295:. This book contains information about the system of symbols he created that, when used to write words, indicated pronunciation so accurately, that it could even reflect regional accents. A person reading a piece of text handwritten in Melville Bell's system of characters could accurately reproduce a sentence the way it would be spoken by someone with a foreign or regional accent. In his demonstrations, Melville Bell employed his son, Alexander Graham Bell to read from the visible speech transcript of the volunteer's spoken words and would astound the audience by saying it back exactly as the volunteer had spoken it.
162:
170:
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352:) was created in the hopes of enabling the deaf to use a telephone. If the sounds could be translated into something readable, then a deaf person at the receiving end could then read out the pattern of speech to determine its meaning without having to hear what was said. The spectrograph readings could also be used to teach pronunciation by having a person speak into the spectrograph and watch a small television-like screen to monitor the precision of their utterances.
320:, a device that makes "visible records of the frequency, intensity, and time analysis of short samples of speech". The spectrogram translated sounds into readable patterns via a photographic process. This system was based on the idea that the eye should be able to read patterns of vocalizations in much the same way that the ear translates these vocalizations into meaning.
211:
In 1864, Melville promoted his first works on
Visible Speech, in order to help the deaf both learn and improve upon their speech (since the profoundly deaf could not hear their own pronunciation). To help promote the system, Bell created two written short forms using his system of 29 modifiers and
298:
A few samples of the writing system invented by
Melville Bell may be seen in the images on this page. These images depict Melville Bell's intention of creating a script in which the characters actually look like the position of the mouth when speaking them out loud. The system is useful not only
259:
in Milan, Italy in 1880, after a period of a dozen years or so in which it was applied to the education of the deaf, Visible Speech was found to be more cumbersome, and thus a hindrance, to the teaching of speech to the deaf, compared to other methods, and eventually faded from use.
302:
Melville Bell's system was effective at helping deaf people improve their pronunciation, but his son Graham Bell decided to improve upon his father's invention by creating a system of writing that was even more accurate and employed the most advanced technology of the time.
311:
Alexander Graham Bell later devised another system of visual cues that also came to be known as visible speech, yet this system did not use symbols written on paper to teach deaf people how to pronounce words. Instead, Graham Bell's system, developed at his
267:
learned the symbols, assisted his father in giving public demonstrations of the system and mastered it to the point that he later improved upon his father's work. Eventually, Alexander Graham Bell became a powerful advocate of
Visible Speech and
203:
and an author of books on the subject. The system is composed of symbols that show the position and movement of the throat, tongue, and lips as they produce the sounds of language, and it is a type of
299:
because its visual representation mimicks the physical act of speaking, but because it does so, these symbols may be used to write words in any language, hence the name "Universal
Alphabetics".
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in 1867 to represent the position of the speech organs in articulating sounds. Bell was known internationally as a teacher of speech and proper
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Primer of
Phonetics, by Henry Sweet through Google books. A manual on Sweet's revision of Visible Speech, Organic Speech
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251:". Melville saw numerous applications for his invention, including its worldwide use as a
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Myers and
Crowhurst, Phonology case studies, University of Texas at Austin 2006
239:
Melville's works on
Visible Speech became highly notable, and were described by
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Visible Speech as a Means of
Communicating Articulation to Deaf Mutes
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of Bell's idea display sound spectra in real time and are used in
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in the United States. The money he earned from his patent of the
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503:, Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1967. ISBN HV 2490 K83+
4215:
1959:
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523:
The
History Of Special Education: From Isolation To Integration
381:
195:
is a system of phonetic symbols developed by
British linguist
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2427:
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1798:
709:
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217:
208:. The system was used to aid the deaf in learning to speak.
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562:
Description and Overview of Visible Speech, with fonts
557:(American Memory: Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers)
367:
Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf
257:
Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf
232:, and also Line Writing, used as a shorthand form for
187:
Visible Speech: The Diverse Oneness of Writing Systems
417:
415:
567:
Visible Speech, by Alex M. Bell through Google books
515:
Visible Speech: The Science of Universal Alphabetics
457:
Visible Speech: The Science of Universal Alphabetics
348:
to translate speech into a visual representation (a
293:
Visible Speech: The Science of Universal Alphabetics
291:
In 1867, Alexander Melville Bell published the book
138:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
527:Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press, 1993.
510:, Dover Publications, 1966. ISBN TK 6500 P86 1966.
412:
4441:
152:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
3199:
592:
255:. However, although heavily promoted at the
606:
517:, Simkin, Marshall & Co., London, 1867.
316:in Washington, D.C., involved the use of a
3206:
3192:
599:
585:
307:A fresh take on pronunciation for the deaf
176:
168:
160:
181:On the Nature and Use of Visible Speech
16:Featural phonetic representation script
4442:
243:as being "...a greater invention than
4343:American Printing House for the Blind
4119:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
3771:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
3187:
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1731:
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142:. For the distinction between ,
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546:Visible Speech with IPA equivalents
478:
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283:helped him to pursue this mission.
13:
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433:
286:
14:
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539:
473:
449:
2978:
230:International Phonetic Alphabet
165:Illustrations of Visible Speech
134:International Phonetic Alphabet
672:Languages by writing system /
462:
442:Potter, Kopp, and Kopp, 1966.
424:
403:
394:
1:
4111:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
4067:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
2505:
2390:
1732:
493:
99:, Visible Speech
4322:National Braille Association
4301:Braille Institute of America
4019:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
946:
127: This article contains
7:
4202:Refreshable braille display
4181:Optical braille recognition
3778:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
3310:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
2453:New Epoch Notation Painting
377:Volta Laboratory and Bureau
355:
334:computer speech recognition
228:, which was similar to the
10:
4486:
4269:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
708:
513:Bell, Alexander Melville.
184:
120:ConScript Unicode Registry
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4292:
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4005:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
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2519:Chinese family of scripts
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1589:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
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674:by first written accounts
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344:The idea of the use of a
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87:
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72:
67:
59:
49:
39:
27:
21:
3992:Chinese semi-syllabaries
3255:Unicode braille patterns
3241:International uniformity
1696:Thomas Natural Shorthand
387:
185:Not to be confused with
118:U+E780 to U+E7FF in the
4329:Blindness organizations
4308:Braille Without Borders
4097:Canadian currency marks
3719:Egyptian lineage family
2902:Southwest Paleohispanic
430:Winzer 1993, pg.195–203
197:Alexander Melville Bell
173:chart of English sounds
130:phonetic transcriptions
44:Alexander Melville Bell
3646:Russian lineage family
3046:Great Lakes Algonquian
1955:Greco-Iberian alphabet
1888:Gabelsberger shorthand
831:Inscriptional Parthian
322:Modern implementations
182:
174:
166:
4455:Alexander Graham Bell
4410:Accessible publishing
4336:Schools for the blind
4315:Japan Braille Library
4104:Computer Braille Code
3758:Indian lineage family
3138:Old Persian cuneiform
2005:Carolingian minuscule
811:Ancient North Arabian
501:Visible Speech Manual
484:Visible Speech Manual
455:Melville Bell, 1867.
362:International English
265:Alexander Graham Bell
249:Alexander Graham Bell
180:
172:
164:
4174:Mountbatten Brailler
3529:(largely reassigned)
3312:(largely reassigned)
2861:Southeastern Iberian
2856:Northeastern Iberian
754:Egyptian hieroglyphs
506:Potter, Kopp, Kopp.
276:and the sale of his
4126:Nemeth braille code
3912:(reassigned vowels)
3437:(extended to 8-dot)
3011:Canadian Aboriginal
2897:Khitan small script
2619:Khitan large script
1809:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
520:Winzer, Margret A.
421:Winzer 1993, pg.194
409:Winzer 1993, pg.193
400:Winzer 1993, pg.192
55:1867 to the present
4470:1867 introductions
4450:Phonetic alphabets
4160:Braille translator
4137:Braille technology
4113:(science; GS8/GS6)
4082:Symbols in braille
4012:Taiwanese Mandarin
3527:Taiwanese Mandarin
3133:Nwagu Aneke script
2685:Other logosyllabic
2607:Chinese-influenced
2546:Oracle bone script
2528:Chinese characters
2463:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
1853:Eclectic shorthand
1841:Duployan shorthand
1794:Caucasian Albanian
1594:Canadian syllabics
630:History of writing
372:Universal language
253:universal language
224:: they were named
183:
175:
167:
4465:Special education
4437:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4355:tactile alphabets
4283:William Bell Wait
4276:Sabriye Tenberken
4077:
4076:
3942:
3941:
3927:(Japanese vowels)
3725:-mediated scripts
3652:-mediated scripts
3179:
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3031:Ditema tsa Dinoko
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924:Teeline Shorthand
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533:978-1-56368-018-2
206:phonetic notation
159:
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4417:Braille literacy
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3974:American Braille
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3955:Algerian Braille
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2828:Semi-syllabaries
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2501:
2387:
2386:
1742:
1741:
1729:
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1631:Japanese Braille
1216:Zanabazar square
1085:Nepalese scripts
975:Bengali–Assamese
965:
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956:
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860:Pitman shorthand
705:
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314:Volta Laboratory
278:Volta Laboratory
155:
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3966:Frequency-based
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3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3762:Bharati Braille
3759:
3753:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3720:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3647:
3641:
3634:
3629:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3336:Unified English
3330:
3323:
3316:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3265:Braille scripts
3260:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3167:
2982:
2965:
2961:Stokoe notation
2937:
2916:
2875:
2830:
2809:
2793:
2757:
2736:Logoconsonantal
2731:
2680:
2633:
2602:
2509:
2492:
2473:Siglas poveiras
2394:
2373:
2332:
2236:Younger Futhark
1940:Gregg shorthand
1736:
1715:
1568:
1220:
950:
933:
712:
695:
678:
651:Writing systems
639:
614:
612:writing systems
605:
542:
496:
491:
490:
481:
474:
467:
463:
454:
450:
441:
434:
429:
425:
420:
413:
408:
404:
399:
395:
390:
358:
342:
309:
289:
287:The early years
190:
126:
115:
96:
93:
75:
68:Related scripts
52:
35:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4483:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4405:
4403:
4402:Related topics
4399:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4378:New York Point
4374:
4367:
4359:
4357:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4304:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4262:Harris Mowbray
4258:
4251:
4244:
4237:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4146:Braille e-book
4141:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4063:
4056:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3929:
3921:
3914:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3766:
3764:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3743:
3736:
3728:
3726:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3655:
3653:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3576:
3574:
3567:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3277:
3275:
3273:French-ordered
3266:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3211:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3188:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3113:Linear Elamite
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2935:Sign languages
2926:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2912:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2887:Espanca script
2883:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2846:Linear Elamite
2842:
2840:
2832:
2831:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2727:Yi (Classical)
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2553:
2551:Bronze scripts
2548:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2521:
2511:
2510:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2364:Flag semaphore
2361:
2359:New York Point
2356:
2354:Telegraph code
2351:
2349:Maritime flags
2346:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2303:Visible Speech
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2273:Sorang Sompeng
2270:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2157:Galik alphabet
2154:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2055:Tironian notes
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1900:
1898:Garay alphabet
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1738:
1737:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1681:Sorang Sompeng
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1604:Déné syllabics
1601:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
971:
969:
962:
952:
951:
939:
938:
935:
934:
932:
931:
926:
921:
920:
919:
914:
909:
899:
894:
893:
892:
887:
877:
872:
867:
865:Proto-Sinaitic
862:
857:
856:
855:
845:
840:
839:
838:
833:
828:
823:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
787:
786:
781:
776:
771:
761:
756:
751:
750:
749:
739:
738:
737:
726:
725:
717:
714:
713:
697:
696:
684:
683:
680:
679:
677:
676:
670:
669:
668:
663:
658:
647:
645:
641:
640:
638:
637:
632:
626:
624:
616:
615:
604:
603:
596:
589:
581:
575:
574:
569:
564:
559:
551:
549:(Omniglot.com)
541:
540:External links
538:
537:
536:
518:
511:
508:Visible Speech
504:
495:
492:
489:
488:
472:
461:
448:
444:Visible Speech
432:
423:
411:
402:
392:
391:
389:
386:
385:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
357:
354:
341:
338:
330:speech therapy
308:
305:
288:
285:
241:Édouard Séguin
193:Visible Speech
157:
156:
150:⟩, see
123:
122:
116:
111:
108:
107:
101:
100:
91:
85:
84:
80:
79:
76:
74:Sister systems
73:
70:
69:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
53:
50:
47:
46:
41:
37:
36:
31:
29:
25:
24:
22:Visible Speech
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4482:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4385:Night writing
4382:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4351:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4293:Organisations
4291:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4255:Valentin Haüy
4252:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4234:Louis Braille
4231:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4217:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4167:Braille watch
4164:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4090:Braille music
4087:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4053:Luxembourgish
4050:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3861:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:Other scripts
3850:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3756:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3644:
3633:
3628:
3625:
3624:Northern Sámi
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3573:Nordic family
3571:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3513:South African
3510:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3435:Luxembourgish
3432:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3248:ASCII braille
3245:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3216:
3209:
3204:
3202:
3197:
3195:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2779:Attic (Greek)
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:Proto-Elamite
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2231:Elder Futhark
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2122:Old Hungarian
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1656:Masaram Gondi
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1626:Gunjala Gondi
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1438:Old Sundanese
1436:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1381:Old Maldivian
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1364:Bilang-bilang
1362:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1184:Sylheti Nagri
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
985:Brahmi script
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
972:
970:
966:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
944:
940:
930:
927:
925:
922:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
904:
903:
900:
898:
895:
891:
888:
886:
883:
882:
881:
880:South Arabian
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
854:
851:
850:
849:
846:
844:
841:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
826:Inscriptional
824:
822:
819:
818:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
748:
745:
744:
743:
740:
736:
733:
732:
731:
728:
727:
724:
723:
719:
718:
715:
711:
706:
702:
698:
694:
689:
685:
675:
671:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
653:
652:
649:
648:
646:
642:
636:
633:
631:
628:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
602:
597:
595:
590:
588:
583:
582:
579:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
555:
552:
547:
544:
543:
534:
530:
526:
524:
519:
516:
512:
509:
505:
502:
498:
497:
485:
479:
477:
470:
465:
458:
452:
445:
439:
437:
427:
418:
416:
406:
397:
393:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
359:
353:
351:
347:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
304:
300:
296:
294:
284:
282:
279:
275:
271:
266:
261:
258:
254:
250:
246:
245:the telephone
242:
237:
235:
234:stenographers
231:
227:
226:World English
223:
219:
215:
209:
207:
202:
198:
194:
188:
179:
171:
163:
153:
141:
137:
135:
131:
124:
121:
117:
114:
113:Unicode range
109:
106:
102:
92:
90:
86:
81:
77:
71:
66:
63:Left-to-right
62:
58:
54:
48:
45:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
20:
3925:Thai and Lao
3602:Scandinavian
3234:1829 braille
3226:Braille cell
3026:Cypro-Minoan
2892:Pahawh Hmong
2805:Sitelen Pona
2769:Hindu-Arabic
2302:
2102:Mundari Bani
1676:Pahawh Hmong
1485:Tamil-Brahmi
1391:Eveyla Akuru
1386:Dhives Akuru
853:Paleo-Hebrew
720:
656:undeciphered
522:
514:
507:
500:
483:
482:Kopp, 1967.
464:
456:
451:
443:
426:
405:
396:
346:spectrograph
343:
310:
301:
297:
292:
290:
262:
247:by his son,
238:
220:and a dozen
210:
192:
191:
146:and ⟨
128:
4424:RoboBraille
4248:Róża Czacka
4188:Perforation
3985:Independent
3883:(Bhutanese)
3618:Greenlandic
3289:Azerbaijani
3091:Jindai moji
2980:Syllabaries
2951:SignWriting
2851:Celtiberian
2753:Hieroglyphs
2556:Seal script
2541:Traditional
2413:Blissymbols
2318:Warang Citi
2293:Tolong Siki
2246:Marcomannic
2226:Dalecarlian
2216:Anglo-Saxon
2196:Pau Cin Hau
2087:Medefaidrin
2040:Merovingian
2000:Blackletter
1908:Asomtavruli
1701:Warang Citi
1510:Ulu scripts
1455:New Tai Lue
1398:Mon–Burmese
1252:Bhattiprolu
1080:Nandinagari
907:ʾEsṭrangēlā
666:constructed
350:spectrogram
318:spectrogram
263:Bell's son
51:Time period
28:Script type
4444:Categories
3976:(obsolete)
3957:(obsolete)
3749:(Pakistan)
3660:Belarusian
3542:Vietnamese
3485:Portuguese
3471:Philippine
3428:Lithuanian
3081:Hentaigana
3076:Man'yōgana
2536:Simplified
2423:Ersu Shaba
2337:Non-linear
2142:Old Uyghur
2132:Old Permic
2127:Old Italic
2060:Visigothic
1995:Beneventan
1930:Glagolitic
1893:Gadabuursi
1557:Kolezhuthu
1552:Vatteluttu
1490:Tanchangya
1413:Saurashtra
990:Devanagari
848:Phoenician
801:Manichaean
494:References
222:diphthongs
214:consonants
212:tones, 52
4392:Vibratese
4371:Moon type
4364:Decapoint
4045:Eight-dot
3998:Cantonese
3947:Reordered
3910:Inuktitut
3799:Malayalam
3709:Ukrainian
3688:Mongolian
3667:Bulgarian
3630:Norwegian
3595:Icelandic
3386:Hungarian
3344:Esperanto
3296:Cantonese
2880:Redundant
2692:Anatolian
2643:Cuneiform
2571:bird-worm
2507:Logograms
2478:Testerian
2392:Ideograms
2369:Moon type
2256:Staveless
2147:Mongolian
2092:Molodtsov
2050:Sütterlin
1918:Mkhedruli
1784:Bassa Vah
1734:Alphabets
1706:Mwangwego
1671:Mwangwego
1646:Kharosthi
1599:Blackfoot
1562:Malayanma
1433:Sundanese
1428:Sukhothai
1376:Malayalam
1327:Khom Thai
1287:Goykanadi
1211:Tocharian
1164:ʼPhags-pa
1035:Khudabadi
980:Bhaiksuki
875:Samaritan
806:Nabataean
661:inventors
326:phonology
274:telephone
201:elocution
89:ISO 15924
83:ISO 15924
60:Direction
4460:Deafness
4028:Japanese
3889:Georgian
3881:Dzongkha
3867:Armenian
3785:Gujarati
3650:Cyrillic
3581:Estonian
3556:Yugoslav
3492:Romanian
3464:Nigerian
3379:Hawaiian
3365:Ghanaian
3282:Albanian
3143:Sumerian
3108:Linear B
3071:Katakana
3066:Hiragana
3016:Cherokee
2946:ASLwrite
2907:Bopomofo
2762:Numerals
2748:Hieratic
2707:Isthmian
2676:Sumerian
2656:Assyrian
2651:Akkadian
2308:Vithkuqi
2283:Tifinagh
2251:Medieval
2206:Pisidian
2201:Phrygian
2172:Vagindra
2117:Ol Chiki
2025:Interlac
1980:Kayah Li
1970:Jenticha
1925:Veso Bey
1913:Nuskhuri
1903:Georgian
1873:Formosan
1868:Etruscan
1863:Enochian
1819:Cyrillic
1804:Coelbren
1762:Armenian
1661:Meroitic
1651:Mandombe
1641:Jenticha
1505:Tigalari
1470:Tai Viet
1465:Tai Tham
1445:Tagbanwa
1297:Javanese
1247:Baybayin
1237:Balinese
1225:Southern
1120:Pracalit
1115:Pachumol
1090:Bhujimol
1050:Mahajani
1010:Gurmukhi
1000:Gujarati
968:Northern
948:Abugidas
929:Ugaritic
917:Maḏnḥāyā
791:Tifinagh
784:Solitreo
722:Numerals
635:Grapheme
623:Overview
356:See also
144:/ /
140:Help:IPA
33:Alphabet
3933:Tibetan
3874:Burmese
3860:Amharic
3843:(India)
3820:Sinhala
3813:Punjabi
3792:Kannada
3740:Persian
3695:Russian
3635:Swedish
3613:Finnish
3588:Faroese
3563:Zambian
3535:Turkish
3520:Spanish
3443:Maltese
3421:Latvian
3414:Italian
3393:Iñupiaq
3372:Guarani
3332:English
3303:Catalan
3220:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
3215:Braille
3098:Kikakui
3036:Eskayan
3021:Cypriot
2871:Dunging
2743:Demotic
2722:Tenevil
2666:Hittite
2661:Elamite
2614:Jurchen
2593:Sawndip
2588:Chữ Nôm
2488:Zapotec
2483:Yerkish
2458:Nsibidi
2443:Miꞌkmaw
2433:Isotype
2403:Adinkra
2344:Braille
2328:Zaghawa
2298:Vellara
2278:Sunuwar
2268:Sidetic
2263:Shavian
2191:Osmanya
2181:Ol Onal
2035:Kurrent
2020:Insular
2010:Fraktur
1985:Klingon
1975:Kaddare
1949:Archaic
1858:Elbasan
1846:Chinook
1836:Deseret
1824:Bosnian
1779:Avoiuli
1767:Avestan
1757:Ariyaka
1686:Tengwar
1584:Bharati
1545:Serawai
1535:Pasemah
1520:Lampung
1475:Lai Tay
1460:Tai Noi
1423:Sinhala
1403:Pallava
1371:Makasar
1359:Lontara
1334:Kulitan
1307:Kannada
1302:Kadamba
1292:Hanunoo
1282:Grantha
1277:Fakkham
1194:Tibetan
1179:Soyombo
1174:Siddhaṃ
1169:Sharada
1145:Litumol
1135:Tirhuta
1125:Ranjana
1110:Kvemmol
1070:Multani
1055:Marchen
1020:Kalinga
960:Brahmic
897:Sogdian
836:Psalter
816:Pahlavi
796:Mandaic
774:Cursive
759:Elymaic
730:Aramaic
281:patents
270:oralism
132:in the
105:Unicode
40:Creator
4353:Other
4226:People
4216:Braigo
4035:Korean
3903:Hebrew
3834:Telugu
3733:Arabic
3723:Arabic
3681:Kyrgyz
3674:Kazakh
3608:Danish
3506:Slovak
3499:Samoan
3478:Polish
3457:Navajo
3358:German
3351:French
3218:
3163:Yugtun
3153:Woleai
3103:Kpelle
3086:Sōgana
3006:Byblos
2784:Muisca
2702:Cretan
2671:Luwian
2629:Tangut
2448:Mixtec
2418:Dongba
2323:Yezidi
2313:Wancho
2288:Todhri
2241:Gothic
2221:Cipher
2162:Manchu
2152:Evenki
2137:Orkhon
2082:Manchu
2077:Lydian
2072:Lycian
2015:Gaelic
1965:Hanifi
1960:Hangul
1935:Gothic
1883:Fraser
1878:Fox II
1814:Coptic
1789:Carian
1772:Pazend
1745:Linear
1691:Thaana
1636:Sarati
1577:Others
1540:Rejang
1525:Lembak
1515:Incung
1495:Telugu
1450:Tai Le
1344:Langdi
1267:Chakma
1157:Karani
1130:Tamyig
1105:Kummol
1100:Himmol
1095:Golmol
1075:Nagari
1060:Meitei
1045:Lepcha
1030:Khojki
1015:Kaithi
902:Syriac
890:Musnad
769:Ashuri
764:Hebrew
747:Elifba
742:Arabic
735:Hatran
710:Abjads
531:
499:Kopp.
382:Hangul
340:Method
218:vowels
148:
4069:(GS8)
4060:Kanji
3918:Khmer
3896:Greek
3827:Tamil
3760:i.e.
3721:i.e.
3702:Tatar
3648:i.e.
3549:Welsh
3450:Māori
3407:Irish
3325:Dutch
3318:Czech
3128:Nüshu
2996:Bamum
2991:Afaka
2798:Other
2789:Roman
2774:Abjad
2697:Bagam
2598:Bowen
2583:Kanji
2578:Hanja
2566:small
2561:large
2468:Olmec
2438:Kaidā
2428:Emoji
2408:Aztec
2211:Runic
2186:Osage
2167:Oirat
2112:Ogham
2045:Sigla
1990:Latin
1945:Greek
1829:Early
1799:Cirth
1752:Adlam
1621:Geʽez
1616:Fox I
1480:Tamil
1339:Lanna
1322:Khmer
1312:Karen
1262:Buhid
1242:Batak
1199:Uchen
1189:Takri
1140:Limbu
1040:Laṇḍā
1025:Khema
1005:Gupta
995:Dogri
912:Serṭā
885:Zabur
870:Punic
843:Pegon
779:Rashi
693:Types
644:Lists
608:Types
388:Notes
216:, 36
136:(IPA)
97:(280)
3841:Urdu
3806:Odia
3747:Urdu
3123:Loma
3118:Lisu
3061:Kana
3051:Iban
3041:Geba
3001:Bété
2956:si5s
2866:Khom
2839:Full
2712:Maya
2107:N'Ko
1666:Miao
1611:Dham
1530:Ogan
1500:Thai
1418:Shan
1354:Leke
1317:Kawi
1272:Cham
1257:Buda
1232:Ahom
1152:Odia
1065:Modi
821:Book
529:ISBN
332:and
94:Visp
3400:IPA
3148:Vai
3056:Idu
2624:Sui
2097:Mru
2067:Luo
2030:IPA
1711:Rma
1408:Pyu
1349:Lao
1204:Umê
610:of
4446::
3158:Yi
475:^
435:^
414:^
336:.
328:,
236:.
78:85
3338:)
3334:(
3207:e
3200:t
3193:v
1951:)
1947:(
600:e
593:t
586:v
535:.
525:.
486:.
459:.
446:.
189:.
154:.
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