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Brill: "At the
International Congress in Hamburg in 1980, the Milan resolutions were challenged head-on in major professional addresses at the opening of the congresses. It was recognized and accepted that resolutions concerning methodology were not appropriate at such international congresses because of the unlikelihood that the delegates fully represented the practices and philosophies of their home countries." Rather than seek to directly overturn the 1880 resolutions, the Congress put forward "recommendations" for informational purposes, including the following: "Recommended that this International Congress on Education of the Deaf, in convocation gathered at Hamburg, West Germany, in August 1980, affirms and declares that all deaf children have the right to flexible communication in the mode or combination of modes which best meets their individual needs." Sharkey and Hikins deemed this Recommendation, along with the others, as essentially constituting a repudiation of the 1880 Milan Congress' resolutions.
332:
Germany. The
Congress was planned and organized by a committee created by the Pereire Society, an oralist organization. More than half of the people invited were known oralists; therefore, the Congress was heavily inclined to the oralist camp and most, if not all, of the resolutions that were voted on by the delegates gave results in favour of the oral method. Many of the resolutions were worded in ways that supported the oral method, such as "Considering the incontestable superiority of speech over signs in restoring the deaf-mute to society, and in giving him a more perfect knowledge of language,/Declares –/That the Oral method ought to be preferred that of signs for the education and instruction of the deaf and dumb".
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the oralist method being used in deaf education. Despite failing to have their positions ratified at the
Congress, the Gallaudets ensured that deaf education in the US would not be completely converted to oralist methods. Manualism in deaf education survived oralism in part by the Gallaudets and others permitting and encouraging high school students in deaf institutes to use sign language and maintaining
343:). The Society was a strong proponent of oralism and sought to have this ratified by an international conference. They secured this outcome by carefully selecting who was invited to the Milan Conference, inviting the delegates to see the self-declared oralist success in a local school, and by encouraging negative reactions to those giving speeches supporting sign language and cheering those supporting
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The
American and British delegations were the only ones who opposed the use of oralism as a sole method of instruction, but were unsuccessful in their efforts to overturn the Milan resolutions. Reverend Thomas Gallaudet and his son Edward Miner Gallaudet, were among the protesters who railed against
699:
in 1980, the first major step in repudiating the 1880 resolutions was set by a large group of attendees who, in an informal consensus, rejected the 1880 resolutions in practical and moral terms in deciding that the 1880 resolutions had no longer any appropriate standing. As explained by
Richard G.
753:
Other international congresses were held in the following cities: Brussels, 1883; Chicago, Illinois, US, 1893; Paris, 1900; Liège, Belgium, 1905; Edinburgh, 1907; London, 1925; West
Trenton, New Jersey, US, 1933; Groningen, 1950; Manchester, UK, 1958; Washington, DC, US, 1963; Stockholm,
331:
The Second
International Congress on Education of the Deaf was an international meeting of deaf educators from at least seven countries. There were large delegations from Italy (87) and France (56), eight delegates from the UK, five Americans, three Swedes and 1 representative each of Belgium and
471:
in Milan from 6 to 11 September 1880. The conference was essentially an attempt by the oralist camp to legitimize an official ban of sign language from deaf education. Furthering the goal of the oralists, during the conference twelve speakers spoke on the contemporary issues connected with deaf
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1. The convention, considering the incontestable superiority of articulation over signs in restoring the deaf-mute to society and giving him a fuller knowledge of language, declares that the oral method should be preferred to that of signs in education and the instruction of deaf-mutes.
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6. Considering the results obtained by the numerous inquiries made concerning the deaf and dumb of every age and every condition long after they had quit school, who, when interrogated upon various subjects, have answered correctly, with sufficient clearness of articulation, and
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2. The convention, considering that the simultaneous use of articulation and signs has the disadvantage of injuring articulation and lip-reading and the precision of ideas, declares that the pure oral method should be preferred.
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a) That the deaf and dumb taught by the Pure Oral method do not forget after leaving school the knowledge which they have acquired there, but develop it still further by conversation and reading, when have been made so easy for
270:". This Congress was preceded by the First International Congress in Paris in 1878. Joseph Marius Magnat, a Swiss former oralist, received a significant donation to organize the more well-known Second Congress two years hence.
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The Milan
Conference was attended by 164 delegates of various countries. Out of these 164 delegates only three were deaf, James Denison (USA), Claudius Forestier and T. Theobald (France). The conference president was
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8. Considering that the application of the Pure Oral method in institutions where it is not yet in active operation, should be to avoid the certainty of failure prudent, gradual, progressive, recommends
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forms by means of examples and of practical exercises, and that in the second period he ought to be assisted to deduce from these examples the grammatical rules, expressed with the utmost simplicity and
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Thirty years later, in July 2010 in
Vancouver, Canada, the board of the 21st International Congress on the Education of the Deaf (ICED) formally voted to reject all of the 1880 Milan resolutions.
83:
38:
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a) That the most natural and effectual means by which the speaking deaf may acquire the knowledge of language is the "intuitive" method, viz., that which consists in setting forth, first by
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7. Considering that the education of the deaf and dumb by speech has peculiar requirements; considering also that the experienced of teachers of deaf-mutes is almost unanimous, declares
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education. Nine of the twelve speakers gave an oralist perspective, and three (the
Gallaudet brothers, and Richard Elliot, a teacher from England) supported the use of sign language.
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Sharkey, William F. and James W. Hikins. 1993. Edward Miner Gallaudet's "Remarks on the Combined System": An Analysis of the "Preservative" Function of Rhetoric of Education,
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4. Considering that the teaching of the speaking deaf by the Pure Oral method should resemble as much as possible that of those who hear and speak, declares
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b) That these pupils should be absolutely separated from others too far advanced to be instructed by speech, and whose education will be completed by signs.
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3. Considering that a great number of the deaf and dumb are not receiving the benefit of instruction, and that this condition is owing to the impotence of
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Brill, Richard G. International Congresses on Education of the Deaf, An Analytical History, 1878-1980. Washington, DC: Gallaudet College Press, 1984.
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and assisting the Deaf community in surviving an upswing of oralism that lasted several decades in the late 19th and early-to-mid 20th centuries.
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324:, both prominent US figures in deaf education, had been debating the effectiveness of oral-only education versus an education that utilises
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5. Considering the want of books sufficiently elementary to help the gradual and progressive development of language, recommends that the
1303:
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Cleve, J.V.V and Crouch, B.A (1989) "A Place of Their Own – Creating Deaf Community in America" Washington DC: Gallaudet University Press
308:, acknowledging the detrimental effects of such a ban as an act of discrimination and violation of both human and constitutional rights.
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a) That the pupils newly received into the schools should form a class by themselves, where instruction could be given by speech.
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c) That each year a new speaking class be established, until all the old pupils taught by signs have completed their education.
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as a means of visual communication, culminating in the 1880 Milan Conference that passed eight resolutions on deaf education.
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until the late 1960s and early 1970s, when sign language started to be recognised as the ideal method of deaf education.
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In 2010, a formal apology was made by the board at the 21st International Congress on Education of the Deaf in
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790:"The 21st International Congress on Education of the Deaf and the Repudiation of the 1880 Congress of Milan"
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The remaining delegates' nationalities are unknown. The five US delegates present were James Denison,
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c) That no teacher can effectually teach a class of more than ten children on the Pure Oral method.
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668:(now Gallaudet University) as an institution of higher education that permitted the full usage of
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a) That the most favourable age for admitting a deaf child into school is from eight to ten years.
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963:(1985) "Sign Language: The Study of Deaf People and Their Language": Cambridge University Press
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of the Oral system should apply themselves to the publication of special works on the subject.
538:, and then by writing the objects and the facts which are placed before the eyes of the pupils.
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b) That the school term ought to be seven years at least; but eight years would be preferable.
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After deliberations from 6 to 11 September 1880, the Milan Conference declared that
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International Congresses on Education of the Deaf--An Analytical History, 1878-1980
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International Congresses on Education of the Deaf--An Analytical History, 1878-1980
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c) That speech and lip-reading so far from being lost, are developed by practice.
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At the 15th International Congress on the Education of the Deaf (ICED) held in
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should take the necessary steps that all the deaf and dumb may be educated.
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679:(NAD) was formed in the US and was dedicated from the outset to preserving
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The Pereire Society was an organization formed by the French family of
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the lips of their questioners with the greatest facility, declares:
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Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing
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and financed by their railroad and bank holdings (including the
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A place of their own: creating the deaf community in America.
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In August 1880, one month before the Milan Conference, the
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known to the pupil, can be put into his hands at any time.
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1600:
International Federation of Hard of Hearing Young People
99:"Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf"
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Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf
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Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf
244:
Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf
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Hungarian Association of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing
1504:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
1269:
Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy
881:, Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet College Press, p. 385.
1570:
The Royal National Institute for Deaf people (RNID)
855:, Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet College Press, p. 25.
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1606:International Federation of Hard of Hearing People
956:, Vol. XXVI., No. 1., January 1881, pp. 1–16.
557:c) That books, written with words and in forms of
1654:The Qatari Center of Social Cultural for the Deaf
1691:
1558:National Association of the Deaf (United States)
1660:Section des sourds et malentendants socialistes
774:Van Cleve, J. V., & Crouch, B. A. (1989).
738:History of deaf education in the United States
541:b) That in the first, or maternal, period the
1443:
1264:Edison Gower-Bell Telephone Company of Europe
1005:
1340:Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site
607:persons they make use exclusively of speech.
1304:New England Telephone and Telegraph Company
703:
686:
459:, Isaac Lewis Peet and Charles A Stoddard.
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1487:Education for All Handicapped Children Act
1450:
1436:
1244:Canadian Aerodrome Baddeck No. 1 and No. 2
1012:
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800:(3). Gallaudet University Press: 309–310.
1350:Alexander Graham Bell honors and tributes
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914:, August 19, 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
1648:National Association of the Deaf (India)
1457:
819:
175:This article includes a list of general
1499:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
1345:Alexander Graham Bell School (Illinois)
825:
1692:
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549:ought to be led to the observation of
469:Regio Instituto Tenico di Santa Martha
262:in 1880. It is commonly known as the "
1431:
1355:Bell Homestead National Historic Site
1254:Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech
1092:Hubbard Bell Grossman Pillot Memorial
993:
1576:Italian National Agency for the Deaf
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161:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
59:
18:
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341:Société Générale du Crédit Mobilier
13:
1389:The Story of Alexander Graham Bell
966:Oakling (2007) "Milan Conference"
285:schools largely switched to using
181:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
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1552:Royal Association for Deaf people
978:
34:This article has multiple issues.
1624:Pakistan Association of the Deaf
1594:Edmonton Association of the Deaf
1588:Canadian Association of the Deaf
1412:
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1378:IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal
973:Milan 1880: The Historical Facts
677:National Association of the Deaf
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64:
23:
1636:Comitato Giovani Sordi Italiani
948:Gallaudet, Edward Miner, 1881,
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467:The Conference was held in the
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
1642:National Deaf Federation Nepal
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1:
1612:National Black Deaf Advocates
1582:Ukrainian Society of the Deaf
1383:Pioneers, a Volunteer Network
1214:Aerial Experiment Association
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16:1880 international conference
1679:List of schools for the deaf
1478:/The Milan Conference (1880)
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7:
1324:Volta Laboratory and Bureau
1294:National Geographic Society
954:American Annals of the Deaf
794:American Annals of the Deaf
778:Gallaudet University Press.
711:
10:
1773:
1618:European Union of the Deaf
1482:Rehabilitation Act of 1973
1309:Oriental Telephone Company
1299:National Telephone Company
1249:Canadian Aerodrome Company
1042:Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia
277:(oralism) was superior to
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1397:The Sound and the Silence
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788:Moores, Donald F (2010).
733:History of deaf education
457:Reverend Thomas Gallaudet
1289:Life Extension Institute
985:Milan Conference in 1880
894:, Vol. 42, No. 1, p. 62.
877:Brill, Richard G. 1984.
851:Brill, Richard G. 1984.
704:Final repudiation (2010)
687:First repudiation (1980)
366:Hearing representatives
1360:Bell Telephone Memorial
1112:Melville Bell Grosvenor
1082:Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor
1077:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
1037:Alexander Melville Bell
892:Communication Education
868:, Xlibris, pp. 127-128.
864:Garretson, Merv. 2010.
337:Jacob Rodrigues Pereira
196:more precise citations.
1735:Education for the deaf
1527:Edward Miner Gallaudet
1239:Bell Telephone Company
1173:Walter Seymour Allward
1102:Mabel Gardiner Hubbard
826:Sturley, Nick (2010).
681:American Sign Language
453:Edward Miner Gallaudet
322:Edward Miner Gallaudet
1750:19th century in Milan
1730:Alexander Graham Bell
1047:Bell House (Virginia)
1021:Alexander Graham Bell
806:10.1353/aad.2010.0016
369:Deaf representatives
318:Alexander Graham Bell
246:was an international
1459:Deaf rights movement
1143:Charles Williams Jr.
1087:Gilbert M. Grosvenor
971:Sturley, N (2003).
950:The Milan Convention
754:1970; Tokyo, 1975.
426:Swedish / Norwegian
389:Number of delegates
84:improve this article
1314:Phonograph cylinder
828:"Eight Resolutions"
524:Passed unanimously.
1521:Lawrence R. Newman
1493:Deaf President Now
1365:Graham Bell Island
1107:Mabel H. Grosvenor
1072:Edwin S. Grosvenor
910:2012-06-27 at the
514:, recommends that
254:educators held in
1745:Special education
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1630:Action Deaf Youth
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1284:Hubbard Monoplane
1259:Dictation machine
666:Gallaudet College
599:b) That in their
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1234:Bell System
551:grammatical
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194:introducing
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1468:and events
1319:Photophone
1189:AEA Cygnet
832:Milan 1880
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758:References
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659:Opposition
554:clearness.
463:Conference
312:Background
248:conference
177:references
140:March 2010
110:newspapers
39:improve it
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1514:Activists
1372:Bras d'Or
837:8 January
763:Citations
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351:Delegates
45:talk page
1700:Deafness
1543:Activist
1417:Category
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1028:Life and
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712:See also
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131:JSTOR
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320:and
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