80:
1392:(Malik 1993: 5,6,7), which might sound jingoistic to Western ears. Within the native culture, however, establishing a connection between English Language Teaching (ELT), patriotism, and Muslim faith is seen as one of the aims of ELT. The Punjab Textbook Board openly states: "The board ... takes care, through these books to inoculate in the students a love of the Islamic values and awareness to guard the ideological frontiers of your home lands." (Punjab Text Book Board 1997).
1225:. It evolved from the idea of creating a type of English that can be learned more easily than regular British or American English and that serves as a tool for successful global communication. BGE is guided by creating "empathy and tolerance" between speakers in a global context. This applies to the context of global communication, where different speakers with different mother tongues come together. BGE aims to develop this competence as quickly as possible.
636:
142:
39:
1348:(2005) argues that the international version of English is only adequate for communicating basic ideas. For complex discussions and business/technical situations, English is not an adequate communication tool for non-native speakers of the language. Trimnell also asserts that native English-speakers have become "dependent on the language skills of others" by placing their faith in international English.
204:
1418:
Many difficult choices must be made if further standardization of
English is pursued. These include whether to adopt a current standard or move towards a more neutral, but artificial one. A true International English might supplant both current American and British English as a variety of English for
1262:
Basically, it covers the
English language at large, often (but not always or necessarily) implicitly seen as standard. It is certainly also commonly used in connection with the acquisition, use, and study of English as the world's lingua franca ('TEIL: Teaching English as an International Language'),
1296:
What could be better than a type of
English that saves you from having to re-edit publications for individual regional markets! Teachers and learners of English as a second language also find it an attractive idea—both often concerned that their English should be neutral, without American or British
1232:
BGE is based on 20 elementary grammar rules that provide a certain degree of variation. For example, regular as well as irregular formed verbs are accepted. Pronunciation rules are not as strict as in
British or American English, so there is a certain degree of variation for the learners. Exceptions
1163:
English as an additional language (EAL) is usually based on the standards of either
American English or British English as well as incorporating foreign terms. English as an international language (EIL) is EAL with emphasis on learning English different major dialect forms; in particular, it aims to
1371:
has moved away from a mono-cultural, Anglo-centered way of teaching
English and has gradually appropriated teaching material to a Cameroonian context. This includes non-Western topics, such as the rule of Emirs, traditional medicine, and polygamy (1997:225). Kramsch and Sullivan (1996) describe how
1108:
refers to those countries where
English has no official role, but is nonetheless important for certain functions, e.g., international business and tourism. By the twenty-first century, non-native English speakers have come to outnumber native speakers by a factor of three, according to the British
1907:
See Grzega 2005 for the theoretical basis and practical implications, Grzega/Schöner 2007, Grzega/Stenzenberger 2011 and Grzega 2015 for empirical results, as well as Grzega, Joachim (2011). Introduction to
Linguistics from a Global Perspective: An Alternative Approach to Language and Languages.
1423:
We may, in due course, all need to be in control of two standard
Englishes—the one which gives us our national and local identity, and the other which puts us in touch with the rest of the human race. In effect, we may all need to become bilingual in our own language. — David Crystal (1988:
1228:
English language teaching is almost always related to a corresponding culture, e. g., learners either deal with
American English and therefore with American culture, or British English and therefore with British culture. Basic Global English seeks to solve this problem by creating one collective
1133:
between their native languages and English as a foreign second language. Elsewhere in Europe, although not universally, English knowledge is still rather common among non-native speakers. In many cases this leads to accents derived from the native languages altering pronunciations of the spoken
1244:
Basic Global English has been tested in two elementary schools in Germany. For the practical test of BGE, 12 lessons covered half of a school year. After the BGE teaching, students could answer questions about themselves, their family, their hobbies etc. Additionally they could form questions
1279:
It especially means English words and phrases generally understood throughout the English-speaking world as opposed to localisms. The importance of non-native English language skills can be recognized behind the long-standing joke that the international language of science and technology is
1093:, under the sphere of influence of English-speaking countries. English in this circle is used for official purposes such as in business, news broadcasts, schools, and air traffic. Some countries in this circle have made English their national language. Here English may serve as a useful
1240:
BGE provides not only basic language skills, but also so called "Basic Politeness Strategies". These include creating a positive atmosphere, accepting an offer with "Yes, please" or refusing with "No, thank you", and small talk topics to choose and to avoid.
1001:
are caught between historical connections with the UK and the Commonwealth and geographical and economic connections with the U.S. In some things they tend to follow British standards, whereas in others, especially commercial, they follow the U.S. standard.
1466:. The difference in strategy and philosophy of Johnson and Webster are largely responsible for the main division in English spelling that exists today. However, these differences are extremely minor. Spelling is but a small part of the differences between
1428:
This is the situation long faced by many users of English who possess a "non-standard" dialect of English as their birth tongue but have also learned to write (and perhaps also speak) a more standard dialect. (This phenomenon is known in linguistics as
1245:
themselves about the same topics. Besides that, they also learned the numbers from 1 to 31 and vocabulary including things in their school bag and in their classroom. The students as well as the parents had a positive impression of the project.
1419:
international communication, leaving these as local dialects, or would rise from a merger of General American and standard British English with admixture of other varieties of English and would generally replace all these varieties of English.
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Basic Global English is based on a 750-word vocabulary. Additionally, every learner has to acquire the knowledge of 250 additional words. These words can be chosen freely, according to the specific needs and interests of the learner.
1364:(e.g., Spichtinger 2000), that is, English used for local purposes around the world. Demonstrators in non-English speaking countries often use signs in English to convey their demands to TV-audiences around the globe, for example.
1341:(1992). Learners who wish to use purportedly correct English are in fact faced with the dual standard of American English and British English, and other less known standard Englishes (including Australian, Scottish and Canadian).
2295:
Grzega, Joachim. “LdL im Englischunterricht an Grund- und Hauptschulen.” Lernen durch Lehren im Fokus: Berichte von LdL-Einsteigern und LdL-Experten. Ed. Lutz Berger, Joachim Grzega, and Christian Spannagel: epubli, 2011. 39–46.
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Standardised testing in International English for non-native English language speakers has existed for a while. Learners can use their local dialect of English so it does not matter if they use British or American spelling. The
1168:
considers different types of competence in relation to the teaching of English as an International Language, arguing that linguistic competence has yet to be adequately addressed in recent considerations of EIL.
809:
vocabulary, though some borrowings from Latin and Greek date from later periods), a simplified grammar, and use of the orthographic conventions of French instead of Old English orthography, the language became
1485:, published in 1999, is a descriptive study of both American and British English in which each chapter follows individual spelling conventions according to the preference of the main editor of that chapter.
2511:
Spichtinger, David (2000). "The Spread of English and its Appropriation." Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des Magistergrades der Philosophie eingereicht an der Geisteswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität
1505:
is recognised in countries such as the USA, the UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand and is the world's most popular English language test for higher education and immigration. Other options are the
943:
was only partially standardised when the American colonies were established. Isolated from each other by the Atlantic Ocean, the dialects in England and the colonies began evolving independently.
822:, when French orthographic conventions were used to spell a language whose original, more suitable orthography had been forgotten after centuries of nonuse. During the late medieval period, King
2242:
Erling, Elizabeth J. (2000). "International/Global/World English: Is a Consensus Possible?", Postgraduate Conference Proceedings, The University of Edinburgh, Department of Applied Linguistics.
1258:
International English sometimes refers to English as it is actually being used and developed in the world; as a language owned not just by native speakers, but by all those who come to use it.
966:. It developed both as the language of English-speaking settlers from Britain and Ireland, and as the administrative language imposed on speakers of other languages in the various parts of the
2384:
2196:
Bobda, Augustin Simo (1997) "Sociocultural Constraints in EFL Teaching in Cameroon." In: Pütz, Martin (ed.) The cultural Context in Foreign Language Teaching. Frankfurt a.M.: Lang. 221–240.
2028:
1481:
The individualistic approach gives control to individual authors to write and spell as they wish (within purported standard conventions) and to accept the validity of differences. The
990:, the common language of diplomacy at the time, but, under special request from American president Woodrow Wilson, also in English – a major milestone in the globalisation of English.
1470:
of English, and may not even reflect dialect differences at all (except in phonetically spelled dialogue). International English refers to much more than an agreed spelling pattern.
865:, as spoken in the lowlands and along the east coast of Scotland, developed largely independent of Modern English, and is based on the Northern dialects of Anglo-Saxon, particularly
2301:“Towards Global English Via Basic Global English (BGE): Socioeconomic and Pedagogic Ideas for a European and Global Language (with Didactic Examples for Native Speakers of German).”
2262:“Towards Global English via Basic Global English (BGE): Socioeconomic and Pedagogic Ideas for a European and Global Language (with Didactic Examples for Native Speakers of German)"
2465:
1944:
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or Canadian or Australian coloring. Any regional variety of English has a set of political, social and cultural connotations attached to it, even the so-called 'standard' forms.
561:), but there is no consensus on the path to this goal. There have been many proposals for making International English more accessible to people from different nationalities;
877:. Northumbria was within the Danelaw and therefore experienced greater influence from Norse than did the Southern dialects. As the political influence of London grew, the
801:
as the written language of England. During the Norman Period, English absorbed a significant component of French vocabulary (approximately one-third of the vocabulary of
1435:.) Many academics often publish material in journals requiring different varieties of English and change style and spellings as necessary without great difficulty.
1492:(Peters, 2004), which attempts to avoid any language bias and accordingly uses an idiosyncratic international spelling system of mixed American and British forms.
1137:
Research on English as a lingua franca in the sense of "English in the Expanding Circle" is comparatively recent. Linguists who have been active in this field are
2164:
Albu, Rodica (2005). "Using English(es). Introduction to the Study of Present-day English Varieties & Terminological Glossary", 3rd edition. Iasi: Demiurg.
1213:
With reference to the term "Globish", Robert McCrum has used this to mean "English as global language". Jean-Paul Nerriere uses it for a constructed language.
826:(lived 1387–1422) ordered the use of the English of his day in proceedings before him and before the government bureaucracies. That led to the development of
225:
2174:
Berger, Lutz, Joachim Grzega, and Christian Spannagel, eds. Lernen durch Lehren im Fokus: Berichte von LdL-Einsteigern und LdL-Experten: epubli, 2011. Print.
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2012:
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2308:"‘We will abstain from eating any kind of food at the hotel’: On Analyzing and Teaching Pragmatic and Other Aspects of English as a Global Language.”
2203:”. In Martin-Rubió, Xavier (ed.). Contextualising English as a lingua franca: from data to insights. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars, 10–35.
2417:
Mechan-Schmidt, Frances. "Basic Instincts: Frances Mechan-Schmidt discovers a new teaching method that reduces English to just a thousand words."
1309:, where formal English usage is prevalent, and creative use of the language is at a minimum. This formal International English allows entry into
1360:'s theory of the neutrality of English. They argue that the phenomenon of the global spread of English is better understood in the framework of
1713:
1797:
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are those countries where English has official or historical importance ("special significance"). This includes most of the countries of the
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results from the incorporation of Wales into England and also dates from approximately this time period. Soon afterward, the development of
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that cannot be used are pronunciations that would be harmful to mutual understanding and therefore minimize the success of communication.
3628:
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2008:
1951:
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212:
2290:“Globish and Basic Global English (BGE): Two Alternatives for a Rapid Acquisition of Communicative Competence in a Globalized World?”
2283:"Developing More Than Just Linguistic Competence: The Model LdL for Teaching Foreign Languages (with a Note on Basic Global English)"
2315:“Basic Global English (BGE) as a Way for Children to Acquire Global Communicative Competence: Report on Elementary School Project.”
1438:
As far as spelling is concerned, the differences between American and British usage became noticeable due to the first influential
1925:
Grzega, Joachim (2011). Introduction to Linguistics from a Global Perspective: An Alternative Approach to Language and Languages.
1891:
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that marks the transition of English from the medieval to the Renaissance period, the language of the Chancery and Caxton became
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The modern concept of "International English" does not exist in isolation, but is the product of centuries of development of the
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version of English. Additionally, its advocates promote it as a system suited for self-teaching as well as classroom teaching.
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52:
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House, Juliane (2002), “Pragmatic Competence in Lingua Franca English”, in: Knapp, Karlfried / Meierkord, Christiane (eds.),
2158:
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2520:(ed.)(2009). English as an International Language: Perspectives and pedagogical issues. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
777:) are thus attributable to the on-again-off-again Viking occupation of Northern England during the centuries prior to the
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Models, Norms and Goals for English as an International Language Pedagogy and Task Based Language Teaching and Learning."
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to describe this shift, along with attendant changes in what is considered important to English users and learners. The
805:). With this new vocabulary, additional vocabulary borrowed from Latin (with Greek, another approximately one-third of
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language). Sometimes, these terms refer to the actuality of the situation, where English is spoken and used in numerous
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2112:
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was more settled than it had been in the previous century, and this relatively well-established English was brought to
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Quirk, Randolph (1981), “International Communication and the Concept of Nuclear English”, in: Smith, Larry E. (ed.),
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Two approaches to International English are the individualistic and inclusive approach and the new dialect approach.
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This article is about the international standard of English. For classification of Englishes around the world, see
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around the world. These terms may acknowledge the diversity and varieties of English spoken throughout the world.
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Englisch als Medium der interkulturellen Kommunikation: Untersuchungen zum non-native/non-native-speakers-Diskurs
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582:
1101:, the legislature and judiciary, national commerce, and so on, may all be carried out predominantly in English.
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2249:"Reflection on Concepts of English for Europe: British English, American English, Euro-English, Global English"
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The continued growth of the English language itself is seen by authors such as Alistair Pennycook as a kind of
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is derived from the shared ancestry with other West Germanic languages because of extensive borrowings from
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Kachru, Braj (1985), "Standards, Codification and Sociolinguistic Realism", in: Quirk, Randolph (ed.),
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Several models of "simplified English" have been suggested for teaching English as a foreign language:
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starting in 1788 brought the English language to Oceania. By the 19th century, the standardisation of
861:'s day) and with relatively moderate changes eventually developed into the English language of today.
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McArthur, T. (Oxford, 1992) "The Oxford Companion to the English Language," Oxford University Press,
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1986:
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and Gabriele Stein thought about a Nuclear English, which, however, has never been fully developed.
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which are also recognised globally and can be used as evidence of a required standard of English.
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2459:"The Geography of Languages: a strictly geopolitical issue? The case of 'international English'"
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1684:. Butcher, Carmen Acevedo,, Based on: Pyles, Thomas, 1905–1980. (Seventh ed.). Boston, MA.
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2379:————— (2001). "World English and World Englishes: Trends, tensions, varieties, and standards",
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Klaire Kramsch and Patricia Sullivan (1996) "Appropriate Pedagogy". ELT Journal 50/3 199–212.
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Seidlhofer, Barbara (2004), “Research Perspectives on Teaching English as a Lingua Franca”,
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is an example, but it failed to make progress. More recently, there have been proposals for
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Stein, Gabriele (1979), “Nuclear English: Reflections on the Structure of Its Vocabulary”,
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Basic Global English, or BGE, is a concept of global English initiated by German linguist
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2002:
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Kachru, Braj B. (January 1992). "World Englishes: approaches, issues and resources".
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and others accelerated the development of a standardised form of English. Following
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2322:"Teaching Adults Intercultural Communication Skills with Basic Global English (BGE)"
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International English reaches toward cultural neutrality. This has a practical use:
753:
invasions of the Anglo-Saxon period that Old English was influenced by contact with
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The Alchemy of English: The Spread, Functions, and Models of Non-native Englishes.
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1458:'s first guide to American spelling, published in 1783, preferred spellings like
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Sometimes however, these related terms refer to a desired standardisation (i.e.,
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20:
1329:, whether it is English in one form or English in two slightly different forms.
830:, a standardised form used in the government bureaucracy. (The use of so-called
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920:(RP) is generally viewed as a 19th-century development and is not reflected in
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869:, which also serve as the basis of Northern English dialects such as those of
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twice—a medieval introduction that led to the development of the now-extinct
882:
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361:
1637:
Modiano, Marko (April 1999). "International English in the global village".
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Modiano, Marko (April 1999). "International English in the global village".
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2933:
2572:
2538:
2282:
1558:
1455:
1446:'s dictionary of 1755 greatly favoured Norman-influenced spellings such as
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and especially when the language is considered as a whole in contrast with
1130:
1059:
1047:
412:
1844:
Principles and practices for teaching English as an international language
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as the most widely spoken language during the 19th century, following the
765:, who came to control a large region in the North of England known as the
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equip students with the linguistic tools to communicate internationally.
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1090:
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1016:
982:, English received a more central role particularly since 1919, when the
963:
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858:
724:
613:
366:
818:). The "difficulty" of English as a written language thus began in the
723:(literally "Anglish"), the language today referred to as Anglo-Saxon or
16:
English language as a global means of communication in numerous dialects
3117:
2609:
1372:
Western methodology and textbooks have been appropriated to suit local
831:
769:. Vocabulary items entering English from Norse (including the pronouns
1026:
is the traditional base of English and includes countries such as the
2674:
2201:
First steps in exploring computer-mediated English as a lingua franca
1553:
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and the anglophone populations of the former British colonies of the
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470:
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The establishment of the first permanent English-speaking colony in
635:
170:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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1377:
1368:
1302:
1187:) in the 1930s; a recent revival has been initiated by Bill Templer
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886:
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551:
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1975:
English and the Discourse of Colonialism. (1998) London: Routledge
1077:(the former British Empire), including populous countries such as
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3443:
2789:
2716:
2711:
2366:
Malik, S.A. Primary Stage English (1993). Lahore: Tario Brothers.
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version of the language developed into a written standard across
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in English courts continued through the Renaissance, however.)
750:
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26:"World English" redirects here. For the phonetic alphabet, see
573:
take a highly active role in the development of the language.
1356:
Some reject both what they call "linguistic imperialism" and
1078:
838:
746:
2461:, Chimera 17:104–112, University College Cork, Ireland (PDF)
1889:
Competence and Teaching English as an International Language
518:, and often refers to the movement towards an international
2181:; Leech, Geoffrey; Conrad, Susan; Finnegan, Edward (1999).
959:
2549:
1380:
textbook "Primary Stage English" includes lessons such as
1301:
The development of International English often centres on
1190:
Threshold Level English, developed by van Ek and Alexander
1019:
divides the use of English into three concentric circles.
1950:. Cambridge University Press. p. 299. Archived from
1335:
argues against the possibility of such neutrality in his
2383:
Vol. 34, issue 1. Available in PDF format at
1275:, and the like. — McArthur (2002, p. 444–445)
1149:
English as a lingua franca in foreign language teaching
2161:, The Asian EFL Journal, Volume 8. Issue 3, Article 9.
1346:
Why You Need a Foreign Language & How to Learn One
793:
language ceased being a literary language (see, e.g.,
1795:
Graddol, David. 2006. English Next. British Council.
1503:
International English Language Testing System (IELTS)
733:). However, less than a quarter of the vocabulary of
1682:
The origins and development of the English language
1442:(dictionary writers) on each side of the Atlantic.
2539:“Towards a People's English: Back to BASIC in EIL”
522:. Related and sometimes synonymous terms include:
2457:Paredes, Xoán M. and da Silva Mendes, S. (2002).
2320:Grzega, Joachim and Sandra Stenzenberger (2011),
1898:. Asian EFL Journal, Volume 7. Issue 3 Article 6.
3721:
1109:Council. Darius Degher, a former instructor at
2345:, 11–34, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2137:) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2115:. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023
2095:) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2073:. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023
2053:) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2031:. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023
2011:) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1989:. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023
1253:
1141:, Barbara Seidlhofer, Christiane Meierkord and
1005:
2274:see also the press releases accessible at the
2183:Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English.
1367:In English-language teaching, Bobda shows how
889:became united with England as a result of the
885:, further progressing in the modern period as
2595:
2389:Learning and Teacher Support Centre: McArthur
1846:. Lubna Alsagoff. New York: Routledge. 2012.
1483:Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English
2953:
2385:Cambridge: Language Teaching: Sample article
2303:Journal for EuroLinguistiX 2 (2005): 65–164.
928:), which are based on 18th-century English.
904:dialect, and a modern introduction in which
2431:Nerrière, Jean-Paul and Hon, David (2009),
2324:. In: Journal for EuroLinguistiX 8: 34-131.
1942:
664:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
67:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3629:Comparison of American and British English
2602:
2588:
2317:Journal for EuroLinguistiX 4 (2007): 5–18.
2292:Journal for EuroLinguistiX 3 (2006): 1–13.
2285:. Humanising Language Teaching 8.5 (2006).
1712:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
837:The emergence of English as a language of
2470:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
749:, and other languages. It was during the
684:Learn how and when to remove this message
251:Learn how and when to remove this message
186:Learn how and when to remove this message
124:Learn how and when to remove this message
3322:
2498:English for Cross-Cultural Communication
2331:, 245–267, Frankfurt (Main): Peter Lang.
228:of all important aspects of the article.
87:This article includes a list of general
2576:article on the globalization of English
2530:van Ek, J.A. / Alexander, L.G. (1980),
2352:Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
2230:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1636:
1593:
1539:English as a second or foreign language
1507:International Certificate (PTE General)
1351:
1216:
1155:English as a foreign or second language
3722:
2133:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2091:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2049:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2007:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1945:"The Cambridge Guide to English Usage"
1936:
1828:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1726:
224:Please consider expanding the lead to
2583:
2454:, New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co.
2313:Grzega, Joachim, and Marion Schöner.
935:in 1607 was a major step towards the
576:
3699:Non-native pronunciations of English
2505:Annual Review of Applied Linguistics
2467:The Cambridge Guide to English Usage
2310:Linguistik Online 70 (2015): 61-110.
1679:
1490:The Cambridge Guide to English Usage
1488:The new dialect approach appears in
1097:between ethnic and language groups.
662:adding citations to reliable sources
629:
197:
135:
73:
32:
2398:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1771:"Why Do You Need to Learn English?"
1248:
1199:Basic Global English, developed by
13:
2185:Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education.
93:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3756:
2559:
2485:Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1495:
1395:
1196:, developed by Jean-Paul Nerrière
948:British colonisation of Australia
48:This article has multiple issues.
2068:Cambridge English Qualifications
1564:International auxiliary language
1511:Cambridge English Qualifications
1473:
1313:as a whole and Western cultural
993:The English-speaking regions of
970:. The first form can be seen in
703:The English language evolved in
634:
516:international auxiliary language
202:
140:
78:
37:
2104:
2062:
2020:
1978:
1969:
1919:
851:a change in vowel pronunciation
594:History of the English language
583:History of the English language
216:may be too short to adequately
56:or discuss these issues on the
3649:English-based creole languages
2514:(PDF.) Retrieved June 6, 2007.
2428:, Frankfurt (Main) etc.: Lang.
2424:Meierkord, Christiane (1996),
1901:
1882:
1836:
1789:
1763:
1720:
1673:
1630:
1587:
924:dialects (except the affected
226:provide an accessible overview
1:
3689:List of English-based pidgins
2500:, 151–165, London: Macmillan.
2396:Oxford Guide to World English
2227:English as a Global Language.
2150:
1544:English for specific purposes
1320:
1287:
1125:language area as well as the
1054:, and various islands of the
512:global means of communication
3745:English as a global language
3684:Linguistic purism in English
2551:Humanising Language Teaching
2276:Basic Global English website
1680:John, Algeo (January 2013).
1254:Universality and flexibility
1134:English in these countries.
1006:English as a global language
506:is the concept of using the
7:
2785:London & Thames Estuary
2481:Phillipson, Robert (1992).
2452:The System of Basic English
2445:Nerrière in Globish (Video)
2329:Lingua Franca Communication
1516:
1344:Edward Trimnell, author of
166:the claims made and adding
10:
3761:
3740:English-language education
3644:English as a lingua franca
2450:Ogden, Charles K. (1934),
2421:48.2 (2009): 18–19. Print.
2334:Jenkins, Jennifer (2003),
2267:Journal for EuroLinguistiX
2254:Journal for EuroLinguistiX
2026:International Certificate
1399:
1159:English as a lingua franca
1152:
1089:; and others, such as the
1009:
896:English was introduced to
727:(the language of the poem
591:
587:
580:
567:English as a lingua franca
25:
18:
3624:Broad and general accents
3606:
3559:
3534:regional and occupational
3514:
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3494:
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3367:
3315:
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3165:
3030:
3019:
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2854:
2831:
2770:
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2655:
2646:
2635:
2626:
2143:(last checked 2023-01-21)
2101:(last checked 2023-02-07)
2059:(last checked 2023-02-07)
2017:(last checked 2023-02-07)
1741:10.1017/S0261444800006583
1651:10.1017/s026607840001083x
1608:10.1017/s026607840001083x
986:was composed not only in
520:standard for the language
501:
484:
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427:
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272:
267:
2260:Grzega, Joachim (2005),
2247:Grzega, Joachim (2005),
1580:
1549:English-medium education
2544:4 December 2008 at the
2532:Threshold Level English
2483:Linguistic Imperialism.
1075:Commonwealth of Nations
761:dialects spoken by the
711:dialects spoken by the
422:Unified English Braille
108:more precise citations.
2802:Received Pronunciation
2537:Templer, Bill (2005),
2433:Globish The World Over
1874:: CS1 maint: others (
1569:Linguistic imperialism
1426:
1338:Linguistic Imperialism
1307:scientific communities
1299:
1277:
922:North American English
918:Received Pronunciation
797:) and was replaced by
2996:Multicultural Toronto
2567:What Global Language?
2348:Kachru, Braj (1986).
2199:Bosso, Rino (2018). “
1894:22 April 2006 at the
1454:; on the other hand,
1421:
1294:
1273:South African English
1260:
1129:have a near complete
891:Acts of Union of 1707
592:Further information:
319:International English
268:International English
3157:Western Pennsylvania
2464:Peters, Pam (2004).
2343:English in the World
2338:, London: Routledge.
2272:Basic Global English
2211:The English Language
1943:Peters, Pam (2004).
1534:Commonwealth English
1352:Appropriation theory
1327:cultural imperialism
1217:Basic Global English
984:Treaty of Versailles
974:, and the latter in
926:Transatlantic accent
914:Act of Union of 1800
855:Early Modern English
658:improve this section
622:Early Modern English
377:Early Modern English
3694:Mid-Atlantic accent
3285:Trinidad and Tobago
2534:, Oxford: Pergamon.
2213:. London: Penguin.
1382:Pakistan My Country
972:New Zealand English
875:Newcastle upon Tyne
606:Proto-West Germanic
598:Proto-Indo-European
571:non-native speakers
536:Continental English
357:Proto-West Germanic
347:Proto-Indo-European
3735:Controlled English
3217:Pennsylvania Dutch
2527:(Tokyo) 10: 64–76.
2157:Acar, A. (2006). "
1414:Australian English
1374:Vietnamese culture
1119:decentered English
1117:, coined the term
824:Henry V of England
785:). Soon after the
577:Historical context
299:North Sea Germanic
151:possibly contains
3717:
3716:
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3601:
3402:
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3311:
3310:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3150:Pacific Northwest
3011:Standard Canadian
2942:
2941:
2887:
2886:
2827:
2826:
2518:Sharifian, Farzad
2441:978-0-578-02879-8
2381:Language Teaching
2306:Grzega, Joachim.
2299:Grzega, Joachim.
2288:Grzega, Joachim.
2281:Grzega, Joachim.
1777:. 2 December 2021
1775:Language Academia
1729:Language Teaching
1462:and the Latinate
1333:Robert Phillipson
1181:Charles Kay Ogden
939:of the language.
908:largely replaced
857:(the language of
814:(the language of
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153:original research
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3730:Forms of English
3614:English language
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3303:Falkland Islands
3202:General American
3175:African-American
3028:
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2270:2: 65–164. (For
2177:Biber, Douglas;
2144:
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2110:British Council
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1810:on 11 April 2008
1809:
1803:. Archived from
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1529:Business English
1410:Canadian English
1406:American English
1390:Our Great Leader
1269:American English
1249:Varying concepts
1183:(and later also
1139:Jennifer Jenkins
1111:Malmö University
1106:expanding circle
1099:Higher education
828:Chancery English
820:High Middle Ages
783:Canute the Great
707:, from a set of
698:English language
689:
682:
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675:
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638:
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559:Standard English
508:English language
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3713:
3598:
3555:
3510:
3490:
3398:
3394:Solomon Islands
3363:
3307:
3289:
3221:
3212:New York Latino
3187:American Indian
3167:
3161:
3022:
3015:
2956:
2938:
2924:Channel Islands
2915:
2883:
2850:
2823:
2766:
2728:
2638:
2622:
2608:
2562:
2557:
2554:September 2005.
2546:Wayback Machine
2336:World Englishes
2179:Johansson, Stig
2153:
2148:
2147:
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2118:
2116:
2113:"Archived copy"
2111:
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1957:on 7 March 2014
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1574:Translanguaging
1524:African English
1519:
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1402:British English
1398:
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1323:
1311:Western culture
1290:
1265:British English
1256:
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1219:
1179:, developed by
1161:
1151:
1014:
1012:World Englishes
1008:
952:British English
941:British English
906:Hiberno-English
787:Norman Conquest
779:Norman Conquest
690:
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3561:Southeast Asia
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1440:lexicographers
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1282:broken English
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1028:United Kingdom
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735:Modern English
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524:Global English
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259:
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241:
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220:the key points
210:
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194:
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148:
146:
139:
132:
131:
86:
84:
77:
72:
46:
45:
43:
36:
28:Visible Speech
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3757:
3746:
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3738:
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3733:
3731:
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3697:
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3685:
3682:
3680:
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3674:International
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3369:
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3357:
3355:
3354:Torres Strait
3352:
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3338:
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3333:
3330:
3329:
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3259:
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3208:
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3200:
3198:
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3185:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3089:North-Central
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3067:New York City
3065:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
3001:Ottawa Valley
2999:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
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2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2918:
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2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2795:Multicultural
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2755:Black Country
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2745:West Midlands
2743:
2741:
2740:East Midlands
2738:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2491:0-19-437146-8
2488:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2476:0-521-62181-X
2473:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2412:0-19-860771-7
2409:
2405:
2404:0-19-866248-3
2401:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2376:
2375:0-19-214183-X
2372:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2358:0-252-06172-1
2355:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2244:(Postscript.)
2243:
2240:
2237:
2236:0-521-59247-X
2233:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2220:
2219:0-14-013532-4
2216:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2191:0-582-23725-4
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2170:973-7603-07-9
2167:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2114:
2107:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2072:
2065:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2030:
2023:
2014:
2010:
2004:
1988:
1981:
1972:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1931:9783862880669
1928:
1922:
1915:
1914:9783862880669
1911:
1904:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1877:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1853:9780415891660
1849:
1845:
1839:
1831:
1825:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1715:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1691:9781133307273
1687:
1683:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1639:English Today
1633:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1596:English Today
1590:
1586:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1479:
1474:Dual standard
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1362:appropriation
1359:
1358:David Crystal
1349:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1293:
1285:
1283:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:Furthermore,
1202:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1177:Basic English
1175:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1095:lingua franca
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1064:Pacific Ocean
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:United States
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1003:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
944:
942:
938:
937:globalisation
934:
933:North America
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
894:
892:
888:
884:
883:Great Britain
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
789:of 1066, the
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
757:, a group of
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
731:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
709:West Germanic
706:
701:
699:
688:
685:
677:
674:December 2011
667:
663:
659:
653:
652:
648:
643:This section
641:
637:
632:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
610:Proto-English
607:
603:
599:
595:
584:
574:
572:
568:
564:
563:Basic English
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
528:World English
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
502:International
493:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
472:
467:
462:
457:
454:
449:
444:
439:
436:
431:
426:
423:
418:
414:
411:
407:
401:
383:
380:
379:
378:
375:
374:
373:
370:
369:
368:
365:
364:
363:
362:Proto-English
360:
359:
358:
355:
354:
353:
350:
349:
348:
344:
338:
320:
317:
316:
315:
312:
311:
310:
307:
306:
305:
304:Anglo-Frisian
302:
301:
300:
297:
296:
295:
294:West Germanic
292:
291:
290:
287:
286:
285:
284:Indo-European
281:
277:
271:
266:
263:
255:
252:
237:
227:
221:
219:
214:
209:
205:
200:
199:
190:
187:
179:
169:
165:
161:
155:
154:
149:This article
147:
138:
137:
128:
125:
117:
107:
103:
97:
96:
90:
85:
76:
75:
70:
68:
61:
60:
55:
54:
49:
44:
35:
34:
29:
22:
3673:
3459:South Africa
3454:Sierra Leone
3207:Miami Latino
3096:Philadelphia
3084:Inland North
2989:Newfoundland
2807:West Country
2621:by continent
2573:The Atlantic
2571:
2565:
2550:
2531:
2524:
2507:24: 209–239.
2504:
2497:
2482:
2466:
2451:
2432:
2425:
2419:The Linguist
2418:
2395:
2380:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2271:
2266:
2253:
2226:
2210:
2182:
2117:. Retrieved
2106:
2075:. Retrieved
2064:
2033:. Retrieved
2022:
1991:. Retrieved
1980:
1971:
1959:. Retrieved
1952:the original
1938:
1921:
1903:
1884:
1843:
1838:
1812:. Retrieved
1805:the original
1791:
1779:. Retrieved
1774:
1765:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1681:
1675:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1602:(2): 22–28.
1599:
1595:
1589:
1559:Euro English
1499:
1489:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1463:
1459:
1456:Noah Webster
1451:
1447:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1424:p. 265)
1422:
1417:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1366:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1336:
1331:
1324:
1317:in general.
1300:
1295:
1291:
1278:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1212:
1205:
1171:
1162:
1136:
1131:bilingualism
1123:Scandinavian
1118:
1105:
1103:
1071:outer circle
1070:
1068:
1060:Indian Ocean
1048:South Africa
1024:inner circle
1023:
1021:
1015:
992:
945:
930:
895:
867:Northumbrian
836:
799:Anglo-Norman
790:
781:(see, e.g.,
774:
770:
728:
720:
702:
695:
680:
671:
656:Please help
644:
556:
546:(English as
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
500:
499:
486:Linguasphere
318:
262:
247:
231:
215:
213:lead section
182:
173:
150:
120:
111:
92:
64:
57:
51:
50:Please help
47:
3584:Philippines
3377:New Zealand
3263:Bay Islands
3243:The Bahamas
3166:Social and
3123:New Orleans
3040:New England
2934:Isle of Man
2879:Port Talbot
2780:East Anglia
2697:Northumbria
1735:(1): 1–14.
1127:Netherlands
1091:Philippines
1044:New Zealand
1017:Braj Kachru
964:New Zealand
859:Shakespeare
725:Old English
614:Old English
367:Old English
341:Early forms
106:introducing
3724:Categories
3524:Bangladesh
3516:South Asia
3469:Cape Flats
3419:The Gambia
3344:Aboriginal
3180:vernacular
3145:California
3118:High Tider
3113:Appalachia
2974:Aboriginal
2906:South-West
2750:Birmingham
2707:Sunderland
2692:Manchester
2682:Lancashire
2414:paperback.
2406:hardback,
2151:References
2119:7 February
2077:7 February
2035:7 February
1993:7 February
1781:24 January
1400:See also:
1321:Opposition
1288:Neutrality
1166:Roger Nunn
1153:See also:
1010:See also:
832:Law French
176:April 2016
160:improve it
114:April 2009
89:references
53:improve it
3589:Singapore
3551:Sri Lanka
3506:Hong Kong
3332:variation
3324:Australia
3235:Caribbean
3101:Baltimore
2984:Lunenburg
2929:Gibraltar
2846:Highlands
2724:Yorkshire
2687:Liverpool
1870:cite book
1862:746837937
1757:143270480
1749:1475-3049
1708:cite book
1700:843494734
1667:143859179
1659:1474-0567
1645:(2): 23.
1624:143859179
1616:1474-0567
1554:Esperanto
1432:diglossia
1378:Pakistani
1056:Caribbean
1040:Australia
999:Caribbean
871:Yorkshire
645:does not
548:associate
471:ISO 639-3
453:ISO 639-2
435:ISO 639-1
234:July 2017
218:summarize
164:verifying
59:talk page
3709:Standard
3679:Learning
3667:Nerrière
3658:Globish
3574:Malaysia
3546:Pakistan
3486:Zimbabwe
3414:Cameroon
3248:Barbados
2979:Atlantic
2947:Americas
2864:Abercraf
2833:Scotland
2812:Cornwall
2733:Midlands
2717:Teesside
2712:Tyneside
2702:Pitmatic
2665:Cheshire
2611:Dialects
2542:Archived
2257:2: 44–64
2209:(1988).
2129:cite web
2087:cite web
2045:cite web
2003:cite web
1933:. P. 187
1892:Archived
1824:cite web
1517:See also
1468:dialects
1386:Our Flag
1369:Cameroon
1303:academic
1083:Pakistan
997:and the
887:Scotland
879:Chancery
843:printing
552:dialects
289:Germanic
3639:Engrish
3634:E-Prime
3607:Related
3594:Vietnam
3579:Myanmar
3449:Nigeria
3444:Namibia
3434:Liberia
3316:Oceania
3298:Bermuda
3270:Jamaica
3197:Chicano
3035:Midland
3021:United
2957:America
2893:Ireland
2869:Cardiff
2841:Glasgow
2790:Cockney
2670:Cumbria
2648:England
2639:Britain
2615:accents
2525:Poetica
1961:7 March
1814:3 April
1194:Globish
1087:Nigeria
1069:In the
1032:Ireland
898:Ireland
816:Chaucer
795:Ormulum
791:Englisc
767:Danelaw
763:Vikings
730:Beowulf
721:Englisc
705:England
666:removed
651:sources
588:Origins
504:English
314:English
158:Please
102:improve
3662:Gogate
3569:Brunei
3481:Uganda
3464:accent
3439:Malawi
3407:Africa
3382:accent
3337:accent
3280:Samaná
3253:Bequia
3072:accent
3045:Boston
3023:States
3006:Quebec
2966:Canada
2955:North
2911:Ulster
2901:Dublin
2817:Dorset
2675:Barrow
2637:Great
2628:Europe
2489:
2474:
2439:
2410:
2402:
2373:
2356:
2296:Print.
2234:
2217:
2189:
2168:
1984:IELTS
1929:
1912:
1860:
1850:
1755:
1747:
1698:
1688:
1665:
1657:
1622:
1614:
1460:center
1452:colour
1448:centre
1412:, and
1388:, and
1376:. The
1315:values
1115:Sweden
1085:, and
1062:, and
1052:Canada
995:Canada
988:French
980:Europe
956:Africa
847:Caxton
751:Viking
743:Norman
717:Saxons
713:Angles
624:, and
542:, and
492:52-ABA
309:Anglic
91:, but
3704:Plain
3619:Basic
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