Nana Osei Bonsu argued that the transatlantic slave trade not only took millions of Africans from the continent but also caused a decline of

2838:. Abdul Kader Khan and Futa Toro nation resisted French slave traders and colonizers who wanted to enslave Africans and Muslims from Futa Toro. Other forms of resistance against the Atlantic slave trade by African nations was migrating to different areas in West Africa such as swamps and lake regions to escape slave raids. In West Africa, 4089:

life has no normative value, when no humans are involved, when the population is, in effect, seen as already dead." Hartman highlights how the Atlantic slave trade created millions of corpses but, unlike the concentration camp or the gulag, extermination was not the final objective; it was a corollary to the making of commodities.

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pieces of wood, tools, and any objects they found and passed them to the men to free themselves and fight the crew. According to historical research from the records of slave ship captains, between 1698 and 1807, there were 353 acts of insurrection aboard slave ships. The majority of the rebellions by the Africans were defeated.

2073:. This diversity led Thornton to describe the initial "exploration of the Atlantic" as "a truly international exercise, even if many of the dramatic discoveries were made under the sponsorship of the Iberian monarchs". That leadership later gave rise to the myth that "the Iberians were the sole leaders of the exploration". 1869:, with legal standing similar to that of contract-based workers coming from Britain and Ireland. However, by the middle of the 17th century, slavery had hardened as a racial caste, with African slaves and their future offspring being legally the property of their owners, as children born to slave mothers were also slaves ( 17128:, which the master of the vessel related to him, was brought back again, but not released. His two children taken prisoners with him were redeemed by Mr. Elliot, and afterward his wife, their mother, taken captive, which woman was a sober Christian woman and is employed to teach school among the Indians at 6645:

period, while those of Europe and Asia grew dramatically. According to Rodney, all other areas of the economy were disrupted by the slave trade as the top merchants abandoned traditional industries in order to pursue slaving, and the lower levels of the population were disrupted by the slaving itself.

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argued on the basis of these writings that the British colonies would be better off, in their economic position as well as in their security, if the trade was abolished. Consequently, according to historian Christer Petley, abolitionists argued, and even some absentee plantation owners accepted, that

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On 22 February 1807, the House of Commons passed a motion by 283 votes to 16 to abolish the Atlantic slave trade. Hence, the slave trade was abolished, but not the still-economically viable institution of slavery itself, which provided Britain's most lucrative import at the time, sugar. Abolitionists

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in 1778 became the first slave-owning state and one of the first jurisdictions anywhere to stop the importation of new slaves for sale; it made it a crime for traders to bring in slaves from out of state or from overseas for sale; migrants from within the United States were allowed to bring their own

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As Joseph E. Inikori argues, the history of the region shows that the effects were still quite deleterious. He argues that the African economic model of the period was very different from the European model, and could not sustain such population losses. Population reductions in certain areas also led

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in 1994 argued that the profits that Britain received from its sugar colonies, or from the slave trade between Africa and the Caribbean, contributed to the financing of Britain's industrial revolution. However, he says that by the time of the abolition of the slave trade in 1807, and the emancipation

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Both Thornton and Fage contend that while African political elite may have ultimately benefited from the slave trade, their decision to participate may have been influenced more by what they could lose by not participating. In Fage's article "Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Context of West African

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The Atlantic slave trade exportation of slaves to Cuba was illegal by 1820; however, Cuba continued to import enslaved Africans from Africa until slavery was abolished in 1886. After the abolition of the slave trade to the United States and British colonies in 1807, Florida imported enslaved Africans

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There were over 173 city-states and kingdoms in the African regions affected by the slave trade between 1502 and 1853, when Brazil became the last Atlantic import nation to outlaw the slave trade. Of those 173, no fewer than 68 could be deemed nation-states with political and military infrastructures

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On the Gold Coast, it was common for slave-trading African rulers to encourage their children to learn about Europeans by sending them to sail on European ships, live inside European forts, or travel to Europe or America for an education. Diplomats also traveled to European capital cities. The elites

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The basic reason for the constant shortage of labour was that, with much cheap land available and many landowners searching for workers, free European immigrants were able to become landowners themselves relatively quickly, thus increasing the need for workers. Labour shortages were mainly met by the

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However, estimates are imprecise, which can affect comparison between different slave trades. Two rough estimates by scholars of the numbers African slaves held over twelve centuries in the Muslim world are 11.5 million and 14 million, while other estimates indicate a number between 12 and 15 million

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of the Middle East, which was viewed as a commercial, political and religious threat to European Christendom. In particular, European traders wanted to trade for gold, which could be found in western Africa, and to find a maritime route to "the Indies" (India), where they could trade for luxury goods

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who participated in trade calling for an apology for their role in the Atlantic slave trade: "We cannot continue to blame the white men, as Africans, particularly the traditional rulers, are not blameless. In view of the fact that the Americans and Europe have accepted the cruelty of their roles and

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refused to recognize Haiti as an independent Black nation. Haiti was no longer the main exporter of sugar after the revolution, Cuba became the main supplier of sugar to foreign nations, and Louisiana became a center of sugar production in the United States. Slave revolts affected the economy of the

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that was endemic to the region and "they could not dominate further than their guns could fire, from ship or fort". The slave trade also left warlords in charge in African societies as they wanted to trade with Europeans to obtain guns to defeat their enemies and sell them to Europeans. The European

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the turning of Africa into a warren for the commercial hunting of black-skins, signaled the rosy dawn of the era of capitalist production". He argued that the slave trade was part of what he termed the "primitive accumulation" of capital, the 'non-capitalist' accumulation of wealth that preceded and

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In 18th-century France, returns for investors in plantations averaged around 6%; as compared to 5% for most domestic alternatives, this represented a 20% profit advantage. Risks—maritime and commercial—were important for individual voyages. Investors mitigated it by buying small shares of many ships

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enslaved population in South Kingston, Rhode Island was thirty percent, in Boston the slave population was ten percent, in New London it was nine percent, and in New York it was 7.2 percent. The earliest documentation of enslaved people in New England was 1638. In Northern American British colonies,

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Levels and extent of immunity varies from disease to disease. For smallpox and measles for example, those who survive are equipped with the immunity to combat the disease for the rest of their life in that they cannot contract the disease again. There are also diseases, such as malaria, which do not

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caused reproductive health issues. Enslaved women found ways to resist forced reproduction by causing miscarriages and abortions by taking plants and medicines. Slaveholders tried to control enslaved women's reproduction by encouraging them to have relationships with enslaved men. "Some slaveholders

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Forms of slavery varied both in Africa and in the New World. In general, slavery in Africa was not heritable—that is, the children of slaves were free—while in the Americas, children of slave mothers were considered born into slavery. This was connected to another distinction: slavery in West Africa

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and native resistance. They typically resided in fortresses on the coasts, where they waited for Africans to provide them captured slaves from the interior in exchange for goods. Cases of European merchants kidnapping free Africans into slavery often resulted in fierce retaliation from Africans, who

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because the Spanish Crown worried Muslims and non-Christians might introduce Islam and other religions to Native Americans. The law also led to the enslavement of Jews and Muslims, prevented Jews from entering the country and from joining the military, universities and other civil services. Although

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noted, "A number of technical and geographical factors combined to make Europeans the most likely people to explore the Atlantic and develop its commerce". He identified these as being the drive to find new and profitable commercial opportunities outside Europe. Additionally, there was the desire to

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while awaiting shipment. Current estimates are that about 12 million to 12.8 million Africans were shipped across the Atlantic over a span of 400 years. The number purchased by the traders was considerably higher, as the passage had a high death rate, with between 1.2 and 2.4 million dying

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The American Colonization Society's proposal to send African Americans to Liberia was not universally popular among African Americans, and the proposal was seen as a plot to weaken the influence of the abolitionist movement. The scheme was widely rejected by prominent African-American abolitionists

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was a driving force in the British Parliament in the fight against the trade. The abolitionists argued that the trade was not necessary for the economic success of sugar in the British West Indian colonies. This argument was accepted by wavering politicians, who did not want to destroy the valuable

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explained, "New World slavery was a racialized institution in which slaves were black and slave owners were white. In contrast, owners and slaves in the Old World were generally of the same race. Distinctions between enslaved and freeborn people were often framed not in racial terms but in terms of

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in Ghana during the years of the slave trade were owned and used by the British colonial administration as their headquarters well into the 20th century. British forts in Ghana were vacated after Ghana gained independence in 1957. The placement of these forts dislocated African societies that lived

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Some African rulers saw an economic benefit from trading their subjects with European slave traders. With the exception of Portuguese-controlled Angola, coastal African leaders "generally controlled access to their coasts, and were able to prevent direct enslavement of their subjects and citizens".

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has argued that at the start of the slave trade in the 16th century, although there was a technological gap between Europe and Africa, it was not very substantial. Both continents were using Iron Age technology. The major advantage that Europe had was in ship building. During the period of slavery,

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in Africa and the Middle East. One practice features Arab traders in Africa "buying-off" the disease in which a cloth that had been previously exposed to the sickness was to be tied to another child's arm to increase immunity. Another practice involved taking pus from a smallpox scab and putting it

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Historian Ernest Obadele-Starks estimated that after 1807 the number of enslaved Africans smuggled into the United States annually averaged as low as 3,500. New Orleans, Louisiana and Florida were centers for the illegal importation of slaves in the United States because of their close proximity to

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The costs of the shipment of human cargo from Africa and operating costs of the slave trade from Africa into Cuba rose in the mid-19th century. Historian Laird Bergad writes of the Cuban slave trade and slave prices: "...slave prices on the African coast seem to have remained remarkably stable from

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was the leading cause of death. Captives who could not be sold were inevitably destroyed. Around 5 million Africans died in these camps, reducing the number of survivors to about 10 million. The purpose of seasoning camps were to obliterate the Africans' identities and culture and prepare them

4803:

Each day the traders are kidnapping our people—children of this country, sons of our nobles and vassals, even people of our own family. This corruption and depravity are so widespread that our land is entirely depopulated. We need in this kingdom only priests and schoolteachers, and no merchandise,

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Patrick Manning estimates that about 12 million slaves entered the Atlantic trade between the 16th and 19th centuries, but about 1.5 million died on board ship. About 10.5 million slaves arrived in the Americas. Besides the slaves who died on the Middle Passage, more Africans likely died during the

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has noted that the process of enslavement did not end with arrival on Western Hemisphere shores; the different paths taken by the individuals and groups who were victims of the Atlantic slave trade were influenced by different factors—including the disembarking region, the ability to be sold on the

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It is difficult to reconstruct and generalize how Africans residing in Africa understood the Atlantic slave trade, though there is evidence for some societies that African elites and slave traders had awareness of the conditions of the slaves who were transported to the Americas. According to Robin

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attributed the use of slave labour in part to the climate, and the consequent idle leisure afforded by slave labour: "For in a warm climate, no man will labour for himself who can make another labour for him. This is so true, that of the proprietors of slaves a very small proportion indeed are ever

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between African states. Some Africans had made a business out of capturing war captives or members of neighboring ethnic groups and selling them. A reminder of this practice is documented in the Slave Trade Debates of England in the early 19th century: "All the old writers ... concur in stating not

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celebrate the day they became part of the U.S. But for Danish people and Denmark the day is a dark chapter. We exploited the slaves in the West Indian Islands during 250 years and made good money on them, but when we had to pay wages, we sold them instead, without even asking the inhabitants (...)

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The historian Walter Rodney contends that it was a decline in the profitability of the triangular trades that made it possible for certain basic human sentiments to be asserted at the decision-making level in a number of European countries—Britain being the most crucial because it was the greatest

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As more and more diplomatic arrangements were made by Castlereagh, the owners of slave ships started flying false flags of nations that had not agreed, especially the United States. It was illegal under American law for American ships to engage in the slave trade, but the idea of Britain enforcing

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switched his position and became a strong supporter of the movement. Britain arranged treaties with Portugal, Sweden and Denmark in the period between 1810 and 1814, whereby they agreed to end or restrict their trading. These were preliminary to the Congress of Vienna negotiations that Castlereagh

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Similarly, John Darwin writes, "The rapid conversion from white indentured labour to black slavery ... made the English Caribbean a frontier of civility where English (later British) ideas about race and slave labour were ruthlessly adapted to local self-interest.... Indeed, the root justification

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As the European slave trade grew more profitable, the demand for slaves increased, which affected African coastal societies in the following ways: "Commerce with the world outside Africa changed from overland to sea and coastal villages whose main trades had been fishing and salt production became

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wraps up its study in 1823, and does not address the majority of the Williams thesis, which covers the decline of the sugar plantations after 1823, the emancipation of the slaves in the 1830s, and the subsequent abolition of sugar duties in the 1840s. These arguments do not refute the main body of

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has argued that the social change and demographic stagnation (which he researched on the example of West Central Africa) was caused primarily by domestic factors. Joseph Inikori provided a new line of argument, estimating counterfactual demographic developments in case the Atlantic slave trade had

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to increase the slave population through enslaved female reproduction, because in the 19th century, Brazil needed a large enslaved labor force to work on the sugar plantations in Bahia and the agricultural and mining industries of Minas Gerais, São Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro. After the abolition of

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Most of the Atlantic slave trade was carried out by seven nations and most of the slaves were carried to their own colonies in the new world. But there was also significant other trading which is shown in the table below. The records are not complete, and some data is uncertain. The last rows show

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has argued that the deaths of enslaved people was incidental to the acquisition of profit and to the rise of capitalism: "Death wasn't a goal of its own but just a by-product of commerce, which has the lasting effect of making negligible all the millions of lives lost. Incidental death occurs when

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The slaves in Africa, I suppose, are nearly in the proportion of three to one to the freemen. They claim no reward for their services except food and clothing, and are treated with kindness or severity, according to the good or bad disposition of their masters ... The slaves which are thus brought

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was a pre-European-contact practice used to integrate the "other" from a differing African tribe. Early on in the Atlantic slave trade, it was common for the powerful elite West African families to marry off their women to the European traders in alliance, bolstering their syndicate. The marriages

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Indian textiles, and other factory-made goods. The second leg of the triangle exported enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas and the Caribbean Islands. The third and final part of the triangle was the return of goods to Europe from the Americas. The goods were the products of

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in the Caribbean after arrival in the New World. Millions of people also died as a result of slave raids, wars, and during transport to the coast for sale to European slave traders. Near the beginning of the 19th century, various governments acted to ban the trade, although illegal smuggling still

8149:

passed House Joint Resolution Number 728 acknowledging "with profound regret the involuntary servitude of Africans and the exploitation of Native Americans, and call for reconciliation among all Virginians". With the passing of that resolution, Virginia became the first of the 50 United States to

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in 1835. On January 25, 1835, an estimated 600 free and enslaved Africans armed with guns ran through the streets of Salvador murdering whites and slaveholders. Abolitionists argued that if the slave trade and slavery continued, slave resistance movements would increase, resulting in more deaths.

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In regard to the slave trade, Mr. Douglas stated that there was not the shadow of doubt but that it had been carried on quite extensively for a long time back, and that there had been more slaves imported into the Southern States during the last year than had ever been imported before in any one

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The Atlantic trade brought new crops to Africa and more efficient currencies which were adopted by the West African merchants. This can be interpreted as an institutional reform which reduced the cost of doing business. But the developmental benefits were limited as long as the business including

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organized and profited from the trans-Atlantic voyages out of Boston and imported manufactured goods from Europe, and imported enslaved people, rum, and sugar from the Caribbean. Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island were the three New England states with the largest slave populations. The

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The life expectancy for Brazil's slave plantation's for African descended slaves was around 23 years. The trans-Atlantic slave trade into Brazil was outlawed in 1831. To replace the demand for slaves, slaveholders in Brazil turned to slave reproduction. Enslaved women were forced to give birth to

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Historian David Eltis argues that Africans were enslaved because of cultural beliefs in Europe that prohibited the enslavement of cultural insiders, even if there was a source of labour that could be enslaved (such as convicts, prisoners of war and vagrants). Eltis argues that traditional beliefs

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in 1729. On other slave ships enslaved Africans sunk ships, killed the crew, and set fire to ships with explosives. Slave traders and white crewmembers prepared and prevented possible rebellions by loading women, men, and children separately inside slave ships because enslaved children used loose

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in order to secure its threatened economic interest in the area. Although Kongo later joined a coalition in 1591 to force the Portuguese out, Portugal had secured a foothold on the continent that it continued to occupy until the 20th century. Despite these incidents of occasional violence between

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was supposed proof of their inferiority. Through these and other writings, European writers established a hitherto unheard of connection between a cursed people, Africa and slavery, which laid the ideological groundwork for justifying the transatlantic slave trade. The term "race" was used by the

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said that the Netherlands "recognizes the grave injustices of the past." On 1 July 2013, at the 150th anniversary of the abolition of slavery in the Dutch West Indies, the Dutch government expressed "deep regret and remorse" for the involvement of the Netherlands in the Atlantic slave trade. The

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argue that it was neither a strictly economic nor a moral matter. First, because slavery was (in practice) still beneficial to capitalism, providing not only an influx of capital but also disciplining hardship into workers (a form of "apprenticeship" to the capitalist industrial plant). The more

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Abraham Lincoln faced significant constitutional challenges in his fight to abolish slavery, as the U.S. Constitution had provided protections for slavery. Despite these challenges, Lincoln's leadership and the creation of a strong federal government allowed for the eventual abolition of slavery

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The role of slavery in promoting racist prejudice and ideology has been carefully studied in certain situations, especially in the USA. The simple fact is that no people can enslave another for four centuries without coming out with a notion of superiority, and when the colour and other physical

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in Brazil wanted to abolish slavery by removing partus sequitur ventrem because it was used to perpetuate slavery. For example, historian Martha Santos writes of the slave trade, female reproduction, and abolition in Brazil: "A proposal centered on the 'emancipation of the womb', authored by the

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the slave trade was opened for the traditional enemies of Spain, losing a large share of the trade to the Dutch, French, and English. For 150 years, Spanish transatlantic traffic was operating at trivial levels. In many years, not a single Spanish slave voyage set sail from Africa. Unlike all of

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Sometimes trading between Europeans and African leaders was not equal. For example, Europeans influenced Africans to provide more slaves by forming military alliances with warring African societies to instigate more fighting which would provide more war captives to the African rulers to trade as

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By 1494, the Portuguese king had entered agreements with the rulers of several West African states that would allow trade between their respective peoples, enabling the Portuguese to "tap into" the "well-developed commercial economy in Africa ... without engaging in hostilities". "Peaceful trade

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As historian John Thornton remarked, "the actual motivation for European expansion and for navigational breakthroughs was little more than to exploit the opportunity for immediate profits made by raiding and the seizure or purchase of trade commodities". Using the Canary Islands as a naval base,

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and enslave Native Americans and Africans. Inter Caetera also settled a dispute between Portugal and Spain over those lands. The declaration included a north–south divide 100 leagues West of the Cape Verde Islands and gave the Spanish Crown exclusive rights to travel and trade west of that line.

1991:

had made ocean travel particularly difficult and risky for the ships that were then available. Thus, there had been very little, if any, maritime contact between the peoples living in these continents. In the 15th century, however, new European developments in seafaring technologies, such as the

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The Haitian Revolution affected France's colonial economy. Saint Domingue (Haiti) was France's wealthiest colony and the world's top producer of sugar and coffee; it was also a global leader in cacao and indigo. Enslaved labor made Saint Domingue the wealthiest colony in the world and furnished

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The cultural effects of the transatlantic slave trade in Africa are the reduction of traditional African religious practices. According to research in a 2021 census of religions practiced in Ghana published by the Office of International Religious Freedom, in 2021 the Ghana Embassy reported "71

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The demographic effects of the slave trade is a controversial and highly debated issue. Although scholars such as Paul Adams and Erick D. Langer have estimated that sub-Saharan Africa represented about 18 percent of the world's population in 1600 and only 6 percent in 1900, the reasons for this

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Malaria thrives in warm and humid climates. In North America malaria did not spread as much because certain climatic regions were not conducive to the disease's survival. European American slaveholders preferred Africans who had immunity to malaria be trafficked to the slave ports. The price of

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In the Caribbean, Dutch Guiana, and Brazil, the death rate of enslaved people was high, and the birth rates were low, slaveholders imported more Africans to sustain the slave population. The rate of natural decline in the slave population ran as high as 5 percent a year. While the death rate of

3305:

African partners, including rulers, traders and military aristocrats, played a direct role in the slave trade. They sold slaves acquired from wars or through kidnapping to Europeans or their agents. Those sold into slavery were usually from a different ethnic group than those who captured them,

2720:

fought against the expansion of the Portuguese slave trade into Mbundu people's lands in Central Africa in the 1620s. The Portuguese encroached onto Mbundu lands to expand their mission of trading slaves and establishing a settlement. Nzinga allowed sanctuary to runaway slaves in her nation and

18606: 6837:. "Europeans brought a different kind of slavery to North America, however. Many Europeans saw enslaved people merely as property to be bought and sold. This 'chattel slavery' was a dehumanizing and violent system of abuse and subjugation. Importantly, Europeans viewed slavery in racist terms. 6644:

argued that the export of so many people had been a demographic disaster which left Africa permanently disadvantaged when compared to other parts of the world, and it largely explains the continent's continued poverty. He presented numbers showing that Africa's population stagnated during this

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among Africans during the voyages of the Atlantic slave trade. He found that mortality rates decreased over the history of the slave trade, primarily because the length of time necessary for the voyage was declining. "In the eighteenth century many slave voyages took at least 2½ months. In the

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Europeans would buy and ship slaves to the Western Hemisphere from markets across West Africa. The number of enslaved people sold to the New World varied throughout the slave trade. As for the distribution of slaves from regions of activity, certain areas produced far more enslaved people than

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must have had an "informed understanding" of the fates of the Africans they sold into slavery. Dahomey sent diplomats to Brazil and Portugal who returned with information about their trips. In addition, a few royal elites of Dahomey had experienced slavery for themselves in the Americas before

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and then exported some of them from Spain to its colonies in Hispaniola and Puerto Rico, with 1 to 40 slaves per ship. These supplemented enslaved Native Americans. In 1518, the Spanish king gave permission for ships to go directly from Africa to the Caribbean colonies, and they started taking

2900:

with a cargo of ninety-six enslaved Africans. A few of the slaves slipped out of their iron chains and killed three of the watchmen on deck and imprisoned the captain and the rest of the crew. The captain and crew made a deal with the Africans and promised them their freedom. The Africans took

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finds that even without subtracting the associated costs of the slave trade (e.g., shipping costs, slave mortality, mortality of British people in Africa, defense costs) or reinvestment of profits back into the slave trade, the total profits from the slave trade and of West Indian plantations

5146:

of the United States needed more slaves to work in the cotton and sugar fields. To fill the demand for more slaves, slave breeding was practiced in Richmond, Virginia. Richmond sold thousands of enslaved people to slaveholders in the Deep South to work the cotton, rice, and sugar plantations.

2736:

o see Africans as partners implies equal terms and equal influence on the global and intercontinental processes of the trade. Africans had great influence on the continent itself, but they had no direct influence on the engines behind the trade in the capital firms, the shipping and insurance

17132:, and her children are with her, but her husband held as before, a servant; though several that know the said Joseph and his former carriage, have interceded for his release, but cannot obtain it; some informing authority that he had been active against the English when he was with the enemy. 10942:: "Total of black slave trade in the Muslim world from Sahara, Red Sea and Indian Ocean routes through the 19th century comes to an estimated 11,500,000, "a figure not far short of the 11,863,000 estimated to have been loaded onto ships during the four centuries of the Atlantic slave trade."" 5201:

which was the main illegal slave port in Texas. Texas was part of Mexico from 1821 until 1836, and Cuba continued to supply African slaves to many Latin American countries. After 1821, the smuggling of slaves into Texas increased because of slaveholders' demand for additional enslaved labor.

3665:

The different ethnic groups brought to the Americas closely correspond to the regions of heaviest activity in the slave trade. Over 45 distinct ethnic groups were taken to the Americas during the trade. Of the 45, the ten most prominent, according to slave documentation of the era and modern

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from the interior may be divided into two distinct classes—first, such as were slaves from their birth, having been born of enslaved mothers; secondly, such as were born free, but who afterwards, by whatever means, became slaves. Those of the first description are by far the most numerous ...

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and manufactured goods such as cloth or alcohol. The European demand for slaves provided a new and larger market for the already existing trade. While those held as slaves in their own region of Africa could hope to escape, those shipped away had little chance of returning to their homeland.

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and other British foreign ministers continued the Castlereagh policies. Eventually, in 1842 in 1845, an arrangement was reached between London and Washington. With the arrival of a staunchly anti-slavery government in Washington in 1861, the Atlantic slave trade was doomed. In the long run,

3179:

The first side of the triangle was the export of goods from Europe to Africa. A number of African kings and merchants took part in the trading of enslaved people from 1440 to about 1833. For each captive, the African rulers would receive a variety of goods from Europe. These included guns,

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The transatlantic slave trade resulted in a vast and as yet unknown loss of life for African captives both in and outside the Americas. Estimates have ranged from as low as 2 million to as high 60 million. "More than a million people are thought to have died" during their transport to the

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that was endemic in the African continent. An article from PBS explains: "Malaria, dysentery, yellow fever, and other diseases reduced the few Europeans living and trading along the West African coast to a chronic state of ill health and earned Africa the name 'white man's grave.' In this

7643:, a Virginian jurist, said this about the Haitian Revolution: "enough to make one shudder in fear of similar calamities in this country". Some white Americans and whites in the Caribbean suggested ending the slave trade and slavery to prevent an uprising like the one in Haiti. A Jamaican 6036:

which gradually abolished slavery in the British Empire, the UK government took out a loan of £15 million ($ 4.25 billion in 2023) to compensate former slave owners for the loss of their "property" after their slaves were freed. Compensation was not given to the formerly enslaved people.

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Zakharia, Fouad; Basu, Analabha; Absher, Devin; Assimes, Themistocles L.; Go, Alan S.; Hlatky, Mark A.; Iribarren, Carlos; Knowles, Joshua W.; Li, Jun; Narasimhan, Balasubramanian; Sidney, Steven; Southwick, Audrey; Myers, Richard M.; Quertermous, Thomas; Risch, Neil (22 December 2009).

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resisted the Atlantic slave trade and refused to participate in the selling of African people. However, as time progressed more European slave traders entered into West Africa and were having more influence in African nations and the Mossi became involved in slave trading in the 1800s.

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and Brazil, imported the largest number of African slaves to the New World, generating the single-greatest concentration of black populations outside of the African continent." About 4 million enslaved Africans were transported to the Caribbean by way of the transatlantic slave trade.

5324:

The trade of enslaved Africans in the Atlantic has its origins in the explorations of Portuguese mariners down the coast of West Africa in the 15th century. Before that, contact with African slave markets was made to ransom Portuguese who had been captured by the intense North African

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made a partial apology for Britain's role in the African slavery trade. However African rights activists denounced it as "empty rhetoric" that failed to address the issue properly. They feel his apology stopped shy to prevent any legal retort. Blair again apologized on 14 March 2007.

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According to Kimani Nehusi, the presence of European slavers affected the way in which the legal code in African societies responded to offenders. Crimes traditionally punishable by some other form of punishment became punishable by enslavement and sale to slave traders. According to

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But what is often overlooked is that, before 1820, perhaps three times as many enslaved Africans crossed the Atlantic as Europeans. This was the largest transoceanic migration of a people until that day, and it provided the Americas with a crucial labour force for their own economic

2842:

slave dealers participated in slave dealing as a form of protection against enslavement. African resistance movements were carried out in every phase of the slave trade to resisting marches to the slave holding stations, resistance at the slave coast, and resistance on slave ships.

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argued that "the slave population of the colonies could be maintained without it". Petley points out that government took the decision to abolish the trade "with the express intention of improving, not destroying, the still-lucrative plantation economy of the British West Indies."

6659:

Other scholars accused Walter Rodney of mischaracterizing the trade between Africans and Europeans. They argue that Africans, or more accurately African elites, deliberately let European traders join in an already large trade in enslaved people and that they were not patronized.

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was built in 1653 as a trading post that later expanded to other European nations. With the arrival of British colonization, Cape Coast Castle became the headquarters of British colonial administration. "Throughout the 18th century, the Castle served as a 'grand emporium' of the

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and Robert Anstey argue the slave trade remained profitable until the end, and that moralistic reform, not economic incentive, was primarily responsible for abolition. They say slavery remained profitable in the 1830s because of innovations in agriculture. However, Drescher's

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not existed. Patrick Manning has shown that the slave trade did have a profound impact on African demographics and social institutions, but criticized Inikori's approach for not taking other factors (such as famine and drought) into account, and thus being highly speculative.

6568:

Other researchers and historians have strongly contested what has come to be referred to as the "Williams thesis" in academia. David Richardson has concluded that the profits from the slave trade amounted to less than 1% of domestic investment in Britain. Economic historian

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were badly paid and subject to harsh discipline. Mortality of around 20%, a number similar and sometimes greater than those of the slaves, was expected in a ship's crew during the course of a voyage; this was due to disease, flogging, overwork, or slave uprisings. Disease

2802:

coalition and fought African and European slave raiders and protected themselves from capture and enslavement. Chief Tomba was born in 1700 and his adopted father was a general from the Jalonke-speaking people who fought against the slave trade. Tomba became ruler of the

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grew increasingly rich during the 16th and 17th centuries on the slave trade with Europe; slaves from enemy states of the interior were sold and carried to the Americas in Dutch and Portuguese ships. The Bight of Benin's shore soon came to be known as the "Slave Coast".

11260: 8126:. "You can look across there to see the institutions that still have the benefit of the wealth they created from slavery," he said, pointing towards the financial district, before breaking down in tears. He said that London was still tainted by the horrors of slavery. 2142:, various systems of slavery continued in the successor Islamic and Christian kingdoms of the peninsula through the early modern era of the Atlantic slave trade. In 1441–1444, Portuguese traders first captured Africans on the Atlantic coast of Africa (in what is today 3643:

Although the slave trade was largely global, there was considerable intracontinental slave trade in which 8 million people were enslaved within the African continent. Of those who did move out of Africa, 8 million were forced out of Eastern Africa to be sent to Asia.

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from Brazil. From 1580 to 1640, the main commercial activity for Buenos Aires was the slave trade. More than 70 percent of the value of all imports arriving in Buenos Aires were enslaved Africans. Slaves came primarily from Brazil via the Portuguese slave trade from

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slaves on ships committed suicide by jumping overboard as an act of resistance to enslavement. To prevent further suicides, white crewmen placed nets around slave ships to catch enslaved persons that jumped overboard. White captains and crewmen invested in firearms,

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coast where other commodities and enslaved people were traded. These trade routes were used by Africans for centuries and societies and kingdoms developed as a result. Europeans chose to trade primarily along the Atlantic coast because they did not have immunity to

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A common assumption by Africans who were unaware of the true purpose of the Atlantic slave trade was that the Europeans were cannibals who planned on cooking and eating their captives. This rumour was a common source of significant distress for enslaved Africans.

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along the coast of West Africa. By 1500, Portugal and Spain had taken about 50,000 thousand West Africans. The Africans worked as domestic servants, artisans, and farmers. Other Africans were taken to work the sugar plantations on the Azores, Madeira, Canary, and

2332:

Africans. An increase of enslaved African people from Senegal occurred in the Iberian Peninsula in the 15th century. As the number of Senegalese slaves grew larger Europeans developed new terminologies that associated slavery with skin color. The Spanish city of

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year, even when the slave trade was legal. It was his confident belief that over 15,000 slaves had been brought into this country during the past year. He had seen, with his own eyes, three hundred of these recently-imported, miserable beings, in a slave-pen in

1838:

environment, European merchants were rarely in a position to call the shots." The earliest known use of the phrase began in the 1830s, and the earliest written evidence was found in an 1836 published book by F. H. Rankin. Portuguese coastal raiders found that

14560: 8441:* Some of those enslaved were captured directly by the European slave traders. Enslavers ambushed and captured local people in Africa. Most slave ships used European "factors", men who lived full-time in Africa and bought enslaved people from local leaders. 7268:'s decision in 1772, many abolitionists and slave-holders believed that slaves became free upon entering the British isles. However, in reality occasional instances of slavery continued in Britain right up to abolition in the 1830s. The Mansfield ruling on 5302:

in Europe to have come from the Americas, saw smallpox as the European revenge against the Natives. Africans and Europeans, unlike the native population, often had lifelong immunity, because they had often been exposed to minor forms of the illness such as

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lack of resistance to African borne diseases. Compared to Africans and Europeans, New World populations did not have a history of exposure to diseases such as malaria, and therefore, no genetic resistance had been produced as a result of adaptation through

17463: 5566:. By November, the 300 Spanish colonists were reduced to 100, and their slaves from 100 to 70. The enslaved people revolted in 1526 and joined a nearby Native American tribe, while the Spanish abandoned the colony altogether (1527). The area of the future 5082:

an enslaved woman named Macária was promised her freedom after she gave birth to eight children. An enslaved woman Delfina killed her baby because she did not want her enslaver Manoel Bento da Costa to own her baby and enslave her child. Brazil practiced

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In the Americas, slaves were denied the right to marry freely and masters did not generally accept them as equal members of the family. New World slaves were considered the property of their owners, and slaves convicted of revolt or murder were executed.

11881: 11508: 6013:(western Hispaniola, now Haiti), to a slave revolt in 1791 and supported revolts against its rival Britain, in the name of liberty after the 1793 French revolution. Before 1791, British sugar had to be protected to compete against cheaper French sugar. 18580: 6525:

was earning an estimated £250,000 per year by selling captive African soldiers and enslaved people to the European slave-traders. Many West African countries also already had a tradition of holding slaves, which was expanded into trade with Europeans.

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kingdoms depended heavily on the slave trade for their economy. A family's status was indicated by the number of slaves it owned, leading to wars for the sole purpose of taking more captives. This trade led the Khasso into increasing contact with the

2602:. By 1460, seven hundred to eight hundred African people were taken annually and imported into Portugal. In Portugal, the Africans taken were used as domestic servants. From 1460 to 1500, the removal of Africans increased as Portugal and Spain built 7297:

Denmark, which had been active in the slave trade, was the first country to ban the trade through legislation in 1792, which took effect in 1803. Britain banned the slave trade in 1807, imposing stiff fines for any slave found aboard a British ship

6016:

After 1791, the British islands produced the most sugar, and the British people quickly became the largest consumers. West Indian sugar became ubiquitous as an additive to Indian tea. It has been estimated that the profits of the slave trade and of

3164:

on the African slave trade that same year, it declined, but the period thereafter still accounted for 28.5% of the total volume of the Atlantic slave trade. Between 1810 and 1860, over 3.5 million slaves were transported, with 850,000 in the 1820s.

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English beginning in the 16th century and referred to family, lineage, and breed. The idea of race continued to develop further through the centuries and was used as a justification for the continuation of the slave trade and racial discrimination.

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passed a resolution apologizing for American slavery and subsequent discriminatory laws. The language included a reference to the "fundamental injustice, cruelty, brutality and inhumanity of slavery and Jim Crow" segregation. On 18 June 2009, the

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which translates as "blood purity" or "cleanliness of blood", a proto-racial law. It prevented people with Jewish and Muslim ancestry from settling in the New World. Limpieza de sangre did not guarantee rights for Jews or Muslims who converted to

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In Portugal and Spain people had been enslaved because of their religious identity, race had not been a developed factor for enslaving people; nonetheless, by the 15th century, Europeans used both race and religion as a justification to enslave

6504:

Slaving guns (Birmingham History Galleries). In the second half of the 18th century, Europeans sold 300,000 rifles a year in Africa, maintaining the endemic state of war in which men, who were taken prisoner, were sold to supply the demand for

1807:. Europeans established a coastal slave trade in the 15th century and trade to the Americas began in the 16th century, lasting through the 19th century. The vast majority of those who were transported in the transatlantic slave trade were from 33157: 7623:

carrier of African captives across the Atlantic. Rodney states that changes in productivity, technology, and patterns of exchange in Europe and the Americas informed the decision by the British to end their participation in the trade in 1807.

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and Ghanaian indigenous culture as Europeans believed African people's culture and religions were irrelevant and inferior. The slave trade resulted in the colonization of Africa and its people forcing many Africans to convert to Christianity.

7793:, and within a decade around two thousand African Americans had been settled there. Such resettlement continued throughout the 19th century, increasing following the deterioration of race relations in the Southern states of the US following 2932:

The Atlantic slave trade is customarily divided into two eras, known as the first and second Atlantic systems. Slightly more than 3% of the enslaved people exported from Africa were traded between 1525 and 1600, and 16% in the 17th century.

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The treatment of slaves in Africa was more variable than in the Americas. At one extreme, the kings of Dahomey routinely slaughtered slaves in hundreds or thousands in sacrificial rituals, and slaves as human sacrifices were also known in

17108:; yet notwithstanding all this service they were, with others of our Christian Indians, through the harsh dealings of some English, in a manner constrained, for want of shelter, protection, and encouragement, to fall off to the enemy at 8102:

acknowledges its responsibility for its involvement in three centuries of the slave trade. The city council has made an unreserved apology for Liverpool's involvement and the continual effect of slavery on Liverpool's black communities.

16413: 10329: 5633:, Virginia – in 1619. The first kidnapped Africans in English North America were classed as indentured servants and freed after seven years. Virginia law codified chattel slavery in 1656, and in 1662 the colony adopted the principle of 2715:

seized a French vessel and its crew for illegally trading on his coast. In addition, Afonso complained to the king of Portugal that Portuguese slave traders continued to kidnap his people, which was causing depopulation in his kingdom.

1920:

occurred. It was generally thought that the transatlantic slave trade ended in 1867, but evidence was later found of voyages until 1873. In the early 21st century, several governments issued apologies for the transatlantic slave trade.

8170:, signed a resolution expressing "profound regret" for Alabama's role in slavery and apologizing for slavery's wrongs and lingering effects. Alabama is the fourth state to pass a slavery apology, following votes by the legislatures in 11339: 3360:

even rescued fellow elites who were tricked into slavery in the Americas by sending demands to the Dutch and the British governments, who complied due to fears of reduced trade and physical harm to hostages. An example is the case of

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have forcefully apologized, it would be logical, reasonable and humbling if African traditional rulers ... accept blame and formally apologize to the descendants of the victims of their collaborative and exploitative slave trade."

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Denmark had a foothold in Ghana for more than 200 years and trafficked as many as 4,000 enslaved Africans per year. Danish Foreign Minister, Uffe Ellemann-Jensen declared publicly in 1992: "I understand why the inhabitants in the

7491:, the Atlantic slave trade was "re-open ... by way of retaliation". In 1859, "the trade in slaves from Africa to the Southern coast of the United States is now carried on in defiance of Federal law and of the Federal Government." 7317:, which prohibited the building or outfitting of ships in the U.S. for use in the slave trade. The U.S. Constitution (Article I, section 9, clause 1) barred a federal prohibition on importing slaves for 20 years; at that time the 2614:

Upon discovering new lands through their naval explorations, European colonisers soon began to migrate to and settle in lands outside their native continent. Off the coast of Africa, European migrants, under the directions of the

6688:

was a slave fort in Ghana built in 1482 by the Portuguese and later used by the British colonial administration as its headquarters from 1872 into the 20th century, following which they used it as a prison to incarcerate African

5429:, and surrounding towns, was built in the late 18th century, and for much of the 19th century, was based on the processing of slave-picked cotton and manufacture of cloth. Other British cities also profited from the slave trade. 2489:

The African continent was bled of its human resources via all possible routes. Across the Sahara, through the Red Sea, from the Indian Ocean ports and across the Atlantic. At least ten centuries of slavery for the benefit of the

6820:

Although slavery was practiced in ancient times in various cultures, it did not have a global effect like the transatlantic slave trade and slavery in the Americas created by Europeans. The transatlantic slave trade's legacy is

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between the Spanish and Portuguese empire, but this was against the WIC-charter". The Royal African Company usually refused to deliver slaves to Spanish colonies, though they did sell them to all comers from their factories in

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Raymond Mauny estimates a total of 14 million black slaves were traded in Islam through the 20th century, including 300,000 for part of the 20th century. (p.57, source: "Les Siecles obscurs de l'Afrique Noire (Paris: Fayard,

5959: 5366:

had decimated the already destabilized Tupani communities. By 1630, Africans had replaced the Tupani as the largest contingent of labour on Brazilian sugar plantations. This ended the European medieval household tradition of

3026:. Cartagena, Veracruz, Buenos Aires, and Hispaniola received the majority of slave arrivals, mainly from Angola. This division of the slave trade between Spain and Portugal upset the British and the Dutch who invested in the 17301: 4820:

believed that the slave trade should be subject to Kongo law. When he suspected the Portuguese of receiving illegally enslaved persons to sell, he wrote to King João III in 1526 imploring him to put a stop to the practice.

4799:, he writes that Portuguese merchandise flowing in is what is fueling the trade in Africans. He requests the King of Portugal to stop sending merchandise but should only send missionaries. In one of his letters he writes: 3017:

Until the middle of the 17th century, Mexico was the largest single market for slaves in Spanish America. While the Portuguese were directly involved in trading enslaved peoples to Brazil, the Spanish Empire relied on the

2274:

which gave the King of Portugal the right to enslave non-Christians to perpetual slavery. The clause included Muslims in West Africa and legitimized the slave trade under the Catholic church. In 1454, Pope Nicholas issued

20508: 11250: 5135:. Birth rates were low for the first generation of slaves imported from Africa, but, in the US, may have increased in the 19th century to some 55 per thousand, approaching the biological maximum for human populations. 14876: 1857:, and other Europeans soon followed. Shipowners regarded the slaves as cargo to be transported to the Americas as quickly and cheaply as possible, there to be sold to work on coffee, tobacco, cocoa, sugar, and cotton 1815:

and had been sold by West African slave traders to European slave traders, while others had been captured directly by the slave traders in coastal raids. European slave traders gathered and imprisoned the enslaved at

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says that abolitionists assumed "that an end to slave imports would lead automatically to the amelioration and gradual abolition of slavery". In Britain and America, opposition to the trade was led by members of the

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Before 1820, the number of enslaved Africans transported across the Atlantic to the New World was triple the number of Europeans who reached North and South American shores. At the time this was the largest oceanic

2235:. Some Jews and Muslims converted to Christianity hoping it would grant them rights under Spanish laws. After the "discovery" of new lands across the Atlantic, Spain did not want Jews and Muslims immigrating to the 2208:, and then directly from the African West coast through Portuguese outposts, which developed into the Atlantic slave trade and expanded significantly after the establishment of the colonies in the Americas in 1492. 16868: 3356:

returning to their homeland. The only apparent moral issue that the kingdom had with slavery was the enslavement of fellow Dahomeyans, an offense punishable by death, rather than the institution of slavery itself.

14229: 4964:) was the most common cause of death among sailors. A high crew mortality rate on the return voyage was in the captain's interests as it reduced the number of sailors who had to be paid on reaching the home port. 2952:

which did not allow Spanish ships in African ports. Spain had to rely on Portuguese ships and sailors to bring slaves across the Atlantic. From 1525, slaves were transported directly from the Portuguese colony of

3477:. On the other hand, slaves in other places were often treated as part of the family, "adopted children", with significant rights including the right to marry without their masters' permission. Scottish explorer 2432:

Slavery was prevalent in many parts of Africa for many centuries before the beginning of the Atlantic slave trade. An article from PBS explains the differences between African slavery and European slavery in the

1824:

explains: "European traders captured some Africans in raids along the coast, but bought most of them from local African or African-European dealers." Many European slave traders generally did not participate in

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nineteenth century, 2 months appears to have been the maximum length of the voyage, and many voyages were far shorter. Fewer slaves died in the Middle Passage over time mainly because the passage was shorter."

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the Atlantic slave trade to Brazil, the inter-provincial trade increased which slaveholders forced and depended on enslaved women to give birth to as many children as possible to supply the demand for slaves.

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By the 1690s, the English were shipping the most slaves from West Africa. By the 18th century, Portuguese Angola had become again one of the principal sources of the Atlantic slave trade. After the end of the

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prohibited imports on the first day the Constitution permitted: January 1, 1808. It was generally thought that the transatlantic slave trade ended in 1867, but evidence was later found of voyages until 1873.

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By far the most financially profitable West Indian colonies in 1800 belonged to the United Kingdom. After entering the sugar colony business late, British naval supremacy and control over key islands such as

32044: 16766: 13332: 7997:(the then French President) said that 10 May would henceforth be a national day of remembrance for the victims of slavery in France, marking the day in 2001 when France passed a law recognising slavery as a 6664:

to widespread problems. Inikori also notes that after the suppression of the slave trade Africa's population almost immediately began to rapidly increase, even prior to the introduction of modern medicines.

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gave it an important edge over all competitors; while many British did not make gains, a handful of individuals made small fortunes. This advantage was reinforced when France lost its most important colony,

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Ralph Austen originally proposed that 17,000,000 Black slaves crossed the Sahara, the Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean Paul Lovejoy reworked the data to indicate that over 6,000,000 left between 650 and 1500

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for the system of slavery and the savage apparatus of coercion on which its preservation depended was the ineradicable barbarism of the slave population, a product, it was argued, of its African origins".

15756: 5491:, the largest slave colony in Hispanic America, imported 800,000 enslaved Africans and participated in the illegal slave trade longer than any other. Enslaved Africans worked about 16 hours a day on the 18350:

the turning of Africa into a warren for the commercial hunting of black-skins, signalised the rosy dawn of the era of capitalist production. These idyllic proceedings are the chief momenta of primitive

13800:

Veeramah, Krishna R.; Connell, Bruce A.; Pour, Naser Ansari; Powell, Adam; Plaster, Christopher A.; Zeitlyn, David; Mendell, Nancy R.; Weale, Michael E.; Bradman, Neil; Thomas, Mark G. (31 March 2010).

12987: 9679: 5694:. They later enslaved Africans brought from West and Central Africa in ships by way of the Atlantic slave trade. Brazil imported 4.8 million enslaved Africans. Africans who escaped slavery there formed 27422: 27417: 16502: 11238:

For labour in the plantations and the 80 engeñhos (sugar mills), the Portuguese began to bring slaves from the Canaries and Africa, reaching almost 2,000 in number by the end of the fifteenth century.

7821:, which originated in Jamaica, where 92% of the population are descended from the Atlantic slave trade, has made efforts to publicise the slavery and to ensure it is not forgotten, especially through 21019: 7921: 5044: 4865:

The slave trade is the ruling principle of my people. It is the source and the glory of their wealth ... the mother lulls the child to sleep with notes of triumph over an enemy reduced to slavery ...

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according to a BBC report. More died soon after their arrival. The number of lives lost in the procurement of slaves remains a mystery but may equal or exceed the number who survived to be enslaved.

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in West Africa and made alliances with nearby African villages against African and European slave traders. His efforts were unsuccessful: Tomba was captured by African traders and sold into slavery.

1563: 18755: 15129: 5647: 21238: 11091: 10990:

his history of slavery in the Muslim world, Ronald Segal cites some estimates. One scholar puts the rough total at 11.5 million slaves during more than a dozen centuries, and another at 14 million.

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became a major slave market in the United States domestic slave trade after the prohibition of the Atlantic slave trade in 1807. Between 1819 and 1860, 71,000 enslaved people were transported to

5057:, about 39.6 percent of slaves sold were young prime aged Africans of either sex; in 1870 the percentage was 74.3 percent. In addition, as the cost of sugar increased so did the price of slaves. 27429: 22706: 16410: 10321: 9797:

Roşu, Felicia (2021). Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c.900–1900 – Forms of Unfreedom at the Intersection Between Christianity and Islam. Studies in Global Slavery, Volume: 11. Brill, p. 29-31

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in 2022 following a review by an advisory committee. Government ministers were sent to seven former colonies to reiterate the Dutch state's formal apology. Some activists continued to call for

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that there were also smaller numbers of slaves carried to Europe and to other parts of Africa, and at least 1.8 million did not survive the journey and were buried at sea with little ceremony.

2675:. John later turned to piracy and stole 300 Africans from a Spanish slave ship after failures in Guinea trying to capture Africans as most of his men died after fights with the local Africans. 16958: 10026: 9135: 29105: 27170: 21205: 15308: 16043: 11917: 9939: 9736: 7655:

in the Caribbean were instigated by these new slaves, and some abolitionists suggested ending the slave trade to prevent further slave insurrections. In Charleston, South Carolina, in 1822,

3430:-inhabited region and the accompanying banditry also spiked in this period. Another reason for surplus supply of enslaved people was major warfare conducted by expanding states, such as the 2177:, who came to be a preferred and comparatively profitable target of the slave trade in the Middle Ages: Spain and Portugal were provided with non-Catholic slaves from Eastern Europe via the 17836: 17010: 12851: 7963:, minister of environment and housing for Benin, later said: "The slave trade is a shame, and we do repent for it." Researchers estimate that 3 million slaves were exported out of the 5941: 21641: 20942: 15876: 13871: 6693:

The transatlantic slave trade affected traditional trade routes in West-Central Africa. Africans traded goods and slaves using trade routes in the interior of Africa that connected to the

18438: 5667:) being enslaved and sent to Caribbean destinations. Captive Indigenous opponents, including women and children, were also sold into slavery at a substantial profit, to be transported to 5371:, resulted in Brazil's receiving the most enslaved Africans, and revealed sugar cultivation and processing as the reason that roughly 84% of these Africans were shipped to the New World. 3039:

their imperial competitors, the Spanish almost never delivered slaves to foreign territories. By contrast, the British, and the Dutch before them, sold slaves everywhere in the Americas.

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acknowledge through the state's governing body their state's involvement in slavery. The passing of this resolution came on the heels of the 400th-anniversary celebration of the city of

4894:

that around 4.5% of deaths attributed to the transatlantic slave trade occurred during this phase. In other words, over 820,000 people are believed to have died in African ports such as

2698:

became the rule all along the African coast", although there were some rare exceptions when acts of aggression led to violence. For instance, Portuguese traders attempted to conquer the

7676:

slave trade as slaveholders lost property in enslaved people through death, running away, and a decrease in the production of cash crops resulting in a shift in trade to other nations.

5437:

town in Britain at the time, supplied guns to be traded for slaves. 75% of all sugar produced in the plantations was sent to London, and much of it was consumed in the highly lucrative

3042:

The second Atlantic system was the trade of enslaved Africans by mostly English, French, and Dutch traders and investors. The main destinations of this phase were the Caribbean islands

15365: 31937: 28997: 27434: 19346: 17712: 8847: 7215: 3153:(where prices by then were similar) before deciding where to sell. For the last sixteen years of the transatlantic slave trade, Spain was the only transatlantic slave-trading empire. 2888:

was a captain of slave ships and recorded in his personal journal how Africans mutinied on ships, and some were successful in overtaking the crew. For example, in 1730 the slave ship

2711:

African and European forces, many African states ensured that any trade went on in their own terms, for instance, imposing custom duties on foreign ships. In 1525, the Kongolese King

19310:"An Ancient Practice Transformed by the Arrival of Europeans Slavery existed in Africa long before Columbus, but the trans-Atlantic trade turned it into a very different institution" 11026:

Historian Roger Botte estimates that Arab slave trade of Africans until the 20th century has involved from 12 to 15 million persons, with the active participation of African leaders.

9217: 29098: 19409: 16980: 7606:

Seventy three percent of the Africans in the Malê revolt were Yoruba men who converted to Islam; some white Brazilians believed they had a spirit of resistance against enslavement.

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slaves. The new law freed all slaves brought in illegally after its passage and imposed heavy fines on violators. All the other states in the United States followed suit, although

5358:, Portuguese merchants on the West African coast began to supply enslaved Africans to the sugar planters. While at first these planters had relied almost exclusively on the native 5222:

These anti-malarial pills were used by travelers or people living in areas where malaria was common. This photo is a bottle of 100 anti-malarial pills from London, England in 1891.

2830:

and Senegalese leader Abd al-Qadir, advocated resistance against the forced exportation of Africans. In the 1770s, leader Abdul Kader Khan opposed the Atlantic slave trade through

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That really wasn't a decent thing to do. We could at least have called a referendum, and asked people which nation they wanted to belong to. Instead we just let down the people."

7687:, wrote that the slave trade could be abolished for the benefit of the British colonies, and the latter's pamphlet was often used in parliamentary debates in favour of abolition. 2004:

termed the consequences of European navigation "disenclavement", with it marking an end of isolation for some societies and an increase in inter-societal contact for most others.

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For example, aboard the slave ship Clare, the enslaved Africans revolted and drove the crew from the vessel and took control of the ship and liberated themselves and landed near

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the Williams thesis, which presents economic data to show that the slave trade was minor compared to the wealth generated by sugar and slavery itself in the British Caribbean.

2936:

The first Atlantic system was the trade of enslaved Africans to, primarily, American colonies of the Portuguese and Spanish empires. Before the 1520s, slavers took Africans to

1861:, gold and silver mines, rice fields, the construction industry, cutting timber for ships, as skilled labour, and as domestic servants. The first enslaved Africans sent to the 33149: 27105: 20387: 19600: 15839: 15440: 14979: 6829:

was taught in schools and some colleges in the United States and Europe in the 19th century and early 20th centuries that was used as a justification to enslave Africans. The

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We think this trade must go on. That is the verdict of our oracle and the priests. They say that your country, however great, can never stop a trade ordained by God himself.

11121: 23036: 3149:, reducing international complications. After 1790, by contrast, captains typically checked out slave prices in at least two of the major markets of Kingston, Havana, and 20960: 9828: 7407:, although slavery itself persisted in the colonies until 1833. Abolitionists after 1807 focused on international agreements to abolish the slave trade. Foreign Minister 6565:

of the slaves in 1833, the sugar plantations of the British West Indies had lost their profitability, and it was in Britain's economic interest to emancipate the slaves.

2987:

captured Africans in what is now Sierra Leone and took 300 people to sell in the Caribbean. In 1564, he repeated the process, this time using Queen Elizabeth's own ship,

2790:. Some African nations organized into military resistance movements and fought African slave raiders and European slave traders entering their villages. For example, the 20570:

Hodges, Graham Russell; Cook, Susan Hawkes; Brown, Alan Edward (October 1996). "The Black Loyalist Directory: African Americans in Exile After the American Revolution".

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Escudero, Antonio Gutiérrez (2014). "Hispaniola's Turn to Tobacco: Products from Santo Domingo in Atlantic Commerce". In Aram, Bethany; Yun-Casalilla, Bartolomé (eds.).

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for enslavement. In seasoning camps, enslaved Africans learned a new language and adopted new customs. This process of seasoning slaves took about two or three years.

4967:

The slave trade was hated by many sailors, and those who joined the crews of slave ships often did so through coercion or because they could find no other employment.

1689: 17400: 16721: 11714: 10548: 3364:, who was rescued from slavery in Barbados after being recognised by a visiting slave trader of the same Fante ethnic group, and later became a slave trader himself. 2550:

only that wars are entered into for the sole purpose of making slaves, but that they are fomented by Europeans, with a view to that object." People living around the

25234: 24413: 15024: 14188: 13803:"Little genetic differentiation as assessed by uniparental markers in the presence of substantial language variation in peoples of the Cross River region of Nigeria" 6746:

and fished along the coast. British colonists used the fort to imprison African resistance leaders who organized resistance movements against colonization. In 1900,

5183:

on slave ships that departed from ports in the United States along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico to New Orleans to supply the demand for slaves in the Deep South.

2627:

during the 15th century, where they converted much of the land to the production of wine and sugar. Along with this, they also captured native Canary Islanders, the

20106: 16770: 14792: 12611: 11821: 10707: 9528: 7264:

in Parliament. Many people joined the movement and they began to protest against the trade, but they were opposed by the owners of the colonial holdings. Following

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apologized for the role of directors in the Atlantic slave trade and pledged to remove pictures and statues of the 25 bank leaders who owned or traded in slavery.

7651:, observed the Haitian revolution and argued that the enslaved people who revolted were newly imported slaves from Africa. Edwards and other planters believed the 7364: 6656:

from Europe during this period. In the 19th century alone over 50 million people left Europe for the Americas, a far higher rate than were ever taken from Africa.

2364:

of enslavement, to explain the differences between Europeans and Africans in his writings. Annius, who frequently wrote of the "superiority of Christians over the

1948: 20720: 20060: 19276: 13416: 8701: 7363:

the next week (March 2, 1807), although probably without mutual consultation. The act only took effect on the first day of 1808; since a compromise clause in the

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Diagram of a slave ship from the Atlantic slave trade. From an Abstract of Evidence delivered before a select committee of the House of Commons in 1790 and 1791.

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argued that "A racial twist given to what is basically an economic phenomenon. Slavery was not born of racism: rather, racism was the consequence of slavery."

5017:. A slave imported into Haiti was expected to die, on average, within 3 years of arrival, and slaves born on the island had a life expectancy of only 15 years. 30726: 27955: 27950: 27499: 26231: 26088: 25096: 24915: 19241: 16932: 11533: 7709:

Slave Port of West Africa a UNESCO World Heritage Site remembering the slave ports of West Africa and the lives irreparably altered by the African slave trade.

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system of monetization implemented with the slave trade replaced cowrie shells, the currency traditionally used among Africans. According to research from the

1853:. The Portuguese, in the 16th century, were the first to transport slaves across the Atlantic. In 1526, they completed the first transatlantic slave voyage to 1553: 1084: 21076: 14444: 14381: 12896: 5329:

attacks on Portuguese ships and coastal villages, frequently leaving them depopulated. The first Europeans to use enslaved Africans in the New World were the

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While Philip and the vast majority of hostile Natives were killed outright during the war or sold into slavery in the West Indies, the friendly Wampanoag at

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Korpela, J. (2018). Slaves from the North: Finns and Karelians in the East European Slave Trade, 900–1600. Nederländerna: Brill. 242

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where France agreed with Britain that the trade is "repugnant to the principles of natural justice" and agreed to abolish the slave trade in five years; the

5652: 5519:

started in 1526. Historian Nigel Bolland writes of the slave trade in Central America: "The demand for labor in the early Spanish settlements of Hispaniola,

22740: 21029: 14953: 13879: 13632: 10413: 5708:, a quilombo community, lasted for 100 years while other communities were quickly removed by the Dutch and Portuguese. The Africans imported to Brazil were 5159:

Slave breeding replaced the demand for enslaved laborers after the decline of the Atlantic slave trade to the United States which caused an increase in the

2725:

against the Portuguese. Nzinga formed alliances with other rival African nations and led an army against the Portuguese slave traders in a thirty-year war.

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companies of Europe and America, or the plantation systems in Americas. They did not wield any influence on the building manufacturing centres of the West.

1438: 810: 547: 21256: 21044: 11099: 32151: 31828: 25260: 25250: 20828: 16280: 8931: 6834: 5078:

eight or more enslaved children. Some slaveholders promised enslaved women their freedom if they gave birth to eight children. In 1873 in the village of

2085: 1174: 815: 19378: 15682: 15396: 14096: 13586: 11776: 8759: 8529: 5984:

at the same time. In that way, they were able to diversify a large part of the risk away. Between voyages, ship shares could be freely sold and bought.

33693: 29150: 28942: 26329: 25056: 24903: 23159: 17951: 16826: 15616: 5226:

Many diseases, each capable of killing a large minority or even a majority of a new human population, arrived in the Americas after 1492. They include

17762: 17260: 15809: 11567: 33825: 26918: 26053: 25974: 20791: 18849: 16954: 12523: 9145: 7201: 5582:

began their stints in the slave trade in 1541, 1563, and 1581, respectively. According to research, about 40 percent of enslaved Africans arrived at

5290:

Epidemics of smallpox were known for causing a significant decrease in the Indigenous population of the New World. The effects on survivors included

3034:

producing sugar. After the Iberian Union fell apart, Spain prohibited Portugal from directly engaging in the slave trade as a carrier. According the

21215: 20867:

Andersen, Astrid Nonbo (2013). ""We Have Reconquered the Islands": Figurations in Public Memories of Slavery and Colonialism in Denmark 1948–2012".

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The last country to ban the Atlantic slave trade was Brazil; a first law was approved in 1831, however it was only enforced in 1850 through the new

5554:

to work in the sugar and indigo plantations. The majority of the Africans working in the plantations were from the Luanda region in Central Africa.

3508:

others. Between 1650 and 1900, 10.2 million enslaved Africans arrived in the Americas from the following regions in the following proportions:

32372: 32034: 32029: 29246: 27412: 25456: 25081: 25030: 23638: 23633: 23628: 23623: 23613: 23608: 23603: 23598: 23593: 23588: 23583: 23578: 18880: 17607: 11928: 9947: 9710: 5919: 5151:

for sale. About 300,000 to 350,000 enslaved people were sold from Richmond's slave breeding farms. Slave breeding farms and forced reproduction on

5110: 2774: 507: 17848: 17612: 16172: 13289: 12928: 12859: 12243: 6730:

in 1820 enabled Europeans to colonize the interior of Africa. By the end of the 19th century, European powers laid claim to 90 percent of land in

6556:

This map argues that import prohibitions and high duties on sugar were artificially inflating prices and inhibiting manufacturing in England. 1823

4886:

After being marched to the coast for sale, enslaved people were held in large forts called factories. The amount of time in factories varied, but

1996:, resulted in ships being better equipped to deal with the tidal currents, and could begin traversing the Atlantic Ocean; the Portuguese set up a 33647: 32117: 30973: 27960: 27200: 25091: 24909: 24804: 24342: 23497: 21676: 21173: 20946: 11362: 10973: 5164: 2778:

Burning of a Village in Africa, and Capture of its Inhabitants. To escape slave raids some Africans escaped into swamp regions or to other areas.

18427: 18035: 17914: 14086: 8517: 2297:. The Doctrine of Discovery stated that non-Christian lands should be taken and ruled by Christian nations, and Indigenous people (Africans and 1906:. Several had established outposts on the African coast, where they purchased slaves from local African leaders. These slaves were managed by a 33765: 29251: 28750: 28029: 28004: 25226: 23805: 20142: 19853: 19162: 12748: 12645:

Domingues da Silva, Daniel B. (1 January 2013). "The Atlantic Slave Trade from Angola: A Port-by-Port Estimate of Slaves Embarked, 1701–1867".

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Historians have widely debated the nature of the relationship between these African kingdoms and the European traders. The Guyanese historian

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issued an apologetic statement decrying the "fundamental injustice, cruelty, brutality, and inhumanity of slavery". The news was welcomed by

6485:

The effect of the trade on African societies is much debated, due to the influx of goods to Africans. Proponents of the slave trade, such as

5421:

merchants became increasingly involved in the trade. By the late 18th century, one out of every four ships that left Liverpool harbour was a

3418:

estimated that Europeans were bringing an estimated 52,000 slaves to the Caribbean yearly, with the French bringing the most Africans to the

17201:

Soldiers in King Philip's War: Being a Critical Account of that War, with a Concise History of the Indian Wars of New England from 1620–1677

17150:

Soldiers in King Philip's War: Being a Critical Account of that War, with a Concise History of the Indian Wars of New England from 1620–1677

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Although there were African nations that participated and profited from the Atlantic slave trade, many African nations resisted such as the

32212: 32207: 32156: 31927: 31445: 30862: 27730: 27566: 27275: 27265: 26923: 26913: 25121: 25061: 24960: 24707: 24635: 24536: 24447: 24423: 24329: 24210: 24126: 24049: 23997: 23917: 23519: 17237:

The following accounts show the harsh custom of the times, and reveal a source of Colonial revenue not open to our country since that day.

15194: 8855: 7763:. More than 1,200 volunteered to settle and establish the new colony of Freetown, which was established by British abolitionists under the 7309:

moved to stop other nations from continuing the slave trade and declared that slaving was equal to piracy and was punishable by death. The

6776: 5629:

The 17th century saw an increase in shipments. Africans were brought to Point Comfort – several miles downriver from the English colony of

3422:(13,000 out of the yearly estimate). The Atlantic slave trade peaked in the last two decades of the 18th century, during and following the 2994:

Around 1560, the Portuguese began a regular slave trade to Brazil. From 1580 until 1640, Portugal was temporarily united with Spain in the

1558: 1408: 19419: 18413:

Joseph E. Inikori, "Ideology versus the Tyranny of Paradigm: Historians and the Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on African Societies",

18333: 17112:, the story whereof follows in its place; and one of them, viz. Sampson, was slain in fight, by some scouts of our praying Indians, about 17099: 16988: 16586: 7736:. Most of the first group of settlers died due to disease and warfare with Indigenous peoples. About 64 survived to establish the second " 6814: 5316:

in the cut of a healthy individual in an attempt to have a mild case of the disease in the future rather than the effects becoming fatal.

32202: 32112: 31968: 31866: 29339: 27772: 27544: 25892: 25240: 25002: 24817: 23534: 23041: 22974: 21444:

Oxford History of the British Empire volume 1: The Origins of Empire. British Overseas Enterprise to the Close of the Seventeenth century

21278: 20769: 18961: 18505: 14341: 12778: 12108: 11179: 10049: 7684: 889: 20997: 20253: 18464: 16608: 13006: 12437: 11985: 11225: 7785:

In 1816, a group of wealthy European-Americans, some of whom were abolitionists and others who were racial segregationists, founded the

5590:

in Massachusetts, about 166 transatlantic voyages embarked out of Boston. Boston imported enslaved people from Africa and exported rum.

2901:

control of the ship and sailed back to Africa's shore. The captain and his crew tried to re-enslave the Africans but were unsuccessful.

2659:

After the success of Portugal and Spain in the slave trade other European nations followed. In 1530, an English merchant from Plymouth,

2240:

Jewish conversos and Muslims experienced religious and racial discrimination, some also participated in the slave trade of Africans. In

32236: 31693: 28937: 27992: 26936: 26931: 25583: 25529: 25493: 25066: 24455: 23236: 22674:

Wheat, David (March 2011). "The First Great Waves: African Provenance Zones for the Transatlantic Slave Trade to Cartagena de Indias".

19319: 14363: 12316: 7719: 7428:

in 1851 he took advantage of divisions in native politics, the presence of Christian missionaries, and the maneuvers of British consul

7417: 6538:

there were really few effective means of mobilizing labour for the economic and political needs of the state" without the slave trade.

5896: 5562:

The first enslaved Africans to reach what would become the United States arrived in July 1526 as part of a Spanish attempt to colonize

5345:, 1512–13). The first enslaved Africans arrived in Hispaniola in 1501. After Portugal had succeeded in establishing sugar plantations ( 4033: 3457:

was not reserved for racial or religious minorities, as it was in European colonies, although the case was otherwise in places such as

1635: 387: 18713: 18557: 16304: 11331: 8487: 8420: 8046:, which was involved in slavery between 1814 and 1863, apologized for their involvement on 1 July 2021 and 1 July 2022, respectively. 2134:

had established its system of slavery in ancient times. Historian Benjamin Isaac suggests proto-racism existed in ancient times among

33661: 32419: 32301: 32273: 32263: 32019: 31076: 28304: 27651: 27155: 26264: 25139: 25076: 25071: 25024: 24433: 23985: 23945: 21140: 21108: 17498: 16552: 13962: 13696: 10513: 8391: 8298: 7367:

prohibited federal, although not state, restrictions on the slave trade before 1808. The United States did not, however, abolish its

5482:

received its first shipment of 4,000 slaves in 1518. "Between the 1490s and the 1850s, Latin America, including the Spanish-speaking

837: 17: 20401: 20353: 19604: 15853: 15429: 14975: 13441:

The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe

12019: 11597: 10390: 2746: 33760: 33642: 33416: 32095: 32054: 32049: 32004: 31703: 29314: 27999: 27629: 27150: 26372: 26204: 25498: 25410: 25396: 25255: 25206: 25159: 25154: 25101: 25051: 24996: 24499: 24364: 24176: 23149: 22588:

Schultz, Kara (2015). "The Kingdom of Angola is not very far from here: The South Atlantic Slave Port of Buenos Aires, 1585–1640".

19355: 15553: 10762: 10299: 7672: 7524:

and the last surviving slave brought from Africa to the United States, but recent research has found that two other survivors from

7352:, and they believed they had to abolish the trade to prevent a similar conflagration from occurring in a British Caribbean colony. 7187: 7013: 6547: 1608: 1428: 601: 20818: 20231: 17441: 16890: 14916: 13369: 12533: 9983: 9806:

The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500–AD 1420. (2021). (n.p.): Cambridge University Press. 48-49

9357: 33780: 32190: 31821: 31192: 29032: 28087: 27965: 27925: 27767: 27671: 27600: 27205: 25882: 25542: 25488: 25086: 25045: 25016: 24588: 23492: 22857: 22845: 22804: 17261:"A Question of Plain Dealing: Josiah Cotton, Native Christians, and the Quest for Security in Eighteenth-Century Plymouth County" 16804: 14259: 13924: 10352: 10264: 9916: 9334: 8033:

At a UN conference on the Atlantic slave trade in 2001, the Dutch Minister for Urban Policy and Integration of Ethnic Minorities

7794: 5783:

West Central Africa was the most common source region of Africa, and Portuguese America (Brazil) was the most common destination.

5551: 5218: 2258:

to Africans and Native Americans and created a racial caste system, believing them to be impure because they were not Christian.

1966: 1766: 13147:"Slave-Raiders and Middlemen, Monopolists and Free-Traders: The Supply of Slaves for the Atlantic Trade in Dahomey c. 1715-1850" 12946: 12673: 8824: 7368: 5599:

was the center for slave trading and colonial Boston was a major slave port in the North importing slaves directly from Africa.

3293: 33810: 33790: 33579: 33400: 33320: 32316: 32253: 32195: 32102: 31978: 29012: 28024: 28019: 27987: 27757: 27661: 27624: 27571: 27405: 25149: 24988: 24973: 24898: 24881: 23412: 23241: 23134: 20964: 20157: 15080: 14311: 14056: 13637: 12528: 9816: 9551: 8182: 7693: 6575: 5001: 3197:, considered the pioneer of the English slave trade, was the first to run the triangular trade, making a profit at every stop. 2400: 1849:

and other commodities. This was viewed as crucial by those Western European states which were vying with one another to create

872: 290: 20298: 1820:

on the African coast and then brought them to the Americas. Some Portuguese and Europeans participated in slave raids. As the

33352: 33181: 32122: 31278: 29364: 29359: 29022: 28875: 28778: 27982: 27940: 27752: 26300: 26166: 26161: 26046: 26010: 25578: 25475: 25383: 25128: 25010: 24967: 24832: 23800: 23795: 23782: 23178: 22578: 22555: 22509: 22463: 22421: 22398: 22355: 22332: 22234: 22122: 21978: 21896: 21832: 21806: 21783: 21730: 21621: 21593: 21567: 21544: 21516: 21455: 21409: 20851: 20763: 20633: 20092: 19966: 19830:"William Wilberforce 'condoned slavery', Colonial Office papers reveal...Rescued slaves forced into unpaid 'apprenticeships'" 19670: 19584: 18937: 18789: 18600: 18148: 18066: 17544: 17365: 15978: 15302: 15166: 14859: 14755: 14691: 14182: 14032: 14007: 13908: 13710: 13326: 13246: 13212: 12732: 12562: 11680: 11219: 11019: 10837: 10797: 10449: 9730: 9522: 9469: 9428: 8898: 8288: 7865: 7759:

owners and fought for the British in the Revolutionary War. The Crown had offered slaves freedom who left rebel masters, and

7360: 7318: 7097: 5270: 5139: 3900: 3653:

that enabled them to dominate their neighbours. Nearly every present-day nation had a pre-colonial predecessor, sometimes an

3394:

Europeans provided the market for slaves, rarely traveling beyond the coast or entering the African interior, due to fear of

3161: 2441: 2298: 1944: 1450: 1127: 899: 24920: 19915: 17748: 16431: 11856: 5131:

The birth rate was more than 80 percent higher in the United States because of a natural growth in the slave population and

2948:

During the first Atlantic system, most of these slavers were Portuguese, giving them a near-monopoly. Decisive was the 1494

1910:, who was established on or near the coast to expedite the shipping of slaves to the New World. Slaves were imprisoned in a 33197: 31604: 29644: 29374: 28985: 28499: 28477: 27930: 27915: 27779: 27688: 27683: 27617: 26078: 24794: 23707: 23465: 23198: 22764: 20910: 17388: 15467:"Fertility control, shared nurturing, and dual exploitation: the lives of enslaved mothers in the antebellum United States" 14522: 7408: 5902:

The number of Africans who arrived in each region is calculated from the total number of slaves imported, about 10,000,000.

5115: 3754: 3022:

system, awarding (Catholic) Genoese merchant bankers the license to trade enslaved people from Africa to their colonies in

2196:

and closed off from Europe, Spain and Portugal replaced this source of slaves by importing slaves first from the conquered

1970: 1954: 1642: 1603: 1246: 20320: 17183:

Sampson was killed by some English scouts near Wachuset, and Joseph was captured and sold into slavery in the West Indies.

15479: 15002: 14281: 5768:

By 1802, Russian colonists noted that "Boston" (U.S.-based) skippers were trading African slaves for otter pelts with the

3223:, itself in turn created by the desire of European colonists to exploit New World land and resources for capital profits. 3146: 3055: 33775: 33005: 32258: 32222: 32107: 32039: 31999: 31987: 31895: 30517: 29747: 29542: 29332: 29241: 28927: 27905: 27742: 27712: 27494: 27073: 26285: 26000: 25417: 25167: 24720: 24660: 24250: 23764: 23445: 20116: 16726: 15709: 15007: 14582: 11799: 10687: 8054: 5691: 5539:

in the second quarter of the 16th century. Indeed, the first colonial economy of the region was based on slave trading."

5163:. The sailing of slaves in the domestic slave trade is known as "sold down the river," indicating slaves being sold from 5152: 5132: 4836:. As one of West Africa's principal slave states, Dahomey became extremely unpopular with neighbouring peoples. Like the 3334:

were even performed using African customs, which Europeans did not object to, seeing how important the connections were.

3106: 2037: 1962: 1684: 1321: 981: 832: 628: 537: 32557: 22957: 21349: 20017:

Durkin, Hannah (19 March 2020). "Uncovering The Hidden Lives of Last Clotilda Survivor Matilda McCrear and Her Family".

16722:"From the "Kingdoms of Angola" to Santiago de Guatemala: The Portuguese Asientos and Spanish Central America, 1595–1640" 11392: 6825:

on an international scale that led to racial discrimination in educational institutions and public places. In addition,

5841: 5657: 33536: 33408: 32639: 32278: 32146: 32141: 32085: 32068: 31917: 31861: 31814: 30746: 30547: 29354: 29266: 28990: 28788: 28743: 27895: 27789: 27705: 27549: 27330: 27130: 26281: 26259: 25995: 25482: 25245: 25106: 25038: 24978: 24772: 24275: 24265: 24181: 22656: 22347: 21700:

Osei-Tutu, Brempong (2006). "Contested Monuments: African-Americans and the commoditization of Ghana's slave castles".

21613: 19811: 19286: 18305: 13702: 13312: 10154: 8734: 8158:

to survive in what would become the United States. Jamestown is also recognized as one of the first slave ports of the

7680: 7331: 7023: 6838: 5643: 5532: 5492: 4260: 3224: 2440:

Millions of enslaved people from some parts of Africa were exported to states in Africa, Europe, and Asia prior to the

1958: 1846: 1704: 1398: 1152: 20141:[It's time to talk about commercial and modern slavery] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Nexo Jornal. Archived from 19839: 19707:

Reich, Jerome (1968). "The Slave Trade at the Congress of Vienna – A Study in English Public Opinion".

18465:"The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: An Examination of the Incorrectness of the Ghana Senior High School History Syllabus" 17322: 16643: 7789:

with the express desire of sending liberated African Americans to West Africa. In 1820, they sent their first ship to

6552: 5190:

The Gulf of Mexico was utilized by privateers in Florida, Louisiana, and Texas to smuggle enslaved Africans from Cuba.

3006:" or their descendants, the union of crowns presented commercial opportunities in the slave trade to Spanish America. 1845:

The colonial South Atlantic and Caribbean economies were particularly dependent on slave labour for the production of

33805: 33800: 33795: 33637: 33597: 32365: 32293: 32217: 32170: 32080: 31846: 29661: 29407: 29231: 29037: 28178: 28042: 26432: 26083: 25144: 25134: 24670: 24307: 24144: 23727: 23450: 23139: 22718: 22664: 22641: 22622: 22532: 22486: 22444: 22375: 22259: 22198: 22176: 22153: 22103: 22084: 22065: 22001: 21869: 21758: 21481: 21432: 21310: 20693: 20483: 20263: 19452: 17810: 17582: 16256: 16224: 16155: 16018: 15653: 15519: 15081:""Slave Mothers", Partus Sequitur Ventrem, and the Naturalization of Slave Reproduction in Nineteenth-Century Brazil" 15063: 14786: 14726: 14658: 14243: 14136: 12605: 12431: 11968: 10901: 10878: 10701: 10658: 10595: 10558: 10240: 10208: 10202: 10020: 9892: 9865: 9788:

The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500–AD 1420. (2021). (n.p.): Cambridge University Press. 117-120

9663: 9636: 9609: 9057: 8984: 7891: 7509: 7086: 6928: 5892: 2469: 2465: 2461: 1526: 1403: 827: 596: 463: 19253: 17668: 16920: 16073: 15877:"The Origin and Development of the African Slave Trade in Galveston, Texas, and Surrounding Areas from 1816 to 1836" 14877:"All the Devils Are Here – How the visual history of the Haitian Revolution misrepresents Black suffering and death" 11545: 7873: 7356:

did not move against sugar and slavery itself until after the sugar industry went into terminal decline after 1823.

33685: 33456: 32346: 32341: 32311: 32090: 31630: 31452: 30756: 30144: 29742: 29684: 29349: 29027: 28960: 28283: 27970: 27935: 27920: 27678: 27280: 26524: 26494: 26310: 26039: 25443: 24697: 24526: 24359: 24319: 24198: 23732: 23660: 23046: 22817: 22168: 17801: 15943: 15890: 15343: 14434: 14391: 13612: 13534: 13204: 12906: 9772:

Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c.900–1900 – Forms of Unfreedom at the Intersection Between Christianity and Islam

9271: 7061: 6830: 5160: 5102: 4991: 3962: 2534:

to Arabia and Aden, with sick slaves being thrown overboard, or they were marched across the Sahara desert via the

2261:

Europeans enslaved Muslims and people practicing other religions as a justification to Christianize them. In 1452,

2139: 1657: 867: 852: 798: 483: 473: 468: 297: 153: 18962:"From Anomansa to Elmina: The Establishment and the Use of the Elmina Castle – From the Portuguese to the British" 18506:"From Anomansa to Elmina: The Establishment and the Use of the Elmina Castle – From the Portuguese to the British" 13123: 12293: 12220: 12169: 12086: 11155:"From Anomansa to Elmina: The Establishment and the Use of the Elmina Castle – From the Portuguese to the British" 9331: 5269:

Evolutionary history may also have played a role in African people's resistance to diseases in the contitent, and

3235:, prohibited slavery of the Indigenous people. A labour shortage resulted. Alternative sources of labour, such as 1373: 33740: 33627: 33189: 32336: 32248: 32024: 32009: 31734: 29706: 29689: 29369: 29344: 29327: 29002: 28835: 28243: 28223: 27977: 27900: 27695: 27539: 27270: 27135: 26840: 26479: 25644: 25378: 25334: 24730: 24228: 24084: 23509: 23286: 23231: 22737: 22275: 21692: 20074: 17109: 15586: 14939: 14527: 13642: 13594: 10424: 8612: 7928: 6652:

compared the demographic effect on the continent as a whole. David Eltis has compared the numbers to the rate of

6451: 5546:

and other West African regions. Between 1607 and 1640, Portuguese slave traders imported Africans from Angola to

3209: 2473: 1652: 1423: 229: 21954: 10050:"The Black Blood of New Spain: Limpieza de Sangre, Racial Violence, and Gendered Power in Early Colonial Mexico" 4486:

The regions of Africa from which these slaves were taken is given in the following table, from the same source.

3319:(taken from Italian, Spanish, or Portuguese), meaning 'to set up house'. It is derived from the Portuguese word 3313:

Africans from the Gold Coast (present-day Ghana) also participated in the slave trade through intermarriage, or

3205: 2611:. Europeans participated in African enslavement because of their need for labor, profit, and religious motives. 2448:

across the Sahara had functioned since antiquity, and continued to do so up until the 20th-century; in 652, the

33750: 33669: 32326: 31161: 30988: 30983: 30956: 30816: 30134: 29322: 29007: 28980: 28825: 27747: 27641: 27556: 27160: 25114: 24983: 24750: 22889: 22884: 21649: 21054: 19897: 18108: 17536: 16145: 15639: 13439: 11851: 11804: 11004:

Judging War Crimes and Torture: French Justice and International Criminal Tribunals and Commissions (1940–2005)

8587: 8283: 8212: 8191: 7869: 5167:

which was a slave trading city and supplier of slaves. Louisville, Kentucky, Virginia, and other states in the

4026: 3935: 3194: 2984: 2668: 2660: 2620: 1122: 1110: 690: 502: 148: 30522: 20460:"An Explosion of Violence: How the Haitian Revolution Rearranged the Trade Patterns of the Western Hemisphere" 19798: 19135: 16290: 9882: 7348:

and important sugar colonies of the British Caribbean. Parliament was also concerned about the success of the

6489:, argued that African societies were robust and not much affected by the trade. In the 19th century, European 5779: 3281:

For the British, slaves were no more than animals and could be treated as commodities, so situations like the

2582:, was built in 1482 by Portuguese traders and was the first European-slave trading post in Sub-Saharan Africa. 2301:) living on their lands should convert to Christianity. In 1493, Pope Alexander VI issued a papal bull called 33730: 33517: 33344: 33249: 33133: 33000: 32835: 32412: 32331: 32129: 31922: 31531: 31169: 31003: 30998: 30875: 30867: 30836: 30527: 30229: 28736: 27784: 27717: 27700: 27646: 27595: 27534: 27439: 27400: 27340: 27140: 26529: 26509: 26316: 26295: 25829: 25438: 25423: 25358: 25348: 25319: 25309: 24847: 23251: 21888: 21024: 19386: 16651: 16480: 15918: 15686: 15172: 8767: 8293: 7786: 7776: 7756: 7092: 6674: 5496: 4833: 4075: 3915: 3262: 3254: 3127: 2286: 2138:. Racial prejudices were based on dehumanizing the foreign peoples they conquered through warfare. Since the 1694: 1477: 338: 20091:

Eric Foner, "Lincoln's Evolving Thoughts On Slavery, And Freedom," National Public Radio, October 11, 2010,

19982:

Durkin, Hannah (2019). "Finding last middle passage survivor Sally 'Redoshi' Smith on the page and screen".

19742:

Duram, James C. (1965). "A Study of Frustration: Britain, the USA, and the African Slave Trade, 1815–1870".

17988: 17962: 17773: 17199: 17148: 16838: 15608: 6796:

traits of those peoples were quite different it was inevitable that the prejudice should take a racist form.

3458: 33755: 33745: 33735: 33677: 33632: 33298: 32989: 32896: 32793: 31417: 31298: 30492: 29668: 29631: 29432: 29221: 29090: 29063: 28845: 28562: 28557: 27607: 27583: 27578: 27561: 27529: 27472: 26585: 26534: 26367: 25428: 25402: 25388: 25363: 25353: 25304: 25220: 24827: 24337: 24111: 24005: 23790: 23716: 22478: 21842:

Boruki, David Eltis; Wheat, David (April 2015). "Atlantic History and the Slave Trade to Spanish America".

19442: 18187: 18185: 15970: 15817: 14944: 13015: 12597: 12423: 11575: 8525: 8356: 8303: 8163: 7705: 7253: 7127: 4869:

In 1807, the UK Parliament passed the Bill that abolished the trading of slaves. The King of Bonny (now in

3865: 3675: 3621: 2909: 2859: 2717: 2690: 1862: 1699: 1543: 1413: 1074: 842: 822: 382: 350: 32569: 30891: 22433:

From Capture to Sale: The Portuguese Slave Trade to Spanish South America in the Early Seventeenth Century

20801: 19953:

Dreams of Africa in Alabama: The Slave Ship Clotilda and the Story of the Last Africans Brought to America

18841: 17425:

From Capture to Sale: The Portuguese Slave Trade to Spanish South America in the Early Seventeenth Century

15914:"Slave Smuggling by Foreign Privateers: The Illegal Slave Trade and the Geopolitics of the Early Republic" 12824:

Lovejoy, Paul E. (1994). "The Volume of the Atlantic Slave Trade. A Synthesis". In Northrup, David (ed.).

10644: 9851: 5180: 69: 33701: 33602: 33448: 32804: 32381: 31060: 30706: 30299: 28625: 28314: 28080: 27872: 27864: 27807: 27722: 27210: 27115: 26971: 26953: 26855: 26514: 26484: 26209: 26129: 26108: 25858: 25754: 25324: 24593: 23970: 23935: 23271: 22967: 22797: 22247:

The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies, Societies and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe

20734: 18819: 16987:. Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition. 15 June 2015. Archived from 16524:

Wynter, Sylvia (1984a). "New Seville and the Conversion Experience of Bartolomé de Las Casas: Part One".

15511: 15158: 14608: 14491: 13675:

The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies, Societies and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe

13572: 12883:

The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies, Societies and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe

11746: 11011: 9046:

The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies, Societies and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe

8996:

Lovejoy, Paul E. (1989). "The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa: A Review of the Literature".

8851: 7598: 7544: 7008: 6022: 5123:

for sale of Maryland and Virginia slaves. Maryland and Virginia sold thousands of enslaved people to the

5070: 3957: 3558: 2554:

would be transported from these markets to the coast and sold in European trading ports, in exchange for

1759: 1709: 1433: 1351: 478: 259: 79: 18872: 18192:

Engerman, Stanley L. (1972). "The Slave Trade and British Capital Formation in the Eighteenth Century".

18182: 17087: 12932: 10006: 9499:

From Silver to Cocaine: Latin American Commodity Chains and the Building of the World Economy, 1500–2000

5013:

Over the colony's hundred-year course, about a million slaves succumbed to the conditions of slavery in

4198: 3227:

peoples were at first utilized as slave labour by Europeans until a large number died from overwork and

2818:

from 1718 to 1740, opposed the Atlantic slave trade and refused to sell African people and attacked the

33213: 32994: 32439: 32321: 31744: 31133: 30947: 30701: 29807: 29701: 29442: 29226: 27890: 27827: 27817: 27367: 27125: 27085: 26442: 26136: 25448: 25433: 25298: 24812: 24154: 23930: 23900: 23865: 23430: 23281: 23005: 22962: 22947: 22676: 22614: 22213: 22145: 21970: 21844: 21585: 21496: 21473: 21424: 21081: 19662: 18175:

David Richardson, "The British Empire and the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1660–1807," in P. J. Marshall, ed.

18140: 18030: 17602: 17560: 14819: 14778: 14174: 14091: 13297: 13049: 12973: 12724: 12554: 12251: 11602: 10963: 10858: 8998: 8958: 8556: 7964: 7729: 7723: 7648: 7488: 7449: 7432:

to encourage the overthrow of King Kosoko. The new King Akitoye was a docile non-slave-trading puppet.

7395: 7384: 7372: 6988: 6953: 6033: 5500: 5148: 4922: 3240: 3150: 2599: 1821: 1618: 1470: 1455: 1346: 542: 212: 38: 34: 21183: 20560:

Epic Journeys of Freedom: Runaway Slaves of the American Revolution and Their Global Quest for Liberty

18904:"Forts and Castles in the Colonial Period: Uses and Understandings of the Pre-colonial Fortifications" 17739:"His parents urged him to keep their 'dodgy' family history quiet. Now Benedict Cumberbatch could pay" 11370: 10226: 9322: 7235:(1759–1833), politician and philanthropist who was a leader of the movement to abolish the slave trade 2598:

and kidnapped twelve Africans and returned to Portugal and presented the captive Africans as gifts to

33785: 33770: 33510: 33173: 33141: 32906: 32386: 32134: 31932: 31912: 31907: 31473: 31205: 31182: 30883: 30781: 30696: 30691: 30089: 29424: 29271: 28932: 28456: 27799: 27612: 27444: 27005: 26504: 26342: 26149: 25938: 25923: 25913: 25872: 25794: 25759: 25329: 24396: 24223: 24193: 23962: 23529: 23335: 23061: 23056: 23051: 22990: 22919: 22840: 22226: 22115:

Born in Blackness: Africa, Africans, and the Making of the Modern World, 1471 to the Second World War

21993: 21577: 20392: 20222: 19029: 18368: 18345: 18085: 18025: 17925: 17598: 17268: 16216: 15474: 14587: 12395: 11534:"Queen Nzinga managed to call a halt to Portuguese slave raids in her kingdom through clever tactics" 9974: 9857: 9453: 8886: 8667: 8551: 8316: 8146: 7582: 7247:

In Britain, America, Portugal, and in parts of Europe, opposition developed against the slave trade.

7067: 7051: 5735:

Historian Erika Edwards writes of the slave trade in Argentina: "In 1587 the first slaves arrived in

5147:

Virginia was known as a "breeder state." A slaveholder in Virginia bragged his slaves produced 6,000

4479: 4019: 3920: 3059: 3009: 2535: 2445: 2404: 2201: 2008: 1714: 1613: 1144: 1132: 722: 695: 200: 32684: 30049: 21916:"Profitability of Slave and Long-Distance Trading in Context: The Case of Eighteenth-Century France" 19857: 19170: 12758: 3050:, as European nations built up economically slave-dependent colonies in the New World. In 1672, the 2925: 2244:

during the 16th and 17th centuries, Muslims financed by Jewish conversos traded Africans across the

33221: 32866: 32405: 31729: 31177: 31085: 31066: 31016: 30930: 30512: 29654: 28768: 28528: 28509: 28472: 28418: 28340: 27489: 27053: 26966: 26610: 26399: 26214: 26154: 26144: 26070: 25943: 25918: 25834: 25739: 25699: 25291: 24837: 24680: 24665: 24566: 24514: 24472: 24460: 24297: 24099: 23700: 23555: 23325: 23261: 23164: 23093: 22931: 22914: 22570: 21559: 18903: 18640: 18387: 17360: 16343: 15787: 14911: 14747: 13807: 12144: 11297: 11255: 8883:

What the Slaves Ate: Recollections of African American Foods and Foodways from the Slave Narratives

8465: 8243: 7854: 7688: 7115: 7028: 7003: 6968: 6943: 5596: 5454: 3980: 3891: 3361: 3131: 2527: 2503: 2412: 2342: 2089: 1903: 1494: 1363: 916: 705: 190: 91: 32661: 31036: 24374: 22019:

Eltis, David (2001). "The volume and structure of the transatlantic slave trade: a reassessment".

19685:

Drescher, Seymour, "Whose abolition? Popular pressure and the ending of the British slave trade."

19555: 14824: 11954: 10146: 5341:. The alarming decline in the native population had spurred the first royal laws protecting them ( 2693:

fought against the expansion of the Portuguese slave trade in a thirty-year war in Central Africa.

370: 33091: 33015: 32937: 32820: 32472: 31855: 31754: 31739: 31636: 31093: 31026: 30776: 30751: 30711: 30608: 30314: 29639: 28815: 28545: 28438: 27822: 27372: 27026: 26995: 26775: 26715: 26580: 26323: 25933: 25928: 25908: 25799: 25789: 25784: 25764: 25314: 24842: 24159: 24104: 23905: 23320: 23315: 23205: 23000: 22524: 21687:

Handley, Fiona J. L. (2006). "Back to Africa: Issues of hosting 'Roots' tourism in West Africa".

21447: 21442:

Hair, Paul; Law, Robin (1998). "The English in western Africa to 1700". In Nicholas Canny (ed.).

20258: 19958: 19923: 19630: 19576: 19351: 19314: 19249: 18285:

Ward, J. R. (1998). "The British West Indies in the Age of Abolition". In Marshall, P. J. (ed.).

17125: 15849: 15055: 13980: 13900: 13374: 13318: 12901: 11741: 10789: 10730: 10693: 10611: 9369: 9083: 8321: 8263: 8238: 8155: 7858: 7780: 7314: 6993: 6847: 6724: 5635: 5434: 5084: 4940: 4717: 2545:

According to John K. Thornton, Europeans usually bought enslaved people who had been captured in

2146:), taking their captives to slavery in Europe, and established a fort for the slave trade at the 1871: 1679: 1418: 1368: 1296: 1069: 847: 791: 774: 205: 30159: 29904: 23850: 17822:

Manning, Patrick: "Contours of Slavery and Social change in Africa". In: Northrup, David (ed.):

17075: 15332:"The Significance of Richmond's Shockoe Bottom: Why it's the wrong place for a baseball stadium" 15205: 14650: 14644: 10525: 5542:

In the 16th century, the majority of Africans imported to Central America came from present-day

4992:

Conditions of slavery on plantations before and after abolition of the transatlantic slave trade

4796: 2980:

Mexico in 1519. The graveyard had been in use from approximately 1550 to the late 17th century.

2510:

caravan route, and eleven to twenty million (depending on the author) across the Atlantic Ocean.

33820: 33475: 33392: 32881: 32709: 32592: 32575: 32496: 31873: 31516: 31459: 31056: 30993: 30821: 30766: 30721: 30716: 30686: 30497: 28218: 28073: 27737: 27467: 26705: 26499: 26489: 26427: 26237: 26176: 25964: 25948: 25887: 25714: 25629: 25573: 24857: 24789: 24725: 24653: 24418: 24171: 24116: 24027: 23950: 23855: 23840: 23524: 23504: 23484: 23367: 23183: 23144: 23010: 22995: 22894: 22790: 22271:"Introduction: The historiography of slavery in the Danish-Norwegian West Indies, c. 1950–2016" 21608: 20625: 19198: 18323: 17307: 17129: 16574: 12116: 9502: 8091: 8039: 7998: 7748: 7553: 7487:

Even though it was prohibited, in response to the North's reluctance or refusal to enforce the

7380: 7310: 7156: 7149: 6948: 6845:

justified the violence of slavery for hundreds of years." Another example from an article from

5563: 4520: 3925: 3910: 3885: 3512: 2643: 2479:

The Atlantic slave trade was not the only slave trade from Africa; as Elikia M'bokolo wrote in

1895: 1752: 1721: 1226: 967: 879: 727: 451: 417: 412: 21288: 20753: 20620:

The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870

19570: 18978: 18522: 17698: 17213: 17162: 14333: 14168: 13569:

The Intestines of the State: Youth, Violence and Belated Histories in the Cameroon Grassfields

12772: 11154: 10077: 9653: 9599: 9041: 7755:; these were newly freed African Americans and their descendants. Many of the adults had left 2357: 33815: 33424: 33360: 32973: 32947: 32845: 32609: 32544: 32466: 31609: 31599: 31494: 31233: 30899: 30811: 30796: 30537: 30289: 30249: 30219: 30164: 30154: 29964: 29924: 29737: 29557: 29527: 29502: 29400: 28538: 28397: 28151: 27812: 27325: 27190: 27145: 26961: 26680: 26645: 26464: 26447: 26254: 26171: 25749: 25744: 25619: 25342: 24893: 24876: 24852: 24745: 24740: 24687: 24509: 24477: 24285: 24270: 23860: 23835: 23820: 23154: 22390: 22251: 20325: 20267: 19656: 19548:"Founders Online: Bill to Prevent the Importation of Slaves, &c., [16 June 1777]" 18636: 18592: 18479: 16834: 16800: 16620: 16474: 16248: 15294: 14772: 14718: 14708: 14405: 13678: 13608: 12591: 12548: 12417: 11960: 11293: 11205: 10906: 10521: 9824: 9722: 9626: 9506: 9494: 9445: 9049: 8878: 8697: 8461: 8377: 8248: 8222: 8095: 8043: 7744: 7499: 7466: 7182: 7137: 7056: 7018: 6708: 6579: 6026: 5947:

Recently bought slaves in Brazil on their way to the farms of the landowners who bought them

5410: 5405:

As Britain rose in naval power and settled continental North America and some islands of the

4832:

into transatlantic slavery; they would otherwise have been killed in a ceremony known as the

3679: 3478: 3400: 3112: 2949: 2481: 2182: 2117: 2105: 1588: 1443: 1356: 1341: 1023: 1011: 757: 742: 527: 302: 224: 195: 21086: 20459: 19090: 14367: 13019: 10550:

The Popes, the Catholic Church and the Transatlantic Enslavement of Black Africans 1418-1839

7403:

Abolitionist opinion in Britain was strong enough in 1807 to abolish the slave trade in all

5720:

and others. Their religions from Africa developed into new world religions in Brazil called

5466:

The first slaves to arrive as part of a labour force in the New World reached the island of

5311:

disease in childhood. By the late 16th century, there existed some forms of inoculation and

4914: 3342: 2917: 2076:

European overseas expansion led to the contact between the Old and New Worlds producing the

33622: 33274: 33165: 33058: 32860: 31487: 30938: 30907: 30854: 30761: 30681: 30580: 30064: 29894: 29889: 29727: 29574: 29485: 29480: 29437: 29304: 29283: 29079: 28759: 28449: 28433: 28159: 28135: 28054: 27462: 27225: 27036: 26988: 26860: 26750: 26655: 26422: 26412: 26384: 26249: 26020: 25839: 25804: 25709: 25684: 25373: 24870: 24822: 24762: 24598: 24519: 24379: 24302: 24260: 24139: 24089: 24074: 24057: 23957: 23845: 22186: 21862:

Christopher Columbus and the Afrikan Holocaust: Slavery and the Rise of European Capitalism

21370: 18725: 18547: 17743: 17244: 17195: 17144: 16312: 15844: 15645: 15232:"From '20. and odd' to 10 million: The growth of the slave population in the United States" 13816: 13692: 12681: 12358:

Diasporas within the Diaspora. Jews, Crypto-Jews and the World Maritime Empires (1510–1740)

8495: 8428: 8187: 7764: 7728:

In 1787, the British helped 400 freed slaves, primarily African Americans freed during the

7667:

two-thirds of France's overseas trade—because of Saint Domingue's wealth it was nicknamed "

7441: 7301: 7121: 7074: 6978: 6938: 6822: 5621:

in Charleston, South Carolina, received the majority of imported slaves from Bunce Island.

5065: 5030: 3945: 3860: 3375: 3236: 3157: 3084: 3051: 2884:, and ordered ship crews to watch slaves to prevent or prepare for possible slave revolts. 2416: 2081: 1726: 1630: 1593: 1521: 1465: 1334: 1291: 1105: 1035: 710: 392: 276: 183: 30174: 30044: 20093:

https://www.npr.org/2010/10/11/130489804/lincolns-evolving-thoughts-on-slavery-and-freedom

18106:

Fage, J. D. (1969). "Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Context of West African History".

16767:"Once the US's largest slave port, Charleston will open African American museum next year" 13716: 9461: 8381: 2307:

which gave Spain and Portugal rights to claim and colonize all non-Christian lands in the

2248:

and enslaved Africans before and during the Atlantic slave trade in Europe and Africa. In

8: 33617: 33229: 33020: 32927: 32809: 32768: 32763: 32656: 31958: 31548: 31393: 31303: 31151: 30925: 30826: 30636: 29909: 29797: 29696: 29495: 29278: 28810: 28793: 28299: 28238: 27837: 27195: 27110: 26590: 26379: 26269: 26199: 25824: 25774: 25729: 25719: 25704: 25694: 25679: 25659: 25634: 25624: 25614: 25368: 25188: 25178: 24620: 24369: 24062: 23980: 23975: 23925: 23825: 23693: 23340: 23330: 23256: 23129: 23124: 23024: 22926: 22909: 22852: 21344: 20730: 20365: 20361: 17844: 13063:

Rupprecht, Anita (Autumn 2007). "Excessive Memories: Slavery, Insurance and Resistance".

12413: 12027: 11607: 11541: 10650: 10382: 10232: 10012: 8820: 8258: 8227: 8217: 8151: 7936: 7737: 7573: 7404: 7376: 7344: 7261: 7232: 6933: 6923: 6742: 6735: 6698: 5888: 5811: 5705: 5630: 5459: 5383: 5333:, who sought auxiliaries for their conquest expeditions and labourers on islands such as 4581: 4167: 4000: 3905: 3092: 3088: 3027: 2652: 2531: 2522:

Slaves were marched in shackles to the coasts of Sudan, Ethiopia and Somali, placed upon

2507: 2495: 2408: 2262: 2193: 2101: 2066: 2054: 2017:

such as spices without having to obtain these items from Middle Eastern Islamic traders.

1916: 1866: 1214: 1194: 1079: 1064: 933: 904: 894: 784: 732: 700: 497: 355: 323: 318: 271: 128: 29884: 29802: 29772: 27842: 20158:"Slave resistance and the abolition of the trans-Atlantic slave trade to Brazil in 1850" 17567:. Based on "records for 27,233 voyages that set out to obtain slaves for the Americas". 17147:(1906). "Capt. Thomas Wheeler and his Men; with Capt. Edward Hutchinson at Brookfield". 13820: 13379: 10770: 9450:

Working the Diaspora: The Impact of African Labor on the Anglo-American World, 1650–1850

8637: 7564: 5409:, they became the leading slave traders. At one stage the trade was the monopoly of the 3035: 33571: 32850: 32621: 32520: 31837: 31708: 31698: 31665: 31410: 31318: 31273: 31263: 31156: 31120: 31111: 31041: 30978: 30912: 30791: 30741: 30731: 30259: 30244: 30109: 30094: 30014: 29954: 29919: 29145: 28533: 28519: 28514: 28268: 27910: 27847: 27590: 27048: 26815: 26795: 26700: 26625: 26452: 26357: 26347: 26335: 26226: 26123: 26098: 25844: 25819: 25724: 25664: 25639: 25609: 25599: 25198: 25193: 25183: 25173: 24886: 24864: 24384: 24243: 24218: 24188: 24149: 24032: 23875: 23514: 23407: 23387: 23345: 23310: 23266: 23193: 22874: 22693: 22307: 22036: 21946: 21881: 21857: 20892: 20884: 20685: 20618: 20579: 20467: 20070: 20042: 19999: 19951: 19887: 19753: 19724: 19690: 19215: 19110: 18690: 18664:"Quinine, an old antimalarial drug in a modern world: role in the treatment of malaria" 18663: 18252: 18217: 18209: 17958: 17952:"Chapter 5. Shackled to the Past: The Causes and Consequences of Africa's Slave Trades" 17564: 17471: 17437: 17433: 17423: 17285: 16898: 16616: 16454: 16119: 16007: 15935: 15570: 15258: 15231: 14552: 14125: 13847: 13802: 13777: 13740: 13174: 13166: 13115: 13107: 13068: 12753: 12654: 12212: 12161: 12070: 11986:"A Study of West African Slave Resistance from the Seventeenth to Nineteenth Centuries" 10968: 10488: 10120: 10069: 9573: 9446:"Cultivating Knowledge: African Tobacco and Cotton Workers in Colonial British America" 9412: 8604: 8386: 8326: 8309: 8273: 8123: 7981: 7818: 7806: 7636: 7557: 7513: 7349: 7270: 6983: 6886: 6875: 6853: 6731: 5869: 5831: 5801: 5753: 5618: 5583: 5475: 5120: 5038: 5022: 5021:

enslaved populations in the United States was the same on Jamaican plantations. In the

4322: 3875: 3431: 3419: 2969: 2616: 2449: 2213: 2178: 2121: 2077: 2062: 1929: 1830: 1460: 1306: 1281: 1271: 1236: 1231: 1199: 1164: 1157: 1098: 1091: 948: 767: 762: 752: 522: 375: 333: 328: 281: 249: 239: 176: 33097: 32502: 31947: 30329: 16792: 14267: 13934: 10360: 9908: 9405:

Global Goods and the Spanish Empire, 1492–1824: Circulation, Resistance, and Diversity

9317: 9097:

Eltis, David; Richardson, David (2002). "The Numbers Game". In Northrup, David (ed.).

8009: 7959:) issued a national apology for the role Africans played in the Atlantic slave trade. 5413:, operating out of London. But, following the loss of the company's monopoly in 1689, 2988: 1975:

The Atlantic slave trade developed after trade contacts were established between the "

397: 343: 33483: 33069: 32953: 32666: 32268: 31643: 31578: 31438: 31378: 31373: 31268: 31223: 31128: 31021: 31008: 30965: 30806: 30629: 30454: 30449: 30429: 30269: 30209: 30124: 30059: 29879: 29017: 28975: 28970: 28697: 28670: 28580: 28489: 28345: 28324: 28185: 28143: 27357: 27078: 26740: 26710: 26305: 26062: 26016: 25779: 25734: 25674: 25649: 25604: 25547: 24784: 24615: 24428: 24015: 23810: 23771: 23653: 23470: 23355: 23276: 23219: 22899: 22867: 22825: 22660: 22637: 22618: 22574: 22551: 22528: 22505: 22482: 22459: 22440: 22417: 22394: 22371: 22351: 22328: 22255: 22230: 22194: 22172: 22149: 22128: 22118: 22099: 22080: 22061: 22044: 22007: 21997: 21990:

From Slavery to Freedom: Comparative Studies in the Rise and Fall of Atlantic Slavery

21974: 21950: 21938: 21902: 21892: 21865: 21828: 21802: 21779: 21754: 21726: 21668: 21617: 21589: 21563: 21540: 21512: 21477: 21451: 21428: 21405: 21248: 21150: 21118: 20989: 20896: 20847: 20759: 20689: 20668: 20629: 20479: 20065: 20046: 20034: 20003: 19962: 19780: 19666: 19580: 19448: 19114: 18933: 18695: 18596: 18221: 18144: 18062: 18056: 17806: 17578: 17571: 17540: 17293: 17277: 17225: 17217: 17174: 17166: 17091: 16928: 16458: 16262: 16252: 16220: 16151: 16024: 16014: 15984: 15974: 15649: 15578: 15515: 15298: 15263: 15162: 15059: 15048: 14855: 14782: 14751: 14722: 14687: 14664: 14654: 14625: 14544: 14303: 14239: 14178: 14132: 14038: 14028: 14003: 13904: 13894: 13852: 13834: 13782: 13764: 13706: 13322: 13242: 13208: 13178: 13119: 12728: 12601: 12558: 12427: 12078: 11964: 11676: 11666: 11400: 11215: 11015: 10833: 10803: 10793: 10697: 10654: 10591: 10554: 10256: 10236: 10198: 10016: 9888: 9861: 9726: 9659: 9632: 9605: 9556: 9518: 9475: 9465: 9424: 9377: 9053: 8980: 8904: 8894: 8812: 8794: 8278: 8159: 7692:

the trade could be abolished "without substantial damage to the plantation economy".

7640: 7248: 6826: 6771: 6494: 5859: 5587: 5275: 5172: 4976: 4817: 4809: 4792: 4627: 4604: 4009: 3940: 3855: 3821: 3617: 3606: 3451: 3406: 3135: 3080: 3019: 2977: 2867: 2712: 2707: 2647: 2394: 2293:, was used as a justification by Spain to take lands from non-Christians West of the 2290: 2162: 2135: 2127: 2058: 2041: 1883: 1842:

was too costly and often ineffective and opted for established commercial relations.

1788: 1548: 1266: 1261: 1204: 1189: 1169: 991: 986: 921: 884: 717: 683: 512: 365: 254: 133: 31883: 20180: 19277:"The roots of European racism lie in the slave trade, colonialism – and Edward Long" 16955:"Freetown City Council Host CEO of the International African American Museum (IAAM)" 15967:

Epidemics and enslavement: biological catastrophe in the Native Southeast, 1492–1715

15507:

Sold Down the River Slavery in the Lower Chattahoochee Valley of Alabama and Georgia

15095: 14556: 14260:"Winthrop, reading by John Thornton, "African Political Ethics and the Slave Trade"" 14064: 12954: 12115:. United Nations, Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Archived from 7924:. Since then there have been a number of events recognizing the effects of slavery. 7274:

only decreed that a slave could not be transported out of England against his will.

4078:

characterized the deaths of millions of Africans during the Atlantic slave trade as

3311:

Daughters of the Trade: Atlantic Slavers and Interracial Marriage on the Gold Coast,

2586:

The Atlantic slave trading of Africans began in 1441 with two Portuguese explorers,

2020: 1875:). As property, the people were considered merchandise or units of labour, and were 33282: 33037: 32728: 32563: 31953: 31759: 31558: 31480: 31466: 31353: 31333: 31228: 31071: 31031: 30849: 30831: 30786: 30643: 30615: 30573: 30419: 30404: 30369: 30354: 30334: 30319: 30254: 30224: 30184: 30069: 30034: 30019: 29604: 29512: 29393: 29155: 28800: 28504: 28494: 28428: 28423: 28273: 27513: 27484: 27479: 27377: 27345: 27318: 27043: 26660: 26630: 26620: 26615: 26182: 25809: 25689: 25654: 25552: 25467: 25462: 24953: 24391: 24354: 24280: 24238: 24134: 24094: 23895: 23890: 23440: 23377: 23169: 22685: 22597: 22436: 22284: 22028: 21930: 21658: 21320: 20876: 20677: 20471: 20432: 20397: 20227: 20172: 20026: 19991: 19716: 19207: 19102: 19045: 19041: 18923: 18915: 18685: 18675: 18588: 18244: 18201: 18117: 18000: 17893: 17883: 17429: 17209: 17158: 17083: 16735: 16690: 16446: 16111: 15927: 15562: 15401: 15290: 15253: 15245: 15016: 14714: 14617: 14536: 13842: 13824: 13772: 13754: 13201:

Daughters of the Trade: Atlantic Slavers and Interracial Marriage on the Gold Coast

13158: 13099: 12361: 12327: 12204: 12153: 12062: 11813: 11171: 10583: 10480: 10112: 10061: 9979: 9775: 9718: 9565: 9510: 9457: 9416: 9373: 9102: 9007: 8596: 8268: 8207: 8034: 7448:, where they were made to serve as "apprentices" in the colonial economy until the 7425: 7278: 7176: 7033: 6998: 6963: 6958: 6833:

explained how European slavery differed from the slavery practiced by Africans and

6714: 6589: 6570: 6486: 6462: 5910: 5773: 5660: 5499:

from West Africa; these developed in the new world as religions that scholars call

5368: 5210:

Cuba and the other Caribbean islands that provided Southern states enslaved labor.

5198: 5197:

participated in the illegal slave trade and imported enslaved persons from Cuba to

4936: 4813: 4757: 4623: 4229: 4063: 3990: 3952: 3895: 3395: 3270: 3186: 3174: 3139: 3075: 2703: 2699: 2538:

route to the Nile, many of them dying from exposure or swollen feet along the way.

2381: 2353: 2277: 2205: 2109: 1997: 1940: 1800: 1738: 1316: 1311: 1301: 1276: 1241: 1209: 1179: 1052: 1040: 1018: 996: 943: 779: 747: 49: 22758: 22601: 22289: 22270: 20030: 19995: 19534:

All Honor to Jefferson?: The Virginia Slavery Debates and the Positive Good Thesis

18228: 17989:"The Economic, Political, and Social Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa" 15249: 12339: 12193:"Crossing the Lake of Fire: Slave Resistance during the Middle Passage, 1720-1842" 10453: 9940:"Limpieza de Sangre: Legal Applications of the Spanish Doctrine of "Blood Purity"" 6857: 4975:

Meltzer also states that 33% of Africans would have died in the first year at the

3689: 2998:. Most Portuguese contractors who obtained the asiento between 1580 and 1640 were 33653: 33607: 33432: 33384: 33368: 33336: 33205: 33048: 32984: 32916: 32799: 32758: 32715: 32615: 32514: 32428: 31943: 31795: 31749: 31713: 31688: 31511: 31431: 31424: 31343: 31338: 31308: 31293: 31258: 31105: 31101: 31097: 31089: 30594: 30434: 30389: 30384: 30364: 30239: 30214: 30189: 29869: 29864: 29817: 29787: 29614: 29532: 29490: 29475: 29299: 29138: 29058: 28718: 28675: 28630: 28402: 28387: 28263: 28233: 28202: 27508: 27335: 27245: 27240: 27171:

Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)

27021: 26976: 26830: 26820: 26800: 26785: 26685: 26560: 26550: 26189: 25877: 25814: 25769: 25669: 24675: 24608: 24504: 24465: 24349: 24292: 24164: 24067: 23965: 23885: 23880: 23830: 23669: 23541: 23422: 23402: 23397: 23392: 23382: 23081: 22952: 22879: 22862: 22744: 22245: 22210:

Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles, and the Foundation of the Americas, 1585–1660

21816: 21769: 21718: 21530: 20823: 20664:"Averting a Crisis: The Proslavery Critique of the American Colonization Society" 20602: 20111: 19927: 17117: 17113: 16417: 16208: 16100:"The End of the "White Man's Grave"? Nineteenth-Century Mortality in West Africa" 14225: 12353: 10739:. California Historical Society & California History-Social Science Project. 9853:

Genealogical Fictions Limpieza de Sangre, Religion, and Gender in Colonial Mexico

8890: 8134: 8119: 8115: 7948: 7652: 7569: 7540: 7533: 7505: 7257: 7243:"Am I not a woman and a sister?" antislavery medallion from the late 18th century 7080: 6842: 5997: 5845: 5536: 5488: 5395: 5391: 4777: 4722: 4562: 4136: 4085: 3870: 3792: 3654: 3590: 3423: 3220: 3213: 3067: 3023: 2893: 2664: 2575: 2546: 2349: 2220: 1850: 1647: 1538: 1533: 1286: 1256: 1251: 974: 938: 737: 655: 360: 106: 30129: 22749: 20920: 20599:

Why Did Black Londoners not join the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme 1783–1815?

16173:"The Side Effects of Immunity: Malaria and African Slavery in the United States" 10191:

Unsettling Truths: The Ongoing, Dehumanizing Legacy of the Doctrine of Discovery

8049:

A formal apology on behalf of the Dutch government was issued by Prime Minister

6852:

language, culture and religion." Scientific racism and the history of enslaving

5586:, which was the largest slave port in the United States. In the 17th century in 4476:

The timeline chart when the different nations transported most of their slaves.

3329:

formed political and economic bonds between European and African slave traders.

3098: 2741: 2587: 2452:

in Egypt enforced an annual tribute of 400 slaves from the Christian Kingdom of

33063: 33043: 33030: 32968: 32932: 32855: 32773: 32690: 32627: 32490: 32484: 32182: 31889: 31328: 30917: 30542: 30424: 30349: 30324: 30284: 29999: 29959: 29914: 29859: 29854: 29537: 29457: 29452: 29447: 28820: 28248: 27945: 27350: 27313: 27303: 27063: 27058: 27000: 26835: 26765: 26695: 26690: 26194: 26118: 25557: 24625: 24603: 24581: 24559: 24554: 24079: 24010: 23940: 23685: 23618: 23573: 23568: 23563: 23188: 23066: 20738: 20330: 20078: 19901: 19410:"The use of dubious science to defend racism is as old as the Founding Fathers" 19194:"The Ending of the Slave Trade and the Evolution of European Scientific Racism" 18785: 17769: 17105: 15466: 15430:"Exploitation and Resistance, Enslaved Motherhood at the University of Alabama" 14710:

Bury the Chains: Prophets, Slaves, and Rebels in the First Human Rights Crusade

14289: 13759: 13745: 13103: 12524:"The Royal African Company Trades for Commodities Along the West African Coast" 12331: 12157: 9658:. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated. pp. 9, 18, 32, 57, 150. 9577: 8233: 8175: 8018: 7994: 7968: 7760: 7340: 7291: 7265: 6973: 6781: 6005: 5975: 5926: 5906: 5821: 5769: 5684: 5664: 5399: 5342: 5326: 5259: 5235: 4944: 4929: 4903: 4887: 4837: 4769: 4741: 4665: 4543: 3880: 3572: 3439: 3415: 3379: 3367: 3244: 3181: 3003: 2941: 2787: 2767: 2680: 2634: 2631:, to use as slaves both on the Islands and across the Christian Mediterranean. 2624: 2518:

Enslaved Africans in chains marched to the East coast of Africa by Arab slavers

2499: 2338: 2197: 2189: 2158: 2070: 2050: 2049:, members of many European nationalities were involved, including sailors from 2013: 1911: 1907: 1891: 1887: 1808: 1804: 1731: 1625: 517: 158: 116: 31901: 31806: 31323: 28728: 22689: 22132: 21934: 20880: 18919: 18121: 18004: 17888: 17871: 17297: 16694: 15721: 15020: 14621: 14592: 14540: 14231:

King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa

14042: 13162: 10807: 9569: 9514: 9011: 8600: 7602: 7508:. The Africans on board were sold as slaves; however, slavery in the U.S. was 33724: 33074: 33053: 33025: 32963: 32922: 32911: 32871: 32830: 32825: 32788: 32734: 32538: 32508: 32306: 31784: 31568: 31288: 31283: 31243: 30552: 30507: 30487: 30459: 30344: 30294: 30274: 30194: 30039: 29994: 29949: 29844: 29767: 29732: 29584: 29133: 28907: 28620: 28443: 26903: 26885: 26875: 26845: 26790: 26745: 26730: 26675: 26665: 26650: 26600: 26595: 26565: 26362: 26290: 26113: 24767: 24544: 23674: 23435: 23119: 22501: 22324: 22096:

The Dutch in the Atlantic Economy, 1580–1880. Trade, Slavery and Emancipation

22077:

Extending the Frontiers: Essays on the New Transatlantic Slave Trade Database

21942: 21775: 21672: 21603: 21536: 21504: 21252: 20993: 20038: 19784: 18680: 17796: 17281: 17229: 17178: 17070: 16739: 16204: 15988: 14851: 14606:

Cohn, Raymond L. (September 1985). "Deaths of Slaves in the Middle Passage".

14548: 13838: 13768: 13507: 13445: 12484:

The Dutch in the Atlantic Economy, 1580–1880. Trade, Slavery and Emancipation

11817: 9420: 9313: 9195: 8127: 8065: 7904: 7656: 7644: 7631: 7627: 7429: 7143: 6905: 6800: 6788: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6685: 6641: 6583: 6561: 6511: 6446: 5849: 5717: 5709: 5591: 5308: 5295: 5291: 4291: 3774: 3699: 3530: 3466: 3282: 3118: 2995: 2965: 2808: 2729: 2571: 2567: 2303: 2224: 2147: 2001: 1988: 1839: 1826: 1669: 1598: 1045: 1028: 803: 633: 623: 407: 57: 29120: 22769: 22298:

Landers, Jane (1984). "Spanish Sanctuary: Fugitives in Florida, 1687–1790".

22011: 21795:

African Voices of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Beyond the Silence and the Shame

21663: 21556:

Where the Negroes are masters: an African port in the era of the slave trade

20475: 20176: 19771:

Short, Giles D. (1977). "Blood and Treasure: The reduction of Lagos, 1851".

18235:

Pares, Richard (1937). "The Economic Factors in the History of the Empire".

17074: 16266: 16028: 13829: 13088:"Partners or Captives in Commerce?: The Role of Africans in the Slave Trade" 11668:

African Voices of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Beyond the Silence and the Shame

7740:" following the failed first attempt at colonization between 1787 and 1789. 5756:, Tucuman, and Salta Jujuy as well as to Chile, Paraguay, and what is today 5679: 4928:

After being captured and held in the factories, slaves entered the infamous

33552: 33544: 32886: 32840: 32814: 32753: 32633: 31648: 31573: 31363: 31313: 31253: 31248: 31238: 30844: 30771: 30650: 30601: 30587: 30502: 30464: 30439: 30394: 30379: 30359: 30279: 30179: 30169: 30119: 30114: 30104: 30084: 30074: 29989: 29849: 29757: 29649: 29564: 29517: 28902: 28690: 28685: 28665: 28660: 28655: 28645: 28635: 28615: 28610: 28550: 28392: 27215: 26983: 26908: 26880: 26865: 26850: 26805: 26780: 26760: 26670: 26640: 26635: 26605: 26555: 26407: 26093: 24756: 24692: 24233: 23460: 23076: 22547: 22098:. Variorum Collected Studies Series. Vol. CS614. Aldershot: Variorum. 22048: 21798: 21526: 21465: 21243: 21178: 21049: 21020:"Government apologises for the Netherlands' role in the history of slavery" 20984: 20963:[Apologies for involvement and measures] (in Dutch). Archived from 20705: 20563: 19891: 19834: 19281: 18699: 18177:

The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume II: The Eighteenth Century

17095: 17011:"Tracing the Trade in Enslaved Africans back to Bunce Island, Sierra Leone" 15582: 15267: 14629: 13856: 13786: 12266: 12082: 11672: 9140: 8991:

It is now estimated that 11,863,000 slaves were shipped across the Atlantic

8972: 8194: 8078: 7960: 7802: 7733: 7517: 7445: 7421:

Castlereagh's strategy on how to stifle the slave trade proved successful.

6869: 6759: 6490: 6010: 5736: 5610: 5606: 5438: 5387: 5362:

for slave labour, after 1570 they began importing Africans, as a series of

5255: 5203: 5168: 5089: 4961: 4850: 4761: 4646: 4524: 3840: 3802: 3788: 3740: 3671: 3544: 3538: 3526: 3462: 3031: 2968:, Mexico, suggests enslaved Africans had been brought there not long after 2897: 2851: 2827: 2799: 2754: 2562: 2491: 2369: 2361: 2320: 2270: 2131: 2045: 2040:, although many of the initial Atlantic naval explorations were led by the 1980: 1899: 1876: 1674: 1511: 1487: 1393: 1386: 1117: 645: 618: 581: 559: 446: 163: 143: 121: 111: 101: 96: 86: 30309: 21324: 20681: 20663: 19480:

Library of Society of Friends Subject Guide: Abolition of the Slave Trade.

15931: 15840:"Before the Civil War, New Orleans Was the Center of the U.S. Slave Trade" 12140:"African Resistance to Enslavement: The Nature and the Evidentiary Record" 10886: 10587: 7922:

International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition

7576:

shakes hands with Jefferson Davis, representing the Southern slave system.

7228: 6810: 6021:

plantations created up to one-in-twenty of every pound circulating in the

5721: 5602: 2460:

treaty, which was to be in effect for centuries. It supplied Africans for

926: 33266: 33010: 32958: 32778: 32721: 32526: 32478: 31563: 31538: 31526: 31388: 30374: 30304: 30099: 30079: 30029: 29944: 29934: 29711: 29236: 29178: 29042: 28887: 28880: 28640: 28605: 28600: 28595: 28590: 28319: 28253: 27235: 27220: 27068: 27031: 26870: 26825: 26810: 26575: 26570: 26417: 24648: 24576: 24492: 24312: 24037: 23455: 23372: 23086: 23071: 22413: 22223:

The Deepest South: The United States, Brazil, and the African Slave Trade

21906: 21824: 21378: 20109:[The controversial debate on reparations for slavery in Brazil]. 18928: 18748:"European and African interaction from the 15th through the 18th century" 18327: 17898: 17660: 17573:

Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience

17047:. Lowcountry Digital Library at the College of Charleston. Archived from 16450: 16285: 16213:

When Disease Makes History: Epidemics and Great Historical Turning Points

15372:. Lowcountry Digital Library at the College of Charleston. Archived from 14684:

Royal Navy Versus the Slave Traders: Enforcing Abolition at Sea 1808–1898

14668: 13977:

Contours of the world economy 1–2030 AD: Essays in macro-economic history

13515: 13415:. Lowcountry Digital Library at the College of Charleston. Archived from 11713:. Lowcountry Digital Library at the College of Charleston. Archived from 11175: 11098:. Lowcountry Digital Library at the College of Charleston. Archived from 11056:. Colonial History. London: Dawsons of Pall Mall. 1968. pp. 203–204. 10911: 9687: 9408: 9224:. Lowcountry Digital Library at the College of Charleston. Archived from 8977:

The Black Diaspora: Five Centuries of the Black Experience Outside Africa

7660: 7504:, which in 1859 illegally smuggled a number of Africans into the town of 6606: 6018: 5745: 5668: 5614: 5571: 5406: 5359: 5312: 5176: 4067:

market, the kind of work performed, gender, age, religion, and language.

3734: 3730: 3723: 3598: 3566: 3552: 3427: 3337: 2885: 2876: 2839: 2804: 2791: 2783: 2758: 2672: 2595: 2551: 2329: 2200:

and then from mainland Africa, initially from Arab slave traders via the

2170: 1882:

The major Atlantic slave trading nations, in order of trade volume, were

1812: 1796: 1516: 1504: 857: 660: 650: 608: 422: 23107: 22697: 22311: 21771:

Public Memory of Slavery: Victims and Perpetrators in the South Atlantic

21239:"Bank of England apologises for role of former directors in slave trade" 20888: 20640:

Originally published by Longman & Dalhousie University Press (1976).

19757: 18778:"Learning from Slavery– The Legacy of the Slave Trade on Modern Society" 15939: 15913: 13618: 13072: 12658: 10855:

Slavery and African life: occidental, oriental, and African slave trades

9279: 7455: 4062:

The trade led to the destruction of individuals and cultures. Historian

2954: 2153: 2130:(Portugal and Spain) of Western Europe throughout recorded history. The 33491: 33440: 33376: 33103: 32978: 32891: 32875: 32783: 32532: 32014: 31660: 31594: 31358: 31218: 31138: 31081: 30801: 30482: 30444: 30409: 30204: 30024: 30004: 29974: 29969: 29929: 29874: 29812: 29792: 29777: 29589: 29547: 29190: 28680: 28650: 28359: 28278: 28258: 28065: 26770: 26755: 26725: 26720: 26469: 26437: 26276: 26244: 24735: 24643: 24549: 24482: 24255: 22387:

The French Atlantic Triangle: Literature and Culture of the Slave Trade

22142:

The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589

22040: 20583: 19728: 19219: 19193: 19091:"Slavery, Anthropological Knowledge, and the Racialization of Africans" 18256: 18213: 17289: 13948:

Paths of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Interactions, Identities, and Images

13111: 13087: 12216: 12192: 12165: 12139: 12074: 12050: 10492: 10468: 10124: 10100: 10073: 9136:"Transatlantic slavery continued for years after 1867, historian finds" 8107: 8050: 7939:

as a permanent remembrance of the victims of the Atlantic slave trade.

7909: 7306: 7282: 6653: 6649: 6461:

Other historians have attacked both Rodney's methodology and accuracy.

6455: 5891:

in history, eclipsing even the far-flung, but less-dense, expansion of

5713: 5575: 5543: 5467: 5462:, 1836, lithograph. In 1834, Britain abolished slavery in its colonies. 5430: 5426: 5422: 5338: 5251: 5143: 5124: 4952: 4753: 4749: 4600: 3806: 3748: 3719: 3715: 3636: 3632: 3520: 3499: 3435: 3371: 3247:, became the source for enslaved people to meet the demand for labour. 3071: 3047: 2958: 2881: 2855: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2608: 2603: 2591: 2345:

in 1479 provided traders the right to supply Spaniards with Africans."

2266: 2211:

In the 15th century, Spain enacted a racially discriminatory law named

2188:

In the 15th century, when the Balkan slave trade was taken over by the

2143: 2029: 1858: 1833:

was less than one year during the period of the slave trade because of

1817: 1664: 961: 665: 532: 27106:

Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)

24571: 21402:

African Economic History: Internal Development and External Dependency

20945:[Slavery commemoration speech 2021] (in Dutch). Archived from 20844:

The New Age of Empire: How Racism and Colonialism Still Rule the World

19694: 17713:"Britain's Slave Owner Compensation Loan, reparations and tax havenry" 16123: 16099: 15745:"What Does 'Sold Down The River' Really Mean? The Answer Isn't Pretty" 15574: 15548: 14523:"Revealing the Relationship Between Ship Crowding and Slave Mortality" 13239:

Ouidah: the social history of a West African slaving 'port', 1727–1892

13170: 13146: 12452: 8608: 8582: 4935:

Raymond L. Cohn, an economics professor whose research has focused on

4046: 3043: 31543: 30622: 30234: 30139: 30009: 29979: 29552: 29507: 29200: 28892: 28855: 28850: 27384: 27230: 26735: 26519: 26457: 26352: 24401: 24020: 23870: 22544:

Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World

20616:

Walker, James W. (1992). "Chapter Five: Foundation of Sierra Leone".

19636: 18319: 18157: 17528:

Dauenhauer, Nora Marks; Dauenhauer, Richard; Black, Lydia T. (2008).

15283:"Women and Reproduction in the United States during the 19th Century" 15154:

Slave Breeding: Sex, Violence, and Memory in African American History

13999: 13553: 12464: 11211: 10829: 10579: 9327: 8521: 8167: 8130:

praised Mayor Livingstone and added that reparations should be made.

8099: 7614: 6601: 5516: 5483: 5418: 5363: 5330: 5243: 4984: 4788: 4781: 4709: 4056: 3995: 3228: 2249: 2012:

create an alternative trade network to that controlled by the Muslim

1984: 1976: 909: 574: 436: 26031: 22567:

Saltwater Slavery: A Middle Passage from Africa to American Diaspora

22191:

Slavery and African Ethnicities in the Americas: Restoring the Links

22032: 19720: 19211: 18248: 18205: 17561:

W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for African and African-American Research

16609:"Cuba and the United States in the Atlantic Slave Trade (1789–1820)" 14212:

Peoples and Empires of West Africa: West Africa in History 1000–1800

12208: 12066: 12051:"Shipboard Revolts, African Authority, and the Atlantic Slave Trade" 10484: 10383:"AD 1493: The Pope asserts rights to colonize, convert, and enslave" 10116: 10065: 9206:] (in French). Presses Universitaires de France. pp. 54–58. 7843: 6474: 5965:

A 19th-century lithograph showing a sugarcane plantation in Suriname

5690:

The Spanish and Portuguese colonized South America and enslaved the

2494:(from the ninth to the nineteenth) ... Four million enslaved people 2028:

ships and traveled south along the West African coast and colonized

591: 33258: 32942: 32900: 32397: 31521: 31368: 31348: 31213: 30199: 30149: 30054: 29939: 29522: 28860: 27857: 27852: 27362: 24777: 24715: 24487: 24406: 22753: 21315: 21283: 21145: 21113: 20915: 19414: 19106: 17837:"Riches & misery: the consequences of the Atlantic slave trade" 17259:

Winiarski, Douglas L. (September 2004). Rhoads, Linda Smith (ed.).

16147:

Abson & Company Slave Traders in Eighteenth-Century West Africa

16115: 15566: 15152: 14439: 14386: 13929: 12852:"Indian cotton textiles in the eighteenth-century Atlantic economy" 10927:

Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem

8171: 7752: 7286: 6001: 5993: 5696: 5567: 5547: 5512: 5299: 5227: 5054: 4895: 4079: 3985: 3829: 3796: 3602: 3474: 3232: 3190: 2999: 2628: 2434: 2365: 2323:- The Curse of Ham was used as a justification to enslave Africans. 2308: 2236: 2228: 2174: 2113: 1792: 1499: 1057: 1001: 953: 613: 458: 313: 219: 29: 27121:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

22782: 22634:

The Slave Trade: The History of the Atlantic Slave Trade 1440–1870

22344:

The Final Victims: Foreign Slave Trade to North America, 1783–1810

21582:

Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800

17533:, Russians in Tlingit America: The Battles of Sitka, 1802 and 1804 16432:"The Birmingham Gun Trade and The American System of Manufactures" 15710:"The 'Capitalized Womb': A Review of Ned and Constance Sublette's 15641:

The American Slave Coast: A History of the Slave-Breeding Industry

13741:"Characterizing the admixed African ancestry of African Americans" 9495:"Colonial Tobacco: Key Commodity of the Spanish Empire, 1500–1800" 9479: 8908: 6615:

created the financial conditions for Britain's industrialisation.

5171:

supplied slaves to the Deep South carried on boats going down the

5079: 3298: 3063: 2315: 33328: 30657: 30264: 29599: 29579: 29205: 28897: 28585: 28309: 28228: 28119: 26474: 22765:

British documents on slave holding and the slave trade, 1788–1793

22165:

Slaves and Englishmen: Human Bondage in the Early Modern Atlantic

21210: 14167:

Peterson, Derek R.; Gavua, Kodzo; Rassool, Ciraj (2 March 2015).

12805: 12793: 12571: 12504: 11280: 11278: 8924:"The Discovery of the Americas and the Transatlantic Slave Trade" 8074: 7956: 7790: 7663:

planned a slave insurrection inspired by the Haitian Revolution.

7529: 7520:, who died in 1935, was long believed to be the last survivor of 7336: 6727: 6703: 6522: 5989: 5757: 5729: 5725: 5701: 5579: 5479: 5414: 5247: 5231: 5186: 5006: 4980: 4957: 4870: 4858: 4825: 4773: 3778: 3764: 3758: 3744: 3594: 3584: 3548: 3516: 3445: 3352: 3315: 2937: 2846: 2835: 2453: 2377: 2334: 2232: 2025: 1993: 1834: 1482: 564: 244: 61: 33214:

Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States

28365: 21532:

Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution

18059:

Bordeaux in the 18th century: trans-Atlantic trading and slavery

17221: 17170: 14976:"Amelia Island Pays Homage to Slaves Middle Passage with Marker" 14940:"The Case Against a Nineteenth-Century Cuba-Florida Slave Trade" 11842: 10646:

The Slave Trade The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440-1870

10228:

The Slave Trade The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440-1870

10008:

The Slave Trade The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440-1870

8576: 8574: 6758:

because she led a war against the British for possession of the

6681: 5294:

on the skin which left deep scars, commonly causing significant

3219:

The Atlantic slave trade was the result of, among other things,

2514: 33290: 31963: 31655: 31553: 30532: 30414: 29899: 29594: 29569: 29416: 29173: 28865: 28096: 27308: 22813: 19342:"Skulls in print: scientific racism in the transatlantic world" 18873:"Hidden Histories of Ghana's Slave Forts and Castles 1482-2022" 18581:"The Archaeology of Slavery in Atlantic West Africa, 1450–1900" 18402:

Economic Growth and the Ending of the Transatlantic Slave Trade

17205: 17154: 17121: 16582: 16281:"British History in depth: British Slaves on the Barbary Coast" 11598:"Women Leaders in African History: Ana Nzinga, Queen of Ndongo" 11007: 10147:"Miscegenation and Racism: Afro-Mexicans in Colonial New Spain" 9365: 8787: 8785: 8353:

Prelude to Empire: Portugal Overseas Before Henry the Navigator

8253: 7932: 7917: 7822: 6694: 6478: 5741: 5622: 5524: 5304: 5239: 5034: 4899: 4846: 4841: 4516: 4353: 3768: 3693: 3683: 3625: 3534: 2973: 2750: 2555: 2426: 2294: 2245: 2241: 1854: 1184: 1006: 586: 569: 431: 266: 234: 33150:

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave

30673: 20107:"O polêmico debate sobre reparações pela escravidão no Brasil" 19601:"Danish decision to abolish transatlantic slave trade in 1792" 18057:

François Hubert, Christian Block and Jacques de Cauna (2010).

11275: 9915:. Center for Research and Dissemination of Sephardic Culture. 7239: 5748:. Once arriving in Buenos Aires, they could be sent as far as 5663:(not, in fact, opposing combatants, but imprisoned members of 5005:

Enslaved people inside a sugar boiling house on the island of

2858:

revolted and took control of the ship. This incident led to a

2421: 31383: 30399: 30339: 29782: 29609: 28524: 27120: 21821:

The American Crucible: Slavery, Emancipation and Human Rights

21702:

African Re-Genesis: Confronting Social Issues in the Diaspora

21689:

African Re-Genesis: Confronting Social Issues in the Diaspora

21206:"Bank of England says sorry for slave links as UK faces past" 19030:"Trans-Atlantic Slavery and the Internationalization of Race" 15549:"Work, Pregnancy, and Infant Mortality among Southern Slaves" 15122:"Historical Context: Facts about the Slave Trade and Slavery" 13272: 13270: 12317:"Hawkins, Sir John (1532–1595), merchant and naval commander" 9042:"The Slave Trade: The Formal Demographics of a Global System" 8571: 8025:

apologized for his country's involvement in the slave trade.

8022: 7952: 7609: 5471: 5374: 5194: 5014: 4951:

Despite the vast profits of slavery, the ordinary sailors on

4906:, reducing the number of those shipped to 17.5 million. 4849:

settlements of Africa's west coast, particularly the French.

4765: 3782: 3711: 3707: 3610: 3580: 3562: 2871: 2815: 2795: 2742:

African resistance movements against the Atlantic slave trade

2686: 2671:, sailed to the Guinea Coast and his voyage was supported by 2639: 2579: 2373: 441: 427: 402: 21967:

The Atlantic Slave Trade from West Central Africa, 1780–1867

19627:

White Fury: A Jamaican Slaveholder and the Age of Revolution

18268: 18266: 13512:

The World is a Ghetto: Race and Democracy Since World War II

11918:"African-American Passages: Black Lives in the 19th Century" 9497:. In Topik, Steven; Marichal, Carlos; Frank, Zephyr (eds.). 8782: 6458:, which was funded by plantation owners from the Caribbean. 5625:

in the Sea Islands can trace their ancestry to Sierra Leone.

3389: 3231:

diseases. Furthermore, in the mid-16th century, the Spanish

29984: 29195: 29185: 27165: 21470:

Transformations in Slavery - A History of Slavery in Africa

19572:

Deliver Us from Evil: The Slavery Question in the Old South

16613:

Hutchins Center for African & African American Research

14382:"The Story of Africa: West African Kingdoms: Ife and Benin" 13352: 13350: 13311:

Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (2012).

11844:"Slavery and the Natural World, People and the Slave Trade" 9763: 9680:"Iberian Roots of the Transatlantic Slave Trade, 1440–1640" 9316:; Sampaolo, Marco; Wallenfeldt, Jeff (30 September 2019) . 9200:

Conquête et exploitation des nouveaux mondes (xvie siècles)

5749: 5528: 5520: 5334: 3703: 3576: 3288: 2523: 2457: 308: 138: 21640:

Borucki, Alex; Eltis, David; Wheat, David (1 April 2015).

21493:

Transformations in Slavery: a history of slavery in Africa

20980:"Dutch PM apologises for Netherlands' role in slave trade" 19490: 19488: 19486: 19469:

The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution: 1770–1823

19136:"Confronting Anti-Black Racism Resource Scientific Racism" 19068:"The Transatlantic Slave Trade Led to the Birth of Racism" 18324:"Chapter Thirty-One: Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist" 14025:

Lose your mother: a journey along the Atlantic slave route

13531:

Unraveling Somalia: Race, Class, and the Legacy of Slavery

13267: 11468: 11466: 11427: 11312: 11036: 11034: 9312: 9164: 3503:

Major slave trading regions of Africa, 15th–19th centuries

3266:

Slaves embarked to America from 1450 until 1866 by country

3258:

Slaves embarked to America from 1450 until 1800 by country

3251:

English, French and Portuguese with African slave labour.

33:

Reproduction of a handbill advertising a slave auction in

29385: 28870: 21751:

The Atlantic Slave Trade and British Abolition, 1760–1810

21642:"Atlantic History and the slave Trade to Spanish America" 20796: 20254:"The United States and the Haitian Revolution, 1791–1804" 19815: 19658:

Language, Discourse and Power in African American Culture

18721: 18552: 18289:. Vol. II: The Eighteenth Century. pp. 415–439. 18263: 18137:

A History of the Global Economy: From 1500 to the Present

17603:"Understanding the Database - Methodology - Introduction" 17527: 17327: 16398:

The Atlantic Slave Trade and British Abolition, 1760–1810

16327:

Informed Power: Communication in the Early American South

15752: 13799: 13737: 13241:. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. pp. 148–149. 12688: 12286:"Skeletons Discovered: First African Slaves in New World" 11634: 11622: 11251:"Africa, Europe, and the Rise of Afro-America, 1441-1619" 11126: 10616: 9817:"The Early Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: Emperor Charles V" 9252: 9152: 8848:"Shipwreck Shines Light on Historic Shift in Slave Trade" 8491: 8424: 8403: 8401: 7390: 4829: 3494: 2372:, they would inevitably remain permanently subjugated by 2095: 33126:

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano

29121:

Plantation agriculture in the Southeastern United States

20819:"Benin Officials Apologize For Role In U.S. Slave Trade" 14150: 14148: 13488: 13476: 13464: 13452: 13391: 13389: 13347: 12832: 12700: 12590:

Rawley, James A.; Behrendt, Stephen D. (December 2005).

9204:

Conquest and exploitation of new worlds (16th centuries)

9035: 9033: 5478:) in 1502. Cuba received its first four slaves in 1513. 2913:

Map of Meridian Line set under the Treaty of Tordesillas

2563:

European colonization and slavery in West-Central Africa

2380:. He wrote that the fact that so many Africans had been 2165:(blue) in the period of their personal union (1581–1640) 1949:

Population history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas

22410:

The Dutch Atlantic: Slavery, Abolition and Emancipation

22244:

Inikori, Joseph E.; Engerman, Stanley L., eds. (1992).

22193:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. 21421:

Slave Ship Sailors and Their Captive Cargoes, 1730–1807

20869:

International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society

20541: 20539: 20208:, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 114–128. 19483: 19246:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

18714:"Implications of the slave trade for African societies" 17569:

Behrendt, Stephen (1999). "Transatlantic Slave Trade".

16044:""The White Man's Grave:" Image and Reality, 1780-1850" 14649:. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 12647:

The International Journal of African Historical Studies

12626: 11646: 11478: 11463: 11451: 11439: 11415: 11031: 10261:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

9018: 8488:"Implications of the slave trade for African societies" 7592: 7476: 6841:

and African peoples were seen as less than human. This

6469: 2590:

and António Gonçalves. Tristão and Gonçalves sailed to

22321:

Captives as Commodities: The Transatlantic Slave Trade

20643: 20139:"É hora de falar sobre escravidão mercantil e moderna" 19444:

After Abolition Britain and the Slave Trade Since 1807

18996: 16245:

Epidemics and history: disease, power, and imperialism

14675: 14366:[Precolonial Mali] (in French). Archived from 13370:"Historical survey > The international slave trade" 13255: 11072: 11060: 9294: 9240: 9176: 9044:. In Inikori, Joseph E.; Engerman, Stanley L. (eds.). 8398: 8038:

municipal government of Amsterdam, which co-owned the

3338:

African awareness of the conditions of the slave trade

3058:

became deeper involved in slave trade. From 1677, the

2425:

A depiction of enslaved people transported across the

22761: – Teaching resources at Black History 4 Schools 19500: 15683:"Slavebreeding in the South's "Peculiar Institution"" 14218: 14145: 13386: 9604:. Princeton University Press. pp. 26, 142, 175. 9349: 9030: 6604:, in his influential economic history of capitalism, 4092: 22653:

Atlantic Africa and the Spanish Caribbean, 1570–1640

20536: 16495:"Aug. 1, 1834: Britain Passes Slavery Abolition Act" 14435:"The Story of Africa: Slavery: African Slave Owners" 14166: 13958: 13956: 13925:"Quick guide: The slave trade; Who were the slaves?" 13649: 10879:"Slave trade: a root of contemporary African Crisis" 7483:

Post-1808 importation of slaves to the United States

7399:

Abolition of Slavery The Glorious 1st of August 1838

6900: 6627:

A Linen Market with enslaved Africans. West Indies,

5107:

Post-1808 importation of slaves to the United States

2192:

and the Black Sea slave trade was supplanted by the

1439:

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

21045:"African chiefs urged to apologise for slave trade" 20295:

Archives and Special Collections of Richter Library

18818:. GeoPolitical Futures. 3 June 2016. Archived from 18428:"Ghana 2022 International Religious Freedom Report" 17124:, and sent to Jamaica, but upon the importunity of 16644:"The Christianization of Slaves in the West Indies" 14131:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 13008:

Side Effects of Immunities: the African Slave Trade

11707:"African Participation and Resistance to the Trade" 9884:

An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States

9756: 9754: 8879:"Slave Cooking and Meals – Arrival in the Americas" 8638:"Confronting the Legacy of the African Slave Trade" 8098:in the slave trade. It was unanimously agreed that 7424:Prime Minister Palmerston detested slavery, and in 6548:

Historiography of the British Empire § Slavery

4873:) was horrified at the conclusion of the practice: 2086:

global silver trade from the 16th to 18th centuries

33694:Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery 29151:Plantation complexes in the Southern United States 22707:"Slave-grown cotton in Greater Manchester museums" 21964: 21880: 21311:"Ala. governor signs bill apologizing for slavery" 20617: 19950: 18302:Econocide: British Slavery in the Era of Abolition 18090:A Cultural History of the Atlantic World 1250–1820 17570: 17077:The Doings and Sufferings of the Christian Indians 16006: 15047: 14124: 13872:"Jon Stewart: Slave trade caused 5 million deaths" 12644: 12326:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 12315: 12244:"Details of Brutal First Slave Voyages Discovered" 10777: 10612:"The Historical Origins and Development of Racism" 8979:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 4. 8870: 8793: 6863: 5979:Slaves processing tobacco in 17th-century Virginia 5653:The Doings and Sufferings of the Christian Indians 2667:and left with a few slaves. In 1564, Hawkin's son 21639: 21375:"Obama praises 'historic' Senate slavery apology" 20624:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 20464:A Global History of Trade and Conflict since 1500 20425:"A History of United States Policy Towards Haiti" 18080: 18078: 17208:: The Rockwell and Churchill Press. p. 479. 17157:: The Rockwell and Churchill Press. p. 109. 14334:"Benin seeks forgiveness for role in slave trade" 13953: 12811: 12799: 12577: 12510: 12470: 12458: 12272: 10257:"Colonization, Captivity, and Catholic Authority" 8877:Covey, Herbert C.; Eisnach, Dwight, eds. (2009). 7732:who had been evacuated to London, to relocate to 6541: 3426:. Wars among tiny states along the Niger River's 2904: 33722: 29247:Slave health on plantations in the United States 27156:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 23715: 22738:Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database 21174:"Livingstone weeps as he apologises for slavery" 19163:"The story of Black slavery in Canadian history" 17915:"The Long-Term Effects of Africa's Slave Trades" 17792: 17790: 17788: 17786: 17608:Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database 17104:But this shows the prudence and fidelity of the 16831:Boston African American National Historical Park 16545:"The Black Experience in Colonial Latin America" 15287:Oxford Research Encyclopedias / American History 15126:The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History 13444:. London: R. Baldwin. p. 21. Archived from 12718: 12550:The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600–1815 11956:Fighting the Slave Trade West African Strategies 10546: 10326:The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History 9751: 9684:The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History 9218:"Launching the Portuguese Slave Trade in Africa" 8928:The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History 7365:US Constitution (Article 1, Section 9, Clause 1) 5346: 5111:History of slavery in the United States by state 4727:The cries of Africa to the inhabitants of Europe 3320: 3087:. In 1682, Spain allowed governors from Havana, 2126:By the 15th century, slavery had existed in the 1787:involved the transportation by slave traders of 1554:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution 33648:List of last surviving American enslaved people 31836: 28758: 27201:Black players in professional American football 27151:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 22473:Rawley, James A.; Behrendt, Stephen D. (2005). 22407: 22269:Jensen, Niklas Thode; Simonsen, Gunvor (2016). 22243: 22207: 22074: 20569: 20501:"Sugar & the Rise of the Plantation System" 20219:"Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the U. S." 16461:. Archived from the original on 21 October 2015 16203: 15195:"A Guide to the History of Slavery in Maryland" 13917: 13698:Slavery and African Ethnicities in the Americas 13310: 9715:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History 9096: 8122:) apologized publicly for London's role in the 4983:held one of the most notorious of these camps. 3002:. For Portuguese merchants, many of whom were " 33238:Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo" 29252:Treatment of the enslaved in the United States 22472: 22268: 22075:Eltis, David; Richardson, David, eds. (2008). 21036: 19916:"Cudjo Lewis: Last African Slave in the U.S.?" 19799:"The Royal Navy and the Battle to End Slavery" 18472:Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies 18075: 17872:"The legacies of slavery in and out of Africa" 17826:. D.C. Heath & Company, 1994, pp. 148–160. 17389:"The Practicality of Slavery in Latin America" 17323:"What It Means To Be 'Black In Latin America'" 17252: 16797:Boston African American National Historic Site 16342:. International Slavery Museum. Archived from 14429: 14427: 12589: 12411: 11737:"The history of the transatlantic slave trade" 10783: 10469:"The Iberian Roots of American Racist Thought" 10450:"The bull of Julius II in Portuguese archives" 10101:"The Iberian Roots of American Racist Thought" 9631:. Princeton University Press. pp. 55–60. 9628:The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity 9601:The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity 8800:. The Viking Press. pp. Introduction–1–5. 7416:American laws was unacceptable to Washington. 6534:History", he notes that for West Africans "... 6247:World population (by percentage distribution) 5613:exported tens of thousands of Africans to the 3647: 3446:Slavery in Africa and the New World contrasted 3285:occurred without any justice for the victims. 3070:. The Spanish proposed to get the slaves from 2706:, took control of the south-western region of 2368:", claimed that due to the curse imposed upon 2088:and led to direct European involvement in the 32413: 31822: 29401: 29106: 28744: 28081: 26047: 23986:Drafting and ratification of the Constitution 23701: 22798: 22774: 22430: 21077:"Liverpool and the transatlantic slave trade" 20601:(Unpublished master's dissertation). London: 20297:. University of Miami Library. Archived from 18437:. Office of International Religious Freedom. 17783: 17591: 17421: 16891:"The Importation and Sale of Enslaved People" 16679:"Colonization and slavery in central America" 15718:African American Intellectual History Society 14412:. Vol. V. July–December 1854. p. 94 13290:"William Ansah Sessarakoo, Slave Trader born" 13056: 12024:Department of the State United States America 11800:"The Fante and the Transatlantic Slave Trade" 10995: 10414:"The Papal Bull Inter Caetera of May 4, 1493" 9860:. pp. 1–10, 11–20, 21–30, 31–40, 41–50. 9396: 9073: 9071: 9069: 8819:. Department of Art History and Archaeology, 8382:"Opinion – How to End the Slavery Blame-Game" 7747:from Nova Scotia settled and established the 7460: 7209: 6481:shells were used as money in the slave trade. 5650:through Atlantic trade routes. The 1677 work 5298:. Some Europeans, who believed the plague of 5033:. A clandestine slave ferry operated between 4027: 2757:cavalry returning with captives from a raid, 2702:in 1535. In 1571, Portugal, supported by the 2253: 1760: 31446:Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island 26914:Historically black colleges and universities 24910:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 20596: 20422: 19975: 19896:. 29 October 1859. p. 1. Archived from 17120:, and sold for a slave to some merchants at 16921:"Slavery and the Slave Trade in New England" 14868: 14735: 12674:"The South Sea Company's slaving activities" 12407: 12405: 12374: 10899: 10567: 9880: 9306: 8876: 8106:On 27 November 2006, British Prime Minister 5570:received its first enslaved people in 1533. 2822:built along the slave coast in West Africa. 2506:, perhaps as many as nine million along the 1559:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom 22611:Slavery and the Rise of the Atlantic System 22058:The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas 21841: 21418: 20961:"Excuses voor betrokkenheid en maatregelen" 20813: 20811: 20073:. 30 August 1859. p. 4. Archived from 19160: 17521: 17116:; and the other, Joseph, taken prisoner in 16368:. New York: Universal Library, 1963, p. 48. 15464: 14424: 14209: 13547: 13046:The rise of African slavery in the Americas 12970:Slavery and the Rise of the Atlantic System 12880: 12694: 10728: 10689:Racism: A Very Short Introduction (2nd edn) 9774:. Studies in Global Slavery. Vol. 11. 9655:Slavery in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia 9437: 9170: 8552:"The capture and sale of enslaved Africans" 8094:passed a formal motion apologising for the 7872:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 7685:Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux 7343:'s slave trade in the 1780s, and from 1789 3657:with which European traders had to barter. 32420: 32406: 31829: 31815: 29408: 29394: 29113: 29099: 28938:Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor 28751: 28737: 28128:A House Divided: Denmark Vesey's Rebellion 28088: 28074: 26054: 26040: 23708: 23694: 22805: 22791: 22208:Heywood, Linda; Thornton, John K. (2007). 18871:Apter, Andrew; et al. (2 June 2021). 17986: 17041:"New World Labor Systems: African Slavery" 16411:"Slave-grown cotton in greater Manchester" 16391: 16389: 14706: 14224: 12048: 11952: 11882:"Africa and the Transatlantic Slave Trade" 11498:"Africa and the Transatlantic Slave Trade" 10961: 10755: 9486: 9129: 9127: 9066: 8952: 8632: 8630: 8518:"West Africa – National Museums Liverpool" 8069:Slave Port in Badagry, Lagos State Nigeria 7720:Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor 7610:Economic motivation to end the slave trade 7512:five years later following the end of the 7387:where the Dutch outlawed its slave trade. 7216: 7202: 5425:. Much of the wealth on which the city of 4034: 4020: 3839: 2542:African slaves prior to the 20th century. 1767: 1753: 33662:Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book 31077:Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law 28305:Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor 27131:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC) 24434:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 22564: 22541: 22288: 21815: 21662: 20358:Journal of International Law and Politics 20351: 19877: 19875: 19027: 18927: 18908:Forts, Castles and Society in West Africa 18689: 18679: 18384:Women in Asia: Restoring Women to History 17897: 17887: 17869: 17258: 17239:Account of Captives sold by Mass. Colony. 15280: 15257: 15039: 14774:The Caribbean Slave: A Biological History 14686:. Pen & Sword Books. pp. 26–27. 14118: 14116: 14114: 13846: 13828: 13776: 13758: 13431: 13062: 12881:Inikori, Joseph E.; Engerman, Stanley L. 12583: 12402: 12389: 11197: 11092:"Slavery before the Trans-Atlantic Trade" 11001: 10902:"The impact of the slave trade on Africa" 10518:African American Heritage and Ethnography 8810: 8458:African American Heritage and Ethnography 8372: 8370: 8368: 8366: 8299:Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies 7892:Learn how and when to remove this message 7572:advocating equality with a worker, while 6784:woman, with her black servant, circa 1780 5444: 5048:Afro Cubans working in a sugar plantation 3390:European participation in the slave trade 3243:"), Angola and nearby Kingdoms and later 2530:to the Gulf or Aden. Others were carried 1829:because life expectancy for Europeans in 33826:Genocide of indigenous peoples in Africa 33643:Treatment of slaves in the United States 33417:Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade 32731:(1766 Saint-Dominque – June 30, 1853 NY) 31704:List of ships attacked by Somali pirates 28821:Decline and legacy of the British Empire 28095: 22711:Revealing Histories, Remembering Slavery 22475:The Transatlantic Slave Trade: A History 22453: 22408:Nimako, Kwame; Willemsen, Glenn (2011). 22341: 22060:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 21987: 21717: 21602: 21576: 20866: 20808: 20712: 19642: 19440: 19191: 19095:The University of Chicago Press Journals 19002: 18381: 18362: 18299: 18287:The Oxford History of the British Empire 18272: 18191: 18163: 18084: 17568: 17356:"The African Slave Trade and Slave Life" 16764: 16542: 16429: 16170: 16104:The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 15637: 15554:The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 15546: 15394: 15150: 15045: 14978:. The Free Press of Jacksonville. 2022. 14520: 14470: 14468: 14466: 14464: 14462: 14154: 14057:"Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade – Estimates" 13974: 13892: 13528: 13494: 13482: 13470: 13458: 13356: 13004: 12874: 12838: 12719:Bradley, Keith; Cartledge, Paul (2011). 12706: 12593:The Transatlantic Slave Trade: A History 12419:The Transatlantic Slave Trade: A History 11701: 11699: 11697: 11695: 11652: 11484: 11472: 11457: 11445: 11433: 11421: 11318: 11290:African American History and Ethnography 11078: 11066: 11040: 10955: 10872: 10870: 10868: 10817: 10784:Clarence-Smith, William Gervase (2006). 10685: 10576:The Curse of Ham in the Early Modern Era 10573: 10047: 9708: 9651: 9552:"Proto-Racism in Graeco-Roman Antiquity" 9402: 9300: 9258: 9246: 9182: 9158: 9077: 9024: 8953:Klein, Herbert S.; Klein, Jacob (1999). 8731:National Archives of Trinidad and Tobago 8407: 8064: 8008: 7903: 7704: 7613: 7563: 7498:slave ship to land on U.S. soil was the 7465:by the British Royal Navy in the 1800s. 7454: 7394: 7238: 7227: 6809: 6775: 6713: 6680: 6622: 6551: 6499: 6473: 6029:in the latter half of the 18th century. 5974: 5778: 5678: 5601: 5453: 5373: 5217: 5185: 5114: 5064: 5043: 5000: 4913: 4716: 4708: 4478: 4045: 3498: 3405: 3351:Law, the royal elites of the kingdom of 3341: 3292: 3289:African participation in the slave trade 3261: 3253: 3204: 3105: 3097: 3008: 2916: 2908: 2845: 2773: 2745: 2685: 2633: 2566: 2513: 2420: 2314: 2227:to Catholicism were respectively called 2152: 2019: 1915:during the voyage, and millions more in 1564:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf 1429:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery 1409:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90 28: 24589:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 22587: 22495: 22458:. Independence, KY: Wadsworth Cengage. 22365: 22318: 22297: 21710: 21686: 21490: 21464: 21441: 21387: 20841: 20661: 20649: 20291:"Resistance and the Haitian Revolution" 19494: 19376: 19274: 18812:"Colonial Powers in Sub-Saharan Africa" 17188: 17137: 17063: 16676: 16523: 16386: 15874: 15707: 15395:Schwartz, Marie Jenkins (August 2015). 15336:African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter 15329: 14741: 14681: 14474: 14022: 13672: 13655: 13566: 13437: 13232: 13230: 13228: 13226: 13224: 12823: 12632: 12323:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 12235: 11797: 11773:Revealing Histories Remembering Slavery 10939: 10876: 10852: 10553:. Georg Olms Verlag. pp. 185–188. 10411: 10187: 9937: 9133: 9124: 9039: 8995: 8627: 7325: 7260:and establishment Evangelicals such as 5970: 5319: 3666:genealogical studies are listed below. 3309:According to Pernille Ipsen, author of 2991:, and numerous English voyages ensued. 1967:Portuguese colonization of the Americas 14: 33723: 33580:Frederick Douglass and the White Negro 33401:Queen: The Story of an American Family 33321:Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp 28030:Topics related to the African diaspora 27136:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) 22631: 22518: 22431:Newson, Linda; Minchin, Susie (2007). 22384: 22162: 22112: 21965:Domingues da Silva, Daniel B. (2017). 21913: 21878: 21856: 21792: 21767: 21748: 21553: 21525: 21503: 21399: 21381:, 18 June 2009. 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London: Serpent's Tail. p. 31. 13996:Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction 13963:American Freedmen's Inquiry Commission 13886: 13863: 13668: 13666: 13664: 13506: 13413:Lowcountry Digitial History Initiative 13395: 13276: 13261: 13085: 12721:The Cambridge World History of Slavery 12546: 12352: 12241: 12137: 11983: 11711:Lowcountry History Digitial Initiative 11664: 11640: 11628: 11332:"Cape Coast Castle, Cape Coast (1653)" 11152: 10736:University of California, Davis Campus 10642: 10224: 10188:Mark, Charles; Rah, Soon-Chan (2019). 10004: 9970:"Spain and the Human Diaspora in 1492" 9938:Mayeaux, Stephen (10 September 2021). 9723:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.903 9443: 9194: 8921: 8791: 8363: 8350: 8183:United States House of Representatives 8073:In 2009, the Civil Rights Congress of 7694:William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville 7391:Castlereagh and Palmerston's diplomacy 3495:Slave market regions and participation 2798:, and Asebu people organized into the 2401:History of slavery in the Muslim world 2382:enslaved even by the heretical Muslims 2096:European slavery in Portugal and Spain 33766:European colonization of the Americas 33353:Roots: The Saga of an American Family 33182:Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl 32618:(c. 1745 Nigeria – 31 March 1797 Eng) 32401: 31810: 30863:Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham 29389: 29094: 28732: 28069: 28010:Landmark African-American legislation 26061: 26035: 25517: 25279: 24941: 23745: 23689: 22786: 22773: 22673: 22650: 22608: 22220: 22139: 22093: 22055: 22018: 21340:"House Issues An Apology For Slavery" 21337: 21236: 20557: 20457: 20105:Duarte, Fernando (20 November 2015). 19948: 19770: 19741: 19706: 19520:The Revolution in Virginia, 1775–1783 19377:Gates, Henry Louis; Curran, Andrews. 19307: 18870: 18661: 18548:"The development of foreign colonies" 18462: 18234: 18134: 17671:from the original on 12 February 2009 17615:from the original on 11 December 2020 17597: 17478:from the original on 4 September 2021 17464:"African-Derived Religions in Brazil" 17444:from the original on 16 December 2023 17194: 17143: 17045:Lowcountry History Digital Initiative 17021:from the original on 28 February 2024 16961:from the original on 28 February 2024 16865:Medford Historical Society and Museum 16807:from the original on 22 February 2024 16701:from the original on 29 February 2024 16380:London: Metropolis of the Slave Trade 16242: 16004: 15778:Holmes, Leah Preble (15 April 2018). 15619:from the original on 23 December 2023 15503: 15427: 15370:Lowcountry History Digital Initiative 15132:from the original on 24 February 2024 14881:The University of Edinburgh Race .edu 14770: 14459: 14447:from the original on 23 December 2001 14344:from the original on 14 December 2018 14122: 13993: 13869: 13685: 13633:"The Negro Plot Trials: A Chronology" 13198: 13043: 12967: 12495: 12223:from the original on 28 February 2024 12172:from the original on 27 February 2024 11692: 11538:The Open University, History and Arts 11203: 11096:Lowcountry History Digital Initiative 10976:from the original on 19 December 2017 10924: 10865: 10823: 10624:from the original on 14 February 2024 10466: 10393:from the original on 28 December 2023 10169:from the original on 27 February 2024 10144: 10098: 9946:. Library of Congress. Archived from 9849: 9821:Lowcountry Digital History Initiative 9624: 9597: 9549: 9492: 9222:Lowcountry History Digital Initiative 8971: 8845: 8694:Lowcountry Digital History Initiative 8580: 8376: 8289:Slavery in the colonial United States 7812: 7435: 7361:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves 7319:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves 7188:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 4812:, slavery had already existed in the 3901:Perpetrators, victims, and bystanders 3200: 3189:and included cotton, sugar, tobacco, 2442:European colonization of the Americas 1945:European colonization of the Americas 1451:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention 1128:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea 33198:Life and Times of Frederick Douglass 32693:(1783 England – 1821 United States) 32427: 31605:International Talk Like a Pirate Day 28478:Timeline of African-American history 27141:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) 22759:Slave Trade and Abolition of slavery 22523:(Revised ed.). Washington, DC: 22185: 22079:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 21632: 21171: 20943:"Toespraak slavernijherdenking 2021" 20758:. Black Classic Press. p. 250. 19568: 19531: 19518:John E. Selby and Don Higginbotham, 19239: 19065: 18901: 18578: 18444:from the original on 10 October 2023 18284: 18105: 17509:from the original on 9 December 2022 17304:from the original on 22 March 2020. 15911: 15589:from the original on 3 February 2024 15485:from the original on 3 February 2024 15311:from the original on 3 February 2024 14875:Daut, Marlene L. (27 October 2020). 14874: 14605: 14492:"Slave Ships and the Middle Passage" 13691: 13221: 13126:from the original on 17 January 2024 12774:Dr H.'s Memoirs of his own Life time 11824:from the original on 19 January 2024 11360: 11185:from the original on 18 January 2024 11134:from the original on 18 January 2024 10763:"Historical survey, Slave societies" 10743:from the original on 16 January 2024 10710:from the original on 16 January 2024 10332:from the original on 19 January 2024 10285: 9919:from the original on 23 January 2024 9769: 9384:from the original on 28 October 2020 9355: 9115: 8827:from the original on 17 January 2024 7870:adding citations to reliable sources 7837: 7593:Brazil ends the Atlantic slave trade 7477:Last slave ship to the United States 6750:(Queen mother and war leader of the 6718:Africa before and after colonization 6470:Effect on the economy of West Africa 6045: 4909: 4704: 4102:Flag of vessels carrying the slaves 4050:Slave trade out of Africa, 1500–1900 3465:were taken as slaves for the ethnic 3145:Meanwhile, it became a business for 1971:Spanish colonization of the Americas 1955:British colonization of the Americas 1643:Slave marriages in the United States 1247:Human trafficking in the Middle East 28928:Black and Asian Studies Association 27495:African-American Vernacular English 22812: 22704: 21279:"House Joint Resolution Number 728" 21141:"Blair 'sorry' for UK slavery role" 20911:"Chirac names slavery memorial day" 20772:from the original on 19 August 2020 20498: 20288: 19883:"How to Oppose Slavery with Effect" 19275:Olusoga, David (8 September 2015). 19161:McCullough, Steve; McRae, Matthew. 18096: 18061:. Bordeaux: Le Festin. p. 92. 17496: 16769:. The Art Newspaper. Archived from 16727:Hispanic American Historical Review 16641: 16233: 16194: 15995: 15814:The Historic New Orleans Collection 15743:Ghandi, Lakshmi (27 January 2014). 15465:West, Shear; Shearer, Erin (2017). 15008:Hispanic American Historical Review 13661: 13236: 13144: 12547:Postma, Johannes (3 January 2008). 12308: 12190: 11361:Roth, Catherine (2 December 2009). 10729:Barksdale, Dante; Hutton, Shennan. 9462:10.18574/nyu/9780814748183.003.0004 8454:"Exchanging People for Trade Goods" 8394:from the original on 26 April 2010. 8055:Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands 6765: 6667: 5788:Distribution of slaves (1519–1867) 5282:confer effective lasting immunity. 5271:Indigenous peoples/Native Americans 3168: 3130:, as part of the provisions of the 2498:, another four million through the 2080:, named after the Italian explorer 2038:first wave of European colonization 1963:French colonization of the Americas 982:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia 24: 33537:The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom 33409:Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons 32687:(c. 1710 Portugal – 1734 Montreal) 32640:Nunzio Otello Francesco Gioacchino 31928:Spanish occupation 1861–1865 30672: 27413:U.S. cities with large populations 27116:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 24276:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act 24266:Assassination of James A. Garfield 22719:"Afro Atlantic Histories resource" 22657:University of North Carolina Press 22542:Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. (2007). 22348:University of South Carolina Press 22117:. New York: Liveright Publishing. 21741: 21614:University of North Carolina Press 21117:. 27 November 2006. Archived from 21028:. 19 December 2022. Archived from 20846:. London: Allen Lane. p. 98. 20352:DelGrande, Joe (27 January 2022). 19828:Davies, Caroline (2 August 2010). 18883:from the original on 20 April 2024 18852:from the original on 16 April 2024 18758:from the original on 16 April 2024 18560:from the original on 16 April 2024 18336:from the original on 19 March 2020 18306:University of North Carolina Press 18038:from the original on 12 April 2024 17949: 17922:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 16867:. 25 February 2013. Archived from 16648:Slave Resistance a Caribbean Study 15680: 15609:"What was Life Like Under Slavery" 15027:from the original on 14 March 2024 14742:Rediker, Marcus (4 October 2007). 14646:The Atlantic slave trade: a census 14521:Duquette, Nicolas J. (June 2014). 14502:from the original on 25 March 2016 14314:from the original on 26 April 2008 14170:The Politics of Heritage in Africa 13703:University of North Carolina Press 13638:University of Missouri–Kansas City 13587:"Rights & Treatment of Slaves" 12089:from the original on 29 April 2024 11514:from the original on 30 March 2024 11336:Ghana Museums and Monuments Boards 10786:Islam and the Abolition of Slavery 10267:from the original on 1 August 2023 10197:. Intervarsity Press. p. 16. 10155:The Journal of Pan African Studies 9337:from the original on 21 April 2020 8615:from the original on 29 April 2024 8140: 7761:thousands joined the British lines 7332:Abolitionism in the United Kingdom 7294:reopened its slave trade in 1803. 7098:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 6954:End of slavery in British colonies 6648:Others have challenged this view. 5925:Punishing slaves at Calabouco, in 5674: 5644:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 5557: 5506: 5140:trans-atlantic slave trade in 1807 4970: 4093:Destinations and flags of carriers 2388: 2348:In addition, in the 15th century, 1959:Dutch colonization of the Americas 1934: 1636:last survivors of American slavery 25: 33837: 33638:Songs of the Underground Railroad 33598:Abolitionism in the United States 33106:(c. 1795 Nigeria – ? Brazil) 32737:(c. 1819 – ???, Puerto Rico) 31495:Silver: Return to Treasure Island 28943:National Black Police Association 28179:Bruh Rabbit and the Tar Baby Girl 26286:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013 26282:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 26089:African American founding fathers 24308:Assassination of William McKinley 23451:Confederation of African Football 22731: 21864:. Brooklyn, NY: A & B Books. 21392: 21109:"Blair 'sorrow' over slave trade" 21042: 20919:. 30 January 2006. Archived from 20831:from the original on 15 May 2021. 20696:from the original on 24 July 2019 20662:Egerton, Douglas R. (June 1997). 18662:Achan, Jane; et al. (2011). 18609:from the original on 26 July 2024 18363:Adams, Paul; et al. (2000). 18026:"The effect of slavery in Africa" 17719:from the original on 29 July 2021 17577:. New York: Basic Civitas Books. 17403:from the original on 18 June 2023 17336:from the original on 26 July 2024 16935:from the original on 26 July 2024 16746:from the original on 26 July 2024 16658:from the original on 26 July 2024 16589:from the original on 26 July 2024 16211:(2006). Hämäläinen, Pekka (ed.). 15810:"Mapping the Coastal Slave Trade" 15759:from the original on 26 July 2024 15708:Jackson, Kellie (31 March 2016). 15662:from the original on 26 July 2024 15528:from the original on 26 July 2024 15446:from the original on 26 July 2024 15409:from the original on 26 July 2024 15175:from the original on 25 July 2021 15119: 15003:"Slave Prices in Cuba, 1840-1875" 14982:from the original on 2 March 2024 14956:from the original on 2 March 2024 14795:from the original on 26 July 2024 14563:from the original on 26 July 2024 14489: 14210:Stride, G. T.; Ifeka, C. (1986). 14191:from the original on 26 July 2024 13614:Travels in the Interior of Africa 13529:Besteman, Catherine Lowe (1999). 13335:from the original on 26 July 2024 12781:from the original on 6 April 2023 12757:. 21 October 2007. Archived from 12614:from the original on 26 July 2024 12440:from the original on 26 July 2024 12292:. 31 January 2006. Archived from 12000:from the original on 26 July 2024 11228:from the original on 13 July 2024 10962:Hochschild, Adam (4 March 2001). 10929:. UK: AltaMira Press. p. 16. 10900:M'bokolo, Elikia (2 April 1998). 10667:from the original on 26 July 2024 10322:"The Doctrine of Discovery, 1493" 10029:from the original on 26 July 2024 9831:from the original on 26 July 2024 9686:. 18 October 2012. Archived from 9531:from the original on 26 July 2024 9134:Alberge, Dalya (4 January 2024). 8724:"The Rise and Fall of King Sugar" 8085: 7359:The United States passed its own 7087:The Impending Crisis of the South 6929:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions 5704:with degrees of self-governance. 4881: 3134:, the Asiento was granted to the 2462:slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate 1987:" (the Americas). For centuries, 597:Field slaves in the United States 464:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate 33686:Slave Songs of the United States 33190:The Underground Railroad Records 33100:(? Puerto Rico – 1555 Venezuela) 31977: 31791: 31790: 31778: 31631:A General History of the Pyrates 31453:Castaways of the Flying Dutchman 30974:Operation Enduring Freedom – HOA 28713: 28712: 28364: 28358: 28284:Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses 28048: 27166:United Negro College Fund (UNCF) 26311:Nadir of American race relations 26015: 26006: 26005: 25970: 25969: 24527:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 24320:Nadir of American race relations 24199:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 22565:Smallwood, Stephanie E. (2008). 22521:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa 22169:University of Pennsylvania Press 21509:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa 21364: 21331: 21303: 21271: 21230: 21198: 21165: 21133: 21101: 21069: 21012: 20978:Henley, Jon (19 December 2022). 20971: 20953: 20935: 20903: 20860: 20835: 20800:. 9 October 2009. Archived from 20784: 20745: 20719:Murray, Orson S. (23 Jun 1834). 20655: 20609: 20590: 20551: 20523: 20492: 20451: 20416: 20380: 20354:"France's Overdue Debt to Haiti" 20345: 20313: 20282: 20246: 20211: 20198: 20149: 20131: 20098: 20085: 20053: 20010: 19942: 19908: 19846: 19821: 19804: 19791: 19764: 19735: 19700: 19679: 19648: 19619: 19593: 19562: 19540: 19525: 19512: 19474: 19461: 19447:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 143–145. 19434: 19401: 19370: 19347:University of Cambridge Research 19334: 19301: 19268: 19242:"Historical Foundations of Race" 19233: 19185: 19167:Canadian Museum for Human Rights 19154: 19128: 19082: 19059: 19021: 19008: 18953: 18895: 18864: 18834: 18804: 18770: 18740: 18706: 18655: 18621: 18572: 18540: 18497: 18456: 18420: 18407: 18394: 18375: 18356: 18318: 18312: 18293: 18278: 18169: 18128: 18050: 18018: 17980: 17943: 17906: 17863: 17829: 17816: 17802:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa 17755: 17747:. 3 January 2023. Archived from 17731: 17705: 17683: 17653: 17644: 17631: 17553: 17490: 17456: 17415: 17380: 17348: 17315: 17033: 17003: 16973: 16957:. The Calabash Newspaper. 2019. 16947: 16913: 16895:Massachusetts Historical Society 16883: 16853: 16819: 16785: 16758: 16713: 16670: 16635: 16601: 16579:Colonial Williamsburg Foundation 16567: 16536: 16517: 16487: 16423: 16404: 16371: 16358: 16332: 16329:(Harvard University Press, 2016) 16319: 16297: 16273: 16164: 16137: 16091: 16066: 16035: 15958: 15946:from the original on 18 May 2024 15905: 15868: 15832: 15802: 15771: 15736: 15701: 15685:. Our Time Press. Archived from 15674: 15631: 15601: 15540: 15497: 15458: 15421: 15388: 15358: 15323: 15274: 15223: 15187: 15144: 15113: 15072: 15050:Brazil: Five Centuries of Change 14994: 14968: 14931: 14899: 14839: 14807: 14764: 14700: 14636: 14599: 14575: 14514: 14483: 14398: 14374: 14356: 14326: 14296: 14274: 14252: 14203: 14160: 14079: 14049: 14016: 13987: 13968: 13941: 13793: 13731: 13625: 13607: 13601: 13579: 13560: 13541: 13535:University of Pennsylvania Press 13522: 13500: 13409:"The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade" 13401: 13362: 13304: 13282: 13205:University of Pennsylvania Press 13192: 13138: 13079: 13037: 12998: 12980: 12961: 12939: 12921: 12889: 12844: 12817: 12765: 12741: 12712: 12671: 12665: 12638: 12540: 12516: 12489: 12476: 12383: 12368: 12346: 12278: 12184: 12131: 12113:Colonial Williamsburg Foundation 12101: 12042: 12012: 11977: 11946: 11910: 11874: 11836: 11791: 11761: 11729: 11658: 11590: 11560: 11526: 11490: 11385: 11354: 11324: 10350: 9887:. Beacon Press. pp. 36–38. 9739:from the original on 11 May 2024 8690:"The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade" 8583:"Malaria and French Imperialism" 8154:, which was the first permanent 8013:Cape Coast slave castle in Ghana 7842: 7568:The image contrasts two scenes: 6831:Canadian Museum for Human Rights 6741:The slave forts built along the 6574:amounted to less than 5% of the 6367:Latin America and the Caribbean 6171:Latin America and the Caribbean 5958: 5940: 5918: 5642:In addition to African persons, 5103:Slave trade in the United States 5096: 5060: 4979:found throughout the Caribbean. 3660: 3622:Democratic Republic of the Congo 3095:to procure slaves from Jamaica. 2140:fall of the Western Roman Empire 474:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 469:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate 298:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 68: 33761:European colonisation of Africa 33066:(19th century Indian Territory) 33040:(1766 Saint-Dominque – 1853 NY) 31938:U.S. occupation 1916–1924 26172:Civil rights movement 1954–1968 26162:Civil rights movement 1865–1896 24229:First transcontinental railroad 22498:The Slave Ship: A Human History 22385:Miller, Christopher L. (2008). 22276:Scandinavian Journal of History 21923:The Journal of Economic History 21693:University College London Press 21612:(Third ed.). Chapel Hill: 21149:. 14 March 2007. Archived from 20752:Wesley, Dorothy Porter (1995). 20204:Hardt, M. and A. Negri (2000), 20115:(in Portuguese). Archived from 19379:"Inventing the Science of Race" 19354:. 19 March 2014. Archived from 18629:"The Transatlantic Slave Trade" 16013:. New York: Twayne Publishers. 14744:The Slave Ship: A Human History 14528:The Journal of Economic History 13933:. 15 March 2007. Archived from 13550:Encyclopedia of African History 13314:Dictionary of African Biography 12812:Borucki, Eltis & Wheat 2015 12800:Borucki, Eltis & Wheat 2015 12578:Borucki, Eltis & Wheat 2015 12511:Borucki, Eltis & Wheat 2015 12471:Borucki, Eltis & Wheat 2015 12459:Borucki, Eltis & Wheat 2015 12273:Borucki, Eltis & Wheat 2015 12242:Little, Becky (21 March 2019). 11769:"The fight: African resistance" 11397:Castles and Places of the World 11286:"The Transatlantic Slave Trade" 11243: 11146: 11114: 11084: 11046: 10945: 10933: 10918: 10893: 10846: 10722: 10679: 10636: 10604: 10547:Onyemechi Adiele, Pius (2017). 10540: 10506: 10460: 10442: 10405: 10375: 10344: 10314: 10279: 10249: 10218: 10181: 10138: 10092: 10041: 9998: 9962: 9931: 9901: 9874: 9843: 9809: 9800: 9791: 9782: 9702: 9672: 9645: 9618: 9591: 9543: 9356:Hahn, Barbara (31 July 2019) . 9264: 9210: 9188: 9109: 9090: 8965: 8946: 8915: 8839: 8813:"The Transatlantic Slave Trade" 8804: 8752: 8716: 8682: 8655: 8421:"The transatlantic slave trade" 7929:World Conference Against Racism 7713: 6864:End of the Atlantic slave trade 6618: 6051:World population (in millions) 5617:of South Carolina and Georgia. 4721:Diagram of a large slave ship. 3587:west of the Niger Delta): 20.2% 3210:Wedgwood anti-slavery medallion 1879:with other goods and services. 1424:Committee of Experts on Slavery 975:East, Southeast, and South Asia 33781:History of English colonialism 33670:Slave-Trading in the Old South 32724:(c. 1788 Bermuda – after 1833) 30989:Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden 30984:Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden 30737:Anti-piracy in the West Indies 27161:Thurgood Marshall College Fund 26167:Civil right movement 1896–1954 22362:– Includes database on CD-ROM. 21650:The American Historical Review 21338:Fears, Darryl (30 July 2008). 21237:Jolly, Jasper (18 June 2020). 21214:. 19 June 2020. Archived from 20755:Early Negro Writing, 1760–1837 20597:Sivapragasam, Michael (2013). 20572:The William and Mary Quarterly 20095:. Accessed September 19, 2024. 19655:Morgan, Marcyliena H. (2002). 19046:10.1080/00086495.1976.11671898 18109:The Journal of African History 17605:. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. 17537:University of Washington Press 16309:www.ukcouncilhumanrights.co.uk 13617:. Vol. II. Archived from 13151:The Journal of African History 12990:Notes on the State of Virginia 12858:. 27 June 2013. Archived from 12055:The William and Mary Quarterly 11805:The American Historical Review 11574:. 16 June 2009. Archived from 10826:Colonization: A Global History 10473:The William and Mary Quarterly 10105:The William and Mary Quarterly 10054:The William and Mary Quarterly 9881:Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne (2019). 9378:10.1093/obo/9780199730414-0141 8817:The Metropolitan Museum of Art 8588:The Journal of African History 8544: 8510: 8480: 8446: 8413: 8344: 8284:Slavery in contemporary Africa 8213:Atlantic slave trade to Brazil 8028: 7539:However, according to Senator 7339:began to campaign against the 6542:Effects on the British economy 5449: 5153:enslaved young girls and women 2905:16th, 17th, and 18th centuries 1123:Slave raiding in Easter Island 13: 1: 33811:Slavery in the British Empire 33791:History of the Atlantic Ocean 33345:The Confessions of Nat Turner 33310: 33303: 33134:The Narrative of Robert Adams 32548: 30845:Blockade of Charleston (Vane) 27341:Cherokee freedmen controversy 26317:The Negro Motorist Green Book 22602:10.1080/0144039X.2015.1067397 22454:Northrup, David, ed. (2010). 22290:10.1080/03468755.2016.1210880 21889:University of Wisconsin Press 21511:. London: Bogle L'Ouverture. 21348:. p. A03. Archived from 21323:. 31 May 2007. Archived from 21172:Muir, Hugh (24 August 2007). 21025:Government of the Netherlands 20031:10.1080/0144039X.2020.1741833 19996:10.1080/0144039X.2019.1596397 18478:(4): 375, 378. Archived from 16652:University of Miami Libraries 16074:"Africa and Europe 1800-1914" 16009:Epidemics in the modern world 15919:Journal of the Early Republic 15882:East Texas Historical Journal 15437:The Crimson Historical Review 15366:"Reproduction and Resistance" 15250:10.1080/0144039x.2020.1755502 11953:Diouf Anne, Sylviane (2003). 11687:Africans were equal partners. 10514:"Africans in Spanish America" 9444:Knight, Frederick C. (2010). 9332:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 8333: 8294:Slavery in the Ottoman Empire 7787:American Colonization Society 7777:American Colonization Society 6675:traditional African religions 6628: 6515: 5948: 5930: 5352: 5138:After the prohibition of the 5069:Enslaved people working on a 4730: 3812: 3128:War of the Spanish Succession 2972:completed the subjugation of 1923: 33678:Sarah Johnson's Mount Vernon 33633:Slavery in the United States 32990:Greensbury Washington Offley 31418:The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea 30668:Pirate battles and incidents 29222:Slavery in the United States 29064:Multicultural London English 28563:Slavery in the United States 28558:History of the United States 25397:Hispanic and Latino American 24251:Second Industrial Revolution 24085:Nat Turner's slave rebellion 23791:Exploration of North America 23717:History of the United States 22750:Quick guide: The slave trade 22609:Solow, Barbara, ed. (1991). 22479:University of Nebraska Press 22300:Florida Historical Quarterly 21558:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 20737:on 28 July 2024 – via 20077:on 28 July 2024 – via 19900:on 27 July 2024 – via 19645:, pp. 105–106, 120–122. 19028:Edmondson, Locksley (1976). 18977:(4): 368–369. Archived from 18960:Womber, Peter Kwame (2020). 18521:(4): 368–369. Archived from 18504:Womber, Peter Kwame (2020). 18166:, pp. 100–107, 167–170. 17214:2027/bc.ark:/13960/t4hn31h3t 17163:2027/bc.ark:/13960/t4hn31h3t 16765:Angeleti, Gabriella (2022). 16150:. Hurst. pp. 1–3, 122. 15971:University of Nebraska Press 15889:(2): 154–156. Archived from 15046:Skidmore, Thomas E. (1999). 14945:Florida Historical Quarterly 14127:Exchanging Our Country Marks 14023:Hartman, Saidiya V. (2021). 13611:. "XXII – War and Slavery". 13016:Economic History Association 12968:Solow, Barbara, ed. (1991). 12598:University of Nebraska Press 12424:University of Nebraska Press 12340:UK public library membership 12197:The Journal of Negro History 11363:"Cape Coast Castle (1652- )" 11153:Womber, Peter Kwame (2020). 10731:"Was Slavery Always Racial?" 10387:National Library of Medicine 10145:Simms, Ellen Yvonne (2008). 9711:"The Portuguese Slave Trade" 9358:"Tobacco - Atlantic History" 8922:Berlin, Ira (9 April 2012). 8846:Weber, Greta (5 June 2015). 8526:International Slavery Museum 8357:University of Nebraska Press 8338: 8304:Slavery in the United States 8077:wrote an open letter to all 7833: 7828: 7556:, and also large numbers at 7543:, Lincoln's opponent in the 7375:whereby Sweden outlawed its 7254:Religious Society of Friends 7062:Burning of Pennsylvania Hall 7024:Secession of Southern states 5683:A slave sale transaction in 5080:Santa Ana, province of Ceará 4996: 4490:Source of slaves, by region 3676:Democratic Republic of Congo 2721:organized a military called 2718:Queen Nzinga (Nzinga Mbande) 1414:Temporary Slavery Commission 1075:Slavery in the Mongol Empire 7: 33702:The Hemingses of Monticello 33603:African-American literature 30817:Battle of the Tiger's Mouth 30300:Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami 28315:Michael Row the Boat Ashore 27211:Black players in ice hockey 27146:National Urban League (NUL) 26972:American Society of Muslims 26210:Selma to Montgomery marches 26130:Brown v. Board of Education 24921:Indictments of Donald Trump 24112:First Industrial Revolution 23946:Declaration of Independence 23936:Second Continental Congress 23179:International organisations 22370:. New York: Da Capo Press. 22342:McMillin, James A. (2004). 21725:. New York: PublicAffairs. 20733:. p. 1. Archived from 20721:"Jeremiah Hubbard's letter" 19856:. June 2007. Archived from 18816:www.geopoliticalfutures.com 18754:. Encyclopedia Britannica. 18237:The Economic History Review 18194:The Business History Review 17330:South Carolina Public Radio 16543:Vinson, Ben; Graves, Greg. 16430:Williams, David J. (2005). 15512:University of Alabama Press 15281:Withycomb, Shannon (2019). 15202:The Maryland State Archives 15159:University Press of Florida 14609:Journal of Economic History 14410:The Anglo-American Magazine 13573:University of Chicago Press 13548:Shillington, Kevin (2005). 12392:The Jews of Colonial Brazil 11963:. pp. 42–45, 102–105. 11393:"Cape Coast Castle History" 11012:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 10574:Whitford, David M. (2017). 8852:National Geographic Society 8200: 7057:Martyrdom of Elijah Lovejoy 6901:End of Atlantic slave trade 6762:, or Ashanti royal throne. 5398:from the British colony of 5285: 5213: 5175:to Southern slave markets. 5029:from Cuba, many landing in 3648:African kingdoms of the era 3147:privately owned enterprises 1434:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery 479:Volga Bulgarian slave trade 10: 33842: 33776:Genocides in North America 33518:A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin 32624:(c. 1705 Bornu – 1775 Eng) 32440:Slave Narrative Collection 31694:Pirate films and TV series 31134:African Slave Trade Patrol 30702:Action of 11 November 2008 29491:Barbary pirates (corsairs) 29415: 29227:Children of the plantation 28991:Trinidadian and Tobagonian 27368:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 27126:Nashville Student Movement 26137:Children of the plantation 25518: 25280: 24942: 24813:Killing of Osama bin Laden 23901:First Continental Congress 23746: 23431:Africa Cricket Association 23237:Countries by GDP (nominal) 22677:Journal of African History 22615:Cambridge University Press 22214:Cambridge University Press 22146:Cambridge University Press 22021:William and Mary Quarterly 21988:Drescher, Seymour (1999). 21971:Cambridge University Press 21914:Daudin, Guillaume (2004). 21879:Curtin, Philip D. (1969). 21845:American Historical Review 21768:Araujo, Ana Lucia (2010). 21704:. London: UCL Press: 9–19. 21699: 21586:Cambridge University Press 21584:(2nd ed.). New York: 21497:Cambridge University Press 21474:Cambridge University Press 21425:Cambridge University Press 21419:Christopher, Emma (2006). 21082:National Museums Liverpool 20505:World History Encyclopedia 19663:Cambridge University Press 19192:Drescher, Seymour (1990). 18382:Ramusack, Barbara (1999). 18365:Experiencing World History 18300:Drescher, Seymour (2010). 18141:Cambridge University Press 18031:National Museums Liverpool 16048:Journal of British Studies 15151:Smithers, Gregory (2012). 14820:National Museums Liverpool 14779:Cambridge University Press 14771:Kiple, Kenneth F. (2002). 14643:Curtin, Philip D. (1969). 14175:Cambridge University Press 14123:Gomez, Michael A. (1998). 14092:National Museums Liverpool 13760:10.1186/gb-2009-10-12-r141 13104:10.1177/002193477600600408 13050:Cambridge University Press 12974:Cambridge University Press 12947:"History Kingdom of Kongo" 12929:"Smallpox Through History" 12725:Cambridge University Press 12555:Cambridge University Press 12496:Klein, Herbert S. (2010). 12390:Wiznitzer, Arnold (1960). 12158:10.1177/002193479202300104 12049:Richardson, David (2001). 11603:Metropolitan Museum of Art 10859:Cambridge University Press 10357:World History Encyclopedia 10298:(1): 15–25. Archived from 9909:"Blood Cleansing Statutes" 9709:Caldeira, Arlindo (2024). 9652:Phillips, William (2014). 9276:World History Encyclopedia 8999:Journal of African History 8959:Cambridge University Press 8811:Ives Bortolot, Alexander. 8764:National Museums Liverpool 8557:National Museums Liverpool 8060: 7974: 7774: 7770: 7730:American Revolutionary War 7724:Sierra Leone Creole people 7717: 7489:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 7480: 7450:Slavery Abolition Act 1833 7329: 7144:Recapture of Anthony Burns 7014:1860 presidential election 6989:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 6873: 6867: 6769: 6545: 6040: 6034:Slavery Abolition Act 1833 5752:; slaves were provided to 5597:Massachusetts Bay colonies 5533:Indian (Indigenous people) 5531:resulted in a large-scale 5501:African diaspora religions 5458:A sugarcane plantation in 5100: 4923:Merseyside Maritime Museum 4808:Before the arrival of the 4787:In letters written by the 3449: 3172: 3151:Charleston, South Carolina 3054:was founded. In 1674, the 2860:Supreme Court case in 1841 2850:On July 1, 1839, enslaved 2683:coasts and river systems. 2600:Prince Henry the Navigator 2398: 2392: 2099: 1952: 1938: 1927: 1822:National Museums Liverpool 1619:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 1456:Anti-Slavery International 1221:North Africa and West Asia 39:Province of South Carolina 33590: 33563: 33528: 33511:To a Southern Slaveholder 33502: 33467: 33299:The Bondwoman's Narrative 33248: 33174:My Bondage and My Freedom 33158:The Life of Josiah Henson 33142:American Slavery as It Is 33117: 33084: 32744: 32700: 32675: 32649: 32602: 32585: 32570:Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang 32459: 32448: 32435: 32359: 32292: 32244: 32235: 32178: 32169: 32076: 32067: 31995: 31986: 31975: 31913:Unification of Hispaniola 31845: 31772: 31722: 31681: 31674: 31622: 31587: 31504: 31402: 31204: 31191: 31183:Trans-Saharan slave trade 31119: 31050: 30782:Battle off Minicoy Island 30757:Battle of Cape Fear River 30727:Anti-piracy in the Aegean 30697:Action of 28 October 2007 30692:Action of 9 November 1822 30667: 30565: 30473: 29837: 29830: 29756: 29720: 29677: 29630: 29623: 29468: 29423: 29313: 29292: 29214: 29166: 29126: 29072: 29051: 28951: 28933:Black Equity Organisation 28918: 28834: 28767: 28710: 28573: 28465: 28457:South Carolina Lowcountry 28411: 28380: 28373: 28356: 28333: 28292: 28211: 28195: 28170: 28111: 28104: 28038: 28005:Index of related articles 27883: 27798: 27522: 27455: 27393: 27293: 27254: 27186: 27179: 27094: 27014: 27006:Doctrine of Father Divine 26952: 26894: 26543: 26398: 26390:Women's suffrage movement 26343:Reconstruction Amendments 26150:Voting Rights Act of 1965 26069: 25991: 25957: 25901: 25865: 25853: 25592: 25566: 25528: 25524: 25513: 25286: 25275: 24948: 24937: 24803: 24706: 24634: 24535: 24446: 24397:Wall Street Crash of 1929 24328: 24209: 24194:Emancipation Proclamation 24125: 24048: 23996: 23963:Articles of Confederation 23916: 23801:Native American epidemics 23781: 23756: 23752: 23741: 23723: 23647: 23554: 23483: 23446:Australian-rules football 23421: 23363: 23354: 23306: 23299: 23227: 23218: 23115: 23106: 23037:Countries and territories 23032: 23023: 22983: 22940: 22833: 22824: 22780: 22775:Links to related articles 22690:10.1017/S0021853711000119 22319:Lindsay, Lisa A. (2008). 22227:New York University Press 22094:Emmer, Pieter C. (1998). 21994:New York University Press 21935:10.1017/S0022050704002633 21823:. London & New York: 21554:Sparks, Randy J. (2014). 21491:Lovejoy, Paul E. (2000). 20881:10.1007/s10767-013-9133-z 20842:Andrews, Kehinde (2021). 20558:Pybus, Cassandra (2006). 20393:John Carter Brown Library 20223:John Carter Brown Library 19949:Diouf, Sylvianne (2007). 19812:"Sailing against slavery" 19441:Sherwood, Merika (2007). 18970:Athens Journal of History 18920:10.1163/9789004380172_011 18514:Athens Journal of History 18463:Bonsu, Nana Osei (2016). 18369:New York University Press 18346:Marxists Internet Archive 18122:10.1017/S0021853700036343 18005:10.1080/10848770600918091 17889:10.1186/s40176-016-0072-0 17695:www.digitalhistory.uh.edu 17269:The New England Quarterly 16695:10.1080/01440399408575123 16479:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 16217:Helsinki University Press 15094:(41): 1–5. Archived from 15021:10.1215/00182168-67.4.631 14848:Haiti: A Shattered Nation 14815:"Arrival in the Americas" 14707:Hochschild, Adam (2005). 14682:Edwards, Bernard (2007). 14622:10.1017/S0022050700034604 14588:Illinois State University 14541:10.1017/S0022050714000357 13567:Argenti, Nicolas (2007). 13294:African American Registry 13163:10.1017/S0021853700030875 12828:. D.C. Heath and Company. 12396:Columbia University Press 12275:, pp. 446, 457, 460. 11798:Shumway, Rebecca (2014). 11568:"Queen Nzinga(1583-1663)" 11163:Athens Journal of History 9975:John Carter Brown Library 9944:Library of Congress Blogs 9858:Stanford University Press 9570:10.1080/00438240500509819 9515:10.1215/9780822388029-005 9454:New York University Press 9040:Manning, Patrick (1992). 9012:10.1017/S0021853700024439 8887:Santa Barbara, California 8668:Oxford English Dictionary 8601:10.1017/S0021853700021502 8317:Trans-Saharan slave trade 8147:Virginia General Assembly 8145:On 24 February 2007, the 7988: 7955:(formerly the Kingdom of 7700: 7583:Emancipation Proclamation 7373:1813 Anglo-Swedish treaty 7093:Oberlin–Wellington Rescue 7068:American Slavery As It Is 6412: 6389: 6366: 6343: 6320: 6297: 6274: 6269: 6266: 6263: 6260: 6257: 6254: 6251: 6216: 6193: 6170: 6147: 6124: 6101: 6078: 6073: 6070: 6067: 6064: 6061: 6058: 6055: 5889:displacement or migration 5868: 5858: 5840: 5830: 5820: 5810: 5800: 5795: 5792: 5763: 5656:, for example, documents 5390:, providing sanctuary in 5181:New Orlean's slave market 4683: 4664: 4645: 4622: 4599: 4580: 4561: 4542: 4515: 4508: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4443: 4412: 4383: 4352: 4321: 4290: 4259: 4228: 4197: 4166: 4135: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4106: 3346:A slave market in Dahomey 2536:Trans-Saharan slave trade 2446:Trans-Saharan slave trade 2405:Trans-Saharan slave trade 2202:Trans-Saharan slave trade 2024:Portuguese mariners used 1902:, the United States, and 1785:transatlantic slave trade 1715:Emancipation Proclamation 1387:Opposition and resistance 1145:Sex trafficking in Europe 1133:Blackbirding in Polynesia 696:Trans-Saharan slave trade 18:International slave trade 33806:Slavery in South America 33801:Slavery in North America 33796:Slavery in the Caribbean 33457:The Underground Railroad 33222:The Peculiar Institution 32867:Sarah Jane Woodson Early 31178:Indian Ocean slave trade 31067:International piracy law 31004:Pirate attacks in Borneo 30876:Capture of the schooner 30868:Capture of the schooner 30802:Battle of Ocracoke Inlet 30528:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 28779:First Africans in London 28510:History of Guinea-Bissau 28473:African-American history 28419:Beaufort, South Carolina 28341:African-American culture 28055:United States portal 27490:African-American English 26919:Inventors and scientists 26611:George Washington Carver 26215:Chicago Freedom Movement 25883:Northern Mariana Islands 24456:Strike wave of 1945–1946 22571:Harvard University Press 22496:Rediker, Marcus (2008). 22456:The Atlantic Slave Trade 22368:Slavery: A World History 22366:Meltzer, Milton (1993). 22163:Guasco, Michael (2014). 21883:The Atlantic Slave Trade 21560:Harvard University Press 21404:. London: James Currey. 21284:Commonwealth of Virginia 20429:Brown University Library 19801:, BBC, 17 February 2011. 19709:Journal of Negro History 18877:www.storymaps.arcgis.com 18681:10.1186/1475-2875-10-144 18633:Park Ethnography Program 18415:African Economic History 18388:Indiana University Press 17876:IZA Journal of Migration 17824:The Atlantic Slave Trade 17763:The World at Six Billion 17639:The Atlantic Slave Trade 17361:Brown University Library 17017:. World Monuments Fund. 16740:10.1215/00182168-2077126 16171:Esposito, Elena (2020). 16144:Alpern, Stanley (2019). 16005:Krieg, Joann P. (1992). 15784:Mississippi Encyclopedia 15712:The American Slave Coast 14938:Kriple, Kenneth (1970). 14912:Danish National Archives 14748:Penguin Publishing Group 14496:encyclopediavirginia.org 14477:Slavery: A World History 14475:Meltzer, Milton (1993). 13975:Maddison, Angus (2007). 13893:Stannard, David (1992). 13808:BMC Evolutionary Biology 13673:Inikori, Joseph (1992). 13438:Kitchin, Thomas (1778). 13199:Ipsen, Pernille (2015). 13092:Journal of Black Studies 13086:Foster, Herbert (1976). 13065:History Workshop Journal 13005:Esposito, Elena (2015). 12951:www.africafederation.net 12826:The Atlantic Slave Trade 12678:Economic History Society 12498:The Atlantic Slave Trade 12145:Journal of Black Studies 12020:"The Amistad Case, 1839" 11889:St. Louis Public Schools 11665:Bailey, Anne C. (2005). 11505:St. Louis Public Schools 11256:New Jersey State Library 11054:Slave Trade Debates 1806 11002:Beigbeder, Yves (2006). 10883:Africa Economic Analysis 10467:Sweet, James H. (1997). 10288:"Doctrines of Discovery" 10099:Sweet, James H. (1997). 10048:Martinez, Maria (2004). 9850:Maria, Martinez (2008). 9625:Isaac, Benjamin (2013). 9598:Isaac, Benjamin (2013). 9550:Isaac, Benjamin (2006). 9421:10.1057/9781137324054_12 9362:oxfordbibliographies.com 9099:The Atlantic Slave Trade 9078:Stannard, David (1993). 8955:The Atlantic Slave Trade 8244:Indian Ocean slave trade 8004: 7942: 7920:designated 23 August as 7689:William Pitt the Younger 7277:Under the leadership of 7116:Trial of Reuben Crandall 7029:Peace Conference of 1861 7004:Caning of Charles Sumner 6860:that is seen worldwide. 5746:western states in Africa 4892:Slavery: A World History 3981:Compulsory sterilization 3374:who lived and traded in 3370:was a slave trader from 3362:William Ansah Sessarakoo 3132:Treaty of Utrecht (1713) 3102:Island of Gorée, Senegal 3074:, located closer to the 3013:A slave market in Brazil 2824:Donna Beatriz Kimpa Vita 2496:exported via the Red Sea 2413:Indian Ocean slave trade 1495:Compensated emancipation 706:Indian Ocean slave trade 33628:Films featuring slavery 33092:Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua 33016:William Henry Singleton 32821:Ellen and William Craft 31637:Captain Charles Johnson 31061:1717–1718 Acts of Grace 30772:Battle of Mandab Strait 30752:Battle of Boca Teacapan 30747:Balanguingui Expedition 30712:Action of 23 March 2010 28816:Race Relations Act 1965 28546:History of Sierra Leone 28439:Golden Isles of Georgia 27978:African-American firsts 27027:Back-to-Africa movement 26996:Black Hebrew Israelites 26776:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 26324:Partus sequitur ventrem 25418:Middle Eastern American 25235:Technology and industry 24105:Seneca Falls Convention 23906:Continental Association 23806:Settlement of Jamestown 23493:Countries by population 23206:United States of Africa 22723:National Gallery of Art 22590:Slavery & Abolition 22525:Howard University Press 22519:Rodney, Walter (1981). 22113:French, Howard (2021). 21448:Oxford University Press 20476:10.1057/9781137326836_4 20423:Crawford-Roberts, Ann. 20259:Office of the Historian 20177:10.4013/htu.2010.143.05 20061:"Mr. Douglas' position" 20019:Slavery & Abolition 19984:Slavery & Abolition 19959:Oxford University Press 19924:Ferris State University 19631:Oxford University Press 19577:Oxford University Press 19352:University of Cambridge 19315:The Wall Street Journal 19250:Smithsonian Institution 19089:Pierre, Jemima (2020). 19066:Shad, Muhammad (2020). 17468:Harvard Divinity School 17438:10.1163/j.ctv29sfpzt.10 17088:2027/mdp.39015005075109 17015:Google Arts and Culture 16861:"Slaves in New England" 16683:Slavery & Abolition 16677:Bolland, Nigel (1994). 16098:Curtin, Philip (1990). 15850:Smithsonian Institution 15547:Campbell, John (1984). 15504:Carey, Anthony (2011). 15079:Santos, Martha (2016). 15056:Oxford University Press 14308:Encyclopædia Britannica 13981:Oxford University Press 13901:Oxford University Press 13830:10.1186/1471-2148-10-92 13591:Gambia Information Site 13375:Encyclopedia Britannica 13319:Oxford University Press 12902:Royal Museums Greenwich 12897:"Who was John Hawkins?" 12379:. pp. 225 and 250. 11742:Royal Museums Greenwich 10877:Obadina, Tunde (2000). 10790:Oxford University Press 10767:Encyclopædia Britannica 10694:Oxford University Press 10421:Doctrineofdiscovery.org 10353:"Doctrine of Discovery" 9452:. New York and London: 9370:Oxford University Press 9323:Encyclopædia Britannica 9118:The African Slave Trade 9084:Oxford University Press 8792:Mannix, Daniel (1962). 8581:Cohen, William (1983). 8351:Diffie, Bailey (1963). 8322:United States labor law 8264:The Slave Route Project 8239:Indian indenture system 7781:Americo-Liberian people 7585:and the passage of the 7545:Lincoln–Douglas debates 7532:(who died in 1937) and 7385:1814 Anglo-Dutch treaty 7315:Slave Trade Act of 1794 7009:Lincoln–Douglas debates 6848:The Wall Street Journal 6578:during any year of the 6454:of the steam engine by 5636:partus sequitur ventrem 5085:partus sequitur ventrem 4941:international migration 3410:A slave being inspected 3301:, Senegal, 18th century 2957:across the Atlantic to 2644:Swedish African Company 2528:across the Indian Ocean 2223:. Jews and Muslims who 2090:Chinese porcelain trade 1872:partus sequitur ventrem 1789:enslaved African people 1419:1926 Slavery Convention 1175:Germany in World War II 792:North and South America 314:Contract of manumission 33741:1870 disestablishments 33476:Amos Fortune, Free Man 32710:Juan Francisco Manzano 32685:Marie-Joseph Angélique 32593:Brigitta Scherzenfeldt 32576:Johann Georg Wolffgang 32558:Guðríður Símonardóttir 32497:James Leander Cathcart 31874:Devastations of Osorio 30994:Operation Ocean Shield 30822:Battle of Tonkin River 30767:Battle of Doro Passage 30722:Action of 5 April 2010 30717:Action of 1 April 2010 30707:Action of 9 April 2009 30687:1985 Lahad Datu ambush 30677: 30513:Jose Campuzano-Polanco 30498:Duarte Pacheco Pereira 29645:British Virgin Islands 28219:Afro-American religion 27946:Spingarn Medal winners 27435:States and territories 27206:Black NFL quarterbacks 26706:Martin Luther King Jr. 26238:Dred Scott v. Sandford 26177:Montgomery bus boycott 25538:Admission to the Union 24904:Afghanistan withdrawal 24899:January 6 insurrection 24818:Rise in mass shootings 24790:Virginia Tech shooting 24343:Paris Peace Conference 24117:Second Great Awakening 23856:American Enlightenment 23242:Countries by GDP (PPP) 23184:Pan-African Parliament 22975:Science and technology 22221:Horne, Gerald (2007). 21749:Anstey, Roger (1975). 21723:The Fortunes of Africa 21609:Capitalism and Slavery 21400:Austen, Ralph (1987). 20458:Topik, Steven (2013). 19773:ANU Historical Journal 19569:Ford, Lacy K. (2009). 19532:Root, Erik S. (2008). 19408:Hanlon, Aaron (2017). 19308:Harms, Robert (2019). 19199:Social Science History 17531:Anóoshi Lingít Aaní Ká 17499:"Slavery in Argentina" 17198:(1906). "Appendix A". 16981:"Bunce Island History" 16420:, Revealing Histories. 16396:Anstey, Roger (1975). 16378:Rawley, James (2003). 16219:. pp. 18–19, 25. 15875:Robbins, Fred (1971). 15638:Sublette, Ned (2015). 15475:Women's History Review 15342:(1): 3. Archived from 15230:Hacker, David (2020). 15001:Bergad, Laird (1987). 14236:Houghton Mifflin Books 13207:. pp. 1, 21, 31. 13052:. pp. 59–84, 224. 12749:"Voyage of the Damned" 12332:10.1093/ref:odnb/12672 11852:Natural History Museum 11818:10.1093/ahr/119.5.1826 10686:Rattansi, Ali (2020). 9770:Roşu, Felicia (2021). 9503:Durham, North Carolina 8378:Gates, Henry Louis Jr. 8162:. On 31 May 2007, the 8092:Liverpool City Council 8070: 8014: 7999:crime against humanity 7913: 7751:and the settlement of 7749:Colony of Sierra Leone 7710: 7669:Pearl of the Antilles. 7619: 7599:Eusébio de Queirós Law 7577: 7562: 7554:Vicksburg, Mississippi 7473: 7461: 7459:Capture of slave ship 7400: 7311:United States Congress 7244: 7236: 7157:Virginia v. John Brown 7150:Dred Scott v. Sandford 7052:Nat Turner's Rebellion 6817: 6798: 6785: 6719: 6690: 6634: 6557: 6506: 6482: 5980: 5784: 5687: 5626: 5564:San Miguel de Gualdape 5463: 5445:New World destinations 5379: 5347: 5223: 5191: 5177:New Orleans, Louisiana 5142:, slaveholders in the 5128: 5074: 5049: 5010: 4925: 4919:A Liverpool Slave Ship 4879: 4867: 4806: 4736: 4714: 4483: 4051: 3504: 3488: 3411: 3347: 3325:, meaning 'to marry'. 3321: 3302: 3267: 3259: 3216: 3212:, produced in 1787 by 3156:Following the British 3122: 3103: 3056:New West India Company 3014: 2929: 2926:Auguste François Biard 2914: 2863: 2794:, Etsi, Fetu, Eguafo, 2779: 2762: 2739: 2694: 2656: 2583: 2519: 2512: 2429: 2324: 2254: 2166: 2033: 900:British Virgin Islands 452:Circassian slave trade 418:Safavid imperial harem 413:Ottoman Imperial Harem 42: 33751:Black British history 33425:Walk Through Darkness 33361:Underground to Canada 32974:Jermain Wesley Loguen 32919:(1848/1854 VA – 1957) 32846:Ayuba Suleiman Diallo 32662:Konstantin Mihailović 32610:Lovisa von Burghausen 31610:Pirates versus Ninjas 31037:Slave raid of Suðuroy 30999:Persian Gulf Campaign 30884:Capture of the sloop 30812:Battle of the Leotung 30797:Battle of New Orleans 30676: 30538:Richard Avery Hornsby 30290:Piet Pieterszoon Hein 30250:Moses Cohen Henriques 30220:Manuel Ribeiro Pardal 29965:Christina Anna Skytte 29503:Brethren of the Coast 29486:Baltic Slavic pirates 29433:Ancient Mediterranean 28966:Antiguan and Barbudan 28574:Related ethnic groups 28539:History of the Gambia 28398:Port Royal Experiment 28212:Religion and folklore 28152:Daughters of the Dust 27256:Athletic associations 27191:Negro league baseball 26962:African-American Jews 26681:Ketanji Brown Jackson 26646:Henry Highland Garnet 26505:Negro National Anthem 26255:George Floyd protests 26220:Post–civil rights era 25530:Territorial evolution 24894:George Floyd Protests 24877:Unite the Right rally 24746:Oklahoma City bombing 24741:Republican Revolution 24688:Space Shuttle program 24510:Civil Rights Movement 24478:North Atlantic Treaty 24286:Sherman Antitrust Act 24271:Chinese Exclusion Act 23861:French and Indian War 23851:Prelude to Revolution 23836:First Great Awakening 23796:European colonization 22895:European colonisation 22858:Pre-colonial kingdoms 22651:Wheat, David (2016). 22632:Thomas, Hugh (1997). 22391:Duke University Press 22252:Duke University Press 22187:Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo 22056:Eltis, David (2000). 21793:Bailey, Anne (2006). 21753:. London: Macmillan. 21664:10.1093/ahr/120.2.433 20726:Middlebury Free Press 20682:10.1353/cwh.1997.0099 20326:National Park Service 20156:Graden, Dale (2010). 19689:143 (1994): 136–166. 19633:, 2018), pp. 200–209. 19552:founders.archives.gov 18842:"Scramble for Africa" 18637:National Park Service 17924:: 166. Archived from 17913:Nathan, Nunn (2008). 17661:"Haiti, 1789 to 1806" 17559:Stephen D. Behrendt, 17503:Oxford Bibliographies 17393:Constructing the Past 17310:retained their lands. 17196:Bodge, George Madison 17145:Bodge, George Madison 17100:archaeologiaame02amer 16985:Yale Macmillan Center 16835:National Park Service 16801:National Park Service 16720:Lokken, Paul (2013). 16549:Oxford Bibliographies 16499:www.zinnedproject.org 16325:Alejandra Dubcovsky, 16249:Yale University Press 16243:Watts, S. J. (1997). 16042:Curtin, P.D. (2017). 15965:Kelton, Paul (2007). 15932:10.1353/jer.2013.0061 15780:"Sold Down the River" 15428:Marks, Katie (2021). 15237:Slavery and Abolition 14406:"The Editor's Shanty" 14364:"Le Mali précolonial" 13693:Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo 13679:Duke University Press 13044:Eltis, David (2000). 12529:The National Archives 12191:Bly, Antonio (1998). 12138:Forbes, Ella (1992). 12109:"Slave Ship Mutinies" 11990:History in the Making 11984:Wilsey, Adam (2008). 11961:Ohio University Press 11294:National Park Service 10988:Islam's Black Slaves, 10907:Le Monde diplomatique 10643:Thomas, Hugh (2013). 10588:10.4324/9781315240367 10522:National Park Service 10225:Thomas, Hugh (2013). 10005:Thomas, Hugh (2013). 9825:College of Charleston 9507:Duke University Press 9493:Nater, Laura (2006). 9050:Duke University Press 8698:College of Charleston 8462:National Park Service 8249:Liverpool slave trade 8223:Black Sea slave trade 8181:On 30 July 2008, the 8068: 8057:to issue an apology. 8044:De Nederlandsche Bank 8012: 7908:Slave dungeon inside 7907: 7745:Nova Scotian Settlers 7708: 7617: 7567: 7549: 7458: 7398: 7242: 7231: 7183:Battle of Fort Sumter 7138:Prigg v. Pennsylvania 7019:Crittenden Compromise 6813: 6793: 6779: 6754:), was imprisoned at 6717: 6709:National Park Service 6684: 6626: 6580:Industrial Revolution 6555: 6546:Further information: 6503: 6477: 6027:Industrial Revolution 6004:and the territory of 5978: 5846:British North America 5782: 5682: 5665:English-allied forces 5605: 5552:Santiago de Guatemala 5497:traditional religions 5495:. They brought their 5493:sugarcane plantations 5457: 5411:Royal African Company 5382:On November 7, 1693, 5377: 5351:) in northern Brazil 5221: 5189: 5118: 5068: 5047: 5004: 4943:, has researched the 4917: 4875: 4863: 4801: 4720: 4712: 4482: 4049: 3680:Republic of the Congo 3631:Southeastern Africa ( 3618:Republic of the Congo 3616:West Central Africa ( 3502: 3483: 3450:Further information: 3409: 3401:College of Charleston 3345: 3296: 3265: 3257: 3208: 3180:ammunition, alcohol, 3113:Ayuba Suleiman Diallo 3109: 3101: 3012: 2950:Treaty of Tordesillas 2920: 2912: 2849: 2777: 2749: 2734: 2689: 2637: 2621:invaded and colonised 2570: 2517: 2487: 2482:Le Monde diplomatique 2466:the Umayyad Caliphate 2424: 2318: 2287:Doctrine of Discovery 2183:Black Sea slave trade 2156: 2118:Black Sea slave trade 2106:Slavery in Al-Andalus 2023: 1953:Further information: 1139:Europe and North Asia 1099:Australia and Oceania 799:Pre-Columbian America 371:Slave raid of Suðuroy 303:Slavery in al-Andalus 225:Black Sea slave trade 154:21st-century jihadism 32: 33731:Atlantic slave trade 33623:Caribbean literature 33613:Atlantic slave trade 33166:Twelve Years a Slave 33059:Booker T. Washington 32861:Jordan Winston Early 32284:Water and sanitation 31532:skull and crossbones 31488:Mistress of the Seas 31170:Capture of the brig 31147:Atlantic slave trade 30908:Falklands Expedition 30762:Battle of Cape Lopez 30682:1582 Cagayan battles 30609:Queen Anne's Revenge 30160:José Joaquim Almeida 30145:John Newland Maffitt 30065:Hayreddin Barbarossa 29905:Bartolomeu Português 29895:Artemisia I of Caria 29890:Alexandre Exquemelin 29728:Baltic Slavic piracy 29481:Anglo-Turkish piracy 29315:Lists of plantations 29284:Underground Railroad 28784:Atlantic slave trade 28760:Black British people 28485:Atlantic slave trade 28160:Gullah Gullah Island 27463:Afro-Seminole Creole 26989:Azusa Street Revival 26861:Booker T. Washington 26385:Underground Railroad 26250:Free people of color 26104:Atlantic slave trade 25444:Palestinian American 24871:Obergefell v. Hodges 24763:September 11 attacks 24599:Second-wave feminism 24520:Cuban Missile Crisis 24380:Bath School disaster 24298:Spanish–American War 24261:The Gospel of Wealth 24140:California Gold Rush 24100:Mexican–American War 24090:Nullification crisis 24058:Era of Good Feelings 23958:Confederation period 23866:Proclamation of 1763 23816:Atlantic slave trade 23466:Stadiums by capacity 23413:World Heritage Sites 22890:European exploration 22140:Green, Toby (2012). 21711:Non-academic sources 21450:. pp. 241–263. 21388:General bibliography 21371:Agence France-Presse 21089:on 29 September 2020 20949:on 25 February 2024. 20792:"Reggae and slavery" 19818:, 24 September 2014. 19607:on 21 September 2016 19579:. pp. 104–107. 19142:. Harvard University 19014:Darwin, John (2013) 18179:(1998), pp. 440–464. 18135:Baten, Jörg (2016). 17701:on 26 February 2009. 17432:. pp. 101–135. 17387:Werner, Amy (2013). 16793:"The Middle Passage" 16451:10.1179/tns.2005.004 16400:. London: Macmillan. 15912:Head, David (2013). 15845:Smithsonian Magazine 15646:Chicago Review Press 14264:Millersville College 13994:Jones, Adam (2006). 13597:on 23 December 2010. 12461:, pp. 437, 446. 12414:Behrendt, Stephen D. 12375:Lockhart; Schwartz. 11204:Butel, Paul (2002). 11176:10.30958/ajhis.6-4-4 10853:Manning, P. (1990). 10824:Ferro, Mark (1997). 10651:Simon & Schuster 10233:Simon & Schuster 10013:Simon & Schuster 9717:. Oxford Reference. 9415:. pp. 216–229. 9318:"Columbian Exchange" 9052:. pp. 119–120. 8188:United States Senate 8090:On 9 December 1999, 7993:On 30 January 2006, 7866:improve this section 7765:Sierra Leone Company 7536:(who died in 1940). 7442:West Africa Squadron 7381:Treaty of Paris 1814 7369:internal slave trade 7326:British abolitionism 7302:Slave Trade Act 1807 7122:Commonwealth v. Aves 6979:Nashville Convention 6969:Mexican–American War 6939:Nullification crisis 6854:sub-Saharan Africans 6823:institutional racism 5971:Economics of slavery 5760:and southern Peru." 5320:European competition 5165:Louisville, Kentucky 5161:domestic slave trade 5133:slave breeding farms 5073:plantation in Brazil 4921:by William Jackson. 4797:João III of Portugal 4793:Nzinga Mbemba Afonso 4628:Indian Ocean islands 3916:Recognition politics 3861:Genocides in history 3237:indentured servitude 3158:Slave Trade Act 1807 3085:Bridgetown, Barbados 3060:Compagnie du Sénégal 3052:Royal Africa Company 2681:west-central African 2417:Zanzibar slave trade 2252:, Spaniards applied 2082:Christopher Columbus 1781:Atlantic slave trade 1594:Indentured servitude 1522:Underground Railroad 1322:United Arab Emirates 711:Zanzibar slave trade 678:By country or region 491:Atlantic slave trade 393:Ma malakat aymanukum 277:Venetian slave trade 33756:Early modern period 33746:African slave trade 33736:1525 establishments 33618:Captivity narrative 33449:The Book of Negroes 33230:The Slave Community 33094:(1845–1847, Brazil) 33021:James Lindsay Smith 32928:John Andrew Jackson 32863:(1814 – after 1894) 32817:(1845 KY – 1938 OH) 32810:William Wells Brown 32769:Jared Maurice Arter 32764:William J. Anderson 32657:Johann Schiltberger 32096:Chamber of Deputies 31959:Dominican Civil War 31923:War of Independence 31549:No purchase, no pay 31517:Davy Jones's locker 31460:The Angel's Command 31304:Guybrush Threepwood 31152:Barbary slave trade 31129:African slave trade 30926:Jiajing wokou raids 30827:Battle of Ty-ho Bay 30050:François l'Olonnais 29910:Bartholomew Roberts 29798:Republic of Pirates 29279:Fugitive slave laws 28952:Ethnic and national 28811:Bristol Bus Boycott 28300:Charleston red rice 28112:Film and television 27858:Trinidad and Tobago 27473:Black American Sign 27300:By African descent 27294:Ethnic subdivisions 27281:Southwestern (SWAC) 27196:Baseball color line 27111:Black Panther Party 27015:Political movements 26932:in computer science 26591:Carol Moseley Braun 26380:Tulsa race massacre 26373:Treatment of slaves 26205:March on Washington 26200:Birmingham movement 25893:U.S. Virgin Islands 25379:Lithuanian American 25335:Vietnamese American 24681:End of the Cold War 24671:Invasion of Grenada 24621:Iran hostage crisis 24370:Tulsa race massacre 24177:Election of Lincoln 24172:Dred Scott decision 24160:Kansas–Nebraska Act 24063:Missouri Compromise 23981:Northwest Ordinance 23971:Pennsylvania Mutiny 23966:and Perpetual Union 23926:American Revolution 23841:War of Jenkins' Ear 23150:Freedom of religion 23135:Heads of government 22927:Scramble for Africa 22636:. London: Picador. 21858:Clarke, John Henrik 21472:. African Studies. 21352:on 18 February 2024 21345:The Washington Post 21000:on 24 February 2024 20804:on 5 February 2024. 20731:Middlebury, Vermont 20362:New York University 20264:Department of State 20145:on 3 December 2023. 19558:on 19 October 2023. 19467:David Brion Davis, 19389:on 24 February 2024 19383:The New York Review 19034:Caribbean Quarterly 18579:Read, Sean (2023). 17993:The European Legacy 17845:The Open University 16925:Dartmouth Libraries 16901:on 29 February 2024 16871:on 29 February 2024 16642:Padgett, Jeffries. 16555:on 29 February 2024 16439:Trans. Newcomen Soc 15820:on 29 February 2024 15724:on 25 February 2024 14846:Abbott, E. (2011). 14370:on 1 December 2011. 13821:2010BMCEE..10...92V 13556:. pp. 333–334. 13279:, pp. 186–197. 13237:Law, Robin (2004). 13145:Law, Robin (1989). 13025:on 12 November 2020 12935:on 29 October 2009. 12862:on 25 February 2024 12684:on 9 December 2012. 12633:Hair & Law 1998 12473:, pp. 453–454. 12377:Early Latin America 11925:Library of Congress 11542:The Open University 11373:on 11 December 2023 9578:40023593?seq=11 9509:. pp. 93–117. 8961:. pp. 103–139. 8821:Columbia University 8760:"Sugar Plantations" 8663:"White Man's Grave" 8532:on 26 November 2020 8468:on 15 December 2022 8259:Red Sea slave trade 8228:Bristol slave trade 8218:Barbary slave trade 8164:Governor of Alabama 8152:Jamestown, Virginia 8114:On 24 August 2007, 7982:West Indian Islands 7947:In 1999, President 7937:UN Slavery Memorial 7738:Province of Freedom 7405:British possessions 7345:William Wilberforce 7262:William Wilberforce 7233:William Wilberforce 6994:Kansas–Nebraska Act 6934:Missouri Compromise 6924:Northwest Ordinance 6889: 6736:Scramble for Africa 6493:, most prominently 6248: 6052: 6025:at the time of the 5812:British West Indies 5789: 5378:Charles II of Spain 5119:Advertisement from 4861:said in the 1840s: 4491: 4103: 4001:Forced assimilation 3121:in the 18th century 3093:Cartagena, Colombia 3089:Porto Bello, Panama 3028:British West Indies 2964:A burial ground in 2653:British slave trade 2504:of the Indian Ocean 2472:(750–1258) and the 2409:Red Sea slave trade 2343:Treaty of Alcacuvas 2319:Noah curses Ham by 2194:Crimean slave trade 2102:Slavery in Portugal 1867:indentured servants 1865:were classified as 1799:regularly used the 1680:Slave Route Project 811:Americas indigenous 701:Red Sea slave trade 691:Contemporary Africa 554:Topics and practice 324:Crimean slave trade 319:Bukhara slave trade 272:Genoese slave trade 149:Contemporary Africa 129:Forced prostitution 33572:Unchained Memories 33077:(b. c. 1780 Congo) 32851:Frederick Douglass 32622:Ukawsaw Gronniosaw 32521:Maria ter Meetelen 32213:Telecommunications 31896:Spanish reconquest 31867:Colonial governors 31838:Dominican Republic 31709:Timeline of piracy 31666:Piracy kidnappings 31319:Jacquotte Delahaye 31274:Charlotte de Berry 31264:Captain Sabertooth 31157:Blockade of Africa 31112:Piracy Law of 1820 31042:Turkish Abductions 30979:Operation Atalanta 30913:Great Lakes Patrol 30792:Battle of Nam Quan 30742:Attack on Veracruz 30678: 30260:Nicholas van Hoorn 30245:Michel de Grammont 30110:Jacquotte Delahaye 30095:Hippolyte Bouchard 30015:Elise Eskilsdotter 29955:Charlotte de Berry 29920:Benjamin Hornigold 29146:Plantation economy 29043:Other black groups 28919:Civic and economic 28534:History of Senegal 28520:History of Nigeria 28515:History of Liberia 28269:John the Conqueror 27956:US representatives 27951:US cabinet members 27843:Dominican Republic 27430:Metropolitan areas 27271:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 27096:Civic and economic 27074:Self-determination 26895:Education, science 26816:Fred Shuttlesworth 26796:A. Philip Randolph 26701:Coretta Scott King 26626:Frederick Douglass 26453:Harlem Renaissance 26358:Separate but equal 26348:Reconstruction era 26336:Plessy v. Ferguson 26227:Cornerstone Speech 26141:Civil Rights Acts 26124:Black Lives Matter 26099:American Civil War 25543:Historical regions 25499:Transgender people 25057:Capital punishment 24916:Support of Ukraine 24865:Black Lives Matter 24773:War in Afghanistan 24698:Invasion of Panama 24654:Iran–Contra affair 24515:Early–mid Cold War 24385:Harlem Renaissance 24244:Compromise of 1877 24219:Reconstruction era 24155:Fugitive Slave Act 24150:Compromise of 1850 24095:Westward expansion 24033:Louisiana Purchase 23876:Stamp Act Congress 23821:King William's War 22875:Indian Ocean trade 22743:2019-07-05 at the 21259:on 7 November 2023 21218:on 31 January 2024 20470:. pp. 62–86. 20468:Palgrave Macmillan 20119:on 3 December 2023 20071:Richmond, Virginia 19888:Anti-Slavery Bugle 19687:Past & Present 19422:on 16 January 2024 19322:on 13 January 2024 18902:Hove, Jon (2018). 18848:. Saylor Academy. 17959:Harvard University 17870:Bertocchi (2016). 17779:on 1 January 2016. 17565:Harvard University 17472:Harvard University 17242:August 24th, 1676. 17204:(Third ed.). 17153:(Third ed.). 17082:. Worcester, etc. 16617:Harvard University 16416:2020-11-12 at the 16346:on 15 October 2014 16340:"European traders" 16315:on 3 October 2006. 14887:on 2 November 2023 14340:. 8 October 2002. 14292:on 1 October 2018. 14099:on 26 October 2020 14002:. pp. 23–24. 13965:report, page 43-44 13896:American Holocaust 13719:on 18 January 2017 12754:The New York Times 12412:Rawley, James A.; 12254:on 30 January 2021 11934:on 19 January 2024 11779:on 18 January 2024 11643:, pp. 81–108. 11631:, pp. 95–113. 11578:on 3 December 2023 10969:The New York Times 10925:Miers, S. (2003). 10792:. pp. 11–12. 10773:on 6 October 2014. 10653:. pp. 35–40. 10582:. pp. 105ff. 10080:on 23 January 2024 10015:. pp. 12–13. 9456:. pp. 65–85. 9413:Palgrave Macmillan 9080:American Holocaust 8934:on 17 January 2024 8893:. pp. 49–72. 8770:on 27 January 2024 8387:The New York Times 8327:Zephaniah Kingsley 8310:Tobacco and Slaves 8274:Slavery in Britain 8079:African chieftains 8071: 8015: 7914: 7819:Rastafari movement 7813:Rastafari movement 7807:Frederick Douglass 7711: 7637:Haitian Revolution 7620: 7618:Haitian Revolution 7578: 7558:Memphis, Tennessee 7514:American Civil War 7474: 7436:British Royal Navy 7401: 7350:Haitian Revolution 7271:Somerset v Stewart 7245: 7237: 6984:Compromise of 1850 6887:American Civil War 6880: 6876:Blockade of Africa 6818: 6786: 6732:Sub-Saharan Africa 6720: 6691: 6635: 6558: 6514:estimates that by 6507: 6483: 6246: 6050: 5981: 5870:Danish West Indies 5832:French West Indies 5802:Portuguese America 5787: 5785: 5702:maroon communities 5688: 5627: 5476:Dominican Republic 5464: 5423:slave trading ship 5380: 5224: 5192: 5129: 5075: 5050: 5039:Pensacola, Florida 5023:Danish West Indies 5011: 4926: 4746:American Holocaust 4737: 4715: 4605:off-shore Atlantic 4489: 4484: 4323:Danish West Indies 4101: 4052: 3505: 3432:kingdom of Dahomey 3420:French West Indies 3412: 3382:as a free person. 3348: 3303: 3268: 3260: 3217: 3201:Labour and slavery 3123: 3104: 3015: 2945:200-300 per trip. 2930: 2915: 2892:departed from the 2864: 2854:people aboard the 2780: 2763: 2695: 2657: 2617:Kingdom of Castile 2609:Cape Verde islands 2584: 2532:across the Red Sea 2520: 2450:Rashidun Caliphate 2430: 2339:African population 2325: 2255:limpieza de sangre 2214:limpieza de sangre 2179:Balkan slave trade 2167: 2163:Portuguese Empires 2136:Greco-Roman people 2122:Balkan slave trade 2078:Columbian exchange 2034: 1998:Navigator's School 1930:History of slavery 1831:sub-Saharan Africa 1461:Blockade of Africa 768:Somali slave trade 684:Sub-Saharan Africa 376:Turkish Abductions 334:Khivan slave trade 329:Khazar slave trade 282:Balkan slave trade 240:Prague slave trade 43: 33718: 33717: 33712: 33711: 33484:I, Juan de Pareja 33468:Young adult books 33275:Uncle Tom's Cabin 33118:Non-fiction books 33113: 33112: 33070:Harriet E. Wilson 32954:Elizabeth Keckley 32800:Henry "Box" Brown 32718:(1860–1965, Cuba) 32712:(1797–1854, Cuba) 32667:George of Hungary 32642:(1792 – fl. 1828) 32395: 32394: 32355: 32354: 32231: 32230: 32165: 32164: 32152:Political parties 32113:Foreign relations 32063: 32062: 31969:COVID-19 pandemic 31804: 31803: 31785:Piracy portal 31768: 31767: 31745:Fictional pirates 31644:Truce of Ratisbon 31618: 31617: 31579:Walking the plank 31439:On Stranger Tides 31379:Tony Tony Chopper 31269:Captain Stingaree 31206:Fictional pirates 31022:Sack of Baltimore 31017:Raid on Cartagena 30959:Moscow University 30838:Beluga Nomination 30807:Battle of Pianosa 30732:Antelope incident 30623:Marquis of Havana 30561: 30560: 30270:Olivier Levasseur 30210:Louis-Michel Aury 30175:Klaus Störtebeker 30125:Jeanne de Clisson 30045:François Le Clerc 29880:Anne Dieu-le-Veut 29826: 29825: 29743:South China Coast 29707:Strait of Malacca 29383: 29382: 29088: 29087: 28961:African-Caribbean 28726: 28725: 28706: 28705: 28581:African Americans 28490:History of Angola 28446:(protected site) 28354: 28353: 28346:Culture of Africa 28325:Robot Hive/Exodus 28293:Music and culture 28186:Vibration Cooking 28136:A Soldier's Story 28063: 28062: 27891:African Americans 27763:Dallas–Fort Worth 27358:Black Southerners 27289: 27288: 26741:Thurgood Marshall 26711:Bernard Lafayette 26306:Million Man March 26063:African Americans 26029: 26028: 25987: 25986: 25983: 25982: 25548:American frontier 25509: 25508: 25439:Lebanese American 25424:Egyptian American 25359:Estonian American 25349:Albanian American 25343:European American 25320:Japanese American 25310:Filipino American 25271: 25270: 24933: 24932: 24929: 24928: 24882:COVID-19 pandemic 24785:Hurricane Katrina 24726:Los Angeles riots 24616:Watergate scandal 24461:Start of Cold War 24429:Manhattan Project 24016:Whiskey Rebellion 23846:King George's War 23811:Thirteen Colonies 23772:Pre-Columbian Era 23683: 23682: 23550: 23549: 23479: 23478: 23295: 23294: 23272:Natural resources 23214: 23213: 23160:Linguistic rights 23102: 23101: 23019: 23018: 22725:. Washington, DC. 22580:978-0-674-03068-8 22569:. Cambridge, MA: 22557:978-0-7656-1257-1 22511:978-0-14-311425-3 22477:(Rev. ed.). 22465:978-0-618-64356-1 22423:978-0-7453-3108-9 22400:978-0-8223-4127-7 22357:978-1-57003-546-3 22334:978-0-13-194215-8 22236:978-0-8147-3688-3 22124:978-1-63149-582-3 21980:978-1-107-17626-3 21960:on 9 August 2020. 21898:978-0-299-05400-7 21834:978-1-84467-569-2 21808:978-0-8070-5513-7 21785:978-1-60497-714-1 21732:978-1-61039-635-6 21633:Academic articles 21623:978-1-4696-6369-2 21595:978-0-521-62217-2 21569:978-0-674-72487-7 21546:978-0-06-053916-0 21518:978-0-9501546-4-0 21457:978-0-19-164734-5 21411:978-0-85255-009-0 20853:978-0-241-43744-5 20765:978-0-933121-59-1 20669:Civil War History 20635:978-0-8020-7402-7 20605:. pp. 40–43. 20165:História Unisinos 20066:Richmond Enquirer 19968:978-0-19-531104-4 19797:Huw Lewis-Jones, 19672:978-0-521-00149-6 19625:Christer Petley, 19586:978-0-19-975108-2 19240:Roediger, David. 19016:Unfinished Empire 18939:978-90-04-38014-1 18602:978-0-19-027773-4 18332:. Vol. One. 18150:978-1-107-50718-0 18068:978-2-36062-009-8 17691:"Digital History" 17546:978-0-295-98601-2 17539:. pp. XXVI. 17247:Journal page 398. 17106:Christian Indians 16929:Dartmouth College 16364:Elkins, Stanley: 16110:(1): 63, 65, 67. 16078:BBC World service 15980:978-0-8032-1557-3 15681:Fierce, Mildred. 15397:""Good Breeders"" 15346:on 10 August 2024 15304:978-0-19-932917-5 15168:978-0-8130-4260-2 14861:978-1-4683-0160-1 14757:978-1-4406-2084-3 14693:978-1-84415-633-7 14583:"Raymond L. Cohn" 14394:on 19 April 2023. 14270:on 16 March 2010. 14184:978-1-107-09485-7 14034:978-1-78816-814-4 14009:978-0-415-35385-4 13910:978-0-19-508557-0 13712:978-0-8078-5862-2 13621:on 24 March 2024. 13537:. pp. 83–84. 13328:978-0-19-538207-5 13248:978-0-8214-1572-6 13214:978-0-8122-4673-5 13014:(Working Paper). 12761:on 17 April 2009. 12734:978-0-521-84066-8 12564:978-0-521-04824-8 12416:(December 2005). 12338:(Subscription or 11682:978-0-8070-5512-0 11436:, pp. 29–31. 11321:, pp. 28–29. 11221:978-1-134-84305-3 11021:978-90-04-15329-5 10861:. pp. 28–29. 10839:978-0-415-14007-2 10799:978-0-19-522151-0 10528:on 31 August 2024 10292:Wash. U. Jue. Rev 9778:. pp. 35–36. 9732:978-0-19-027773-4 9690:on 10 August 2016 9557:World Archaeology 9524:978-0-8223-3753-9 9471:978-0-8147-4818-3 9430:978-1-137-32405-4 9261:, pp. 24–26. 9161:, pp. 15–17. 9116:Davidson, Basil. 8900:978-0-313-37497-5 8380:(22 April 2010). 8279:Slavery in Canada 8160:American colonies 8040:colony of Surinam 7902: 7901: 7894: 7641:St. George Tucker 7472:freed 466 slaves. 7440:The Royal Navy's 7249:David Brion Davis 7226: 7225: 7075:Uncle Tom's Cabin 6882:Events leading to 6858:anti-black racism 6827:scientific racism 6815:Scientific racism 6772:anti-black racism 6725:antimalarial drug 6610:, wrote that "... 6495:David Livingstone 6442: 6441: 6435: 6434: 6390:Northern America 6239: 6238: 6194:Northern America 5878: 5877: 5860:Dutch West Indies 5692:Indigenous people 5623:African Americans 5550:and were sold in 5511:Slave exports to 5276:natural selection 5173:Mississippi River 5149:enslaved children 4910:Atlantic shipment 4840:to the east, the 4818:Afonso I of Kongo 4705:African conflicts 4702: 4701: 4474: 4473: 4168:British Caribbean 4137:Portuguese Brazil 4074:Canadian scholar 4044: 4043: 3856:List of genocides 3607:Equatorial Guinea 3452:Slavery in Africa 3297:Slave traders in 3187:slave plantations 3136:South Sea Company 3115:(Job ben Solomon) 3081:Kingston, Jamaica 3036:Treaty of Münster 3020:Asiento de Negros 2868:Cape Coast Castle 2673:Queen Elizabeth I 2648:Cape Coast Castle 2470:Abbasid Caliphate 2395:Slavery in Africa 2354:Annius of Viterbo 2291:Pope Alexander VI 2128:Iberian Peninsula 2084:. It started the 1992:invention of the 1777: 1776: 1727:Freedmen's Bureau 1549:Third Servile War 1544:International law 1111:Human trafficking 873:Human trafficking 548:Thirteen colonies 366:Sack of Baltimore 134:Human trafficking 16:(Redirected from 33833: 33786:History of sugar 33771:Forced migration 33315: 33312: 33308: 33305: 33283:The Heroic Slave 33038:Pierre Toussaint 33033:(1793 VA – 1860) 32997:(1827 VA – 1900) 32729:Pierre Toussaint 32564:Antoine Qaurtier 32553: 32550: 32457: 32456: 32429:Slave narratives 32422: 32415: 32408: 32399: 32398: 32375: 32368: 32242: 32241: 32186: 32176: 32175: 32074: 32073: 31993: 31992: 31981: 31954:Parsley massacre 31831: 31824: 31817: 31808: 31807: 31794: 31793: 31783: 31782: 31781: 31679: 31678: 31481:Pirate Latitudes 31474:Long John Silver 31467:Voyage of Slaves 31334:Long John Silver 31229:Captain Birdseye 31202: 31201: 31072:Letter of marque 31032:Salvador Pirates 31027:Sack of Campeche 30850:Chepo Expedition 30832:Battle of Tysami 30787:Battle off Mukah 30777:Battle of Manila 30616:Quedagh Merchant 30574:Adventure Galley 30420:Victual Brothers 30405:Thomas Cavendish 30370:Sayyida al Hurra 30355:Samuel Hall Lord 30335:Roche Braziliano 30320:Robert Culliford 30255:Nathaniel Gordon 30225:Martin Frobisher 30185:Laurens de Graaf 30155:Jørgen Jørgensen 30090:Henry Strangways 30070:Hendrick Lucifer 30020:Eustace the Monk 29885:António de Faria 29835: 29834: 29803:Republic of Salé 29773:Île Sainte-Marie 29628: 29627: 29605:Victual Brothers 29513:Cilician pirates 29410: 29403: 29396: 29387: 29386: 29156:Plantation house 29115: 29108: 29101: 29092: 29091: 28753: 28746: 28739: 28730: 28729: 28716: 28715: 28505:History of Ghana 28500:History of Congo 28495:History of Benin 28429:Eulonia, Georgia 28424:Daufuskie Island 28378: 28377: 28368: 28362: 28109: 28108: 28090: 28083: 28076: 28067: 28066: 28053: 28052: 28051: 28015:Lynching victims 27514:Louisiana Creole 27485:American English 27373:Louisiana Creole 27346:Choctaw freedmen 27184: 27183: 26721:Huddie Ledbetter 26661:Fannie Lou Hamer 26631:W. E. B. Du Bois 26621:Claudette Colvin 26616:Shirley Chisholm 26433:Family structure 26301:Military history 26183:Browder v. Gayle 26056: 26049: 26042: 26033: 26032: 26019: 26009: 26008: 25973: 25972: 25902:Outlying islands 25859:Washington, D.C. 25854:Federal District 25553:Manifest destiny 25526: 25525: 25515: 25514: 25457:Native Americans 25429:Iranian American 25403:Mexican American 25389:Serbian American 25374:Italian American 25364:Finnish American 25354:English American 25305:Chinese American 25292:African American 25277: 25276: 25082:Direct democracy 25072:The Constitution 25031:Higher education 24954:American Century 24939: 24938: 24392:Great Depression 24365:Women's suffrage 24355:Roaring Twenties 24281:Haymarket affair 24239:Enforcement Acts 24028:Jeffersonian era 23976:Shays' Rebellion 23896:Intolerable Acts 23891:Boston Tea Party 23826:Queen Anne's War 23754: 23753: 23743: 23742: 23710: 23703: 23696: 23687: 23686: 23663: 23656: 23441:Afro-Asian Games 23361: 23360: 23304: 23303: 23282:Renewable energy 23247:Countries by HDI 23225: 23224: 23113: 23112: 23030: 23029: 22831: 22830: 22807: 22800: 22793: 22784: 22783: 22771: 22770: 22726: 22714: 22701: 22670: 22647: 22628: 22605: 22584: 22561: 22538: 22515: 22492: 22469: 22450: 22427: 22404: 22381: 22361: 22338: 22315: 22294: 22292: 22283:(4–5): 475–494. 22265: 22240: 22217: 22204: 22182: 22167:. Philadelphia: 22159: 22136: 22109: 22090: 22071: 22052: 22015: 21984: 21961: 21959: 21953:. Archived from 21920: 21910: 21886: 21875: 21853: 21838: 21817:Blackburn, Robin 21812: 21789: 21764: 21736: 21719:Meredith, Martin 21705: 21696: 21683: 21682:on 19 June 2024. 21681: 21675:. Archived from 21666: 21646: 21627: 21599: 21573: 21550: 21522: 21500: 21487: 21466:Lovejoy, Paul E. 21461: 21438: 21415: 21382: 21368: 21362: 21361: 21359: 21357: 21335: 21329: 21328: 21321:Associated Press 21307: 21301: 21300: 21298: 21296: 21287:. Archived from 21275: 21269: 21268: 21266: 21264: 21255:. Archived from 21234: 21228: 21227: 21225: 21223: 21202: 21196: 21195: 21193: 21191: 21182:. Archived from 21169: 21163: 21162: 21160: 21158: 21153:on 26 March 2023 21137: 21131: 21130: 21128: 21126: 21105: 21099: 21098: 21096: 21094: 21085:. Archived from 21073: 21067: 21066: 21064: 21062: 21057:on 29 March 2024 21053:. Archived from 21040: 21034: 21033: 21016: 21010: 21009: 21007: 21005: 20996:. Archived from 20975: 20969: 20968: 20967:on 12 July 2023. 20957: 20951: 20950: 20939: 20933: 20932: 20930: 20928: 20907: 20901: 20900: 20864: 20858: 20857: 20839: 20833: 20832: 20815: 20806: 20805: 20788: 20782: 20781: 20779: 20777: 20749: 20743: 20742: 20716: 20710: 20709: 20703: 20701: 20659: 20653: 20647: 20641: 20639: 20623: 20613: 20607: 20606: 20594: 20588: 20587: 20567: 20555: 20549: 20543: 20534: 20527: 20521: 20520: 20518: 20516: 20507:. Archived from 20499:Hancock, James. 20496: 20490: 20489: 20455: 20449: 20448: 20446: 20444: 20435:. Archived from 20433:Brown University 20420: 20414: 20413: 20411: 20409: 20400:. Archived from 20398:Brown University 20384: 20378: 20377: 20375: 20373: 20364:. Archived from 20349: 20343: 20342: 20340: 20338: 20329:. Archived from 20317: 20311: 20310: 20308: 20306: 20289:Bromley, Jason. 20286: 20280: 20279: 20277: 20275: 20266:. Archived from 20250: 20244: 20243: 20241: 20239: 20230:. Archived from 20228:Brown University 20215: 20209: 20202: 20196: 20195: 20193: 20191: 20185: 20179:. Archived from 20162: 20153: 20147: 20146: 20135: 20129: 20128: 20126: 20124: 20102: 20096: 20089: 20083: 20082: 20057: 20051: 20050: 20014: 20008: 20007: 19990:(4): 631–658 u. 19979: 19973: 19972: 19956: 19946: 19940: 19939: 19937: 19935: 19926:. Archived from 19912: 19906: 19905: 19879: 19870: 19869: 19867: 19865: 19860:on 15 March 2024 19850: 19844: 19843: 19842:on 6 March 2024. 19838:. Archived from 19825: 19819: 19808: 19802: 19795: 19789: 19788: 19768: 19762: 19761: 19739: 19733: 19732: 19704: 19698: 19683: 19677: 19676: 19652: 19646: 19640: 19634: 19623: 19617: 19616: 19614: 19612: 19603:. Archived from 19597: 19591: 19590: 19566: 19560: 19559: 19554:. Archived from 19544: 19538: 19537: 19529: 19523: 19516: 19510: 19504: 19498: 19492: 19481: 19478: 19472: 19465: 19459: 19458: 19438: 19432: 19431: 19429: 19427: 19418:. Archived from 19405: 19399: 19398: 19396: 19394: 19385:. Archived from 19374: 19368: 19367: 19365: 19363: 19358:on 15 April 2024 19338: 19332: 19331: 19329: 19327: 19318:. Archived from 19305: 19299: 19298: 19296: 19294: 19289:on 14 March 2024 19285:. Archived from 19272: 19266: 19265: 19263: 19261: 19252:. Archived from 19237: 19231: 19230: 19228: 19226: 19189: 19183: 19182: 19180: 19178: 19169:. Archived from 19158: 19152: 19151: 19149: 19147: 19132: 19126: 19125: 19123: 19121: 19086: 19080: 19079: 19077: 19075: 19063: 19057: 19056: 19054: 19052: 19025: 19019: 19012: 19006: 19000: 18994: 18993: 18991: 18989: 18983: 18966: 18957: 18951: 18950: 18948: 18946: 18931: 18899: 18893: 18892: 18890: 18888: 18868: 18862: 18861: 18859: 18857: 18838: 18832: 18831: 18829: 18827: 18808: 18802: 18801: 18799: 18797: 18792:on 18 March 2022 18788:. Archived from 18774: 18768: 18767: 18765: 18763: 18744: 18738: 18737: 18735: 18733: 18724:. Archived from 18710: 18704: 18703: 18693: 18683: 18659: 18653: 18652: 18650: 18648: 18639:. Archived from 18625: 18619: 18618: 18616: 18614: 18576: 18570: 18569: 18567: 18565: 18544: 18538: 18537: 18535: 18533: 18527: 18510: 18501: 18495: 18494: 18492: 18490: 18484: 18469: 18460: 18454: 18453: 18451: 18449: 18443: 18432: 18424: 18418: 18411: 18405: 18398: 18392: 18391: 18379: 18373: 18372: 18360: 18354: 18353: 18343: 18341: 18316: 18310: 18309: 18297: 18291: 18290: 18282: 18276: 18275:, pp. 1–21. 18270: 18261: 18260: 18232: 18226: 18225: 18189: 18180: 18173: 18167: 18161: 18155: 18154: 18132: 18126: 18125: 18103: 18094: 18093: 18082: 18073: 18072: 18054: 18048: 18047: 18045: 18043: 18022: 18016: 18015: 18013: 18011: 17984: 17978: 17977: 17975: 17973: 17967: 17961:. Archived from 17956: 17947: 17941: 17940: 17938: 17936: 17931:on 22 March 2021 17930: 17919: 17910: 17904: 17903: 17901: 17891: 17867: 17861: 17860: 17858: 17856: 17847:. Archived from 17833: 17827: 17820: 17814: 17794: 17781: 17780: 17778: 17772:. Archived from 17767: 17759: 17753: 17752: 17735: 17729: 17728: 17726: 17724: 17709: 17703: 17702: 17697:. Archived from 17687: 17681: 17680: 17678: 17676: 17657: 17651: 17648: 17642: 17635: 17629: 17628: 17622: 17620: 17595: 17589: 17588: 17576: 17557: 17551: 17550: 17525: 17519: 17518: 17516: 17514: 17497:Edwards, Erika. 17494: 17488: 17487: 17485: 17483: 17460: 17454: 17453: 17451: 17449: 17419: 17413: 17412: 17410: 17408: 17384: 17378: 17377: 17375: 17373: 17364:. Archived from 17352: 17346: 17345: 17343: 17341: 17319: 17313: 17312: 17265: 17256: 17250: 17249: 17240: 17236: 17192: 17186: 17185: 17141: 17135: 17134: 17081: 17067: 17061: 17060: 17058: 17056: 17037: 17031: 17030: 17028: 17026: 17007: 17001: 17000: 16998: 16996: 16991:on 13 March 2024 16977: 16971: 16970: 16968: 16966: 16951: 16945: 16944: 16942: 16940: 16917: 16911: 16910: 16908: 16906: 16897:. Archived from 16887: 16881: 16880: 16878: 16876: 16857: 16851: 16850: 16848: 16846: 16841:on 14 April 2024 16837:. Archived from 16823: 16817: 16816: 16814: 16812: 16789: 16783: 16782: 16780: 16778: 16762: 16756: 16755: 16753: 16751: 16717: 16711: 16710: 16708: 16706: 16674: 16668: 16667: 16665: 16663: 16639: 16633: 16632: 16630: 16628: 16619:. Archived from 16605: 16599: 16598: 16596: 16594: 16571: 16565: 16564: 16562: 16560: 16551:. Archived from 16540: 16534: 16533: 16521: 16515: 16514: 16512: 16510: 16501:. Archived from 16491: 16485: 16484: 16478: 16470: 16468: 16466: 16436: 16427: 16421: 16408: 16402: 16401: 16393: 16384: 16383: 16375: 16369: 16362: 16356: 16355: 16353: 16351: 16336: 16330: 16323: 16317: 16316: 16311:. Archived from 16301: 16295: 16294: 16289:. Archived from 16277: 16271: 16270: 16240: 16231: 16230: 16209:Panosian, Claire 16201: 16192: 16191: 16189: 16187: 16177: 16168: 16162: 16161: 16141: 16135: 16134: 16132: 16130: 16095: 16089: 16088: 16086: 16084: 16070: 16064: 16063: 16061: 16059: 16039: 16033: 16032: 16012: 16002: 15993: 15992: 15962: 15956: 15955: 15953: 15951: 15909: 15903: 15902: 15900: 15898: 15872: 15866: 15865: 15863: 15861: 15852:. Archived from 15836: 15830: 15829: 15827: 15825: 15816:. Archived from 15806: 15800: 15799: 15797: 15795: 15786:. Archived from 15775: 15769: 15768: 15766: 15764: 15740: 15734: 15733: 15731: 15729: 15720:. Archived from 15705: 15699: 15698: 15696: 15694: 15678: 15672: 15671: 15669: 15667: 15635: 15629: 15628: 15626: 15624: 15605: 15599: 15598: 15596: 15594: 15544: 15538: 15537: 15535: 15533: 15501: 15495: 15494: 15492: 15490: 15484: 15471: 15462: 15456: 15455: 15453: 15451: 15445: 15434: 15425: 15419: 15418: 15416: 15414: 15392: 15386: 15385: 15383: 15381: 15362: 15356: 15355: 15353: 15351: 15330:Edwards (2015). 15327: 15321: 15320: 15318: 15316: 15278: 15272: 15271: 15261: 15227: 15221: 15220: 15218: 15216: 15210: 15204:. Archived from 15199: 15191: 15185: 15184: 15182: 15180: 15148: 15142: 15141: 15139: 15137: 15117: 15111: 15110: 15108: 15106: 15100: 15085: 15076: 15070: 15069: 15053: 15043: 15037: 15036: 15034: 15032: 14998: 14992: 14991: 14989: 14987: 14972: 14966: 14965: 14963: 14961: 14935: 14929: 14928: 14926: 14924: 14915:. Archived from 14903: 14897: 14896: 14894: 14892: 14883:. Archived from 14872: 14866: 14865: 14843: 14837: 14836: 14834: 14832: 14823:. Archived from 14811: 14805: 14804: 14802: 14800: 14768: 14762: 14761: 14739: 14733: 14732: 14715:Houghton Mifflin 14704: 14698: 14697: 14679: 14673: 14672: 14640: 14634: 14633: 14603: 14597: 14596: 14595:on 22 June 2007. 14591:. Archived from 14579: 14573: 14572: 14570: 14568: 14518: 14512: 14511: 14509: 14507: 14490:Wolfe, Brendan. 14487: 14481: 14480: 14479:. Da Capo Press. 14472: 14457: 14456: 14454: 14452: 14431: 14422: 14421: 14419: 14417: 14402: 14396: 14395: 14390:. Archived from 14378: 14372: 14371: 14360: 14354: 14353: 14351: 14349: 14330: 14324: 14323: 14321: 14319: 14300: 14294: 14293: 14288:. Archived from 14278: 14272: 14271: 14266:. Archived from 14256: 14250: 14249: 14226:Hochschild, Adam 14222: 14216: 14215: 14207: 14201: 14200: 14198: 14196: 14164: 14158: 14152: 14143: 14142: 14130: 14120: 14109: 14108: 14106: 14104: 14095:. Archived from 14083: 14077: 14076: 14074: 14072: 14063:. Archived from 14053: 14047: 14046: 14020: 14014: 14013: 13991: 13985: 13984: 13972: 13966: 13960: 13951: 13945: 13939: 13938: 13937:on 12 July 2023. 13921: 13915: 13914: 13890: 13884: 13883: 13882:on 1 April 2023. 13878:. Archived from 13870:Greenberg, Jon. 13867: 13861: 13860: 13850: 13832: 13797: 13791: 13790: 13780: 13762: 13735: 13729: 13728: 13726: 13724: 13715:. Archived from 13689: 13683: 13682: 13670: 13659: 13653: 13647: 13646: 13645:on 22 July 2010. 13641:. Archived from 13629: 13623: 13622: 13605: 13599: 13598: 13593:. Archived from 13583: 13577: 13576: 13564: 13558: 13557: 13545: 13539: 13538: 13526: 13520: 13519: 13504: 13498: 13492: 13486: 13480: 13474: 13468: 13462: 13456: 13450: 13449: 13435: 13429: 13428: 13426: 13424: 13405: 13399: 13393: 13384: 13383: 13382:on 2 March 2012. 13378:. Archived from 13366: 13360: 13354: 13345: 13344: 13342: 13340: 13308: 13302: 13301: 13300:on 12 July 2023. 13296:. Archived from 13286: 13280: 13274: 13265: 13259: 13253: 13252: 13234: 13219: 13218: 13196: 13190: 13189: 13187: 13185: 13142: 13136: 13135: 13133: 13131: 13083: 13077: 13076: 13060: 13054: 13053: 13041: 13035: 13034: 13032: 13030: 13024: 13018:. Archived from 13013: 13002: 12996: 12995: 12984: 12978: 12977: 12965: 12959: 12958: 12953:. Archived from 12943: 12937: 12936: 12931:. Archived from 12925: 12919: 12918: 12916: 12914: 12905:. Archived from 12893: 12887: 12886: 12878: 12872: 12871: 12869: 12867: 12848: 12842: 12836: 12830: 12829: 12821: 12815: 12809: 12803: 12797: 12791: 12790: 12788: 12786: 12769: 12763: 12762: 12745: 12739: 12738: 12716: 12710: 12704: 12698: 12695:Christopher 2006 12692: 12686: 12685: 12680:. Archived from 12669: 12663: 12662: 12642: 12636: 12630: 12624: 12623: 12621: 12619: 12587: 12581: 12575: 12569: 12568: 12544: 12538: 12537: 12536:on 15 June 2024. 12532:. Archived from 12520: 12514: 12508: 12502: 12501: 12493: 12487: 12480: 12474: 12468: 12462: 12456: 12450: 12449: 12447: 12445: 12409: 12400: 12399: 12387: 12381: 12380: 12372: 12366: 12365: 12354:Israel, Jonathan 12350: 12344: 12343: 12335: 12319: 12312: 12306: 12305: 12303: 12301: 12296:on 10 April 2023 12282: 12276: 12270: 12264: 12263: 12261: 12259: 12250:. Archived from 12239: 12233: 12232: 12230: 12228: 12188: 12182: 12181: 12179: 12177: 12135: 12129: 12128: 12126: 12124: 12105: 12099: 12098: 12096: 12094: 12046: 12040: 12039: 12037: 12035: 12030:on 13 March 2024 12026:. Archived from 12016: 12010: 12009: 12007: 12005: 11981: 11975: 11974: 11950: 11944: 11943: 11941: 11939: 11933: 11927:. Archived from 11922: 11914: 11908: 11907: 11905: 11903: 11898:on 30 March 2024 11897: 11891:. Archived from 11886: 11878: 11872: 11871: 11869: 11867: 11862:on 30 March 2024 11861: 11855:. Archived from 11848: 11840: 11834: 11833: 11831: 11829: 11812:(5): 1826–1827. 11795: 11789: 11788: 11786: 11784: 11775:. Archived from 11765: 11759: 11758: 11756: 11754: 11745:. Archived from 11733: 11727: 11726: 11724: 11722: 11703: 11690: 11689: 11662: 11656: 11650: 11644: 11638: 11632: 11626: 11620: 11619: 11617: 11615: 11606:. Archived from 11594: 11588: 11587: 11585: 11583: 11564: 11558: 11557: 11555: 11553: 11544:. Archived from 11530: 11524: 11523: 11521: 11519: 11513: 11502: 11494: 11488: 11482: 11476: 11470: 11461: 11455: 11449: 11443: 11437: 11431: 11425: 11419: 11413: 11412: 11410: 11408: 11399:. Archived from 11389: 11383: 11382: 11380: 11378: 11369:. Archived from 11358: 11352: 11351: 11349: 11347: 11338:. Archived from 11328: 11322: 11316: 11310: 11309: 11307: 11305: 11296:. Archived from 11282: 11273: 11272: 11270: 11268: 11259:. Archived from 11247: 11241: 11240: 11235: 11233: 11201: 11195: 11194: 11192: 11190: 11184: 11159: 11150: 11144: 11143: 11141: 11139: 11118: 11112: 11111: 11109: 11107: 11102:on 31 March 2024 11088: 11082: 11076: 11070: 11064: 11058: 11057: 11050: 11044: 11038: 11029: 11028: 10999: 10993: 10992: 10983: 10981: 10959: 10953: 10949: 10943: 10937: 10931: 10930: 10922: 10916: 10915: 10910:. Archived from 10897: 10891: 10890: 10885:. Archived from 10874: 10863: 10862: 10850: 10844: 10843: 10821: 10815: 10814: 10781: 10775: 10774: 10769:. Archived from 10759: 10753: 10752: 10750: 10748: 10726: 10720: 10719: 10717: 10715: 10683: 10677: 10676: 10674: 10672: 10640: 10634: 10633: 10631: 10629: 10608: 10602: 10601: 10571: 10565: 10564: 10544: 10538: 10537: 10535: 10533: 10524:. Archived from 10510: 10504: 10503: 10501: 10499: 10464: 10458: 10457: 10456:on 30 July 2022. 10452:. Archived from 10446: 10440: 10439: 10437: 10435: 10430:on 26 March 2024 10429: 10423:. Archived from 10418: 10409: 10403: 10402: 10400: 10398: 10379: 10373: 10372: 10370: 10368: 10359:. Archived from 10348: 10342: 10341: 10339: 10337: 10318: 10312: 10311: 10309: 10307: 10283: 10277: 10276: 10274: 10272: 10253: 10247: 10246: 10222: 10216: 10215: 10214:on 15 July 2024. 10213: 10207:. Archived from 10196: 10185: 10179: 10178: 10176: 10174: 10168: 10151: 10142: 10136: 10135: 10133: 10131: 10096: 10090: 10089: 10087: 10085: 10076:. Archived from 10045: 10039: 10038: 10036: 10034: 10002: 9996: 9995: 9993: 9991: 9982:. Archived from 9980:Brown University 9966: 9960: 9959: 9957: 9955: 9935: 9929: 9928: 9926: 9924: 9905: 9899: 9898: 9878: 9872: 9871: 9847: 9841: 9840: 9838: 9836: 9813: 9807: 9804: 9798: 9795: 9789: 9786: 9780: 9779: 9767: 9761: 9758: 9749: 9748: 9746: 9744: 9706: 9700: 9699: 9697: 9695: 9676: 9670: 9669: 9649: 9643: 9642: 9622: 9616: 9615: 9595: 9589: 9588: 9586: 9584: 9547: 9541: 9540: 9538: 9536: 9490: 9484: 9483: 9441: 9435: 9434: 9400: 9394: 9393: 9391: 9389: 9353: 9347: 9346: 9344: 9342: 9310: 9304: 9298: 9292: 9291: 9289: 9287: 9278:. Archived from 9268: 9262: 9256: 9250: 9244: 9238: 9237: 9235: 9233: 9214: 9208: 9207: 9192: 9186: 9180: 9174: 9171:Christopher 2006 9168: 9162: 9156: 9150: 9149: 9148:on 11 June 2024. 9144:. Archived from 9131: 9122: 9121: 9113: 9107: 9106: 9103:Houghton Mifflin 9101:(2nd ed.). 9094: 9088: 9087: 9075: 9064: 9063: 9037: 9028: 9022: 9016: 9015: 8993: 8969: 8963: 8962: 8950: 8944: 8943: 8941: 8939: 8930:. Archived from 8919: 8913: 8912: 8874: 8868: 8867: 8865: 8863: 8854:. Archived from 8843: 8837: 8836: 8834: 8832: 8808: 8802: 8801: 8799: 8789: 8780: 8779: 8777: 8775: 8766:. Archived from 8756: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8745: 8739: 8733:. Archived from 8728: 8720: 8714: 8713: 8711: 8709: 8700:. Archived from 8686: 8680: 8679: 8677: 8675: 8659: 8653: 8652: 8650: 8648: 8634: 8625: 8624: 8622: 8620: 8578: 8569: 8568: 8566: 8564: 8548: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8537: 8528:. Archived from 8514: 8508: 8507: 8505: 8503: 8494:. Archived from 8484: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8473: 8464:. Archived from 8450: 8444: 8443: 8438: 8436: 8427:. Archived from 8417: 8411: 8405: 8396: 8395: 8374: 8361: 8360: 8348: 8269:Slave Trade Acts 8208:Atlantic history 8174:, Virginia, and 8035:Roger van Boxtel 7897: 7890: 7886: 7883: 7877: 7846: 7838: 7464: 7279:Thomas Jefferson 7218: 7211: 7204: 7177:Star of the West 7034:Corwin Amendment 6999:Ostend Manifesto 6964:Texas annexation 6959:Texas Revolution 6890: 6879: 6835:Native Americans 6766:Legacy of racism 6668:Cultural effects 6633: 6630: 6613: 6590:Seymour Drescher 6571:Stanley Engerman 6537: 6520: 6517: 6487:Archibald Dalzel 6463:Joseph C. Miller 6249: 6245: 6053: 6049: 6046: 5962: 5953: 5950: 5944: 5935: 5932: 5922: 5911:British Honduras 5790: 5786: 5774:Southeast Alaska 5661:prisoners of war 5658:English colonial 5357: 5354: 5350: 5199:Galveston Island 4937:economic history 4814:Kingdom of Kongo 4735: 4732: 4624:Southeast Africa 4510:% did not arrive 4492: 4488: 4230:Spanish Americas 4199:French Caribbean 4104: 4100: 4064:Ana Lucia Araujo 4036: 4029: 4022: 3991:Ethnic cleansing 3866:Effects on youth 3843: 3833: 3817: 3816: 3777:of southwestern 3757:of southeastern 3324: 3271:Thomas Jefferson 3175:Triangular trade 3169:Triangular trade 3140:South Sea Bubble 3076:demarcation line 3068:house the slaves 2704:Kingdom of Kongo 2700:Bissagos Islands 2492:Muslim countries 2474:Mamluk Sultanate 2337:had the largest 2299:Native Americans 2278:Romanus Pontifex 2257: 2110:Slavery in Spain 1941:Age of Discovery 1863:English colonies 1851:overseas empires 1801:triangular trade 1769: 1762: 1755: 1739:Emancipation Day 1572: 1539:Slave Trade Acts 230:Byzantine Empire 72: 45: 44: 21: 33841: 33840: 33836: 33835: 33834: 33832: 33831: 33830: 33721: 33720: 33719: 33714: 33713: 33708: 33654:Book of Negroes 33608:Anti-Tom novels 33586: 33559: 33524: 33498: 33463: 33433:The Known World 33313: 33306: 33244: 33206:Up from Slavery 33109: 33098:Miguel de Buría 33080: 33049:Wallace Turnage 32985:Solomon Northup 32917:Fountain Hughes 32759:Jordan Anderson 32746: 32740: 32716:Esteban Montejo 32702: 32696: 32677: 32671: 32645: 32616:Olaudah Equiano 32598: 32581: 32551: 32515:Elizabeth Marsh 32503:Ólafur Egilsson 32491:Felice Caronni 32452: 32450: 32444: 32431: 32426: 32396: 32391: 32378: 32371: 32364: 32351: 32288: 32274:Public holidays 32227: 32184: 32161: 32059: 32035:Protected areas 32010:Ciudad Colonial 31982: 31973: 31948:Héctor Trujillo 31933:Restoration War 31841: 31835: 31805: 31800: 31779: 31777: 31764: 31730:Barbary pirates 31718: 31714:Women in piracy 31670: 31614: 31583: 31512:Buried treasure 31500: 31432:Facing the Flag 31425:Treasure Island 31398: 31344:Vaas Montenegro 31339:Monkey D. Luffy 31309:Hector Barbossa 31294:Elizabeth Swann 31259:Captain Pugwash 31196: 31194: 31187: 31164:Veloz Passagera 31162:Capture of the 31115: 31046: 30855:Capture of the 30663: 30595:Flying Dutchman 30557: 30523:Miguel Enríquez 30475: 30469: 30435:William Dampier 30390:Simon Mascarino 30385:Shirahama Kenki 30365:Samuel Pallache 30330:Roberto Cofresí 30240:Mary Wolverston 30215:Mansel Alcantra 30190:Lawrence Prince 29870:Albert W. Hicks 29822: 29760: 29752: 29716: 29673: 29619: 29615:Women in piracy 29580:Sindhi corsairs 29533:French corsairs 29523:Cossack pirates 29476:Albanian piracy 29469:Types of pirate 29464: 29419: 29414: 29384: 29379: 29309: 29300:Convict leasing 29288: 29210: 29162: 29139:Ancient planter 29122: 29119: 29089: 29084: 29068: 29059:British English 29047: 28953: 28947: 28920: 28914: 28866:British hip hop 28837: 28830: 28795:Empire Windrush 28770: 28763: 28757: 28727: 28722: 28702: 28569: 28466:Related history 28461: 28407: 28403:Stono Rebellion 28388:Bilali Document 28369: 28363: 28350: 28334:Related culture 28329: 28288: 28264:Hot foot powder 28234:Flying Africans 28207: 28203:Gullah language 28191: 28166: 28100: 28094: 28064: 28059: 28049: 28047: 28034: 28000:Historic places 27993:US state firsts 27879: 27794: 27518: 27451: 27423:2010 majorities 27418:2000 majorities 27389: 27336:Black Seminoles 27285: 27276:Southern (SIAC) 27259: 27258:and conferences 27257: 27250: 27246:Serena Williams 27241:Jackie Robinson 27175: 27099: 27097: 27090: 27010: 26977:Nation of Islam 26948: 26896: 26890: 26831:Sojourner Truth 26821:Clarence Thomas 26786:Gabriel Prosser 26686:Michael Jackson 26561:Crispus Attucks 26551:Ralph Abernathy 26539: 26495:Musical theater 26394: 26260:Great Migration 26232:COVID-19 impact 26190:Sit-in movement 26065: 26060: 26030: 26025: 25979: 25953: 25897: 25861: 25849: 25588: 25562: 25520: 25505: 25411:Jewish American 25384:Polish American 25325:Korean American 25315:Indian American 25282: 25267: 25122:Merchant Marine 25092:Law enforcement 24944: 24925: 24799: 24795:Great Recession 24702: 24676:Reagan Doctrine 24630: 24609:Stonewall riots 24531: 24505:Project Mercury 24466:Truman Doctrine 24442: 24350:First Red Scare 24324: 24293:Progressive Era 24205: 24165:Bleeding Kansas 24121: 24068:Monroe Doctrine 24044: 23992: 23951:Treaty of Paris 23912: 23886:Boston Massacre 23881:Sons of Liberty 23777: 23748: 23737: 23719: 23714: 23684: 23679: 23666: 23659: 23652: 23643: 23546: 23542:Youth in Africa 23520:Life expectancy 23475: 23417: 23393:Africanfuturism 23350: 23291: 23287:Stock exchanges 23210: 23098: 23057:Natural history 23015: 22979: 22936: 22885:Muslim conquest 22880:Bantu expansion 22820: 22811: 22776: 22745:Wayback Machine 22734: 22729: 22717: 22705:Poulter, Emma. 22667: 22655:. Chapel Hill: 22644: 22625: 22581: 22558: 22535: 22512: 22489: 22466: 22447: 22424: 22401: 22378: 22358: 22335: 22262: 22237: 22201: 22179: 22156: 22125: 22106: 22087: 22068: 22033:10.2307/2674417 22004: 21981: 21957: 21918: 21899: 21872: 21835: 21809: 21786: 21761: 21744: 21742:Further reading 21739: 21733: 21713: 21708: 21679: 21644: 21635: 21630: 21624: 21596: 21570: 21547: 21519: 21484: 21458: 21435: 21412: 21395: 21390: 21385: 21369: 21365: 21355: 21353: 21336: 21332: 21327:on 10 May 2021. 21309: 21308: 21304: 21294: 21292: 21291:on 12 July 2023 21277: 21276: 21272: 21262: 21260: 21235: 21231: 21221: 21219: 21204: 21203: 21199: 21189: 21187: 21186:on 4 April 2023 21170: 21166: 21156: 21154: 21139: 21138: 21134: 21124: 21122: 21107: 21106: 21102: 21092: 21090: 21075: 21074: 21070: 21060: 21058: 21041: 21037: 21032:on 15 May 2024. 21018: 21017: 21013: 21003: 21001: 20976: 20972: 20959: 20958: 20954: 20941: 20940: 20936: 20926: 20924: 20923:on 8 April 2023 20909: 20908: 20904: 20865: 20861: 20854: 20840: 20836: 20824:Chicago Tribune 20817: 20816: 20809: 20790: 20789: 20785: 20775: 20773: 20766: 20750: 20746: 20717: 20713: 20699: 20697: 20660: 20656: 20648: 20644: 20636: 20614: 20610: 20603:Open University 20595: 20591: 20556: 20552: 20544: 20537: 20528: 20524: 20514: 20512: 20497: 20493: 20486: 20456: 20452: 20442: 20440: 20421: 20417: 20407: 20405: 20404:on 20 July 2024 20386: 20385: 20381: 20371: 20369: 20350: 20346: 20336: 20334: 20333:on 18 July 2024 20321:"Denmark Vesey" 20319: 20318: 20314: 20304: 20302: 20287: 20283: 20273: 20271: 20270:on 10 July 2024 20252: 20251: 20247: 20237: 20235: 20217: 20216: 20212: 20203: 20199: 20189: 20187: 20186:on 15 July 2024 20183: 20160: 20154: 20150: 20137: 20136: 20132: 20122: 20120: 20112:BBC News Brasil 20103: 20099: 20090: 20086: 20059: 20058: 20054: 20015: 20011: 19980: 19976: 19969: 19947: 19943: 19933: 19931: 19920:Jim Crow Museum 19914: 19913: 19909: 19881: 19880: 19873: 19863: 19861: 19852: 19851: 19847: 19826: 19822: 19809: 19805: 19796: 19792: 19769: 19765: 19740: 19736: 19721:10.2307/2716488 19705: 19701: 19684: 19680: 19673: 19653: 19649: 19641: 19637: 19624: 19620: 19610: 19608: 19599: 19598: 19594: 19587: 19567: 19563: 19546: 19545: 19541: 19530: 19526: 19522:(2007), p. 158. 19517: 19513: 19505: 19501: 19493: 19484: 19479: 19475: 19471:(1975), p. 129. 19466: 19462: 19455: 19439: 19435: 19425: 19423: 19406: 19402: 19392: 19390: 19375: 19371: 19361: 19359: 19340: 19339: 19335: 19325: 19323: 19306: 19302: 19292: 19290: 19273: 19269: 19259: 19257: 19256:on 12 July 2024 19238: 19234: 19224: 19222: 19212:10.2307/1171358 19190: 19186: 19176: 19174: 19159: 19155: 19145: 19143: 19140:Harvard Library 19134: 19133: 19129: 19119: 19117: 19101:(22): 141–339. 19087: 19083: 19073: 19071: 19070:. American News 19064: 19060: 19050: 19048: 19026: 19022: 19013: 19009: 19001: 18997: 18987: 18985: 18984:on 10 July 2024 18981: 18964: 18958: 18954: 18944: 18942: 18940: 18900: 18896: 18886: 18884: 18869: 18865: 18855: 18853: 18840: 18839: 18835: 18825: 18823: 18810: 18809: 18805: 18795: 18793: 18776: 18775: 18771: 18761: 18759: 18746: 18745: 18741: 18731: 18729: 18712: 18711: 18707: 18668:Malaria Journal 18660: 18656: 18646: 18644: 18627: 18626: 18622: 18612: 18610: 18603: 18585:African History 18577: 18573: 18563: 18561: 18546: 18545: 18541: 18531: 18529: 18528:on 10 July 2024 18525: 18508: 18502: 18498: 18488: 18486: 18485:on 14 July 2020 18482: 18467: 18461: 18457: 18447: 18445: 18441: 18430: 18426: 18425: 18421: 18412: 18408: 18399: 18395: 18380: 18376: 18361: 18357: 18339: 18337: 18317: 18313: 18304:. Chapel Hill: 18298: 18294: 18283: 18279: 18271: 18264: 18249:10.2307/2590147 18233: 18229: 18206:10.2307/3113341 18190: 18183: 18174: 18170: 18162: 18158: 18151: 18143:. p. 321. 18133: 18129: 18104: 18097: 18083: 18076: 18069: 18055: 18051: 18041: 18039: 18024: 18023: 18019: 18009: 18007: 17987:M'baye (2006). 17985: 17981: 17971: 17969: 17965: 17954: 17948: 17944: 17934: 17932: 17928: 17917: 17911: 17907: 17868: 17864: 17854: 17852: 17835: 17834: 17830: 17821: 17817: 17795: 17784: 17776: 17765: 17761: 17760: 17756: 17751:on 9 June 2024. 17737: 17736: 17732: 17722: 17720: 17715:. 9 June 2020. 17711: 17710: 17706: 17689: 17688: 17684: 17674: 17672: 17665:www.fsmitha.com 17659: 17658: 17654: 17649: 17645: 17636: 17632: 17618: 17616: 17596: 17592: 17585: 17558: 17554: 17547: 17526: 17522: 17512: 17510: 17495: 17491: 17481: 17479: 17462: 17461: 17457: 17447: 17445: 17420: 17416: 17406: 17404: 17385: 17381: 17371: 17369: 17354: 17353: 17349: 17339: 17337: 17321: 17320: 17316: 17263: 17257: 17253: 17238: 17234: 17193: 17189: 17142: 17138: 17118:Plymouth Colony 17068: 17064: 17054: 17052: 17039: 17038: 17034: 17024: 17022: 17009: 17008: 17004: 16994: 16992: 16979: 16978: 16974: 16964: 16962: 16953: 16952: 16948: 16938: 16936: 16919: 16918: 16914: 16904: 16902: 16889: 16888: 16884: 16874: 16872: 16859: 16858: 16854: 16844: 16842: 16825: 16824: 16820: 16810: 16808: 16791: 16790: 16786: 16776: 16774: 16773:on 2 March 2024 16763: 16759: 16749: 16747: 16718: 16714: 16704: 16702: 16675: 16671: 16661: 16659: 16640: 16636: 16626: 16624: 16623:on 1 March 2024 16607: 16606: 16602: 16592: 16590: 16575:"The Caribbean" 16573: 16572: 16568: 16558: 16556: 16541: 16537: 16526:Jamaica Journal 16522: 16518: 16508: 16506: 16493: 16492: 16488: 16472: 16471: 16464: 16462: 16434: 16428: 16424: 16418:Wayback Machine 16409: 16405: 16394: 16387: 16376: 16372: 16363: 16359: 16349: 16347: 16338: 16337: 16333: 16324: 16320: 16305:"Webbook Chap1" 16303: 16302: 16298: 16293:on 9 July 2024. 16279: 16278: 16274: 16259: 16241: 16234: 16227: 16202: 16195: 16185: 16183: 16175: 16169: 16165: 16158: 16142: 16138: 16128: 16126: 16096: 16092: 16082: 16080: 16072: 16071: 16067: 16057: 16055: 16040: 16036: 16021: 16003: 15996: 15981: 15963: 15959: 15949: 15947: 15910: 15906: 15896: 15894: 15893:on 28 June 2018 15873: 15869: 15859: 15857: 15838: 15837: 15833: 15823: 15821: 15808: 15807: 15803: 15793: 15791: 15776: 15772: 15762: 15760: 15741: 15737: 15727: 15725: 15706: 15702: 15692: 15690: 15679: 15675: 15665: 15663: 15656: 15636: 15632: 15622: 15620: 15613:Digital History 15607: 15606: 15602: 15592: 15590: 15545: 15541: 15531: 15529: 15522: 15514:. p. 178. 15502: 15498: 15488: 15486: 15482: 15469: 15463: 15459: 15449: 15447: 15443: 15432: 15426: 15422: 15412: 15410: 15393: 15389: 15379: 15377: 15376:on 13 June 2024 15364: 15363: 15359: 15349: 15347: 15328: 15324: 15314: 15312: 15305: 15279: 15275: 15228: 15224: 15214: 15212: 15208: 15197: 15193: 15192: 15188: 15178: 15176: 15169: 15149: 15145: 15135: 15133: 15120:Mintz, Steven. 15118: 15114: 15104: 15102: 15098: 15083: 15077: 15073: 15066: 15044: 15040: 15030: 15028: 14999: 14995: 14985: 14983: 14974: 14973: 14969: 14959: 14957: 14936: 14932: 14922: 14920: 14919:on 21 June 2024 14905: 14904: 14900: 14890: 14888: 14873: 14869: 14862: 14844: 14840: 14830: 14828: 14827:on 15 June 2021 14813: 14812: 14808: 14798: 14796: 14789: 14769: 14765: 14758: 14750:. p. 138. 14740: 14736: 14729: 14705: 14701: 14694: 14680: 14676: 14661: 14641: 14637: 14604: 14600: 14581: 14580: 14576: 14566: 14564: 14519: 14515: 14505: 14503: 14488: 14484: 14473: 14460: 14450: 14448: 14433: 14432: 14425: 14415: 14413: 14404: 14403: 14399: 14380: 14379: 14375: 14362: 14361: 14357: 14347: 14345: 14332: 14331: 14327: 14317: 14315: 14302: 14301: 14297: 14280: 14279: 14275: 14258: 14257: 14253: 14246: 14223: 14219: 14208: 14204: 14194: 14192: 14185: 14165: 14161: 14153: 14146: 14139: 14121: 14112: 14102: 14100: 14085: 14084: 14080: 14070: 14068: 14067:on 18 July 2024 14055: 14054: 14050: 14035: 14021: 14017: 14010: 13992: 13988: 13973: 13969: 13961: 13954: 13946: 13942: 13923: 13922: 13918: 13911: 13891: 13887: 13868: 13864: 13798: 13794: 13736: 13732: 13722: 13720: 13713: 13690: 13686: 13671: 13662: 13654: 13650: 13631: 13630: 13626: 13606: 13602: 13585: 13584: 13580: 13565: 13561: 13552:. Vol. 1. 13546: 13542: 13527: 13523: 13505: 13501: 13493: 13489: 13481: 13477: 13469: 13465: 13457: 13453: 13448:on 11 May 2024. 13436: 13432: 13422: 13420: 13419:on 27 June 2024 13407: 13406: 13402: 13394: 13387: 13368: 13367: 13363: 13355: 13348: 13338: 13336: 13329: 13309: 13305: 13288: 13287: 13283: 13275: 13268: 13260: 13256: 13249: 13235: 13222: 13215: 13197: 13193: 13183: 13181: 13143: 13139: 13129: 13127: 13084: 13080: 13061: 13057: 13042: 13038: 13028: 13026: 13022: 13011: 13003: 12999: 12986: 12985: 12981: 12966: 12962: 12957:on 28 May 2024. 12945: 12944: 12940: 12927: 12926: 12922: 12912: 12910: 12895: 12894: 12890: 12879: 12875: 12865: 12863: 12850: 12849: 12845: 12837: 12833: 12822: 12818: 12810: 12806: 12798: 12794: 12784: 12782: 12771: 12770: 12766: 12747: 12746: 12742: 12735: 12727:. p. 583. 12717: 12713: 12705: 12701: 12693: 12689: 12670: 12666: 12643: 12639: 12631: 12627: 12617: 12615: 12608: 12588: 12584: 12576: 12572: 12565: 12545: 12541: 12522: 12521: 12517: 12509: 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10529: 10512: 10511: 10507: 10497: 10495: 10485:10.2307/2953315 10465: 10461: 10448: 10447: 10443: 10433: 10431: 10427: 10416: 10412:Modrow; Smith. 10410: 10406: 10396: 10394: 10381: 10380: 10376: 10366: 10364: 10349: 10345: 10335: 10333: 10320: 10319: 10315: 10305: 10303: 10302:on 30 June 2024 10284: 10280: 10270: 10268: 10255: 10254: 10250: 10243: 10223: 10219: 10211: 10205: 10194: 10186: 10182: 10172: 10170: 10166: 10149: 10143: 10139: 10129: 10127: 10117:10.2307/2953315 10097: 10093: 10083: 10081: 10066:10.2307/3491806 10046: 10042: 10032: 10030: 10023: 10003: 9999: 9989: 9987: 9986:on 13 July 2024 9968: 9967: 9963: 9953: 9951: 9936: 9932: 9922: 9920: 9907: 9906: 9902: 9895: 9879: 9875: 9868: 9848: 9844: 9834: 9832: 9815: 9814: 9810: 9805: 9801: 9796: 9792: 9787: 9783: 9768: 9764: 9759: 9752: 9742: 9740: 9733: 9707: 9703: 9693: 9691: 9678: 9677: 9673: 9666: 9650: 9646: 9639: 9623: 9619: 9612: 9596: 9592: 9582: 9580: 9548: 9544: 9534: 9532: 9525: 9491: 9487: 9472: 9442: 9438: 9431: 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8031: 8007: 7991: 7977: 7949:Mathieu Kerekou 7945: 7898: 7887: 7881: 7878: 7863: 7847: 7836: 7831: 7815: 7783: 7775:Main articles: 7773: 7726: 7718:Main articles: 7716: 7703: 7612: 7595: 7570:Abraham Lincoln 7541:Stephen Douglas 7534:Matilda McCrear 7506:Mobile, Alabama 7485: 7479: 7438: 7418:Lord Palmerston 7393: 7334: 7328: 7258:Thomas Clarkson 7222: 7193: 7192: 7171: 7163: 7162: 7111: 7103: 7102: 7081:Bleeding Kansas 7047: 7039: 7038: 6919: 6911: 6910: 6896: 6884: 6878: 6872: 6866: 6843:white supremacy 6774: 6768: 6670: 6631: 6621: 6611: 6576:British economy 6550: 6544: 6535: 6518: 6472: 6443: 6241: 6043: 6023:British economy 5998:Leeward Islands 5973: 5966: 5963: 5954: 5951: 5945: 5936: 5933: 5923: 5766: 5677: 5619:Gadsden's Wharf 5588:colonial Boston 5584:Gadsden's Wharf 5560: 5537:Central America 5535:slave trade in 5509: 5507:Central America 5452: 5447: 5396:fugitive slaves 5392:Spanish Florida 5355: 5322: 5288: 5216: 5113: 5101:Main articles: 5099: 5063: 4999: 4994: 4977:seasoning camps 4973: 4971:Seasoning camps 4945:mortality rates 4912: 4884: 4778:Aro Confederacy 4733: 4723:Thomas Clarkson 4707: 4563:Bight of Biafra 4095: 4086:Saidiya Hartman 4040: 3936:Anti-Indigenous 3890:In relation to 3832: 3830: 3815: 3663: 3650: 3591:Bight of Biafra 3497: 3454: 3448: 3424:Kongo Civil War 3392: 3340: 3291: 3221:labour shortage 3214:Josiah Wedgwood 3203: 3177: 3171: 3024:Spanish America 2989:Jesus of Lübeck 2922:The Slave Trade 2907: 2870:in present-day 2807:in present-day 2744: 2661:William Hawkins 2638:Established in 2565: 2547:endemic warfare 2526:and trafficked 2468:(661–750), the 2419: 2397: 2391: 2389:African slavery 2263:Pope Nicholas V 2124: 2098: 1973: 1951: 1939:Main articles: 1937: 1935:Atlantic travel 1932: 1926: 1917:seasoning camps 1877:sold at markets 1773: 1744: 1743: 1648:Slave narrative 1604:Fugitive slaves 1584: 1576: 1575: 1566: 1534:Slave rebellion 1389: 1379: 1378: 1337: 1327: 1326: 1149:United Kingdom 1085:Yankee princess 679: 671: 670: 398:Avret Pazarları 344:Avret Pazarları 213:Medieval Europe 179: 169: 168: 107:Forced marriage 82: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 33839: 33829: 33828: 33823: 33818: 33813: 33808: 33803: 33798: 33793: 33788: 33783: 33778: 33773: 33768: 33763: 33758: 33753: 33748: 33743: 33738: 33733: 33716: 33715: 33710: 33709: 33707: 33706: 33698: 33690: 33682: 33674: 33666: 33658: 33650: 33645: 33640: 33635: 33630: 33625: 33620: 33615: 33610: 33605: 33600: 33594: 33592: 33588: 33587: 33585: 33584: 33576: 33567: 33565: 33561: 33560: 33558: 33557: 33549: 33541: 33532: 33530: 33526: 33525: 33523: 33522: 33514: 33506: 33504: 33500: 33499: 33497: 33496: 33488: 33480: 33471: 33469: 33465: 33464: 33462: 33461: 33453: 33445: 33437: 33429: 33421: 33413: 33405: 33397: 33393:Middle Passage 33389: 33381: 33373: 33365: 33357: 33349: 33341: 33333: 33325: 33317: 33295: 33287: 33279: 33271: 33263: 33254: 33252: 33250:Fiction/novels 33246: 33245: 33243: 33242: 33234: 33226: 33218: 33210: 33202: 33194: 33186: 33178: 33170: 33162: 33154: 33146: 33138: 33130: 33121: 33119: 33115: 33114: 33111: 33110: 33108: 33107: 33101: 33095: 33088: 33086: 33082: 33081: 33079: 33078: 33072: 33067: 33064:Wallace Willis 33061: 33056: 33051: 33046: 33044:Harriet Tubman 33041: 33034: 33031:Austin Steward 33028: 33023: 33018: 33013: 33008: 33003: 33001:William Parker 32998: 32992: 32987: 32982: 32976: 32971: 32969:J. Vance Lewis 32966: 32961: 32956: 32951: 32945: 32940: 32935: 32933:Harriet Jacobs 32930: 32925: 32920: 32914: 32909: 32907:William Grimes 32904: 32899:(19th century 32894: 32889: 32884: 32879: 32869: 32864: 32858: 32856:Kate Drumgoold 32853: 32848: 32843: 32838: 32833: 32828: 32823: 32818: 32812: 32807: 32802: 32797: 32791: 32786: 32781: 32776: 32774:Solomon Bayley 32771: 32766: 32761: 32756: 32750: 32748: 32745:North America: 32742: 32741: 32739: 32738: 32732: 32725: 32719: 32713: 32706: 32704: 32701:North America: 32698: 32697: 32695: 32694: 32691:John R. Jewitt 32688: 32681: 32679: 32676:North America: 32673: 32672: 32670: 32669: 32664: 32659: 32653: 32651: 32650:Ottoman Empire 32647: 32646: 32644: 32643: 32637: 32631: 32628:Jean Marteilhe 32625: 32619: 32613: 32606: 32604: 32600: 32599: 32597: 32596: 32589: 32587: 32583: 32582: 32580: 32579: 32573: 32567: 32561: 32555: 32542: 32536: 32530: 32524: 32518: 32512: 32511:(late 19th c.) 32506: 32500: 32494: 32488: 32485:Isaac Brassard 32482: 32476: 32470: 32463: 32461: 32454: 32453:of enslavement 32446: 32445: 32443: 32442: 32436: 32433: 32432: 32425: 32424: 32417: 32410: 32402: 32393: 32392: 32390: 32389: 32384: 32377: 32376: 32369: 32361: 32360: 32357: 32356: 32353: 32352: 32350: 32349: 32344: 32339: 32334: 32329: 32324: 32319: 32314: 32309: 32304: 32298: 32296: 32290: 32289: 32287: 32286: 32281: 32276: 32271: 32266: 32261: 32256: 32251: 32245: 32239: 32233: 32232: 32229: 32228: 32226: 32225: 32220: 32215: 32210: 32205: 32200: 32199: 32198: 32188: 32179: 32173: 32167: 32166: 32163: 32162: 32160: 32159: 32154: 32149: 32144: 32139: 32138: 32137: 32127: 32126: 32125: 32115: 32110: 32105: 32100: 32099: 32098: 32093: 32083: 32077: 32071: 32065: 32064: 32061: 32060: 32058: 32057: 32052: 32047: 32042: 32037: 32032: 32030:Municipalities 32027: 32022: 32017: 32012: 32007: 32002: 31996: 31990: 31984: 31983: 31976: 31974: 31972: 31971: 31966: 31961: 31956: 31951: 31942:Trujillo Era ( 31940: 31935: 31930: 31925: 31920: 31915: 31910: 31905: 31898: 31893: 31890:Era de Francia 31886: 31881: 31876: 31871: 31870: 31869: 31859: 31851: 31849: 31843: 31842: 31840: articles 31834: 31833: 31826: 31819: 31811: 31802: 31801: 31799: 31798: 31788: 31773: 31770: 31769: 31766: 31765: 31763: 31762: 31757: 31755:Piracy by year 31752: 31747: 31742: 31740:Female pirates 31737: 31735:By nationality 31732: 31726: 31724: 31720: 31719: 31717: 31716: 31711: 31706: 31701: 31696: 31691: 31685: 31683: 31676: 31672: 31671: 31669: 31668: 31663: 31658: 31652: 31651: 31646: 31641: 31640: 31639: 31626: 31624: 31620: 31619: 31616: 31615: 31613: 31612: 31607: 31602: 31597: 31591: 31589: 31585: 31584: 31582: 31581: 31576: 31571: 31566: 31561: 31556: 31551: 31546: 31541: 31536: 31535: 31534: 31524: 31519: 31514: 31508: 31506: 31502: 31501: 31499: 31498: 31491: 31484: 31477: 31470: 31463: 31456: 31449: 31442: 31435: 31428: 31421: 31414: 31406: 31404: 31400: 31399: 31397: 31396: 31391: 31386: 31381: 31376: 31371: 31366: 31361: 31356: 31351: 31346: 31341: 31336: 31331: 31329:Joshamee Gibbs 31326: 31321: 31316: 31311: 31306: 31301: 31296: 31291: 31286: 31281: 31276: 31271: 31266: 31261: 31256: 31251: 31246: 31241: 31236: 31231: 31226: 31221: 31216: 31210: 31208: 31199: 31189: 31188: 31186: 31185: 31180: 31175: 31167: 31159: 31154: 31149: 31144: 31136: 31131: 31125: 31123: 31117: 31116: 31114: 31109: 31079: 31074: 31069: 31064: 31054: 31052: 31048: 31047: 31045: 31044: 31039: 31034: 31029: 31024: 31019: 31014: 31006: 31001: 30996: 30991: 30986: 30981: 30976: 30971: 30963: 30954: 30945: 30936: 30932:Maersk Alabama 30928: 30923: 30915: 30910: 30905: 30897: 30889: 30881: 30873: 30865: 30860: 30852: 30847: 30842: 30834: 30829: 30824: 30819: 30814: 30809: 30804: 30799: 30794: 30789: 30784: 30779: 30774: 30769: 30764: 30759: 30754: 30749: 30744: 30739: 30734: 30729: 30724: 30719: 30714: 30709: 30704: 30699: 30694: 30689: 30684: 30671: 30669: 30665: 30664: 30662: 30661: 30654: 30647: 30640: 30633: 30626: 30619: 30612: 30605: 30598: 30591: 30584: 30577: 30569: 30567: 30563: 30562: 30559: 30558: 30556: 30555: 30550: 30545: 30543:Robert Maynard 30540: 30535: 30530: 30525: 30520: 30515: 30510: 30505: 30500: 30495: 30490: 30485: 30479: 30477: 30471: 30470: 30468: 30467: 30462: 30457: 30452: 30447: 30442: 30437: 30432: 30427: 30425:Vincenzo Gambi 30422: 30417: 30412: 30407: 30402: 30397: 30392: 30387: 30382: 30377: 30372: 30367: 30362: 30357: 30352: 30350:Samuel Bellamy 30347: 30342: 30337: 30332: 30327: 30325:Robert Surcouf 30322: 30317: 30315:Richard Glover 30312: 30307: 30302: 30297: 30292: 30287: 30285:Pierre Lafitte 30282: 30277: 30272: 30267: 30262: 30257: 30252: 30247: 30242: 30237: 30232: 30227: 30222: 30217: 30212: 30207: 30202: 30197: 30192: 30187: 30182: 30177: 30172: 30167: 30162: 30157: 30152: 30147: 30142: 30137: 30132: 30127: 30122: 30117: 30112: 30107: 30102: 30097: 30092: 30087: 30082: 30077: 30072: 30067: 30062: 30060:Grace O'Malley 30057: 30052: 30047: 30042: 30037: 30032: 30027: 30022: 30017: 30012: 30007: 30002: 30000:Edward England 29997: 29992: 29987: 29982: 29977: 29972: 29967: 29962: 29960:Cheung Po Tsai 29957: 29952: 29947: 29942: 29937: 29932: 29927: 29922: 29917: 29915:Benito de Soto 29912: 29907: 29902: 29897: 29892: 29887: 29882: 29877: 29872: 29867: 29862: 29860:Abraham Samuel 29857: 29855:Adam Baldridge 29852: 29847: 29841: 29839: 29832: 29828: 29827: 29824: 29823: 29821: 29820: 29815: 29810: 29808:Saint Augustin 29805: 29800: 29795: 29790: 29785: 29780: 29775: 29770: 29764: 29762: 29754: 29753: 29751: 29750: 29745: 29740: 29735: 29730: 29724: 29722: 29718: 29717: 29715: 29714: 29709: 29704: 29699: 29694: 29693: 29692: 29685:Horn of Africa 29681: 29679: 29675: 29674: 29672: 29671: 29669:Gulf of Guinea 29666: 29665: 29664: 29659: 29658: 29657: 29655:Lake Nicaragua 29647: 29636: 29634: 29632:Atlantic World 29625: 29621: 29620: 29618: 29617: 29612: 29607: 29602: 29597: 29592: 29587: 29582: 29577: 29572: 29567: 29562: 29561: 29560: 29550: 29545: 29540: 29538:Jewish pirates 29535: 29530: 29525: 29520: 29515: 29510: 29505: 29500: 29499: 29498: 29488: 29483: 29478: 29472: 29470: 29466: 29465: 29463: 29462: 29461: 29460: 29455: 29450: 29440: 29435: 29429: 29427: 29421: 29420: 29413: 29412: 29405: 29398: 29390: 29381: 29380: 29378: 29377: 29372: 29367: 29365:South Carolina 29362: 29360:North Carolina 29357: 29352: 29347: 29342: 29337: 29336: 29335: 29325: 29319: 29317: 29311: 29310: 29308: 29307: 29302: 29296: 29294: 29290: 29289: 29287: 29286: 29281: 29276: 29275: 29274: 29269: 29264: 29256: 29255: 29254: 29249: 29244: 29242:Slave breeding 29239: 29234: 29229: 29218: 29216: 29212: 29211: 29209: 29208: 29203: 29198: 29193: 29188: 29183: 29182: 29181: 29170: 29168: 29164: 29163: 29161: 29160: 29159: 29158: 29148: 29143: 29142: 29141: 29130: 29128: 29127:The plantation 29124: 29123: 29118: 29117: 29110: 29103: 29095: 29086: 29085: 29083: 29082: 29076: 29074: 29070: 29069: 29067: 29066: 29061: 29055: 29053: 29049: 29048: 29046: 29045: 29040: 29035: 29030: 29025: 29023:Sierra Leonean 29020: 29015: 29010: 29005: 29000: 28995: 28994: 28993: 28988: 28986:Montserratians 28983: 28978: 28973: 28968: 28957: 28955: 28949: 28948: 28946: 28945: 28940: 28935: 28930: 28924: 28922: 28916: 28915: 28913: 28912: 28911: 28910: 28905: 28900: 28895: 28890: 28885: 28884: 28883: 28873: 28868: 28863: 28858: 28853: 28842: 28840: 28832: 28831: 28829: 28828: 28823: 28818: 28813: 28808: 28807: 28806: 28791: 28786: 28781: 28775: 28773: 28765: 28764: 28756: 28755: 28748: 28741: 28733: 28724: 28723: 28711: 28708: 28707: 28704: 28703: 28701: 28700: 28695: 28694: 28693: 28688: 28683: 28678: 28673: 28668: 28658: 28653: 28648: 28643: 28638: 28633: 28628: 28623: 28618: 28613: 28608: 28603: 28598: 28593: 28588: 28583: 28577: 28575: 28571: 28570: 28568: 28567: 28566: 28565: 28555: 28554: 28553: 28543: 28542: 28541: 28536: 28522: 28517: 28512: 28507: 28502: 28497: 28492: 28487: 28482: 28481: 28480: 28469: 28467: 28463: 28462: 28460: 28459: 28454: 28453: 28452: 28441: 28436: 28431: 28426: 28421: 28415: 28413: 28409: 28408: 28406: 28405: 28400: 28395: 28390: 28384: 28382: 28381:History topics 28375: 28371: 28370: 28357: 28355: 28352: 28351: 28349: 28348: 28343: 28337: 28335: 28331: 28330: 28328: 28327: 28322: 28317: 28312: 28307: 28302: 28296: 28294: 28290: 28289: 28287: 28286: 28281: 28276: 28271: 28266: 28261: 28256: 28251: 28249:Black cat bone 28246: 28241: 28236: 28231: 28226: 28221: 28215: 28213: 28209: 28208: 28206: 28205: 28199: 28197: 28193: 28192: 28190: 28189: 28182: 28174: 28172: 28168: 28167: 28165: 28164: 28156: 28148: 28140: 28132: 28124: 28115: 28113: 28106: 28102: 28101: 28093: 28092: 28085: 28078: 28070: 28061: 28060: 28058: 28057: 28045: 28039: 28036: 28035: 28033: 28032: 28027: 28022: 28017: 28012: 28007: 28002: 27997: 27996: 27995: 27990: 27985: 27975: 27974: 27973: 27968: 27966:Visual artists 27963: 27958: 27953: 27948: 27943: 27938: 27933: 27928: 27926:Mathematicians 27923: 27918: 27913: 27908: 27903: 27898: 27887: 27885: 27881: 27880: 27878: 27877: 27876: 27875: 27867: 27862: 27861: 27860: 27855: 27850: 27845: 27840: 27832: 27831: 27830: 27825: 27820: 27815: 27804: 27802: 27796: 27795: 27793: 27792: 27787: 27782: 27777: 27776: 27775: 27770: 27765: 27760: 27750: 27745: 27743:South Carolina 27740: 27735: 27734: 27733: 27725: 27720: 27715: 27713:North Carolina 27710: 27709: 27708: 27698: 27693: 27692: 27691: 27681: 27676: 27675: 27674: 27666: 27665: 27664: 27658:Massachusetts 27656: 27655: 27654: 27644: 27639: 27638: 27637: 27627: 27622: 27621: 27620: 27610: 27605: 27604: 27603: 27593: 27588: 27587: 27586: 27576: 27575: 27574: 27569: 27559: 27554: 27553: 27552: 27547: 27537: 27532: 27526: 27524: 27520: 27519: 27517: 27516: 27511: 27506: 27505: 27504: 27503: 27502: 27500:social context 27497: 27487: 27477: 27476: 27475: 27465: 27459: 27457: 27453: 27452: 27450: 27449: 27448: 27447: 27442: 27432: 27427: 27426: 27425: 27420: 27410: 27409: 27408: 27397: 27395: 27391: 27390: 27388: 27387: 27382: 27381: 27380: 27370: 27365: 27360: 27355: 27354: 27353: 27351:Creek Freedmen 27348: 27343: 27338: 27328: 27326:Alabama Creole 27323: 27322: 27321: 27316: 27311: 27306: 27297: 27295: 27291: 27290: 27287: 27286: 27284: 27283: 27278: 27273: 27268: 27266:Central (CIAA) 27262: 27260: 27255: 27252: 27251: 27249: 27248: 27243: 27238: 27233: 27228: 27223: 27218: 27213: 27208: 27203: 27198: 27193: 27187: 27181: 27177: 27176: 27174: 27173: 27168: 27163: 27158: 27153: 27148: 27143: 27138: 27133: 27128: 27123: 27118: 27113: 27108: 27102: 27100: 27095: 27092: 27091: 27089: 27088: 27083: 27082: 27081: 27071: 27066: 27061: 27059:Pan-Africanism 27056: 27051: 27046: 27041: 27040: 27039: 27029: 27024: 27018: 27016: 27012: 27011: 27009: 27008: 27003: 27001:Black theology 26998: 26993: 26992: 26991: 26981: 26980: 26979: 26974: 26964: 26958: 26956: 26950: 26949: 26947: 26946: 26945: 26944: 26942:in STEM fields 26939: 26934: 26926: 26921: 26916: 26911: 26906: 26900: 26898: 26897:and technology 26892: 26891: 26889: 26888: 26883: 26878: 26873: 26868: 26863: 26858: 26853: 26848: 26843: 26838: 26836:Harriet Tubman 26833: 26828: 26823: 26818: 26813: 26808: 26803: 26798: 26793: 26788: 26783: 26778: 26773: 26768: 26766:Michelle Obama 26763: 26758: 26753: 26748: 26743: 26738: 26733: 26728: 26723: 26718: 26713: 26708: 26703: 26698: 26696:Barbara Jordan 26693: 26691:Harriet Jacobs 26688: 26683: 26678: 26673: 26668: 26663: 26658: 26653: 26648: 26643: 26638: 26633: 26628: 26623: 26618: 26613: 26608: 26603: 26598: 26593: 26588: 26583: 26581:Amelia Boynton 26578: 26573: 26568: 26563: 26558: 26553: 26547: 26545: 26544:Notable people 26541: 26540: 26538: 26537: 26532: 26527: 26522: 26517: 26512: 26507: 26502: 26497: 26492: 26487: 26482: 26480:LGBT community 26477: 26472: 26467: 26462: 26461: 26460: 26450: 26445: 26440: 26435: 26430: 26425: 26420: 26415: 26410: 26404: 26402: 26396: 26395: 26393: 26392: 26387: 26382: 26377: 26376: 26375: 26365: 26360: 26355: 26350: 26345: 26340: 26332: 26327: 26320: 26313: 26308: 26303: 26298: 26293: 26288: 26279: 26274: 26273: 26272: 26267: 26257: 26252: 26247: 26242: 26234: 26229: 26224: 26223: 26222: 26217: 26212: 26207: 26202: 26197: 26195:Freedom Riders 26192: 26187: 26179: 26169: 26164: 26159: 26158: 26157: 26152: 26147: 26139: 26134: 26126: 26121: 26119:Black genocide 26116: 26111: 26106: 26101: 26096: 26091: 26086: 26081: 26075: 26073: 26067: 26066: 26059: 26058: 26051: 26044: 26036: 26027: 26026: 26024: 26023: 26013: 26003: 26001:Historiography 25998: 25992: 25989: 25988: 25985: 25984: 25981: 25980: 25978: 25977: 25967: 25961: 25959: 25955: 25954: 25952: 25951: 25946: 25941: 25939:Navassa Island 25936: 25931: 25926: 25924:Johnston Atoll 25921: 25916: 25914:Howland Island 25911: 25905: 25903: 25899: 25898: 25896: 25895: 25890: 25885: 25880: 25875: 25873:American Samoa 25869: 25867: 25863: 25862: 25857: 25855: 25851: 25850: 25848: 25847: 25842: 25837: 25832: 25827: 25822: 25817: 25812: 25807: 25802: 25797: 25795:South Carolina 25792: 25787: 25782: 25777: 25772: 25767: 25762: 25760:North Carolina 25757: 25752: 25747: 25742: 25737: 25732: 25727: 25722: 25717: 25712: 25707: 25702: 25697: 25692: 25687: 25682: 25677: 25672: 25667: 25662: 25657: 25652: 25647: 25642: 25637: 25632: 25627: 25622: 25617: 25612: 25607: 25602: 25596: 25594: 25590: 25589: 25587: 25586: 25584:The West Coast 25581: 25576: 25570: 25568: 25564: 25563: 25561: 25560: 25558:Indian removal 25555: 25550: 25545: 25540: 25534: 25532: 25522: 25521: 25511: 25510: 25507: 25506: 25504: 25503: 25502: 25501: 25496: 25491: 25479: 25472: 25471: 25470: 25465: 25453: 25452: 25451: 25449:Saudi American 25446: 25441: 25436: 25434:Iraqi American 25431: 25426: 25414: 25407: 25406: 25405: 25393: 25392: 25391: 25386: 25381: 25376: 25371: 25369:Irish American 25366: 25361: 25356: 25351: 25339: 25338: 25337: 25332: 25327: 25322: 25317: 25312: 25307: 25299:Asian American 25295: 25287: 25284: 25283: 25273: 25272: 25269: 25268: 25266: 25265: 25264: 25263: 25258: 25253: 25248: 25243: 25231: 25230: 25229: 25227:Sexual slavery 25217: 25210: 25203: 25202: 25201: 25196: 25191: 25186: 25181: 25176: 25164: 25163: 25162: 25157: 25152: 25147: 25142: 25137: 25125: 25118: 25111: 25110: 25109: 25104: 25099: 25097:Postal service 25094: 25089: 25087:Foreign policy 25084: 25079: 25074: 25069: 25064: 25059: 25054: 25042: 25035: 25034: 25033: 25021: 25020: 25019: 25007: 25006: 25005: 24993: 24992: 24991: 24986: 24981: 24976: 24964: 24957: 24949: 24946: 24945: 24935: 24934: 24931: 24930: 24927: 24926: 24924: 24923: 24918: 24913: 24906: 24901: 24896: 24891: 24890: 24889: 24879: 24874: 24867: 24862: 24861: 24860: 24855: 24850: 24845: 24840: 24835: 24830: 24825: 24815: 24809: 24807: 24801: 24800: 24798: 24797: 24792: 24787: 24782: 24781: 24780: 24775: 24765: 24760: 24753: 24748: 24743: 24738: 24733: 24728: 24723: 24718: 24712: 24710: 24704: 24703: 24701: 24700: 24695: 24690: 24685: 24684: 24683: 24678: 24673: 24663: 24661:Crack epidemic 24658: 24657: 24656: 24651: 24640: 24638: 24632: 24631: 24629: 24628: 24626:Moral Majority 24623: 24618: 24613: 24612: 24611: 24604:Gay liberation 24601: 24596: 24594:Counterculture 24591: 24586: 24585: 24584: 24582:Fall of Saigon 24579: 24574: 24564: 24563: 24562: 24560:Apollo program 24557: 24555:Project Gemini 24547: 24541: 24539: 24533: 24532: 24530: 24529: 24524: 24523: 24522: 24512: 24507: 24502: 24497: 24496: 24495: 24490: 24485: 24480: 24473:Early Cold War 24470: 24469: 24468: 24458: 24452: 24450: 24444: 24443: 24441: 24440: 24439: 24438: 24437: 24436: 24426: 24421: 24411: 24410: 24409: 24404: 24399: 24389: 24388: 24387: 24382: 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23878: 23873: 23868: 23863: 23858: 23848: 23843: 23838: 23833: 23828: 23823: 23818: 23813: 23808: 23803: 23798: 23793: 23787: 23785: 23779: 23778: 23776: 23775: 23768: 23760: 23758: 23750: 23749: 23739: 23738: 23736: 23735: 23730: 23724: 23721: 23720: 23713: 23712: 23705: 23698: 23690: 23681: 23680: 23678: 23677: 23672: 23665: 23664: 23657: 23649: 23648: 23645: 23644: 23642: 23641: 23636: 23631: 23626: 23621: 23616: 23611: 23606: 23601: 23596: 23591: 23586: 23581: 23576: 23571: 23566: 23560: 23558: 23552: 23551: 23548: 23547: 23545: 23544: 23539: 23538: 23537: 23532: 23522: 23517: 23512: 23507: 23502: 23501: 23500: 23489: 23487: 23481: 23480: 23477: 23476: 23474: 23473: 23471:Tour d'Afrique 23468: 23463: 23458: 23453: 23448: 23443: 23438: 23433: 23427: 23425: 23419: 23418: 23416: 23415: 23410: 23405: 23400: 23395: 23390: 23385: 23380: 23375: 23370: 23364: 23358: 23352: 23351: 23349: 23348: 23343: 23338: 23333: 23328: 23326:Climate change 23323: 23318: 23313: 23307: 23301: 23297: 23296: 23293: 23292: 23290: 23289: 23284: 23279: 23274: 23269: 23264: 23262:Infrastructure 23259: 23254: 23249: 23244: 23239: 23234: 23228: 23222: 23216: 23215: 23212: 23211: 23209: 23208: 23203: 23202: 23201: 23191: 23189:Pan-Africanism 23186: 23181: 23176: 23175: 23174: 23173: 23172: 23165:Women's rights 23162: 23157: 23152: 23142: 23140:Heads of state 23137: 23132: 23127: 23122: 23116: 23110: 23104: 23103: 23100: 23099: 23097: 23096: 23091: 23090: 23089: 23084: 23079: 23074: 23069: 23059: 23054: 23049: 23047:Impact craters 23044: 23042:Highest points 23039: 23033: 23027: 23021: 23020: 23017: 23016: 23014: 23013: 23008: 23003: 22998: 22993: 22987: 22985: 22981: 22980: 22978: 22977: 22972: 22971: 22970: 22960: 22958:Historiography 22955: 22950: 22944: 22942: 22938: 22937: 22935: 22934: 22932:Decolonisation 22929: 22924: 22923: 22922: 22917: 22912: 22907: 22897: 22892: 22887: 22882: 22877: 22872: 22871: 22870: 22865: 22855: 22850: 22849: 22848: 22837: 22835: 22828: 22822: 22821: 22810: 22809: 22802: 22795: 22787: 22781: 22778: 22777: 22768: 22767: 22762: 22756: 22747: 22733: 22732:External links 22730: 22728: 22727: 22715: 22702: 22671: 22665: 22648: 22642: 22629: 22623: 22606: 22596:(3): 424–444. 22585: 22579: 22562: 22556: 22546:. Armonk, NY: 22539: 22533: 22516: 22510: 22493: 22487: 22470: 22464: 22451: 22445: 22428: 22422: 22405: 22399: 22389:. Durham, NC: 22382: 22376: 22363: 22356: 22339: 22333: 22316: 22306:(3): 296–313. 22295: 22266: 22260: 22241: 22235: 22218: 22205: 22199: 22183: 22177: 22160: 22154: 22137: 22123: 22110: 22104: 22091: 22085: 22072: 22066: 22053: 22016: 22002: 21985: 21979: 21962: 21929:(1): 144–171. 21911: 21897: 21876: 21870: 21854: 21839: 21833: 21813: 21807: 21790: 21784: 21765: 21759: 21745: 21743: 21740: 21738: 21737: 21731: 21714: 21712: 21709: 21707: 21706: 21697: 21684: 21657:(2): 433–461. 21636: 21634: 21631: 21629: 21628: 21622: 21604:Williams, Eric 21600: 21594: 21578:Thornton, John 21574: 21568: 21551: 21545: 21523: 21517: 21505:Rodney, Walter 21501: 21488: 21482: 21462: 21456: 21439: 21433: 21416: 21410: 21396: 21394: 21393:Academic books 21391: 21389: 21386: 21384: 21383: 21363: 21330: 21302: 21270: 21229: 21197: 21164: 21132: 21100: 21068: 21043:Smith, David. 21035: 21011: 20970: 20952: 20934: 20902: 20859: 20852: 20834: 20827:. 1 May 2000. 20807: 20783: 20764: 20744: 20739:newspapers.com 20711: 20676:(2): 142–156. 20654: 20642: 20634: 20608: 20589: 20550: 20535: 20533:, pp. 190–209. 20522: 20511:on 5 July 2024 20491: 20484: 20450: 20439:on 9 July 2024 20415: 20379: 20344: 20312: 20301:on 5 June 2024 20281: 20245: 20234:on 18 May 2024 20210: 20197: 20171:(3): 283–284. 20148: 20130: 20097: 20084: 20079:newspapers.com 20052: 20025:(3): 431–457. 20009: 19974: 19967: 19941: 19930:on 25 May 2017 19907: 19902:newspapers.com 19871: 19845: 19820: 19810:Jo Loosemore, 19803: 19790: 19763: 19752:(4): 220–225. 19745:Social Science 19734: 19715:(2): 129–143. 19699: 19678: 19671: 19665:. p. 20. 19647: 19635: 19618: 19592: 19585: 19561: 19539: 19524: 19511: 19499: 19497:, p. 290. 19482: 19473: 19460: 19453: 19433: 19400: 19369: 19333: 19300: 19267: 19232: 19206:(3): 415–450. 19184: 19173:on 19 May 2024 19153: 19127: 19107:10.1086/709844 19081: 19058: 19020: 19007: 18995: 18952: 18938: 18894: 18879:. Story Maps. 18863: 18833: 18822:on 20 May 2024 18803: 18786:United Nations 18769: 18739: 18728:on 18 May 2024 18705: 18654: 18620: 18601: 18571: 18539: 18496: 18455: 18419: 18406: 18393: 18374: 18371:. p. 334. 18355: 18311: 18292: 18277: 18262: 18243:(2): 119–144. 18227: 18200:(4): 430–443. 18181: 18168: 18156: 18149: 18127: 18095: 18086:Thornton, John 18074: 18067: 18049: 18017: 17999:(6): 607–622. 17979: 17968:on 18 May 2024 17950:Nathan, Nunn. 17942: 17905: 17862: 17851:on 18 May 2024 17828: 17815: 17782: 17770:United Nations 17754: 17730: 17704: 17682: 17652: 17643: 17641:, 1972, p. 88. 17630: 17590: 17583: 17552: 17545: 17520: 17489: 17455: 17414: 17379: 17368:on 4 June 2023 17347: 17314: 17276:(3): 368–413. 17251: 17187: 17136: 17071:Gookin, Daniel 17062: 17051:on 12 May 2024 17032: 17002: 16972: 16946: 16912: 16882: 16852: 16818: 16784: 16757: 16734:(2): 171–203. 16712: 16669: 16634: 16600: 16566: 16535: 16516: 16505:on 3 July 2024 16486: 16422: 16403: 16385: 16370: 16357: 16331: 16318: 16296: 16272: 16257: 16232: 16225: 16205:Diamond, Jared 16193: 16163: 16156: 16136: 16116:10.2307/204918 16090: 16065: 16034: 16019: 15994: 15979: 15957: 15926:(3): 438–439. 15904: 15867: 15856:on 10 May 2024 15831: 15801: 15790:on 6 July 2020 15770: 15735: 15700: 15689:on 3 July 2024 15673: 15654: 15630: 15600: 15567:10.2307/203466 15561:(4): 793–812. 15539: 15520: 15496: 15457: 15420: 15387: 15357: 15322: 15303: 15273: 15244:(4): 840–855. 15222: 15211:on 5 June 2024 15186: 15167: 15143: 15112: 15101:on 18 May 2024 15071: 15064: 15038: 15015:(4): 631–655. 14993: 14967: 14930: 14898: 14867: 14860: 14854:. p. 27. 14838: 14806: 14787: 14781:. p. 65. 14763: 14756: 14734: 14727: 14699: 14692: 14674: 14659: 14635: 14616:(3): 685–692. 14598: 14574: 14535:(2): 535–552. 14513: 14482: 14458: 14423: 14397: 14373: 14355: 14325: 14295: 14273: 14251: 14244: 14238:. p. 13. 14217: 14202: 14183: 14159: 14144: 14137: 14110: 14078: 14048: 14033: 14015: 14008: 13986: 13967: 13952: 13940: 13916: 13909: 13885: 13862: 13792: 13746:Genome Biology 13730: 13711: 13684: 13681:. p. 120. 13660: 13648: 13624: 13600: 13578: 13559: 13540: 13521: 13508:Winant, Howard 13499: 13497:, p. 122. 13487: 13485:, p. 311. 13475: 13473:, p. 305. 13463: 13461:, p. 304. 13451: 13430: 13400: 13385: 13361: 13359:, p. 316. 13346: 13327: 13303: 13281: 13266: 13264:, p. 243. 13254: 13247: 13220: 13213: 13191: 13137: 13098:(4): 421–434. 13078: 13055: 13036: 12997: 12979: 12960: 12938: 12920: 12888: 12873: 12856:South Asia@LSE 12843: 12841:, p. 193. 12831: 12816: 12814:, p. 457. 12804: 12802:, p. 43?. 12792: 12764: 12740: 12733: 12711: 12709:, p. 191. 12699: 12687: 12664: 12653:(1): 105–122. 12637: 12635:, p. 257. 12625: 12606: 12600:. p. 60. 12582: 12580:, p. 451. 12570: 12563: 12557:. p. 40. 12539: 12515: 12513:, p. 443. 12503: 12488: 12486:(1998), p. 17. 12475: 12463: 12451: 12432: 12426:. p. 63. 12401: 12382: 12367: 12345: 12307: 12277: 12265: 12234: 12183: 12130: 12119:on 22 May 2024 12100: 12041: 12011: 11976: 11969: 11945: 11909: 11873: 11835: 11790: 11760: 11749:on 18 May 2024 11728: 11691: 11681: 11675:. p. 62. 11657: 11645: 11633: 11621: 11610:on 2 July 2024 11589: 11559: 11548:on 4 June 2024 11525: 11489: 11477: 11462: 11460:, pp. 38. 11450: 11438: 11426: 11414: 11384: 11353: 11342:on 9 July 2024 11323: 11311: 11274: 11242: 11220: 11214:. p. 38. 11196: 11170:(4): 349–372. 11145: 11113: 11083: 11071: 11059: 11045: 11043:, p. 310. 11030: 11020: 11014:. p. 42. 10994: 10954: 10944: 10932: 10917: 10892: 10889:on 2 May 2012. 10864: 10845: 10838: 10816: 10798: 10776: 10754: 10721: 10702: 10678: 10659: 10635: 10603: 10596: 10566: 10559: 10539: 10505: 10459: 10441: 10404: 10374: 10363:on 5 July 2024 10351:Mark, Joshua. 10343: 10313: 10278: 10248: 10241: 10235:. p. 65. 10217: 10203: 10180: 10162:(3): 228–254. 10137: 10111:(1): 143–166. 10091: 10060:(3): 479–520. 10040: 10021: 9997: 9961: 9950:on 1 June 2024 9930: 9900: 9893: 9873: 9866: 9842: 9808: 9799: 9790: 9781: 9762: 9750: 9731: 9701: 9671: 9664: 9644: 9637: 9617: 9610: 9590: 9542: 9523: 9485: 9470: 9436: 9429: 9395: 9348: 9314:McNeill, J. R. 9305: 9293: 9282:on 5 July 2024 9263: 9251: 9239: 9228:on 18 May 2024 9209: 9196:Chaunu, Pierre 9187: 9175: 9173:, p. 127. 9163: 9151: 9123: 9108: 9089: 9065: 9058: 9029: 9027:, p. 194. 9017: 8985: 8964: 8945: 8914: 8899: 8869: 8858:on 7 June 2015 8838: 8803: 8781: 8751: 8715: 8681: 8654: 8626: 8570: 8543: 8509: 8479: 8445: 8412: 8410:, p. 112. 8397: 8362: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8234:Edward Colston 8231: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8176:North Carolina 8156:English colony 8142: 8139: 8087: 8086:United Kingdom 8084: 8062: 8059: 8030: 8027: 8019:Jerry Rawlings 8006: 8003: 7995:Jacques Chirac 7990: 7987: 7976: 7973: 7969:Bight of Benin 7967:bordering the 7944: 7941: 7900: 7899: 7850: 7848: 7841: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7814: 7811: 7795:Reconstruction 7772: 7769: 7743:In 1792, 1200 7715: 7712: 7702: 7699: 7679:However, both 7626:Nevertheless, 7611: 7608: 7594: 7591: 7587:13th Amendment 7528:outlived him, 7478: 7475: 7437: 7434: 7392: 7389: 7341:British Empire 7330:Main article: 7327: 7324: 7292:South Carolina 7266:Lord Mansfield 7224: 7223: 7221: 7220: 7213: 7206: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7191: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7172: 7169: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7153: 7146: 7141: 7134: 7125: 7118: 7112: 7109: 7108: 7105: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7083: 7078: 7071: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7048: 7045: 7044: 7041: 7040: 7037: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6974:Wilmot Proviso 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6949:Tariff of 1828 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6909: 6908: 6903: 6897: 6894: 6893: 6868:Main article: 6865: 6862: 6770:Main article: 6767: 6764: 6752:Ashanti people 6669: 6666: 6620: 6617: 6543: 6540: 6521:, the King of 6471: 6468: 6440: 6439: 6433: 6432: 6429: 6426: 6423: 6420: 6417: 6414: 6410: 6409: 6406: 6403: 6400: 6397: 6394: 6391: 6387: 6386: 6383: 6380: 6377: 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5794: 5770:Tlingit people 5765: 5762: 5685:Rio de Janeiro 5676: 5673: 5559: 5556: 5508: 5505: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5433:, the largest 5400:South Carolina 5343:Laws of Burgos 5327:Barbary pirate 5321: 5318: 5287: 5284: 5260:whooping cough 5236:bubonic plague 5215: 5212: 5098: 5095: 5062: 5059: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4972: 4969: 4930:Middle Passage 4911: 4908: 4888:Milton Meltzer 4883: 4882:Port factories 4880: 4838:Bambara Empire 4834:Annual Customs 4795:, to the King 4742:David Stannard 4706: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4681: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4666:Windward Coast 4662: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4620: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4597: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4544:Bight of Benin 4540: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4505:did not arrive 4502: 4499: 4496: 4472: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4441: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4414:did not arrive 4410: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4381: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4261:Dutch Americas 4257: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4094: 4091: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4038: 4031: 4024: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4004: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3975: 3974: 3973:Related topics 3970: 3969: 3968: 3967: 3966: 3965: 3960: 3950: 3949: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3930: 3929: 3928: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3850: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3836: 3835: 3826: 3825: 3814: 3811: 3810: 3809: 3799: 3785: 3771: 3761: 3751: 3737: 3727: 3696: 3686: 3662: 3659: 3655:African empire 3649: 3646: 3641: 3640: 3629: 3614: 3588: 3573:Bight of Benin 3570: 3556: 3545:Windward Coast 3542: 3524: 3496: 3493: 3447: 3444: 3440:Ashanti Empire 3416:Thomas Kitchin 3391: 3388: 3380:South Carolina 3368:Fenda Lawrence 3339: 3336: 3290: 3287: 3245:Central Africa 3202: 3199: 3173:Main article: 3170: 3167: 3138:. Despite the 3046:, Jamaica and 3004:New Christians 2942:Canary Islands 2906: 2903: 2834:, present-day 2820:European forts 2768:Mossi Kingdoms 2751:Boukary Koutou 2743: 2740: 2663:, visited the 2625:Canary Islands 2578:, present-day 2564: 2561: 2393:Main article: 2390: 2387: 2362:biblical story 2198:Canary Islands 2190:Ottoman Empire 2159:Spanish Empire 2097: 2094: 2067:Italian states 2014:Ottoman Empire 1989:tidal currents 1936: 1933: 1925: 1922: 1809:Central Africa 1805:Middle Passage 1803:route and its 1775: 1774: 1772: 1771: 1764: 1757: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1718: 1717: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1645: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1633: 1626:List of slaves 1623: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1530: 1529: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1508: 1507: 1497: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1485: 1475: 1474: 1473: 1468: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1390: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1360: 1359: 1354: 1344: 1338: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1223: 1222: 1218: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1170:Dutch Republic 1167: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1147: 1141: 1140: 1136: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1114: 1113: 1102: 1101: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1088: 1087: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1038: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1009: 1004: 994: 989: 984: 978: 977: 971: 970: 965: 958: 957: 956: 951: 941: 936: 931: 930: 929: 919: 914: 913: 912: 907: 902: 897: 887: 882: 877: 876: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 820: 819: 818: 808: 807: 806: 795: 794: 788: 787: 782: 777: 772: 771: 770: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 714: 713: 703: 698: 693: 687: 686: 680: 677: 676: 673: 672: 669: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 642: 641: 637: 636: 631: 629:Child soldiers 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 605: 604: 594: 589: 584: 579: 578: 577: 572: 567: 556: 555: 551: 550: 545: 540: 538:Spanish Empire 535: 530: 525: 520: 518:Middle Passage 515: 510: 505: 500: 494: 493: 487: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 455: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 380: 379: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 348: 347: 346: 339:Ottoman Empire 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 300: 294: 293: 287: 286: 285: 284: 274: 269: 264: 263: 262: 257: 252: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 216: 215: 209: 208: 203: 198: 193: 187: 186: 180: 175: 174: 171: 170: 167: 166: 161: 159:Sexual slavery 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 125: 124: 119: 117:Child marriage 114: 104: 99: 94: 92:Child soldiers 89: 83: 78: 77: 74: 73: 65: 64: 54: 53: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 33838: 33827: 33824: 33822: 33821:Death marches 33819: 33817: 33814: 33812: 33809: 33807: 33804: 33802: 33799: 33797: 33794: 33792: 33789: 33787: 33784: 33782: 33779: 33777: 33774: 33772: 33769: 33767: 33764: 33762: 33759: 33757: 33754: 33752: 33749: 33747: 33744: 33742: 33739: 33737: 33734: 33732: 33729: 33728: 33726: 33704: 33703: 33699: 33696: 33695: 33691: 33688: 33687: 33683: 33680: 33679: 33675: 33672: 33671: 33667: 33664: 33663: 33659: 33656: 33655: 33651: 33649: 33646: 33644: 33641: 33639: 33636: 33634: 33631: 33629: 33626: 33624: 33621: 33619: 33616: 33614: 33611: 33609: 33606: 33604: 33601: 33599: 33596: 33595: 33593: 33589: 33582: 33581: 33577: 33574: 33573: 33569: 33568: 33566: 33564:Documentaries 33562: 33555: 33554: 33550: 33547: 33546: 33542: 33539: 33538: 33534: 33533: 33531: 33527: 33520: 33519: 33515: 33512: 33508: 33507: 33505: 33501: 33494: 33493: 33489: 33486: 33485: 33481: 33478: 33477: 33473: 33472: 33470: 33466: 33459: 33458: 33454: 33451: 33450: 33446: 33443: 33442: 33438: 33435: 33434: 33430: 33427: 33426: 33422: 33419: 33418: 33414: 33411: 33410: 33406: 33403: 33402: 33398: 33395: 33394: 33390: 33387: 33386: 33382: 33379: 33378: 33374: 33371: 33370: 33366: 33363: 33362: 33358: 33355: 33354: 33350: 33347: 33346: 33342: 33339: 33338: 33334: 33331: 33330: 33326: 33323: 33322: 33318: 33301: 33300: 33296: 33293: 33292: 33288: 33285: 33284: 33280: 33277: 33276: 33272: 33269: 33268: 33264: 33261: 33260: 33256: 33255: 33253: 33251: 33247: 33240: 33239: 33235: 33232: 33231: 33227: 33224: 33223: 33219: 33216: 33215: 33211: 33208: 33207: 33203: 33200: 33199: 33195: 33192: 33191: 33187: 33184: 33183: 33179: 33176: 33175: 33171: 33168: 33167: 33163: 33160: 33159: 33155: 33152: 33151: 33147: 33144: 33143: 33139: 33136: 33135: 33131: 33128: 33127: 33123: 33122: 33120: 33116: 33105: 33102: 33099: 33096: 33093: 33090: 33089: 33087: 33085:South America 33083: 33076: 33075:Zamba Zembola 33073: 33071: 33068: 33065: 33062: 33060: 33057: 33055: 33054:Bethany Veney 33052: 33050: 33047: 33045: 33042: 33039: 33035: 33032: 33029: 33027: 33026:Venture Smith 33024: 33022: 33019: 33017: 33014: 33012: 33009: 33007: 33006:James Roberts 33004: 33002: 32999: 32996: 32993: 32991: 32988: 32986: 32983: 32980: 32977: 32975: 32972: 32970: 32967: 32965: 32964:Lunsford Lane 32962: 32960: 32957: 32955: 32952: 32949: 32948:Paul Jennings 32946: 32944: 32941: 32939: 32936: 32934: 32931: 32929: 32926: 32924: 32923:Omar ibn Said 32921: 32918: 32915: 32913: 32912:Josiah Henson 32910: 32908: 32905: 32902: 32898: 32897:William Green 32895: 32893: 32890: 32888: 32885: 32883: 32880: 32877: 32873: 32872:Peter Fossett 32870: 32868: 32865: 32862: 32859: 32857: 32854: 32852: 32849: 32847: 32844: 32842: 32839: 32837: 32834: 32832: 32831:Lucinda Davis 32829: 32827: 32826:Hannah Crafts 32824: 32822: 32819: 32816: 32813: 32811: 32808: 32806: 32803: 32801: 32798: 32795: 32794:James Bradley 32792: 32790: 32789:Leonard Black 32787: 32785: 32782: 32780: 32777: 32775: 32772: 32770: 32767: 32765: 32762: 32760: 32757: 32755: 32752: 32751: 32749: 32747:United States 32743: 32736: 32735:Marcos Xiorro 32733: 32730: 32726: 32723: 32720: 32717: 32714: 32711: 32708: 32707: 32705: 32699: 32692: 32689: 32686: 32683: 32682: 32680: 32674: 32668: 32665: 32663: 32660: 32658: 32655: 32654: 32652: 32648: 32641: 32638: 32635: 32632: 32629: 32626: 32623: 32620: 32617: 32614: 32611: 32608: 32607: 32605: 32601: 32594: 32591: 32590: 32588: 32584: 32577: 32574: 32571: 32568: 32565: 32562: 32559: 32556: 32546: 32543: 32540: 32539:Thomas Pellow 32537: 32534: 32531: 32528: 32525: 32522: 32519: 32516: 32513: 32510: 32509:Petro Kilekwa 32507: 32504: 32501: 32498: 32495: 32492: 32489: 32486: 32483: 32480: 32477: 32474: 32471: 32468: 32465: 32464: 32462: 32458: 32455: 32447: 32441: 32438: 32437: 32434: 32430: 32423: 32418: 32416: 32411: 32409: 32404: 32403: 32400: 32388: 32385: 32383: 32380: 32379: 32374: 32370: 32367: 32363: 32362: 32358: 32348: 32345: 32343: 32340: 32338: 32335: 32333: 32330: 32328: 32325: 32323: 32320: 32318: 32315: 32313: 32310: 32308: 32305: 32303: 32300: 32299: 32297: 32295: 32291: 32285: 32282: 32280: 32277: 32275: 32272: 32270: 32267: 32265: 32262: 32260: 32257: 32255: 32252: 32250: 32247: 32246: 32243: 32240: 32238: 32234: 32224: 32221: 32219: 32216: 32214: 32211: 32209: 32206: 32204: 32201: 32197: 32194: 32193: 32192: 32189: 32187: 32181: 32180: 32177: 32174: 32172: 32168: 32158: 32155: 32153: 32150: 32148: 32145: 32143: 32140: 32136: 32133: 32132: 32131: 32128: 32124: 32121: 32120: 32119: 32116: 32114: 32111: 32109: 32106: 32104: 32101: 32097: 32094: 32092: 32089: 32088: 32087: 32084: 32082: 32079: 32078: 32075: 32072: 32070: 32066: 32056: 32053: 32051: 32048: 32046: 32043: 32041: 32038: 32036: 32033: 32031: 32028: 32026: 32023: 32021: 32018: 32016: 32013: 32011: 32008: 32006: 32003: 32001: 31998: 31997: 31994: 31991: 31989: 31985: 31980: 31970: 31967: 31965: 31962: 31960: 31957: 31955: 31952: 31949: 31945: 31941: 31939: 31936: 31934: 31931: 31929: 31926: 31924: 31921: 31919: 31918:La Trinitaria 31916: 31914: 31911: 31909: 31908:Spanish Haiti 31906: 31904: 31903: 31899: 31897: 31894: 31892: 31891: 31887: 31885: 31882: 31880: 31877: 31875: 31872: 31868: 31865: 31864: 31863: 31862:Santo Domingo 31860: 31858: 31857: 31853: 31852: 31850: 31848: 31844: 31839: 31832: 31827: 31825: 31820: 31818: 31813: 31812: 31809: 31797: 31789: 31787: 31786: 31775: 31774: 31771: 31761: 31758: 31756: 31753: 31751: 31748: 31746: 31743: 31741: 31738: 31736: 31733: 31731: 31728: 31727: 31725: 31721: 31715: 31712: 31710: 31707: 31705: 31702: 31700: 31697: 31695: 31692: 31690: 31687: 31686: 31684: 31680: 31677: 31673: 31667: 31664: 31662: 31659: 31657: 31654: 31653: 31650: 31647: 31645: 31642: 31638: 31635: 31634: 31633: 31632: 31628: 31627: 31625: 31623:Miscellaneous 31621: 31611: 31608: 31606: 31603: 31601: 31598: 31596: 31593: 31592: 31590: 31588:Miscellaneous 31586: 31580: 31577: 31575: 31572: 31570: 31569:Pirate utopia 31567: 31565: 31562: 31560: 31557: 31555: 31552: 31550: 31547: 31545: 31542: 31540: 31537: 31533: 31530: 31529: 31528: 31525: 31523: 31520: 31518: 31515: 31513: 31510: 31509: 31507: 31503: 31497: 31496: 31492: 31490: 31489: 31485: 31483: 31482: 31478: 31476: 31475: 31471: 31469: 31468: 31464: 31462: 31461: 31457: 31455: 31454: 31450: 31448: 31447: 31443: 31441: 31440: 31436: 31434: 31433: 31429: 31427: 31426: 31422: 31420: 31419: 31415: 31413: 31412: 31408: 31407: 31405: 31401: 31395: 31392: 31390: 31387: 31385: 31382: 31380: 31377: 31375: 31372: 31370: 31367: 31365: 31362: 31360: 31357: 31355: 31352: 31350: 31347: 31345: 31342: 31340: 31337: 31335: 31332: 31330: 31327: 31325: 31322: 31320: 31317: 31315: 31312: 31310: 31307: 31305: 31302: 31300: 31297: 31295: 31292: 31290: 31289:Elaine Marley 31287: 31285: 31284:Edward Kenway 31282: 31280: 31277: 31275: 31272: 31270: 31267: 31265: 31262: 31260: 31257: 31255: 31252: 31250: 31247: 31245: 31244:Captain Flint 31242: 31240: 31239:Captain Crook 31237: 31235: 31234:Captain Blood 31232: 31230: 31227: 31225: 31222: 31220: 31217: 31215: 31212: 31211: 31209: 31207: 31203: 31200: 31198: 31190: 31184: 31181: 31179: 31176: 31174: 31173: 31168: 31166: 31165: 31160: 31158: 31155: 31153: 31150: 31148: 31145: 31143: 31141: 31137: 31135: 31132: 31130: 31127: 31126: 31124: 31122: 31118: 31113: 31110: 31107: 31103: 31099: 31095: 31091: 31087: 31083: 31080: 31078: 31075: 31073: 31070: 31068: 31065: 31062: 31058: 31057:Acts of grace 31055: 31053: 31049: 31043: 31040: 31038: 31035: 31033: 31030: 31028: 31025: 31023: 31020: 31018: 31015: 31013: 31011: 31007: 31005: 31002: 31000: 30997: 30995: 30992: 30990: 30987: 30985: 30982: 30980: 30977: 30975: 30972: 30970: 30968: 30964: 30962: 30960: 30955: 30953: 30951: 30950:Orkim Harmony 30946: 30944: 30942: 30937: 30935: 30933: 30929: 30927: 30924: 30922: 30920: 30916: 30914: 30911: 30909: 30906: 30904: 30902: 30898: 30896: 30894: 30893:Carré d'As IV 30890: 30888: 30887: 30882: 30880: 30879: 30874: 30872: 30871: 30866: 30864: 30861: 30859: 30858: 30857:Ambrose Light 30853: 30851: 30848: 30846: 30843: 30841: 30839: 30835: 30833: 30830: 30828: 30825: 30823: 30820: 30818: 30815: 30813: 30810: 30808: 30805: 30803: 30800: 30798: 30795: 30793: 30790: 30788: 30785: 30783: 30780: 30778: 30775: 30773: 30770: 30768: 30765: 30763: 30760: 30758: 30755: 30753: 30750: 30748: 30745: 30743: 30740: 30738: 30735: 30733: 30730: 30728: 30725: 30723: 30720: 30718: 30715: 30713: 30710: 30708: 30705: 30703: 30700: 30698: 30695: 30693: 30690: 30688: 30685: 30683: 30680: 30679: 30675: 30670: 30666: 30660: 30659: 30655: 30653: 30652: 30648: 30646: 30645: 30641: 30639: 30638: 30637:Royal Fortune 30634: 30632: 30631: 30627: 30625: 30624: 30620: 30618: 30617: 30613: 30611: 30610: 30606: 30604: 30603: 30599: 30597: 30596: 30592: 30590: 30589: 30585: 30583: 30582: 30581:Ambrose Light 30578: 30576: 30575: 30571: 30570: 30568: 30564: 30554: 30553:Woodes Rogers 30551: 30549: 30548:Thomas Warren 30546: 30544: 30541: 30539: 30536: 30534: 30531: 30529: 30526: 30524: 30521: 30519: 30516: 30514: 30511: 30509: 30508:Julius Caesar 30506: 30504: 30501: 30499: 30496: 30494: 30491: 30489: 30488:Chaloner Ogle 30486: 30484: 30481: 30480: 30478: 30472: 30466: 30463: 30461: 30460:Zheng Zhilong 30458: 30456: 30453: 30451: 30448: 30446: 30443: 30441: 30438: 30436: 30433: 30431: 30428: 30426: 30423: 30421: 30418: 30416: 30413: 30411: 30408: 30406: 30403: 30401: 30398: 30396: 30393: 30391: 30388: 30386: 30383: 30381: 30378: 30376: 30373: 30371: 30368: 30366: 30363: 30361: 30358: 30356: 30353: 30351: 30348: 30346: 30345:Sadie Farrell 30343: 30341: 30338: 30336: 30333: 30331: 30328: 30326: 30323: 30321: 30318: 30316: 30313: 30311: 30308: 30306: 30303: 30301: 30298: 30296: 30295:Princess Sela 30293: 30291: 30288: 30286: 30283: 30281: 30278: 30276: 30275:Pedro Gilbert 30273: 30271: 30268: 30266: 30263: 30261: 30258: 30256: 30253: 30251: 30248: 30246: 30243: 30241: 30238: 30236: 30233: 30231: 30228: 30226: 30223: 30221: 30218: 30216: 30213: 30211: 30208: 30206: 30203: 30201: 30198: 30196: 30195:Liang Daoming 30193: 30191: 30188: 30186: 30183: 30181: 30178: 30176: 30173: 30171: 30168: 30166: 30163: 30161: 30158: 30156: 30153: 30151: 30148: 30146: 30143: 30141: 30138: 30136: 30133: 30131: 30128: 30126: 30123: 30121: 30118: 30116: 30113: 30111: 30108: 30106: 30103: 30101: 30098: 30096: 30093: 30091: 30088: 30086: 30083: 30081: 30078: 30076: 30073: 30071: 30068: 30066: 30063: 30061: 30058: 30056: 30053: 30051: 30048: 30046: 30043: 30041: 30040:Francis Drake 30038: 30036: 30033: 30031: 30028: 30026: 30023: 30021: 30018: 30016: 30013: 30011: 30008: 30006: 30003: 30001: 29998: 29996: 29995:Dominique You 29993: 29991: 29988: 29986: 29983: 29981: 29978: 29976: 29973: 29971: 29968: 29966: 29963: 29961: 29958: 29956: 29953: 29951: 29950:Charles Gibbs 29948: 29946: 29943: 29941: 29938: 29936: 29933: 29931: 29928: 29926: 29923: 29921: 29918: 29916: 29913: 29911: 29908: 29906: 29903: 29901: 29898: 29896: 29893: 29891: 29888: 29886: 29883: 29881: 29878: 29876: 29873: 29871: 29868: 29866: 29863: 29861: 29858: 29856: 29853: 29851: 29848: 29846: 29845:Abduwali Muse 29843: 29842: 29840: 29836: 29833: 29831:Major figures 29829: 29819: 29816: 29814: 29811: 29809: 29806: 29804: 29801: 29799: 29796: 29794: 29791: 29789: 29786: 29784: 29781: 29779: 29776: 29774: 29771: 29769: 29768:Barataria Bay 29766: 29765: 29763: 29759: 29758:Pirate havens 29755: 29749: 29746: 29744: 29741: 29739: 29736: 29734: 29733:Barbary Coast 29731: 29729: 29726: 29725: 29723: 29719: 29713: 29710: 29708: 29705: 29703: 29700: 29698: 29695: 29691: 29688: 29687: 29686: 29683: 29682: 29680: 29676: 29670: 29667: 29663: 29660: 29656: 29653: 29652: 29651: 29648: 29646: 29643: 29642: 29641: 29638: 29637: 29635: 29633: 29629: 29626: 29622: 29616: 29613: 29611: 29608: 29606: 29603: 29601: 29598: 29596: 29593: 29591: 29588: 29586: 29585:Timber pirate 29583: 29581: 29578: 29576: 29573: 29571: 29568: 29566: 29563: 29559: 29556: 29555: 29554: 29551: 29549: 29546: 29544: 29541: 29539: 29536: 29534: 29531: 29529: 29526: 29524: 29521: 29519: 29516: 29514: 29511: 29509: 29506: 29504: 29501: 29497: 29494: 29493: 29492: 29489: 29487: 29484: 29482: 29479: 29477: 29474: 29473: 29471: 29467: 29459: 29456: 29454: 29451: 29449: 29446: 29445: 29444: 29441: 29439: 29436: 29434: 29431: 29430: 29428: 29426: 29422: 29418: 29411: 29406: 29404: 29399: 29397: 29392: 29391: 29388: 29376: 29375:West Virginia 29373: 29371: 29368: 29366: 29363: 29361: 29358: 29356: 29353: 29351: 29348: 29346: 29343: 29341: 29338: 29334: 29331: 29330: 29329: 29326: 29324: 29321: 29320: 29318: 29316: 29312: 29306: 29305:Sharecropping 29303: 29301: 29298: 29297: 29295: 29291: 29285: 29282: 29280: 29277: 29273: 29272:Interregional 29270: 29268: 29265: 29263: 29260: 29259: 29257: 29253: 29250: 29248: 29245: 29243: 29240: 29238: 29235: 29233: 29230: 29228: 29225: 29224: 29223: 29220: 29219: 29217: 29213: 29207: 29204: 29202: 29199: 29197: 29194: 29192: 29189: 29187: 29184: 29180: 29177: 29176: 29175: 29172: 29171: 29169: 29165: 29157: 29154: 29153: 29152: 29149: 29147: 29144: 29140: 29137: 29136: 29135: 29134:Planter class 29132: 29131: 29129: 29125: 29116: 29111: 29109: 29104: 29102: 29097: 29096: 29093: 29081: 29080:Black Britons 29078: 29077: 29075: 29071: 29065: 29062: 29060: 29057: 29056: 29054: 29050: 29044: 29041: 29039: 29036: 29034: 29031: 29029: 29026: 29024: 29021: 29019: 29016: 29014: 29011: 29009: 29006: 29004: 29001: 28999: 28996: 28992: 28989: 28987: 28984: 28982: 28979: 28977: 28974: 28972: 28969: 28967: 28964: 28963: 28962: 28959: 28958: 28956: 28954:sub-divisions 28950: 28944: 28941: 28939: 28936: 28934: 28931: 28929: 28926: 28925: 28923: 28917: 28909: 28908:Drum and bass 28906: 28904: 28901: 28899: 28896: 28894: 28891: 28889: 28886: 28882: 28879: 28878: 28877: 28874: 28872: 28869: 28867: 28864: 28862: 28859: 28857: 28854: 28852: 28849: 28848: 28847: 28844: 28843: 28841: 28839: 28836:Black British 28833: 28827: 28824: 28822: 28819: 28817: 28814: 28812: 28809: 28805: 28803: 28799: 28798: 28797: 28796: 28792: 28790: 28787: 28785: 28782: 28780: 28777: 28776: 28774: 28772: 28769:Black British 28766: 28761: 28754: 28749: 28747: 28742: 28740: 28735: 28734: 28731: 28721: 28720: 28709: 28699: 28696: 28692: 28689: 28687: 28684: 28682: 28679: 28677: 28674: 28672: 28669: 28667: 28664: 28663: 28662: 28659: 28657: 28654: 28652: 28649: 28647: 28644: 28642: 28639: 28637: 28634: 28632: 28629: 28627: 28624: 28622: 28619: 28617: 28614: 28612: 28609: 28607: 28604: 28602: 28599: 28597: 28594: 28592: 28589: 28587: 28584: 28582: 28579: 28578: 28576: 28572: 28564: 28561: 28560: 28559: 28556: 28552: 28549: 28548: 28547: 28544: 28540: 28537: 28535: 28532: 28531: 28530: 28526: 28523: 28521: 28518: 28516: 28513: 28511: 28508: 28506: 28503: 28501: 28498: 28496: 28493: 28491: 28488: 28486: 28483: 28479: 28476: 28475: 28474: 28471: 28470: 28468: 28464: 28458: 28455: 28451: 28448: 28447: 28445: 28444:Sapelo Island 28442: 28440: 28437: 28435: 28432: 28430: 28427: 28425: 28422: 28420: 28417: 28416: 28414: 28410: 28404: 28401: 28399: 28396: 28394: 28391: 28389: 28386: 28385: 28383: 28379: 28376: 28372: 28367: 28361: 28347: 28344: 28342: 28339: 28338: 28336: 28332: 28326: 28323: 28321: 28318: 28316: 28313: 28311: 28308: 28306: 28303: 28301: 28298: 28297: 28295: 28291: 28285: 28282: 28280: 28277: 28275: 28274:Rabbit's foot 28272: 28270: 28267: 28265: 28262: 28260: 28257: 28255: 28252: 28250: 28247: 28245: 28242: 28240: 28237: 28235: 28232: 28230: 28227: 28225: 28222: 28220: 28217: 28216: 28214: 28210: 28204: 28201: 28200: 28198: 28194: 28188: 28187: 28183: 28181: 28180: 28176: 28175: 28173: 28169: 28162: 28161: 28157: 28154: 28153: 28149: 28146: 28145: 28141: 28138: 28137: 28133: 28130: 28129: 28125: 28122: 28121: 28117: 28116: 28114: 28110: 28107: 28103: 28098: 28097:Gullah people 28091: 28086: 28084: 28079: 28077: 28072: 28071: 28068: 28056: 28046: 28044: 28041: 28040: 28037: 28031: 28028: 28026: 28025:Neighborhoods 28023: 28021: 28018: 28016: 28013: 28011: 28008: 28006: 28003: 28001: 27998: 27994: 27991: 27989: 27988:Sports firsts 27986: 27984: 27981: 27980: 27979: 27976: 27972: 27969: 27967: 27964: 27962: 27959: 27957: 27954: 27952: 27949: 27947: 27944: 27942: 27939: 27937: 27934: 27932: 27929: 27927: 27924: 27922: 27919: 27917: 27914: 27912: 27909: 27907: 27904: 27902: 27899: 27897: 27894: 27893: 27892: 27889: 27888: 27886: 27882: 27874: 27871: 27870: 27868: 27866: 27863: 27859: 27856: 27854: 27851: 27849: 27846: 27844: 27841: 27839: 27836: 27835: 27833: 27829: 27826: 27824: 27821: 27819: 27816: 27814: 27811: 27810: 27809: 27806: 27805: 27803: 27801: 27797: 27791: 27790:West Virginia 27788: 27786: 27783: 27781: 27778: 27774: 27771: 27769: 27766: 27764: 27761: 27759: 27756: 27755: 27754: 27751: 27749: 27746: 27744: 27741: 27739: 27736: 27732: 27729: 27728: 27727:Pennsylvania 27726: 27724: 27721: 27719: 27716: 27714: 27711: 27707: 27706:New York City 27704: 27703: 27702: 27699: 27697: 27694: 27690: 27687: 27686: 27685: 27682: 27680: 27677: 27673: 27670: 27669: 27667: 27663: 27660: 27659: 27657: 27653: 27650: 27649: 27648: 27645: 27643: 27640: 27636: 27633: 27632: 27631: 27628: 27626: 27623: 27619: 27616: 27615: 27614: 27611: 27609: 27606: 27602: 27599: 27598: 27597: 27594: 27592: 27589: 27585: 27582: 27581: 27580: 27577: 27573: 27570: 27568: 27565: 27564: 27563: 27560: 27558: 27555: 27551: 27550:San Francisco 27548: 27546: 27543: 27542: 27541: 27538: 27536: 27533: 27531: 27528: 27527: 27525: 27523:By state/city 27521: 27515: 27512: 27510: 27507: 27501: 27498: 27496: 27493: 27492: 27491: 27488: 27486: 27483: 27482: 27481: 27478: 27474: 27471: 27470: 27469: 27468:American Sign 27466: 27464: 27461: 27460: 27458: 27454: 27446: 27443: 27441: 27438: 27437: 27436: 27433: 27431: 27428: 27424: 27421: 27419: 27416: 27415: 27414: 27411: 27407: 27404: 27403: 27402: 27401:Neighborhoods 27399: 27398: 27396: 27392: 27386: 27383: 27379: 27376: 27375: 27374: 27371: 27369: 27366: 27364: 27361: 27359: 27356: 27352: 27349: 27347: 27344: 27342: 27339: 27337: 27334: 27333: 27332: 27331:Black Indians 27329: 27327: 27324: 27320: 27317: 27315: 27312: 27310: 27307: 27305: 27302: 27301: 27299: 27298: 27296: 27292: 27282: 27279: 27277: 27274: 27272: 27269: 27267: 27264: 27263: 27261: 27253: 27247: 27244: 27242: 27239: 27237: 27234: 27232: 27229: 27227: 27224: 27222: 27219: 27217: 27214: 27212: 27209: 27207: 27204: 27202: 27199: 27197: 27194: 27192: 27189: 27188: 27185: 27182: 27178: 27172: 27169: 27167: 27164: 27162: 27159: 27157: 27154: 27152: 27149: 27147: 27144: 27142: 27139: 27137: 27134: 27132: 27129: 27127: 27124: 27122: 27119: 27117: 27114: 27112: 27109: 27107: 27104: 27103: 27101: 27093: 27087: 27084: 27080: 27077: 27076: 27075: 27072: 27070: 27067: 27065: 27062: 27060: 27057: 27055: 27052: 27050: 27047: 27045: 27042: 27038: 27035: 27034: 27033: 27030: 27028: 27025: 27023: 27020: 27019: 27017: 27013: 27007: 27004: 27002: 26999: 26997: 26994: 26990: 26987: 26986: 26985: 26982: 26978: 26975: 26973: 26970: 26969: 26968: 26965: 26963: 26960: 26959: 26957: 26955: 26951: 26943: 26940: 26938: 26935: 26933: 26930: 26929: 26927: 26925: 26922: 26920: 26917: 26915: 26912: 26910: 26909:Black schools 26907: 26905: 26904:Black studies 26902: 26901: 26899: 26893: 26887: 26886:Whitney Young 26884: 26882: 26879: 26877: 26876:Oprah Winfrey 26874: 26872: 26869: 26867: 26864: 26862: 26859: 26857: 26854: 26852: 26849: 26847: 26846:Denmark Vesey 26844: 26842: 26839: 26837: 26834: 26832: 26829: 26827: 26824: 26822: 26819: 26817: 26814: 26812: 26809: 26807: 26804: 26802: 26799: 26797: 26794: 26792: 26791:Joseph Rainey 26789: 26787: 26784: 26782: 26779: 26777: 26774: 26772: 26769: 26767: 26764: 26762: 26759: 26757: 26754: 26752: 26749: 26747: 26746:Toni Morrison 26744: 26742: 26739: 26737: 26734: 26732: 26731:Joseph Lowery 26729: 26727: 26724: 26722: 26719: 26717: 26714: 26712: 26709: 26707: 26704: 26702: 26699: 26697: 26694: 26692: 26689: 26687: 26684: 26682: 26679: 26677: 26676:Jesse Jackson 26674: 26672: 26669: 26667: 26666:Kamala Harris 26664: 26662: 26659: 26657: 26654: 26652: 26651:Marcus Garvey 26649: 26647: 26644: 26642: 26639: 26637: 26634: 26632: 26629: 26627: 26624: 26622: 26619: 26617: 26614: 26612: 26609: 26607: 26604: 26602: 26601:Blanche Bruce 26599: 26597: 26596:Edward Brooke 26594: 26592: 26589: 26587: 26586:James Bradley 26584: 26582: 26579: 26577: 26574: 26572: 26569: 26567: 26566:James Baldwin 26564: 26562: 26559: 26557: 26554: 26552: 26549: 26548: 26546: 26542: 26536: 26533: 26531: 26528: 26526: 26523: 26521: 26518: 26516: 26513: 26511: 26510:Neighborhoods 26508: 26506: 26503: 26501: 26498: 26496: 26493: 26491: 26488: 26486: 26483: 26481: 26478: 26476: 26473: 26471: 26468: 26466: 26463: 26459: 26456: 26455: 26454: 26451: 26449: 26446: 26444: 26441: 26439: 26436: 26434: 26431: 26429: 26426: 26424: 26421: 26419: 26416: 26414: 26411: 26409: 26406: 26405: 26403: 26401: 26397: 26391: 26388: 26386: 26383: 26381: 26378: 26374: 26371: 26370: 26369: 26366: 26364: 26363:Silent Parade 26361: 26359: 26356: 26354: 26351: 26349: 26346: 26344: 26341: 26338: 26337: 26333: 26331: 26328: 26326: 26325: 26321: 26319: 26318: 26314: 26312: 26309: 26307: 26304: 26302: 26299: 26297: 26294: 26292: 26291:Jim Crow laws 26289: 26287: 26283: 26280: 26278: 26275: 26271: 26268: 26266: 26263: 26262: 26261: 26258: 26256: 26253: 26251: 26248: 26246: 26243: 26240: 26239: 26235: 26233: 26230: 26228: 26225: 26221: 26218: 26216: 26213: 26211: 26208: 26206: 26203: 26201: 26198: 26196: 26193: 26191: 26188: 26185: 26184: 26180: 26178: 26175: 26174: 26173: 26170: 26168: 26165: 26163: 26160: 26156: 26153: 26151: 26148: 26146: 26143: 26142: 26140: 26138: 26135: 26132: 26131: 26127: 26125: 26122: 26120: 26117: 26115: 26114:Black cowboys 26112: 26110: 26107: 26105: 26102: 26100: 26097: 26095: 26092: 26090: 26087: 26085: 26082: 26080: 26077: 26076: 26074: 26072: 26068: 26064: 26057: 26052: 26050: 26045: 26043: 26038: 26037: 26034: 26022: 26018: 26014: 26012: 26004: 26002: 25999: 25997: 25996:List of years 25994: 25993: 25990: 25976: 25968: 25966: 25965:Urban history 25963: 25962: 25960: 25956: 25950: 25947: 25945: 25944:Palmyra Atoll 25942: 25940: 25937: 25935: 25932: 25930: 25927: 25925: 25922: 25920: 25919:Jarvis Island 25917: 25915: 25912: 25910: 25907: 25906: 25904: 25900: 25894: 25891: 25889: 25886: 25884: 25881: 25879: 25876: 25874: 25871: 25870: 25868: 25866:Insular areas 25864: 25860: 25856: 25852: 25846: 25843: 25841: 25838: 25836: 25835:West Virginia 25833: 25831: 25828: 25826: 25823: 25821: 25818: 25816: 25813: 25811: 25808: 25806: 25803: 25801: 25798: 25796: 25793: 25791: 25788: 25786: 25783: 25781: 25778: 25776: 25773: 25771: 25768: 25766: 25763: 25761: 25758: 25756: 25753: 25751: 25748: 25746: 25743: 25741: 25740:New Hampshire 25738: 25736: 25733: 25731: 25728: 25726: 25723: 25721: 25718: 25716: 25713: 25711: 25708: 25706: 25703: 25701: 25700:Massachusetts 25698: 25696: 25693: 25691: 25688: 25686: 25683: 25681: 25678: 25676: 25673: 25671: 25668: 25666: 25663: 25661: 25658: 25656: 25653: 25651: 25648: 25646: 25643: 25641: 25638: 25636: 25633: 25631: 25628: 25626: 25623: 25621: 25618: 25616: 25613: 25611: 25608: 25606: 25603: 25601: 25598: 25597: 25595: 25591: 25585: 25582: 25580: 25577: 25575: 25572: 25571: 25569: 25565: 25559: 25556: 25554: 25551: 25549: 25546: 25544: 25541: 25539: 25536: 25535: 25533: 25531: 25527: 25523: 25516: 25512: 25500: 25497: 25495: 25492: 25490: 25487: 25486: 25485: 25484: 25480: 25478: 25477: 25473: 25469: 25466: 25464: 25461: 25460: 25459: 25458: 25454: 25450: 25447: 25445: 25442: 25440: 25437: 25435: 25432: 25430: 25427: 25425: 25422: 25421: 25420: 25419: 25415: 25413: 25412: 25408: 25404: 25401: 25400: 25399: 25398: 25394: 25390: 25387: 25385: 25382: 25380: 25377: 25375: 25372: 25370: 25367: 25365: 25362: 25360: 25357: 25355: 25352: 25350: 25347: 25346: 25345: 25344: 25340: 25336: 25333: 25331: 25330:Thai American 25328: 25326: 25323: 25321: 25318: 25316: 25313: 25311: 25308: 25306: 25303: 25302: 25301: 25300: 25296: 25294: 25293: 25289: 25288: 25285: 25278: 25274: 25262: 25259: 25257: 25254: 25252: 25249: 25247: 25244: 25242: 25239: 25238: 25237: 25236: 25232: 25228: 25225: 25224: 25223: 25222: 25218: 25216: 25215: 25211: 25209: 25208: 25204: 25200: 25197: 25195: 25192: 25190: 25187: 25185: 25182: 25180: 25177: 25175: 25172: 25171: 25170: 25169: 25168:Party Systems 25165: 25161: 25158: 25156: 25153: 25151: 25148: 25146: 25143: 25141: 25138: 25136: 25133: 25132: 25131: 25130: 25126: 25124: 25123: 25119: 25117: 25116: 25112: 25108: 25107:Voting rights 25105: 25103: 25100: 25098: 25095: 25093: 25090: 25088: 25085: 25083: 25080: 25078: 25075: 25073: 25070: 25068: 25065: 25063: 25060: 25058: 25055: 25053: 25050: 25049: 25048: 25047: 25043: 25041: 25040: 25036: 25032: 25029: 25028: 25027: 25026: 25022: 25018: 25015: 25014: 25013: 25012: 25008: 25004: 25001: 25000: 24999: 24998: 24994: 24990: 24987: 24985: 24982: 24980: 24977: 24975: 24972: 24971: 24970: 24969: 24965: 24963: 24962: 24958: 24956: 24955: 24951: 24950: 24947: 24940: 24936: 24922: 24919: 24917: 24914: 24912: 24911: 24907: 24905: 24902: 24900: 24897: 24895: 24892: 24888: 24885: 24884: 24883: 24880: 24878: 24875: 24873: 24872: 24868: 24866: 24863: 24859: 24856: 24854: 24851: 24849: 24846: 24844: 24841: 24839: 24836: 24834: 24831: 24829: 24826: 24824: 24821: 24820: 24819: 24816: 24814: 24811: 24810: 24808: 24806: 24802: 24796: 24793: 24791: 24788: 24786: 24783: 24779: 24776: 24774: 24771: 24770: 24769: 24768:War on terror 24766: 24764: 24761: 24759: 24758: 24754: 24752: 24749: 24747: 24744: 24742: 24739: 24737: 24734: 24732: 24729: 24727: 24724: 24722: 24719: 24717: 24714: 24713: 24711: 24709: 24705: 24699: 24696: 24694: 24691: 24689: 24686: 24682: 24679: 24677: 24674: 24672: 24669: 24668: 24667: 24666:Late Cold War 24664: 24662: 24659: 24655: 24652: 24650: 24647: 24646: 24645: 24642: 24641: 24639: 24637: 24633: 24627: 24624: 24622: 24619: 24617: 24614: 24610: 24607: 24606: 24605: 24602: 24600: 24597: 24595: 24592: 24590: 24587: 24583: 24580: 24578: 24575: 24573: 24570: 24569: 24568: 24565: 24561: 24558: 24556: 24553: 24552: 24551: 24548: 24546: 24545:Great Society 24543: 24542: 24540: 24538: 24534: 24528: 24525: 24521: 24518: 24517: 24516: 24513: 24511: 24508: 24506: 24503: 24501: 24500:Post-war boom 24498: 24494: 24491: 24489: 24486: 24484: 24481: 24479: 24476: 24475: 24474: 24471: 24467: 24464: 24463: 24462: 24459: 24457: 24454: 24453: 24451: 24449: 24445: 24435: 24432: 24431: 24430: 24427: 24425: 24422: 24420: 24417: 24416: 24415: 24412: 24408: 24405: 24403: 24400: 24398: 24395: 24394: 24393: 24390: 24386: 24383: 24381: 24378: 24376: 24373: 24371: 24368: 24366: 24363: 24361: 24358: 24357: 24356: 24353: 24351: 24348: 24344: 24341: 24340: 24339: 24336: 24335: 24333: 24331: 24327: 24321: 24318: 24314: 24311: 24309: 24306: 24304: 24301: 24299: 24296: 24295: 24294: 24291: 24287: 24284: 24282: 24279: 24277: 24274: 24272: 24269: 24267: 24264: 24262: 24259: 24258: 24257: 24254: 24252: 24249: 24245: 24242: 24240: 24237: 24235: 24232: 24230: 24227: 24225: 24222: 24221: 24220: 24217: 24216: 24214: 24212: 24208: 24200: 24197: 24195: 24192: 24191: 24190: 24187: 24183: 24180: 24178: 24175: 24173: 24170: 24166: 24163: 24162: 24161: 24158: 24156: 24153: 24151: 24148: 24147: 24146: 24143: 24141: 24138: 24136: 24133: 24132: 24130: 24128: 24124: 24118: 24115: 24113: 24110: 24106: 24103: 24101: 24098: 24096: 24093: 24091: 24088: 24086: 24083: 24081: 24078: 24077: 24076: 24073: 24069: 24066: 24064: 24061: 24060: 24059: 24056: 24055: 24053: 24051: 24047: 24039: 24036: 24034: 24031: 24030: 24029: 24026: 24022: 24019: 24017: 24014: 24013: 24012: 24009: 24007: 24004: 24003: 24001: 23999: 23995: 23987: 23984: 23982: 23979: 23977: 23974: 23972: 23969: 23967: 23964: 23961: 23960: 23959: 23956: 23952: 23949: 23947: 23944: 23942: 23939: 23937: 23934: 23932: 23929: 23928: 23927: 23924: 23923: 23921: 23919: 23915: 23907: 23904: 23902: 23899: 23897: 23894: 23892: 23889: 23887: 23884: 23882: 23879: 23877: 23874: 23872: 23869: 23867: 23864: 23862: 23859: 23857: 23854: 23853: 23852: 23849: 23847: 23844: 23842: 23839: 23837: 23834: 23832: 23829: 23827: 23824: 23822: 23819: 23817: 23814: 23812: 23809: 23807: 23804: 23802: 23799: 23797: 23794: 23792: 23789: 23788: 23786: 23784: 23780: 23774: 23773: 23769: 23767: 23766: 23762: 23761: 23759: 23755: 23751: 23744: 23740: 23734: 23731: 23729: 23726: 23725: 23722: 23718: 23711: 23706: 23704: 23699: 23697: 23692: 23691: 23688: 23676: 23673: 23671: 23668: 23667: 23662: 23658: 23655: 23651: 23650: 23646: 23640: 23637: 23635: 23632: 23630: 23627: 23625: 23622: 23620: 23617: 23615: 23612: 23610: 23607: 23605: 23602: 23600: 23597: 23595: 23592: 23590: 23587: 23585: 23582: 23580: 23577: 23575: 23572: 23570: 23567: 23565: 23562: 23561: 23559: 23557: 23553: 23543: 23540: 23536: 23533: 23531: 23528: 23527: 23526: 23523: 23521: 23518: 23516: 23513: 23511: 23510:Ethnic groups 23508: 23506: 23503: 23499: 23496: 23495: 23494: 23491: 23490: 23488: 23486: 23482: 23472: 23469: 23467: 23464: 23462: 23459: 23457: 23454: 23452: 23449: 23447: 23444: 23442: 23439: 23437: 23436:African Games 23434: 23432: 23429: 23428: 23426: 23424: 23420: 23414: 23411: 23409: 23406: 23404: 23401: 23399: 23396: 23394: 23391: 23389: 23386: 23384: 23381: 23379: 23376: 23374: 23371: 23369: 23366: 23365: 23362: 23359: 23357: 23353: 23347: 23344: 23342: 23339: 23337: 23334: 23332: 23329: 23327: 23324: 23322: 23321:Caste systems 23319: 23317: 23316:Birth control 23314: 23312: 23309: 23308: 23305: 23302: 23298: 23288: 23285: 23283: 23280: 23278: 23275: 23273: 23270: 23268: 23265: 23263: 23260: 23258: 23255: 23253: 23250: 23248: 23245: 23243: 23240: 23238: 23235: 23233: 23232:Central banks 23230: 23229: 23226: 23223: 23221: 23217: 23207: 23204: 23200: 23197: 23196: 23195: 23192: 23190: 23187: 23185: 23182: 23180: 23177: 23171: 23168: 23167: 23166: 23163: 23161: 23158: 23156: 23153: 23151: 23148: 23147: 23146: 23143: 23141: 23138: 23136: 23133: 23131: 23128: 23126: 23123: 23121: 23120:African Union 23118: 23117: 23114: 23111: 23109: 23105: 23095: 23092: 23088: 23085: 23083: 23080: 23078: 23075: 23073: 23070: 23068: 23065: 23064: 23063: 23060: 23058: 23055: 23053: 23050: 23048: 23045: 23043: 23040: 23038: 23035: 23034: 23031: 23028: 23026: 23022: 23012: 23009: 23007: 23004: 23002: 22999: 22997: 22994: 22992: 22989: 22988: 22986: 22982: 22976: 22973: 22969: 22966: 22965: 22964: 22961: 22959: 22956: 22954: 22951: 22949: 22946: 22945: 22943: 22939: 22933: 22930: 22928: 22925: 22921: 22920:Trans-Saharan 22918: 22916: 22913: 22911: 22908: 22906: 22903: 22902: 22901: 22898: 22896: 22893: 22891: 22888: 22886: 22883: 22881: 22878: 22876: 22873: 22869: 22866: 22864: 22861: 22860: 22859: 22856: 22854: 22851: 22847: 22844: 22843: 22842: 22839: 22838: 22836: 22832: 22829: 22827: 22823: 22819: 22815: 22808: 22803: 22801: 22796: 22794: 22789: 22788: 22785: 22779: 22772: 22766: 22763: 22760: 22757: 22755: 22751: 22748: 22746: 22742: 22739: 22736: 22735: 22724: 22720: 22716: 22712: 22708: 22703: 22699: 22695: 22691: 22687: 22683: 22679: 22678: 22672: 22668: 22666:9781469623412 22662: 22658: 22654: 22649: 22645: 22643:0-330-35437-X 22639: 22635: 22630: 22626: 22624:0-521-40090-2 22620: 22616: 22613:. Cambridge: 22612: 22607: 22603: 22599: 22595: 22591: 22586: 22582: 22576: 22572: 22568: 22563: 22559: 22553: 22549: 22545: 22540: 22536: 22534:0-88258-096-5 22530: 22526: 22522: 22517: 22513: 22507: 22503: 22502:Penguin Books 22499: 22494: 22490: 22488:9780803239616 22484: 22480: 22476: 22471: 22467: 22461: 22457: 22452: 22448: 22446:9789004156791 22442: 22438: 22434: 22429: 22425: 22419: 22415: 22411: 22406: 22402: 22396: 22392: 22388: 22383: 22379: 22377:0-306-80536-7 22373: 22369: 22364: 22359: 22353: 22349: 22345: 22340: 22336: 22330: 22326: 22325:Prentice Hall 22322: 22317: 22313: 22309: 22305: 22301: 22296: 22291: 22286: 22282: 22278: 22277: 22272: 22267: 22263: 22261:0-8223-8237-7 22257: 22253: 22249: 22248: 22242: 22238: 22232: 22228: 22224: 22219: 22215: 22211: 22206: 22202: 22200:0-8078-2973-0 22196: 22192: 22188: 22184: 22180: 22178:9780812245783 22174: 22170: 22166: 22161: 22157: 22155:9781107014367 22151: 22147: 22143: 22138: 22134: 22130: 22126: 22120: 22116: 22111: 22107: 22105:9780860786979 22101: 22097: 22092: 22088: 22086:9780300134360 22082: 22078: 22073: 22069: 22067:9780521652315 22063: 22059: 22054: 22050: 22046: 22042: 22038: 22034: 22030: 22026: 22022: 22017: 22013: 22009: 22005: 22003:0-333-73748-2 21999: 21995: 21991: 21986: 21982: 21976: 21972: 21969:. Cambridge: 21968: 21963: 21956: 21952: 21948: 21944: 21940: 21936: 21932: 21928: 21924: 21917: 21912: 21908: 21904: 21900: 21894: 21890: 21885: 21884: 21877: 21873: 21871:1-881316-14-9 21867: 21863: 21859: 21855: 21851: 21847: 21846: 21840: 21836: 21830: 21826: 21822: 21818: 21814: 21810: 21804: 21800: 21796: 21791: 21787: 21781: 21777: 21776:Cambria Press 21773: 21772: 21766: 21762: 21760:0-333-14846-0 21756: 21752: 21747: 21746: 21734: 21728: 21724: 21720: 21716: 21715: 21703: 21698: 21694: 21690: 21685: 21678: 21674: 21670: 21665: 21660: 21656: 21652: 21651: 21643: 21638: 21637: 21625: 21619: 21615: 21611: 21610: 21605: 21601: 21597: 21591: 21587: 21583: 21579: 21575: 21571: 21565: 21561: 21557: 21552: 21548: 21542: 21538: 21537:HarperCollins 21534: 21533: 21528: 21527:Schama, Simon 21524: 21520: 21514: 21510: 21506: 21502: 21498: 21494: 21489: 21485: 21483:0-521-78430-1 21479: 21475: 21471: 21467: 21463: 21459: 21453: 21449: 21445: 21440: 21436: 21434:0-521-67966-4 21430: 21426: 21423:. Cambridge: 21422: 21417: 21413: 21407: 21403: 21398: 21397: 21380: 21376: 21372: 21367: 21351: 21347: 21346: 21341: 21334: 21326: 21322: 21318: 21317: 21312: 21306: 21290: 21286: 21285: 21280: 21274: 21258: 21254: 21250: 21246: 21245: 21240: 21233: 21217: 21213: 21212: 21207: 21201: 21185: 21181: 21180: 21175: 21168: 21152: 21148: 21147: 21142: 21136: 21121:on 8 May 2024 21120: 21116: 21115: 21110: 21104: 21088: 21084: 21083: 21078: 21072: 21056: 21052: 21051: 21046: 21039: 21031: 21027: 21026: 21021: 21015: 20999: 20995: 20991: 20987: 20986: 20981: 20974: 20966: 20962: 20956: 20948: 20944: 20938: 20922: 20918: 20917: 20912: 20906: 20898: 20894: 20890: 20886: 20882: 20878: 20874: 20870: 20863: 20855: 20849: 20845: 20838: 20830: 20826: 20825: 20820: 20814: 20812: 20803: 20799: 20798: 20793: 20787: 20771: 20767: 20761: 20757: 20756: 20748: 20740: 20736: 20732: 20728: 20727: 20722: 20715: 20707: 20695: 20691: 20687: 20683: 20679: 20675: 20671: 20670: 20665: 20658: 20652:, p. 21. 20651: 20646: 20637: 20631: 20627: 20622: 20621: 20612: 20604: 20600: 20593: 20585: 20581: 20577: 20573: 20565: 20561: 20554: 20547: 20542: 20540: 20532: 20526: 20510: 20506: 20502: 20495: 20487: 20485:9781349459988 20481: 20477: 20473: 20469: 20465: 20461: 20454: 20438: 20434: 20430: 20426: 20419: 20403: 20399: 20395: 20394: 20389: 20383: 20368:on 3 May 2024 20367: 20363: 20359: 20355: 20348: 20332: 20328: 20327: 20322: 20316: 20300: 20296: 20292: 20285: 20269: 20265: 20261: 20260: 20255: 20249: 20233: 20229: 20225: 20224: 20220: 20214: 20207: 20201: 20182: 20178: 20174: 20170: 20166: 20159: 20152: 20144: 20140: 20134: 20118: 20114: 20113: 20108: 20101: 20094: 20088: 20080: 20076: 20072: 20068: 20067: 20062: 20056: 20048: 20044: 20040: 20036: 20032: 20028: 20024: 20020: 20013: 20005: 20001: 19997: 19993: 19989: 19985: 19978: 19970: 19964: 19960: 19955: 19954: 19945: 19929: 19925: 19921: 19917: 19911: 19903: 19899: 19895: 19893: 19889: 19884: 19878: 19876: 19859: 19855: 19849: 19841: 19837: 19836: 19831: 19824: 19817: 19813: 19807: 19800: 19794: 19786: 19782: 19778: 19774: 19767: 19759: 19755: 19751: 19747: 19746: 19738: 19730: 19726: 19722: 19718: 19714: 19710: 19703: 19696: 19692: 19688: 19682: 19674: 19668: 19664: 19660: 19659: 19651: 19644: 19643:Williams 2021 19639: 19632: 19628: 19622: 19606: 19602: 19596: 19588: 19582: 19578: 19574: 19573: 19565: 19557: 19553: 19549: 19543: 19536:. p. 19. 19535: 19528: 19521: 19515: 19509:, p. 61. 19508: 19503: 19496: 19491: 19489: 19487: 19477: 19470: 19464: 19456: 19454:9780857710130 19450: 19446: 19445: 19437: 19421: 19417: 19416: 19411: 19404: 19388: 19384: 19380: 19373: 19357: 19353: 19349: 19348: 19343: 19337: 19321: 19317: 19316: 19311: 19304: 19288: 19284: 19283: 19278: 19271: 19255: 19251: 19247: 19243: 19236: 19221: 19217: 19213: 19209: 19205: 19201: 19200: 19195: 19188: 19172: 19168: 19164: 19157: 19141: 19137: 19131: 19116: 19112: 19108: 19104: 19100: 19096: 19092: 19085: 19069: 19062: 19047: 19043: 19039: 19035: 19031: 19024: 19017: 19011: 19004: 19003:Williams 2021 18999: 18980: 18976: 18972: 18971: 18963: 18956: 18941: 18935: 18930: 18929:11250/2596833 18925: 18921: 18917: 18913: 18909: 18905: 18898: 18882: 18878: 18874: 18867: 18851: 18847: 18843: 18837: 18821: 18817: 18813: 18807: 18791: 18787: 18783: 18779: 18773: 18757: 18753: 18749: 18743: 18727: 18723: 18719: 18718:www.bbc.co.uk 18715: 18709: 18701: 18697: 18692: 18687: 18682: 18677: 18673: 18669: 18665: 18658: 18643:on 3 May 2024 18642: 18638: 18634: 18630: 18624: 18608: 18604: 18598: 18594: 18590: 18586: 18582: 18575: 18559: 18555: 18554: 18549: 18543: 18524: 18520: 18516: 18515: 18507: 18500: 18481: 18477: 18473: 18466: 18459: 18440: 18436: 18435:www.state.gov 18429: 18423: 18416: 18410: 18403: 18400:David Eltis, 18397: 18390:. p. 89. 18389: 18385: 18378: 18370: 18366: 18359: 18352: 18351:accumulation. 18347: 18335: 18331: 18330: 18325: 18321: 18315: 18307: 18303: 18296: 18288: 18281: 18274: 18273:Williams 2021 18269: 18267: 18258: 18254: 18250: 18246: 18242: 18238: 18231: 18223: 18219: 18215: 18211: 18207: 18203: 18199: 18195: 18188: 18186: 18178: 18172: 18165: 18164:Williams 2021 18160: 18152: 18146: 18142: 18138: 18131: 18123: 18119: 18115: 18111: 18110: 18102: 18100: 18092:. p. 64. 18091: 18087: 18081: 18079: 18070: 18064: 18060: 18053: 18037: 18033: 18032: 18027: 18021: 18006: 18002: 17998: 17994: 17990: 17983: 17964: 17960: 17953: 17946: 17927: 17923: 17916: 17909: 17900: 17899:11380/1201574 17895: 17890: 17885: 17881: 17877: 17873: 17866: 17850: 17846: 17842: 17838: 17832: 17825: 17819: 17812: 17811:0-9501546-4-4 17808: 17804: 17803: 17798: 17797:Walter Rodney 17793: 17791: 17789: 17787: 17775: 17771: 17764: 17758: 17750: 17746: 17745: 17740: 17734: 17718: 17714: 17708: 17700: 17696: 17692: 17686: 17670: 17666: 17662: 17656: 17647: 17640: 17634: 17627: 17614: 17610: 17609: 17604: 17600: 17594: 17586: 17584:0-465-00071-1 17580: 17575: 17574: 17566: 17562: 17556: 17548: 17542: 17538: 17534: 17530: 17524: 17508: 17504: 17500: 17493: 17477: 17473: 17469: 17465: 17459: 17443: 17439: 17435: 17431: 17427: 17426: 17418: 17402: 17398: 17394: 17390: 17383: 17367: 17363: 17362: 17357: 17351: 17335: 17331: 17329: 17324: 17318: 17311: 17309: 17308:Manomet Ponds 17303: 17299: 17295: 17291: 17287: 17283: 17279: 17275: 17271: 17270: 17262: 17255: 17248: 17246: 17243: 17231: 17227: 17223: 17219: 17215: 17211: 17207: 17203: 17202: 17197: 17191: 17184: 17180: 17176: 17172: 17168: 17164: 17160: 17156: 17152: 17151: 17146: 17140: 17133: 17131: 17127: 17123: 17119: 17115: 17111: 17107: 17101: 17097: 17093: 17089: 17085: 17080: 17078: 17072: 17066: 17050: 17046: 17042: 17036: 17020: 17016: 17012: 17006: 16990: 16986: 16982: 16976: 16960: 16956: 16950: 16934: 16930: 16926: 16922: 16916: 16900: 16896: 16892: 16886: 16870: 16866: 16862: 16856: 16840: 16836: 16832: 16828: 16822: 16806: 16802: 16798: 16794: 16788: 16772: 16768: 16761: 16745: 16741: 16737: 16733: 16729: 16728: 16723: 16716: 16700: 16696: 16692: 16688: 16684: 16680: 16673: 16657: 16653: 16649: 16645: 16638: 16622: 16618: 16614: 16610: 16604: 16588: 16584: 16580: 16576: 16570: 16554: 16550: 16546: 16539: 16531: 16527: 16520: 16504: 16500: 16496: 16490: 16482: 16476: 16460: 16456: 16452: 16448: 16444: 16440: 16433: 16426: 16419: 16415: 16412: 16407: 16399: 16392: 16390: 16381: 16374: 16367: 16361: 16345: 16341: 16335: 16328: 16322: 16314: 16310: 16306: 16300: 16292: 16288: 16287: 16282: 16276: 16268: 16264: 16260: 16258:0-585-35620-3 16254: 16250: 16247:. New Haven: 16246: 16239: 16237: 16228: 16226:951-570-640-8 16222: 16218: 16214: 16210: 16206: 16200: 16198: 16181: 16174: 16167: 16159: 16157:9781787382336 16153: 16149: 16148: 16140: 16125: 16121: 16117: 16113: 16109: 16105: 16101: 16094: 16079: 16075: 16069: 16053: 16049: 16045: 16038: 16030: 16026: 16022: 16020:0-8057-8852-2 16016: 16011: 16010: 16001: 15999: 15990: 15986: 15982: 15976: 15972: 15968: 15961: 15945: 15941: 15937: 15933: 15929: 15925: 15921: 15920: 15915: 15908: 15892: 15888: 15884: 15883: 15878: 15871: 15855: 15851: 15847: 15846: 15841: 15835: 15819: 15815: 15811: 15805: 15789: 15785: 15781: 15774: 15758: 15754: 15750: 15746: 15739: 15723: 15719: 15715: 15713: 15704: 15688: 15684: 15677: 15661: 15657: 15655:9781613748237 15651: 15647: 15643: 15642: 15634: 15618: 15614: 15610: 15604: 15588: 15584: 15580: 15576: 15572: 15568: 15564: 15560: 15556: 15555: 15550: 15543: 15527: 15523: 15521:9780817317416 15517: 15513: 15509: 15508: 15500: 15481: 15477: 15476: 15468: 15461: 15442: 15438: 15431: 15424: 15408: 15404: 15403: 15398: 15391: 15375: 15371: 15367: 15361: 15345: 15341: 15337: 15333: 15326: 15310: 15306: 15300: 15296: 15292: 15288: 15284: 15277: 15269: 15265: 15260: 15255: 15251: 15247: 15243: 15239: 15238: 15233: 15226: 15207: 15203: 15196: 15190: 15174: 15170: 15164: 15160: 15156: 15155: 15147: 15131: 15127: 15123: 15116: 15097: 15093: 15089: 15082: 15075: 15067: 15065:0-19-505809-7 15061: 15057: 15052: 15051: 15042: 15026: 15022: 15018: 15014: 15010: 15009: 15004: 14997: 14981: 14977: 14971: 14955: 14951: 14947: 14946: 14941: 14934: 14918: 14914: 14913: 14908: 14902: 14886: 14882: 14878: 14871: 14863: 14857: 14853: 14852:Penguin Books 14849: 14842: 14826: 14822: 14821: 14816: 14810: 14794: 14790: 14788:0-521-52470-9 14784: 14780: 14776: 14775: 14767: 14759: 14753: 14749: 14745: 14738: 14730: 14728:0-618-10469-0 14724: 14720: 14716: 14712: 14711: 14703: 14695: 14689: 14685: 14678: 14670: 14666: 14662: 14660:0-299-05400-4 14656: 14652: 14648: 14647: 14639: 14631: 14627: 14623: 14619: 14615: 14611: 14610: 14602: 14594: 14590: 14589: 14584: 14578: 14562: 14558: 14554: 14550: 14546: 14542: 14538: 14534: 14530: 14529: 14524: 14517: 14501: 14497: 14493: 14486: 14478: 14471: 14469: 14467: 14465: 14463: 14446: 14442: 14441: 14436: 14430: 14428: 14411: 14407: 14401: 14393: 14389: 14388: 14383: 14377: 14369: 14365: 14359: 14343: 14339: 14335: 14329: 14313: 14309: 14305: 14299: 14291: 14287: 14283: 14277: 14269: 14265: 14261: 14255: 14247: 14245:0-618-00190-5 14241: 14237: 14233: 14232: 14227: 14221: 14213: 14206: 14190: 14186: 14180: 14176: 14172: 14171: 14163: 14156: 14155:Thornton 1998 14151: 14149: 14140: 14138:9780807823873 14134: 14129: 14128: 14119: 14117: 14115: 14098: 14094: 14093: 14088: 14087:"West Africa" 14082: 14066: 14062: 14058: 14052: 14044: 14040: 14036: 14030: 14026: 14019: 14011: 14005: 14001: 13997: 13990: 13982: 13978: 13971: 13964: 13959: 13957: 13949: 13944: 13936: 13932: 13931: 13926: 13920: 13912: 13906: 13902: 13898: 13897: 13889: 13881: 13877: 13873: 13866: 13858: 13854: 13849: 13844: 13840: 13836: 13831: 13826: 13822: 13818: 13814: 13810: 13809: 13804: 13796: 13788: 13784: 13779: 13774: 13770: 13766: 13761: 13756: 13752: 13748: 13747: 13742: 13734: 13718: 13714: 13708: 13704: 13700: 13699: 13694: 13688: 13680: 13676: 13669: 13667: 13665: 13657: 13652: 13644: 13640: 13639: 13634: 13628: 13620: 13616: 13615: 13610: 13604: 13596: 13592: 13588: 13582: 13575:. p. 42. 13574: 13570: 13563: 13555: 13551: 13544: 13536: 13532: 13525: 13518:. p. 58. 13517: 13513: 13509: 13503: 13496: 13495:Thornton 1998 13491: 13484: 13483:Thornton 1998 13479: 13472: 13471:Thornton 1998 13467: 13460: 13459:Thornton 1998 13455: 13447: 13443: 13442: 13434: 13418: 13414: 13410: 13404: 13398:, p. 46. 13397: 13392: 13390: 13381: 13377: 13376: 13371: 13365: 13358: 13357:Thornton 1998 13353: 13351: 13334: 13330: 13324: 13320: 13316: 13315: 13307: 13299: 13295: 13291: 13285: 13278: 13273: 13271: 13263: 13258: 13250: 13244: 13240: 13233: 13231: 13229: 13227: 13225: 13216: 13210: 13206: 13202: 13195: 13180: 13176: 13172: 13168: 13164: 13160: 13156: 13152: 13148: 13141: 13125: 13121: 13117: 13113: 13109: 13105: 13101: 13097: 13093: 13089: 13082: 13074: 13070: 13066: 13059: 13051: 13047: 13040: 13021: 13017: 13010: 13009: 13001: 12993: 12991: 12983: 12975: 12972:. Cambridge: 12971: 12964: 12956: 12952: 12948: 12942: 12934: 12930: 12924: 12909:on 7 May 2024 12908: 12904: 12903: 12898: 12892: 12884: 12877: 12861: 12857: 12853: 12847: 12840: 12839:Meredith 2014 12835: 12827: 12820: 12813: 12808: 12801: 12796: 12780: 12776: 12775: 12768: 12760: 12756: 12755: 12750: 12744: 12736: 12730: 12726: 12722: 12715: 12708: 12707:Meredith 2014 12703: 12696: 12691: 12683: 12679: 12675: 12672:Paul, Helen. 12668: 12660: 12656: 12652: 12648: 12641: 12634: 12629: 12613: 12609: 12607:0-8032-0512-0 12603: 12599: 12595: 12594: 12586: 12579: 12574: 12566: 12560: 12556: 12552: 12551: 12543: 12535: 12531: 12530: 12525: 12519: 12512: 12507: 12499: 12492: 12485: 12479: 12472: 12467: 12460: 12455: 12439: 12435: 12433:0-8032-0512-0 12429: 12425: 12421: 12420: 12415: 12408: 12406: 12397: 12393: 12386: 12378: 12371: 12363: 12359: 12355: 12349: 12341: 12333: 12329: 12325: 12324: 12318: 12311: 12295: 12291: 12287: 12281: 12274: 12269: 12253: 12249: 12245: 12238: 12222: 12218: 12214: 12210: 12206: 12202: 12198: 12194: 12187: 12171: 12167: 12163: 12159: 12155: 12151: 12147: 12146: 12141: 12134: 12118: 12114: 12110: 12104: 12088: 12084: 12080: 12076: 12072: 12068: 12064: 12060: 12056: 12052: 12045: 12029: 12025: 12021: 12015: 11999: 11995: 11991: 11987: 11980: 11972: 11970:9780821415160 11966: 11962: 11958: 11957: 11949: 11930: 11926: 11919: 11913: 11894: 11890: 11883: 11877: 11858: 11854: 11853: 11845: 11839: 11823: 11819: 11815: 11811: 11807: 11806: 11801: 11794: 11778: 11774: 11770: 11764: 11748: 11744: 11743: 11738: 11732: 11716: 11712: 11708: 11702: 11700: 11698: 11696: 11688: 11684: 11678: 11674: 11670: 11669: 11661: 11655:, p. 44. 11654: 11653:Thornton 1998 11649: 11642: 11637: 11630: 11625: 11609: 11605: 11604: 11599: 11593: 11577: 11573: 11569: 11563: 11547: 11543: 11539: 11535: 11529: 11510: 11506: 11499: 11493: 11487:, p. 40. 11486: 11485:Thornton 1998 11481: 11475:, p. 39. 11474: 11473:Thornton 1998 11469: 11467: 11459: 11458:Thornton 1998 11454: 11448:, p. 37. 11447: 11446:Thornton 1998 11442: 11435: 11434:Thornton 1998 11430: 11424:, p. 31. 11423: 11422:Thornton 1998 11418: 11402: 11398: 11394: 11388: 11372: 11368: 11367:Blackpast.org 11364: 11357: 11341: 11337: 11333: 11327: 11320: 11319:Thornton 1998 11315: 11300:on 3 May 2024 11299: 11295: 11291: 11287: 11281: 11279: 11262: 11258: 11257: 11252: 11246: 11239: 11227: 11223: 11217: 11213: 11209: 11208: 11200: 11181: 11177: 11173: 11169: 11165: 11164: 11156: 11149: 11133: 11129: 11128: 11123: 11117: 11101: 11097: 11093: 11087: 11081:, p. 94. 11080: 11079:Thornton 1998 11075: 11069:, p. 45. 11068: 11067:Thornton 1998 11063: 11055: 11049: 11042: 11041:Thornton 1998 11037: 11035: 11027: 11023: 11017: 11013: 11009: 11005: 10998: 10991: 10989: 10975: 10971: 10970: 10965: 10964:"Human Cargo" 10958: 10948: 10941: 10936: 10928: 10921: 10913: 10909: 10908: 10903: 10896: 10888: 10884: 10880: 10873: 10871: 10869: 10860: 10856: 10849: 10841: 10835: 10831: 10827: 10820: 10813: 10809: 10805: 10801: 10795: 10791: 10787: 10780: 10772: 10768: 10764: 10758: 10742: 10738: 10737: 10732: 10725: 10709: 10705: 10703:9780198834793 10699: 10695: 10691: 10690: 10682: 10666: 10662: 10660:9781476737454 10656: 10652: 10648: 10647: 10639: 10623: 10619: 10618: 10613: 10607: 10599: 10597:9781315240367 10593: 10589: 10585: 10581: 10577: 10570: 10562: 10560:9783487312026 10556: 10552: 10551: 10543: 10527: 10523: 10519: 10515: 10509: 10494: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10478: 10474: 10470: 10463: 10455: 10451: 10445: 10426: 10422: 10415: 10408: 10392: 10388: 10384: 10378: 10362: 10358: 10354: 10347: 10331: 10327: 10323: 10317: 10301: 10297: 10293: 10289: 10286:Lind (2020). 10282: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10252: 10244: 10242:9781476737454 10238: 10234: 10230: 10229: 10221: 10210: 10206: 10204:9780830887590 10200: 10193: 10192: 10184: 10165: 10161: 10157: 10156: 10148: 10141: 10126: 10122: 10118: 10114: 10110: 10106: 10102: 10095: 10079: 10075: 10071: 10067: 10063: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10044: 10028: 10024: 10022:9781476737454 10018: 10014: 10010: 10009: 10001: 9985: 9981: 9977: 9976: 9971: 9965: 9949: 9945: 9941: 9934: 9918: 9914: 9910: 9904: 9896: 9894:9780807049402 9890: 9886: 9885: 9877: 9869: 9867:9780804756488 9863: 9859: 9855: 9854: 9846: 9830: 9826: 9822: 9818: 9812: 9803: 9794: 9785: 9777: 9773: 9766: 9757: 9755: 9738: 9734: 9728: 9724: 9720: 9716: 9712: 9705: 9689: 9685: 9681: 9675: 9667: 9665:9780812244915 9661: 9657: 9656: 9648: 9640: 9638:9781400849567 9634: 9630: 9629: 9621: 9613: 9611:9781400849567 9607: 9603: 9602: 9594: 9579: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9564:(1): 32, 42. 9563: 9559: 9558: 9553: 9546: 9530: 9526: 9520: 9516: 9512: 9508: 9504: 9500: 9496: 9489: 9481: 9477: 9473: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9447: 9440: 9432: 9426: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9406: 9399: 9383: 9379: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9359: 9352: 9336: 9333: 9329: 9325: 9324: 9319: 9315: 9309: 9303:, p. 27. 9302: 9301:Thornton 1998 9297: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9267: 9260: 9259:Thornton 1998 9255: 9249:, p. 24. 9248: 9247:Thornton 1998 9243: 9227: 9223: 9219: 9213: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9191: 9185:, p. 13. 9184: 9183:Thornton 1998 9179: 9172: 9167: 9160: 9159:Thornton 1998 9155: 9147: 9143: 9142: 9137: 9130: 9128: 9119: 9112: 9105:. p. 95. 9104: 9100: 9093: 9085: 9081: 9074: 9072: 9070: 9061: 9059:0-8223-8237-7 9055: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9036: 9034: 9026: 9025:Meredith 2014 9021: 9013: 9009: 9005: 9001: 9000: 8992: 8988: 8986:0-374-11396-3 8982: 8978: 8974: 8973:Segal, Ronald 8968: 8960: 8956: 8949: 8933: 8929: 8925: 8918: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8884: 8880: 8873: 8857: 8853: 8849: 8842: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8807: 8798: 8797: 8796:Black Cargoes 8788: 8786: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8755: 8736: 8732: 8725: 8719: 8703: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8685: 8670: 8669: 8664: 8658: 8643: 8639: 8633: 8631: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8589: 8584: 8577: 8575: 8559: 8558: 8553: 8547: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8513: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8483: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8455: 8449: 8442: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8416: 8409: 8408:Thornton 1998 8404: 8402: 8393: 8389: 8388: 8383: 8379: 8373: 8371: 8369: 8367: 8359:. p. 58. 8358: 8354: 8347: 8343: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8312: 8311: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8205: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8148: 8141:United States 8138: 8136: 8133:In 2020, the 8131: 8129: 8128:Jesse Jackson 8125: 8121: 8117: 8112: 8109: 8104: 8101: 8097: 8093: 8083: 8080: 8076: 8067: 8058: 8056: 8052: 8047: 8045: 8041: 8036: 8026: 8024: 8020: 8011: 8002: 8000: 7996: 7986: 7983: 7972: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7940: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7925: 7923: 7919: 7911: 7906: 7896: 7893: 7885: 7882:December 2021 7875: 7871: 7867: 7861: 7860: 7856: 7851:This section 7849: 7845: 7840: 7839: 7826: 7824: 7820: 7810: 7808: 7804: 7798: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7782: 7778: 7768: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7741: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7725: 7721: 7707: 7698: 7695: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7681:James Stephen 7677: 7674: 7673:United States 7670: 7664: 7662: 7658: 7657:Denmark Vesey 7654: 7653:slave revolts 7650: 7649:Bryan Edwards 7646: 7642: 7638: 7633: 7632:Antonio Negri 7629: 7628:Michael Hardt 7624: 7616: 7607: 7604: 7600: 7590: 7588: 7584: 7575: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7559: 7555: 7548: 7546: 7542: 7537: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7490: 7484: 7471: 7470: 7463: 7457: 7453: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7433: 7431: 7430:John Beecroft 7427: 7422: 7419: 7413: 7410: 7406: 7397: 7388: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7357: 7353: 7351: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7333: 7323: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7303: 7295: 7293: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7275: 7273: 7272: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7250: 7241: 7234: 7230: 7219: 7214: 7212: 7207: 7205: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7196: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7178: 7174: 7173: 7167: 7166: 7159: 7158: 7154: 7152: 7151: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7139: 7135: 7133: 7131: 7126: 7124: 7123: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7113: 7107: 7106: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7088: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7076: 7072: 7070: 7069: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7049: 7043: 7042: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6921: 6915: 6914: 6907: 6906:Panic of 1857 6904: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6892: 6891: 6888: 6883: 6877: 6871: 6861: 6859: 6855: 6850: 6849: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6802: 6801:Eric Williams 6797: 6792: 6790: 6789:Walter Rodney 6783: 6778: 6773: 6763: 6761: 6757: 6756:Elmina Castle 6753: 6749: 6748:Yaa Asantewaa 6744: 6739: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6726: 6716: 6712: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6699:Mediterranean 6696: 6695:Sahara Desert 6687: 6686:Elmina Castle 6683: 6679: 6676: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6655: 6651: 6646: 6643: 6642:Walter Rodney 6639: 6625: 6616: 6609: 6608: 6603: 6599: 6596: 6591: 6587: 6585: 6584:Richard Pares 6581: 6577: 6572: 6566: 6563: 6562:Eric Williams 6554: 6549: 6539: 6531: 6527: 6524: 6513: 6512:Walter Rodney 6502: 6498: 6496: 6492: 6491:abolitionists 6488: 6480: 6476: 6467: 6464: 6459: 6457: 6453: 6448: 6447:Walter Rodney 6438: 6430: 6427: 6424: 6421: 6418: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6404: 6401: 6398: 6395: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6381: 6378: 6375: 6372: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6352: 6349: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6335: 6332: 6329: 6326: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6312: 6309: 6306: 6303: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6286: 6283: 6280: 6277: 6273: 6250: 6244: 6242: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6208: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6185: 6182: 6179: 6176: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6162: 6159: 6156: 6153: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6139: 6136: 6133: 6130: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6116: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6087: 6084: 6081: 6077: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6038: 6035: 6030: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6014: 6012: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5985: 5977: 5961: 5956: 5943: 5938: 5928: 5921: 5916: 5915: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5885: 5884: 5883: 5882: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5851: 5850:United States 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5803: 5799: 5791: 5781: 5777: 5775: 5771: 5761: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5731: 5728:, Xango, and 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5698: 5693: 5686: 5681: 5675:South America 5672: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5659: 5655: 5654: 5649: 5645: 5640: 5638: 5637: 5632: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5598: 5593: 5592:Peter Faneuil 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5558:United States 5555: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5540: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5504: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5461: 5456: 5442: 5440: 5439:coffee houses 5436: 5435:gun-producing 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5403: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5376: 5372: 5370: 5365: 5361: 5349: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5317: 5314: 5310: 5309:variola minor 5306: 5301: 5297: 5296:disfigurement 5293: 5283: 5279: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5263: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5220: 5211: 5207: 5205: 5200: 5196: 5188: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5157: 5154: 5150: 5145: 5141: 5136: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5097:United States 5094: 5091: 5090:Abolitionists 5086: 5081: 5072: 5067: 5061:South America 5058: 5056: 5046: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5031:Amelia Island 5026: 5024: 5018: 5016: 5008: 5003: 4989: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4933: 4931: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4878: 4874: 4872: 4866: 4862: 4860: 4857:King Gezo of 4855: 4852: 4848: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4824:The kings of 4822: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4805: 4800: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4728: 4724: 4719: 4711: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4511: 4506: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4477: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4292:North America 4289: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4134: 4105: 4099: 4090: 4087: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4068: 4065: 4060: 4058: 4048: 4037: 4032: 4030: 4025: 4023: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4007: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3978: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3971: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3954: 3951: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3853: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3837: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3818: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3736: 3733:of Ghana and 3732: 3728: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3661:Ethnic groups 3658: 3656: 3645: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3531:Guinea-Bissau 3528: 3525: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3511: 3510: 3509: 3501: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3453: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3408: 3404: 3402: 3397: 3387: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3363: 3357: 3354: 3344: 3335: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3300: 3295: 3286: 3284: 3283:Zong massacre 3279: 3275: 3272: 3264: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3198: 3196: 3193:and rum. Sir 3192: 3188: 3183: 3176: 3166: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3120: 3119:William Hoare 3117:, painted by 3116: 3114: 3108: 3100: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3011: 3007: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2996:Iberian Union 2992: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2970:Hernán Cortés 2967: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2911: 2902: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2890:Little George 2887: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2814:Dahomey King 2812: 2810: 2809:Guinea Bissau 2806: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2776: 2772: 2769: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2738: 2733: 2731: 2730:Walter Rodney 2726: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2682: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2612: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2572:Elmina Castle 2569: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2516: 2511: 2509: 2508:trans-Saharan 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2486: 2484: 2483: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2436: 2428: 2427:Sahara Desert 2423: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2396: 2386: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2322: 2317: 2313: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2304:Inter Caetera 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2285:In 1493, the 2283: 2281: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2246:Sahara Desert 2243: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2215: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2164: 2160: 2157:A map of the 2155: 2151: 2149: 2148:Bay of Arguin 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2047: 2046:conquistadors 2043: 2039: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2018: 2015: 2010: 2009:John Thornton 2005: 2003: 2002:Pierre Chaunu 1999: 1995: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1931: 1921: 1918: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1873: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1840:slave raiding 1836: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1770: 1765: 1763: 1758: 1756: 1751: 1750: 1748: 1747: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1670:Slave catcher 1668: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1599:Forced labour 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1580: 1579: 1570: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1528: 1525: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1503: 1502: 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Retrieved 8429:the original 8415: 8385: 8352: 8346: 8308: 8195:Barack Obama 8180: 8144: 8132: 8113: 8105: 8089: 8072: 8048: 8032: 8016: 7992: 7978: 7961:Luc Gnacadja 7946: 7927:At the 2001 7926: 7915: 7888: 7879: 7864:Please help 7852: 7816: 7803:James Forten 7799: 7784: 7742: 7734:Sierra Leone 7727: 7714:Sierra Leone 7678: 7668: 7665: 7625: 7621: 7596: 7581:through the 7579: 7550: 7538: 7525: 7521: 7518:Cudjoe Lewis 7500: 7495: 7493: 7486: 7468: 7462:El Almirante 7446:Sierra Leone 7439: 7423: 7414: 7402: 7358: 7354: 7335: 7299: 7296: 7276: 7269: 7246: 7175: 7155: 7148: 7136: 7129: 7120: 7085: 7073: 7066: 6870:Abolitionism 6846: 6819: 6805: 6799: 6794: 6787: 6780:West Indian 6760:Golden Stool 6740: 6734:during the " 6721: 6692: 6671: 6662: 6658: 6647: 6640: 6636: 6619:Demographics 6605: 6600: 6594: 6588: 6567: 6559: 6532: 6528: 6508: 6484: 6460: 6444: 6436: 6240: 6031: 6015: 6011:St. Domingue 5986: 5982: 5893:Austronesian 5880: 5879: 5793:Destination 5767: 5737:Buenos Aires 5734: 5695: 5689: 5651: 5641: 5634: 5628: 5611:Sierra Leone 5607:Bunce Island 5561: 5541: 5510: 5465: 5404: 5388:royal decree 5381: 5323: 5289: 5280: 5268: 5264: 5256:yellow fever 5225: 5208: 5204:Jean Lafitte 5193: 5158: 5137: 5130: 5121:J. 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Madison: 21825:Verso Books 21379:Google News 21004:16 February 20546:Schama 2006 19854:"Navy News" 19507:Schama 2006 19040:(2): 5–25. 18914:: 243–264. 18340:21 February 17619:11 December 17535:. Seattle: 17513:29 February 17448:29 February 17407:29 February 17372:29 February 17340:29 February 17245:John Hull's 17025:28 February 16995:28 February 16965:28 February 16939:29 February 16905:29 February 16875:29 February 16845:28 February 16811:28 February 16777:28 February 16705:29 February 16662:29 February 16593:29 February 16559:29 February 16532:(2): 25–32. 16286:BBC History 16180:IRIS Aperto 15969:. Lincoln: 15860:29 February 15824:29 February 15749:Code Switch 14567:20 February 14451:20 December 13876:Pundit Fact 13609:Park, Mungo 13516:Basic Books 13396:Sparks 2014 13277:Sparks 2014 13262:Sparks 2014 12866:9 September 12248:History.com 12227:28 February 12176:27 February 12123:27 February 12034:28 February 11641:Austen 1987 11629:Rodney 1972 10980:1 September 10173:27 February 9913:Pachami.com 9694:3 September 9535:5 September 9409:Basingstoke 9388:4 September 9341:5 September 8313:(1986 book) 8124:slave trade 8096:city's part 8029:Netherlands 7965:Slave Coast 7661:Gullah Jack 7603:Malê Revolt 7409:Castlereagh 7377:slave trade 7313:passed the 7256:(Quakers), 6632: 1780 6607:Das Kapital 6519: 1770 6019:West Indian 5952: 1830 5934: 1822 5669:West Indies 5615:Sea Islands 5572:El Salvador 5407:West Indies 5356: 1545 5313:variolation 5169:Upper South 4953:slave ships 4784:war bands. 4734: 1822 4692:10,702,652 4689:12,521,339 4470:12,521,339 4110:Portuguese 3946:Utilitarian 3892:Colonialism 3735:Ivory Coast 3599:Niger Delta 3567:Ivory Coast 3553:Ivory Coast 3241:Slave Coast 3182:indigo dyed 2886:John Newton 2882:swivel guns 2805:Baga people 2759:Ouagadougou 2596:West Africa 2552:Niger River 2464:(632–661), 2360:, from the 2330:sub-Saharan 2221:Catholicism 2171:Middle Ages 2071:Netherlands 2036:During the 1983:) and the " 1900:Netherlands 1859:plantations 1827:slave raids 1813:West Africa 1797:slave ships 1795:. European 1690:court cases 1567: [ 1517:Slave Power 1505:Manumission 1352:Catholicism 1227:Afghanistan 968:Puerto Rico 880:The Bahamas 858:Slave codes 661:Shanghaiing 651:Impressment 543:Slave Coast 423:Qajar harem 383:Concubinage 356:slave trade 33725:Categories 33492:Copper Sun 33441:Unburnable 33377:Dessa Rose 33104:Osifekunde 33036:Venerable 32979:James Mars 32892:Lear Green 32876:Monticello 32836:Noah Davis 32805:John Brown 32784:Henry Bibb 32727:Venerable 32533:Hark Olufs 32332:Literature 32185:(currency) 32015:Hispaniola 31723:Categories 31699:Privateers 31661:Matelotage 31595:Air pirate 31559:Pet parrot 31411:The Pirate 31359:Nico Robin 31279:Davy Jones 31219:Tom Ayrton 31193:Pirates in 31082:Piracy Act 31051:Piracy law 30967:North Star 30630:My Revenge 30483:Angelo Emo 30445:Zheng Jing 30410:Thomas Tew 30205:Lo Hon-cho 30025:Flora Burn 30005:Edward Low 29975:Dan Seavey 29970:Chui A-poo 29930:Blackbeard 29875:Anne Bonny 29813:Saint-Malo 29793:Port Royal 29778:Libertatia 29590:Ushkuyniks 29553:Privateers 29548:Narentines 29508:Buccaneers 29438:Golden Age 29167:Cash crops 29038:Zimbabwean 28826:Race riots 28698:Toucouleur 28529:Senegambia 28279:Ring shout 28259:Haint blue 27906:Astronauts 27696:New Jersey 27540:California 27044:Capitalism 26841:Nat Turner 26771:Rosa Parks 26756:Diane Nash 26726:John Lewis 26515:Newspapers 26485:Literature 26470:Juneteenth 26423:Businesses 26277:Exodusters 26245:Free Negro 25830:Washington 25750:New Mexico 25745:New Jersey 25620:California 25115:Journalism 25067:Corruption 25046:Government 24997:Demography 24984:Newspapers 24833:Sandy Hook 24736:Waco siege 24644:Reagan era 24550:Space Race 24483:Korean War 24424:home front 24256:Gilded Age 24224:Amendments 23505:Emigration 23408:Philosophy 23388:Literature 22834:Chronology 22435:. Leiden: 22412:. London: 22133:1268921040 21797:. Boston: 21691:. London: 21446:. Oxford: 20562:. Boston: 20531:White Fury 20123:2 December 19934:12 October 19864:9 February 19426:16 January 19393:16 January 19362:16 January 19326:13 January 19293:13 January 19260:13 January 19225:13 January 19177:13 January 19146:13 January 19120:13 January 19074:13 January 19051:13 January 18846:saylor.org 18782:www.un.org 18752:Britannica 18320:Marx, Karl 18116:(3): 400. 17768:(Report). 17399:(1): 1–6. 17298:5552741105 17126:Mr. Elliot 17055:16 January 16509:23 January 16445:: 85–106. 15794:17 January 15763:17 January 15728:17 January 15693:17 January 15666:23 January 15623:2 November 15593:3 February 15532:23 January 15489:3 February 15450:3 February 15413:17 January 15380:17 January 15350:17 January 15315:3 February 15215:17 January 15179:17 January 15136:17 January 14952:(4): 1–3. 14891:2 November 14831:20 January 14799:26 October 14717:. p. 14338:Final Call 14103:12 January 14071:5 February 14043:1255859695 13723:24 January 13423:12 January 13184:23 January 13130:17 January 13067:(64): 14. 12913:16 January 12342:required.) 12203:(3): 184. 12004:18 January 11938:19 January 11902:20 January 11866:19 January 11828:19 January 11783:18 January 11753:17 January 11721:17 January 11614:18 January 11582:18 January 11572:Black Past 11552:18 January 11518:20 January 11407:18 January 11377:18 January 11346:18 January 11304:16 January 11267:16 January 11189:18 January 11138:18 January 11106:16 January 10808:1045855145 10747:16 January 10714:16 January 10671:23 January 10628:16 January 10498:24 January 10479:(1): 149. 10434:20 January 10397:20 January 10367:19 January 10336:19 January 10306:19 January 10271:20 January 10130:24 January 10084:23 January 10033:1 February 9990:23 January 9954:23 January 9923:23 January 9480:2009026860 9286:20 January 9232:18 January 9006:(3): 368. 8938:17 January 8909:2009003907 8831:17 January 8774:24 January 8744:24 January 8536:14 October 8490:. London: 8472:12 January 8334:References 8108:Tony Blair 8051:Mark Rutte 8017:President 7910:Osu Castle 7481:See also: 7469:Black Joke 7307:Royal Navy 7283:U.S. state 7281:, the new 6874:See also: 6839:Indigenous 6743:Gold Coast 6654:emigration 6650:J. D. Fage 6560:Historian 6456:James Watt 6445:Historian 5899:explorers. 5897:Polynesian 5750:Lima, Peru 5744:and other 5671:colonies. 5648:trafficked 5576:Costa Rica 5544:Senegambia 5468:Hispaniola 5431:Birmingham 5427:Manchester 5384:Charles II 5339:Hispaniola 5252:diphtheria 5144:Deep South 5125:Deep South 4890:states in 4810:Portuguese 4750:Bono State 4695:1,818,687 4601:Senegambia 4589:1,030,917 4586:1,209,322 4582:Gold Coast 4570:1,317,776 4567:1,594,564 4551:1,724,834 4548:1,999,060 4532:4,955,430 4529:5,694,570 4458:1,061,524 4455:1,381,404 4452:3,259,443 4449:5,848,266 4439:1,818,686 4255:1,061,524 4224:1,120,216 4193:2,318,251 4162:4,864,372 4076:Adam Jones 3911:Psychology 3906:Prevention 3886:Incitement 3813:Human toll 3807:Mozambique 3749:the Gambia 3637:Madagascar 3633:Mozambique 3559:Gold Coast 3521:the Gambia 3513:Senegambia 3479:Mungo Park 3438:, and the 3436:Oyo Empire 3372:the Gambia 3072:Cape Verde 3048:Martinique 2959:Hispaniola 2691:Ann Zingha 2592:Mauritania 2399:See also: 2376:and other 2289:issued by 2267:papal bull 2161:(red) and 2144:Mauritania 2100:See also: 2069:, and the 2030:Cape Verde 2007:Historian 1928:See also: 1924:Background 1705:J.Q. Adams 1695:Washington 1665:Slave name 1614:convention 1589:Common law 962:Encomienda 758:Seychelles 743:Mauritania 666:Slave ship 533:Panyarring 528:New France 177:Historical 37:, British 35:Charleston 33217:(1936–38) 32703:Caribbean 32529:(b. 1982) 32481:(b. 1979) 32259:Education 32223:Transport 32203:Companies 32157:President 32108:Elections 32040:Provinces 32025:Mountains 31988:Geography 31856:Cacicazgo 31544:Marooning 31172:Brillante 30961:hijacking 30952:hijacking 30943:hijacking 30934:hijacking 30235:Mary Read 30140:John Hoar 30010:Eli Boggs 29980:Diabolito 29761:and bases 29697:Indonesia 29662:Venezuela 29640:Caribbean 29350:Louisiana 29201:Sugarcane 29052:Languages 29028:Tanzanian 28998:Congolese 28971:Barbadian 28893:UK garage 28876:Caribbean 28856:Afroswing 28851:Afrobeats 28020:Monuments 27896:Activists 27748:Tennessee 27668:Michigan 27652:Baltimore 27642:Louisiana 27635:Lexington 27618:Davenport 27557:Cleveland 27456:Languages 27385:Melungeon 27363:Blaxicans 27231:Joe Louis 27086:Socialism 27022:Anarchism 26751:Bob Moses 26736:Malcolm X 26656:Fred Gray 26520:Soul food 26458:New Negro 26443:Folktales 26353:Redlining 25840:Wisconsin 25805:Tennessee 25710:Minnesota 25685:Louisiana 25579:The South 25150:Air Force 25025:Education 24887:recession 24843:Las Vegas 24751:Columbine 24708:1991–2008 24636:1980–1991 24537:1964–1980 24448:1945–1964 24402:Dust Bowl 24330:1917–1945 24211:1865–1917 24189:Civil War 24182:Secession 24127:1849–1865 24050:1815–1849 24021:Quasi-War 23998:1789–1815 23918:1776–1789 23871:Sugar Act 23341:Languages 23331:Etiquette 23257:Education 23130:Democracy 23125:Elections 23025:Geography 22984:By region 22968:conflicts 22841:Antiquity 21951:154025254 21943:1471-6372 21673:1937-5239 21606:(2021) . 21253:0261-3077 21093:31 August 20994:0261-3077 20897:189952970 20690:143549872 20388:"Economy" 20047:216497607 20039:0144-039X 20004:150975893 19785:0001-2068 19779:: 11–19. 19629:(Oxford: 19115:225302155 18222:154620412 17841:OpenLearn 17282:0028-4866 17235:Captives. 17230:427544035 17179:427544035 17114:Watchuset 17073:(1836) . 16465:3 October 16459:110533082 16186:15 August 16129:15 August 16083:15 August 16058:15 August 15989:182560175 14549:0022-0507 14214:. Nelson. 14195:13 August 14000:Routledge 13839:1471-2148 13815:(1): 92. 13769:1474-760X 13554:CRC Press 13339:10 August 13179:165485173 13120:145541392 12992:Query 18" 12618:13 August 12444:13 August 11212:Routledge 10830:Routledge 10580:Routledge 10532:16 August 9583:16 August 9328:Edinburgh 9272:"Caravel" 8994:, citing 8674:15 August 8647:15 August 8563:15 August 8522:Liverpool 8339:Citations 8192:President 8168:Bob Riley 8100:Liverpool 7916:In 1998, 7853:does not 7834:Worldwide 7829:Apologies 7797:in 1877. 7574:McClellan 7516:in 1865. 7510:abolished 7494:The last 7467:HMS 6918:Political 6689:citizens. 6602:Karl Marx 6595:Econocide 6530:slaving. 6452:invention 5905:Includes 5722:Candomblé 5706:Palamares 5697:quilombos 5631:Jamestown 5517:Guatemala 5484:Caribbean 5450:Caribbean 5419:Liverpool 5386:issued a 5364:epidemics 5331:Spaniards 5292:pockmarks 5244:influenza 4997:Caribbean 4985:Dysentery 4789:Manikongo 4782:Imbangala 4498:Embarked 4209:1,003,905 4175:2,208,296 4141:4,821,127 4125:American 4057:New World 3996:Ethnocide 3692:of Upper 3414:In 1778, 3229:Old World 3162:U.S. bans 3000:conversos 2983:In 1562, 2832:Futa Toro 2350:Dominican 2250:New Spain 2229:conversos 2225:converted 1985:New World 1977:Old World 1847:sugarcane 1700:Jefferson 1357:Mormonism 1292:Palestine 1106:Australia 1036:Indonesia 927:Lei Áurea 910:Code Noir 890:Caribbean 863:Treatment 602:Treatment 575:Devshirme 437:Odalisque 255:In Russia 196:Babylonia 184:Antiquity 41:, in 1769 33513:" (1848) 33259:Oroonoko 32943:John Jea 32547:(1663 – 32541:(1705–?) 32523:(1704–?) 32382:Category 32279:Religion 32269:Language 32147:Politics 32142:Military 32086:Congress 32069:Politics 32055:Wildlife 31796:Category 31522:Eyepatch 31394:Zanzibar 31369:Sandokan 31349:Mr. Smee 31214:Askeladd 31142:Incident 31012:incident 30921:incident 30903:incident 30895:incident 30840:incident 30455:Zheng Yi 30450:Zheng Qi 30430:Wang Zhi 30310:Redbeard 30200:Limahong 30150:John Pro 30055:Gan Ning 29940:Cai Qian 29748:Sulu Sea 29575:Sea Dogs 29370:Virginia 29345:Kentucky 29267:Internal 29262:Atlantic 29018:Nigerian 29003:Ghanaian 28981:Guyanese 28976:Jamaican 28861:Britfunk 28802:Windrush 28719:Category 28676:Niominka 28631:Mandinka 28196:Language 28043:Category 27834:America 27800:Diaspora 27785:Virginia 27718:Oklahoma 27701:New York 27684:Nebraska 27647:Maryland 27630:Kentucky 27596:Illinois 27535:Arkansas 27440:Illinois 27378:of color 27064:Populism 27037:Movement 26954:Religion 26296:Lynching 26079:Timeline 26011:Category 25825:Virginia 25775:Oklahoma 25755:New York 25730:Nebraska 25720:Missouri 25705:Michigan 25695:Maryland 25680:Kentucky 25660:Illinois 25635:Delaware 25625:Colorado 25615:Arkansas 25494:Lesbians 25468:Comanche 25463:Cherokee 25256:Medicine 25214:Genocide 25207:Religion 25129:Military 25102:Taxation 25052:Abortion 24968:Cultural 24848:Parkland 24778:Iraq War 24716:Gulf War 24488:Ivy Mike 24407:New Deal 23783:Colonial 23728:Timeline 23670:Category 23515:HIV/AIDS 23346:Religion 23311:Abortion 23267:Internet 23194:Politics 23170:feminism 23108:Politics 22963:Military 22941:By topic 22905:Atlantic 22868:Sahelian 22818:articles 22754:BBC News 22752: – 22741:Archived 22698:23017646 22312:30146288 22189:(2006). 22049:18630381 22012:39897280 21860:(1992). 21819:(2011). 21721:(2014). 21695:: 20–31. 21580:(1998). 21529:(2006). 21507:(1972). 21468:(1983). 21316:NBC News 21157:15 March 21146:BBC News 21125:15 March 21114:BBC News 20916:BBC News 20889:42636435 20829:Archived 20770:Archived 20694:Archived 20529:Petley, 20337:29 April 20274:29 April 20238:29 April 19758:41885111 19415:NBC News 18988:15 April 18945:15 April 18887:20 April 18881:Archived 18856:15 April 18850:Archived 18826:15 April 18796:15 April 18762:15 April 18756:Archived 18732:15 April 18700:21609473 18647:20 April 18613:20 April 18607:Archived 18564:15 April 18558:Archived 18532:15 April 18489:15 March 18448:15 March 18439:Archived 18334:Archived 18088:(2012). 18042:14 April 18036:Archived 18010:14 April 17972:14 April 17935:14 April 17855:14 April 17744:ABC News 17717:Archived 17669:Archived 17637:Curtin, 17613:Archived 17601:(2018). 17507:Archived 17476:Archived 17442:Archived 17401:Archived 17334:Archived 17302:Archived 17222:08003858 17171:08003858 17019:Archived 16959:Archived 16933:Archived 16805:Archived 16744:Archived 16699:Archived 16656:Archived 16587:Archived 16414:Archived 16267:47009810 16029:25710386 15944:Archived 15940:24487048 15757:Archived 15660:Archived 15617:Archived 15587:Archived 15583:11617354 15526:Archived 15480:Archived 15441:Archived 15407:Archived 15309:Archived 15268:33281246 15173:Archived 15130:Archived 15105:14 March 15031:14 March 15025:Archived 14980:Archived 14954:Archived 14793:Archived 14630:11617312 14561:Archived 14557:59449310 14506:24 March 14500:Archived 14445:Archived 14440:BBC News 14387:BBC News 14342:Archived 14312:Archived 14228:(1998). 14189:Archived 13930:BBC News 13857:20356404 13787:20025784 13695:(2007). 13510:(2001). 13333:Archived 13124:Archived 13073:25472933 12785:18 March 12779:Archived 12777:. 1747. 12659:24393098 12612:Archived 12438:Archived 12356:(2002). 12258:18 March 12221:Archived 12170:Archived 12093:29 April 12087:Archived 12083:18634185 11998:Archived 11822:Archived 11509:Archived 11226:Archived 11180:Archived 11132:Archived 10974:Archived 10741:Archived 10708:Archived 10665:Archived 10622:Archived 10391:Archived 10330:Archived 10265:Archived 10164:Archived 10027:Archived 9917:Archived 9829:Archived 9737:Archived 9529:Archived 9382:Archived 9335:Archived 9198:(1969). 8975:(1995). 8825:Archived 8708:28 April 8619:29 April 8613:Archived 8392:Archived 8201:See also 8172:Maryland 7912:in Ghana 7801:such as 7753:Freetown 7526:Clotilda 7522:Clotilda 7501:Clotilda 7287:Virginia 7170:Military 7110:Judicial 6944:Gag rule 6895:Economic 6791:states: 6697:and the 6413:Oceania 6217:Oceania 6002:Barbados 5994:Trinidad 5796:Percent 5568:Colombia 5548:Honduras 5513:Honduras 5474:and the 5460:Trinidad 5348:engenhos 5300:syphilis 5286:Smallpox 5228:smallpox 5214:Diseases 5055:Matanzas 4896:Benguela 4847:European 4780:and the 4673:287,366 4670:336,869 4654:338,783 4651:388,771 4638:106,139 4635:436,529 4632:542,668 4615:144,498 4612:611,017 4609:755,515 4592:178,405 4573:276,788 4554:274,226 4535:739,140 4467:111,040 4464:305,326 4461:554,336 4408:155,568 4348:108,998 4317:388,747 4286:444,729 4119:Spanish 4113:British 4080:genocide 4010:Category 3986:Democide 3941:Cultural 3876:Massacre 3831:Genocide 3822:a series 3820:Part of 3797:Cameroon 3793:Bamileke 3628:): 39.4% 3613:): 14.6% 3603:Cameroon 3569:): 10.4% 3475:Cameroon 3461:, where 3233:New Laws 3191:molasses 2966:Campeche 2955:Sao Tomé 2713:Afonso I 2629:Guanches 2435:Americas 2366:Saracens 2309:Americas 2237:Americas 2233:moriscos 2181:and the 2114:Saqaliba 2055:Portugal 2032:in 1462. 1884:Portugal 1793:Americas 1732:Iron bit 1722:40 acres 1685:breeding 1500:Freedman 1335:Religion 1195:Portugal 1080:Thailand 1070:Maldives 1065:Malaysia 1058:Kwalliso 1002:Booi Aha 954:Restavek 934:Colombia 905:Trinidad 895:Barbados 785:Zanzibar 733:Ethiopia 614:Saqaliba 508:Database 459:Saqaliba 220:Ancillae 50:a series 48:Part of 33591:Related 33385:Beloved 33369:Kindred 33337:Jubilee 33329:Our Nig 32366:Outline 32322:Cuisine 32294:Culture 32237:Society 32218:Tourism 32171:Economy 32081:Cabinet 32045:Regions 32020:Islands 31884:Maroons 31847:History 31760:Pirates 31689:Pirates 31197:culture 31195:popular 31140:Amistad 30941:Zafirah 30644:Saladin 30476:hunters 30265:Ng Akew 29865:Alfhild 29838:Pirates 29818:Tortuga 29600:Vikings 29496:Algiers 29425:Periods 29340:Georgia 29328:Florida 29323:Alabama 29215:Slavery 29206:Tobacco 29033:Ugandan 29008:Ivorian 28898:Dubstep 28838:culture 28804:scandal 28771:history 28586:Ambundu 28434:Georgia 28374:History 28310:Kumbaya 28229:Boo Hag 28120:Conrack 28105:Culture 27971:Writers 27936:Singers 27921:Jurists 27869:Europe 27823:Liberia 27768:Houston 27672:Detroit 27608:Indiana 27601:Chicago 27584:Atlanta 27579:Georgia 27562:Florida 27530:Alabama 27480:English 27054:Leftism 26924:Museums 26475:Kwanzaa 26400:Culture 26368:Slavery 26071:History 25845:Wyoming 25820:Vermont 25725:Montana 25665:Indiana 25645:Georgia 25640:Florida 25610:Arizona 25600:Alabama 25567:Regions 25489:Gay men 25261:Railway 25221:Slavery 25017:Banking 25011:Economy 24853:El Paso 24838:Orlando 24572:Détente 23733:Outline 23654:Outline 23556:By year 23498:density 23383:Cuisine 23356:Culture 23300:Society 23277:Poverty 23220:Economy 23199:parties 23067:Central 23062:Regions 23052:Islands 22991:Central 22953:Empires 22948:Economy 22910:Barbary 22900:Slavery 22863:Empires 22826:History 22041:2674417 21356:22 July 21295:22 July 21263:10 July 21222:10 July 21211:AP News 21190:30 July 21061:1 March 20927:22 July 20776:8 March 20700:24 July 20584:2947159 20190:7 March 19729:2716488 19220:1171358 18691:3121651 18674:: 144. 18417:, 1994. 18329:Capital 18257:2590147 18214:3113341 17723:18 June 17482:1 March 17290:1559824 17130:Concord 17096:3976964 16750:1 March 16627:1 March 16366:Slavery 15950:7 March 15897:9 March 15259:7716878 14986:2 March 14960:2 March 14923:2 March 14651:282–286 13903:, USA. 13848:2867817 13817:Bibcode 13778:2812948 13112:2783771 12217:2649014 12166:2784672 12075:2674419 11232:13 July 10493:2953315 10125:2953315 10074:3491806 9835:1 March 8502:12 June 8075:Nigeria 8061:Nigeria 7975:Denmark 7957:Dahomey 7874:removed 7859:sources 7825:music. 7791:Liberia 7771:Liberia 7757:Patriot 7645:planter 7530:Redoshi 7426:Nigeria 7337:Quakers 7305:). The 7130:Amistad 6856:led to 6728:quinine 6704:malaria 6523:Dahomey 6505:slaves. 6344:Europe 6298:Africa 6148:Europe 6102:Africa 6041:Effects 5990:Jamaica 5842:English 5758:Bolivia 5754:Mendoza 5730:Macumba 5726:Umbanda 5580:Florida 5480:Jamaica 5441:there. 5415:Bristol 5369:slavery 5248:measles 5232:malaria 5009:in 1823 5007:Antigua 4981:Jamaica 4958:malaria 4871:Nigeria 4859:Dahomey 4826:Dahomey 4774:Dahomey 4770:Ashanti 4698:14.52% 4679:14.70% 4676:49,503 4660:12.87% 4657:49,988 4641:19.56% 4618:19.13% 4595:14.75% 4576:17.36% 4557:13.72% 4538:12.98% 4495:Region 4427:176,601 4424:216,439 4421:526,121 4418:748,452 4384:Africa 4311:110,532 4299:264,910 4277:392,022 4243:808,851 4237:103,009 4234:195,482 4128:Danish 4116:French 3958:Outline 3953:Studies 3779:Nigeria 3765:Ambundu 3759:Nigeria 3745:Senegal 3726:, Mina) 3674:of the 3672:BaKongo 3639:): 4.7% 3595:Nigeria 3585:Nigeria 3555:): 1.8% 3549:Liberia 3541:): 4.1% 3523:): 4.8% 3517:Senegal 3481:wrote: 3467:Somalis 3459:Somalia 3396:disease 3376:Georgia 3353:Dahomey 3331:Cassare 3327:Cassare 3322:'casar' 3316:cassare 3062:, used 3044:Curaçao 2940:or the 2938:Seville 2856:Amistad 2836:Senegal 2788:Balanta 2723:kilombo 2642:by the 2574:in the 2556:muskets 2500:Swahili 2456:by the 2454:Makuria 2378:Muslims 2341:. "The 2335:Seville 2265:issued 2169:In the 2063:England 2042:Iberian 2026:caravel 1994:caravel 1912:factory 1904:Denmark 1888:Britain 1835:malaria 1791:to the 1710:Lincoln 1583:Related 1483:Liberia 1369:Judaism 1307:Tunisia 1282:Morocco 1272:Lebanon 1237:Bahrain 1232:Algeria 1200:Romania 1165:Denmark 1158:Slavery 1092:Vietnam 763:Somalia 753:Nigeria 728:Comoros 656:Pirates 565:Ghilman 498:Bristol 388:history 361:pirates 250:History 139:Peonage 62:slavery 33705:(2008) 33697:(2002) 33689:(1867) 33681:(2008) 33673:(1931) 33665:(1847) 33657:(1783) 33583:(2008) 33575:(2003) 33556:(2022) 33548:(1859) 33540:(1858) 33521:(1853) 33503:Essays 33495:(2006) 33487:(1965) 33479:(1951) 33460:(2016) 33452:(2007) 33444:(2006) 33436:(2003) 33428:(2002) 33420:(2001) 33412:(1996) 33404:(1993) 33396:(1990) 33388:(1987) 33380:(1986) 33372:(1979) 33364:(1977) 33356:(1976) 33348:(1967) 33340:(1966) 33332:(1859) 33324:(1856) 33294:(1853) 33291:Clotel 33286:(1852) 33278:(1852) 33270:(1841) 33262:(1688) 33241:(2018) 33233:(1972) 33225:(1956) 33209:(1901) 33201:(1881) 33193:(1872) 33185:(1861) 33177:(1855) 33169:(1853) 33161:(1849) 33153:(1845) 33145:(1839) 33137:(1816) 33129:(1789) 32878:–1901) 32874:(1815 32796:(1834) 32678:Canada 32603:Europe 32460:Africa 32387:Portal 32347:Sports 32342:People 32312:Cinema 32302:Anthem 32264:Health 32208:Energy 32091:Senate 32050:Rivers 32005:Cities 32000:Border 31964:DOMREP 31944:Rafael 31750:Piracy 31656:Mutiny 31554:Pegleg 31505:Tropes 31403:Novels 31299:Franky 30969:affair 30533:Pompey 30474:Pirate 30415:Veborg 29900:Awilda 29788:Mamora 29595:Uskoks 29417:Piracy 29191:Indigo 29174:Cotton 29013:Kenyan 28921:groups 28903:Jungle 28762:topics 28666:Laalaa 28621:Kpelle 28239:Hoodoo 28155:(1991) 28147:(1989) 28139:(1984) 28131:(1982) 28123:(1974) 28099:topics 27983:Mayors 27901:Actors 27873:France 27865:Israel 27853:Mexico 27838:Canada 27813:Gambia 27808:Africa 27758:Austin 27723:Oregon 27662:Boston 27625:Kansas 27591:Hawaii 27509:Gullah 27319:Yoruba 27309:Gullah 27180:Sports 27098:groups 26928:Women 26465:Hoodoo 26339:(1896) 26265:Second 26241:(1857) 26186:(1956) 26133:(1954) 26021:Portal 25975:Cities 25958:Cities 25780:Oregon 25735:Nevada 25675:Kansas 25650:Hawaii 25605:Alaska 25593:States 25519:Places 25281:Groups 25251:Lumber 25189:Fourth 25179:Second 24989:Sports 24974:Cinema 24943:Topics 24858:Uvalde 24828:Aurora 24823:Tucson 23747:Events 23675:Portal 23530:cities 23378:Cinema 23336:Health 23094:Rivers 22816: 22814:Africa 22696: 22663: 22640: 22621: 22577: 22554: 22531: 22508: 22485: 22462: 22443: 22420: 22397: 22374: 22354: 22331: 22310: 22258: 22233: 22197: 22175: 22152: 22131: 22121: 22102: 22083: 22064: 22047: 22039: 22010: 22000: 21977: 21949: 21941: 21905: 21895: 21868: 21831: 21805: 21782: 21757: 21729: 21671: 21620: 21592: 21566: 21543: 21515: 21480: 21454: 21431: 21408: 21251: 20992: 20895: 20887: 20850: 20762: 20688: 20632: 20628:–114. 20582: 20515:17 May 20482: 20305:17 May 20206:Empire 20045: 20037: 20002: 19965: 19783: 19756: 19727: 19695:651164 19693: 19669: 19583: 19451: 19218: 19113: 18936: 18698: 18688: 18599: 18255: 18220: 18212: 18147: 18065: 17882:(24). 17809: 17581: 17543: 17436: 17296: 17288: 17280: 17228: 17220: 17206:Boston 17177: 17169: 17155:Boston 17122:Boston 17094: 17079: 16583:UNESCO 16457: 16350:7 July 16265: 16255: 16223: 16154: 16124:204918 16122: 16027: 16017: 15987: 15977: 15938: 15652: 15581: 15575:203466 15573: 15518: 15439:: 54. 15301: 15266: 15256: 15165: 15062: 14858: 14785: 14754: 14725: 14690: 14667: 14657: 14628: 14555: 14547: 14416:2 July 14318:2 June 14242: 14181: 14135: 14041: 14031: 14006: 13907: 13855: 13845: 13837: 13785: 13775: 13767: 13709: 13325: 13245: 13211: 13177: 13171:182694 13169: 13118: 13110: 13071: 12731: 12657: 12604: 12561: 12430: 12336: 12215: 12164: 12081: 12073: 11967: 11679: 11218: 11018: 11008:Leiden 10952:1970)] 10836: 10806: 10796: 10700: 10657: 10594: 10557: 10491: 10239: 10201: 10123: 10072: 10019: 9891: 9864: 9743:20 May 9729: 9662: 9635: 9608: 9576: 9521: 9478: 9468: 9427: 9366:Oxford 9056: 8983: 8907: 8897: 8862:8 June 8609:181856 8607: 8254:Piracy 8042:, and 7989:France 7933:Durban 7918:UNESCO 7823:reggae 7701:Legacy 7379:; the 7132:affair 7046:Social 6782:Creole 6612: 6536: 6479:Cowrie 6437: 6275:World 6143:3,634 6140:1,402 6097:5,978 6094:2,521 6091:1,650 6088:1,262 6079:World 6000:, and 5996:, the 5881:Notes: 5836:13.6% 5826:17.5% 5816:18.4% 5806:38.5% 5764:Russia 5742:Angola 5710:Yoruba 5578:, and 5527:, and 5525:Panama 5360:Tupani 5305:cowpox 5258:, and 5240:typhus 5109:, and 5071:coffee 4902:, and 4900:Elmina 4842:Khasso 4776:, the 4523:, and 4436:19,304 4433:52,673 4430:79,096 4396:66,391 4393:13,282 4387:69,206 4379:8,861 4354:Europe 4345:67,385 4330:25,594 4268:32,446 4252:13,527 4249:54,901 4246:24,197 4240:92,944 4215:12,736 4206:90,984 4187:64,836 4178:22,920 4153:27,702 4131:Total 4122:Dutch 3932:Types 3926:Stages 3871:Denial 3848:Issues 3775:Yoruba 3769:Angola 3710:, and 3694:Guinea 3684:Angola 3678:, the 3626:Angola 3535:Guinea 3463:Bantus 3434:, the 3225:Native 3091:, and 2928:, 1840 2708:Angola 2502:ports 2444:. The 2415:, and 2352:friar 2295:Azores 2242:Lisbon 2175:Pagans 2120:, and 2065:, the 2059:France 1969:, and 1947:, and 1908:factor 1898:, the 1896:France 1855:Brazil 1631:owners 1267:Kuwait 1262:Jordan 1215:Sweden 1205:Russia 1190:Poland 1185:Norway 1007:Laogai 992:Brunei 987:Bhutan 949:revolt 922:Brazil 885:Canada 848:partus 833:female 718:Angola 587:Coolie 570:Mamluk 523:Nantes 503:Brazil 432:Cariye 267:Thrall 235:Kholop 201:Greece 33529:Plays 32373:Index 32337:Music 32249:Crime 32191:Banks 32183:Peso 31682:Lists 31384:Usopp 31374:Sanji 31010:Quest 30919:Irene 30878:Fancy 30870:Bravo 30588:Fancy 30400:Teuta 30340:Rusla 29783:Lundy 29624:Areas 29610:Wokou 29073:Lists 28888:Grime 28846:Music 28691:Saafi 28686:Palor 28661:Serer 28656:Wolof 28646:Temne 28636:Mende 28626:Limba 28616:Kongo 28611:Kissi 28525:Sahel 28144:Glory 27884:Lists 27848:Haiti 27818:Ghana 27753:Texas 27689:Omaha 26967:Islam 26500:Names 26490:Music 26428:Dance 25810:Texas 25690:Maine 25655:Idaho 25483:LGBTQ 25476:Women 25246:Labor 25199:Sixth 25194:Fifth 25184:Third 25174:First 24979:Music 24721:NAFTA 23661:Index 23423:Sport 23403:Music 23398:Media 23082:South 23077:North 23006:South 23001:North 22694:JSTOR 22437:Brill 22308:JSTOR 22037:JSTOR 21958:(PDF) 21947:S2CID 21919:(PDF) 21907:46413 21680:(PDF) 21645:(PDF) 20893:S2CID 20885:JSTOR 20686:S2CID 20580:JSTOR 20578:(4). 20443:3 May 20408:3 May 20372:3 May 20184:(PDF) 20161:(PDF) 20043:S2CID 20000:S2CID 19754:JSTOR 19725:JSTOR 19691:JSTOR 19216:JSTOR 19111:S2CID 19018:, p40 18982:(PDF) 18965:(PDF) 18526:(PDF) 18509:(PDF) 18483:(PDF) 18468:(PDF) 18442:(PDF) 18431:(PDF) 18253:JSTOR 18218:S2CID 18210:JSTOR 17966:(PDF) 17955:(PDF) 17929:(PDF) 17918:(PDF) 17777:(PDF) 17766:(PDF) 17434:JSTOR 17430:BRILL 17286:JSTOR 17264:(PDF) 16455:S2CID 16435:(PDF) 16182:: 1–2 16176:(PDF) 16120:JSTOR 15936:JSTOR 15571:JSTOR 15483:(PDF) 15478:: 6. 15470:(PDF) 15444:(PDF) 15433:(PDF) 15402:Slate 15209:(PDF) 15198:(PDF) 15099:(PDF) 15084:(PDF) 14669:46413 14553:S2CID 13175:S2CID 13167:JSTOR 13116:S2CID 13108:JSTOR 13069:JSTOR 13029:7 May 13023:(PDF) 13012:(PDF) 12655:JSTOR 12362:Brill 12213:JSTOR 12162:JSTOR 12071:JSTOR 11932:(PDF) 11921:(PDF) 11896:(PDF) 11885:(PDF) 11860:(PDF) 11847:(PDF) 11512:(PDF) 11501:(PDF) 11183:(PDF) 11158:(PDF) 10489:JSTOR 10428:(PDF) 10417:(PDF) 10212:(PDF) 10195:(PDF) 10167:(PDF) 10150:(PDF) 10121:JSTOR 10070:JSTOR 9776:Brill 9574:JSTOR 9202:[ 8738:(PDF) 8727:(PDF) 8605:JSTOR 8435:6 May 8023:Ghana 8005:Ghana 7953:Benin 7943:Benin 7496:known 6362:12.2 6359:21.7 6356:24.7 6353:21.9 6350:20.8 6347:20.6 6339:60.8 6336:55.6 6333:57.4 6330:64.1 6327:64.9 6324:63.5 6321:Asia 6316:12.8 6304:10.9 6301:13.4 6270:1999 6267:1950 6264:1900 6261:1850 6258:1800 6255:1750 6252:Year 6125:Asia 6074:1999 6071:1950 6068:1900 6065:1850 6062:1800 6059:1750 6056:Year 5874:0.3% 5864:2.0% 5854:9.7% 5718:Bantu 5646:were 5472:Haiti 5470:(now 5195:Texas 5015:Haiti 4904:Bonny 4851:Benin 4828:sold 4766:Kaabu 4762:Igala 4758:Benin 4685:Total 4445:Total 4402:2,476 4399:3,210 4370:2,004 4361:3,438 4358:2,636 4342:2,799 4339:5,161 4333:7,782 4308:1,212 4305:1,851 4302:8,877 4283:4,998 4280:9,574 4271:5,189 4221:3,062 4218:6,242 4203:2,562 4190:1,489 4184:6,996 4181:5,795 4172:7,919 4156:1,174 4150:1,033 4147:9,402 4144:3,804 3803:Makua 3789:Tikar 3783:Benin 3741:Wolof 3712:Benin 3708:Ghana 3690:Mandé 3611:Gabon 3581:Benin 3563:Ghana 3299:Gorée 3064:Gorée 2978:Mayan 2974:Aztec 2872:Ghana 2852:Mende 2828:Kongo 2816:Agaja 2800:Fante 2796:Agona 2784:Djola 2755:Mossi 2640:Ghana 2604:forts 2580:Ghana 2524:dhows 2374:Arabs 2206:Libya 2204:from 2051:Spain 1892:Spain 1818:forts 1658:songs 1653:films 1571:] 1527:songs 1364:Islam 1342:Bible 1317:Yemen 1312:Qatar 1302:Syria 1277:Libya 1242:Egypt 1210:Spain 1180:Malta 1053:Korea 1041:Japan 1019:India 997:China 944:Haiti 804:Aztec 780:Sudan 748:Niger 640:Naval 513:Dutch 442:Qiyan 428:Jarya 403:Harem 245:Serfs 191:Egypt 33553:Omar 32586:Asia 32327:Flag 31946:and 31675:Meta 31354:Nami 31106:1850 31102:1837 31098:1721 31094:1717 31090:1698 31086:1536 30886:Anne 30658:York 29985:Dido 29458:2024 29453:2023 29448:2022 29333:Leon 29196:Rice 29186:Hemp 28681:Noon 28671:Ndut 28641:Susu 28606:Jola 28601:Igbo 28596:Fula 28591:Baga 28244:Mojo 27780:Utah 27613:Iowa 27445:Ohio 27406:list 27314:Igbo 27304:Fula 26448:Hair 26438:Film 26155:1968 26145:1964 25878:Guam 25815:Utah 25770:Ohio 25670:Iowa 25145:Navy 25135:Army 25039:Flag 23639:2020 23634:2019 23629:2018 23624:2017 23619:2016 23614:2015 23609:2014 23604:2013 23599:2012 23594:2011 23589:2010 23584:2009 23579:2008 23574:2007 23569:2006 23564:2005 23087:West 23072:East 23011:West 22996:East 22661:ISBN 22638:ISBN 22619:ISBN 22575:ISBN 22552:ISBN 22529:ISBN 22506:ISBN 22483:ISBN 22460:ISBN 22441:ISBN 22418:ISBN 22395:ISBN 22372:ISBN 22352:ISBN 22329:ISBN 22256:ISBN 22231:ISBN 22195:ISBN 22173:ISBN 22150:ISBN 22129:OCLC 22119:ISBN 22100:ISBN 22081:ISBN 22062:ISBN 22045:PMID 22008:OCLC 21998:ISBN 21975:ISBN 21939:ISSN 21903:OCLC 21893:ISBN 21866:ISBN 21852:(2). 21829:ISBN 21803:ISBN 21780:ISBN 21755:ISBN 21727:ISBN 21669:ISSN 21618:ISBN 21590:ISBN 21564:ISBN 21541:ISBN 21513:ISBN 21478:ISBN 21452:ISBN 21429:ISBN 21406:ISBN 21358:2009 21297:2009 21265:2023 21249:ISSN 21224:2023 21192:2014 21159:2007 21127:2007 21095:2010 21063:2014 21006:2024 20990:ISSN 20929:2009 20848:ISBN 20778:2020 20760:ISBN 20702:2019 20630:ISBN 20517:2024 20480:ISBN 20445:2024 20410:2024 20374:2024 20339:2024 20307:2024 20276:2024 20240:2024 20192:2024 20125:2023 20035:ISSN 19963:ISBN 19936:2007 19866:2008 19781:ISSN 19667:ISBN 19613:2016 19581:ISBN 19449:ISBN 19428:2024 19395:2024 19364:2024 19328:2024 19295:2024 19262:2024 19227:2024 19179:2024 19148:2024 19122:2024 19076:2024 19053:2024 18990:2024 18947:2024 18934:ISBN 18889:2024 18858:2024 18828:2024 18798:2024 18764:2024 18734:2024 18696:PMID 18649:2024 18615:2024 18597:ISBN 18566:2024 18534:2024 18491:2024 18450:2024 18342:2014 18145:ISBN 18063:ISBN 18044:2024 18012:2024 17974:2024 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