2549:, the Soviet Union believed European economies would disintegrate, leaving social and economic chaos and allowing for Soviet expansion into new territories. The Soviets quickly deployed organizational weapons such as non-political front groups, sponsored 'spontaneous' mass appeals, and puppet politicians. While many of these countries' political and social structures were in post-war disarray, the Soviet Union's proxy communist parties were well-organized and able to take control of these weak, newly formed Eastern European governments. Moreover, the clandestine operations of the Soviet intelligence services and the occupying forces of the Soviet military further infiltrated the political and social spheres of the new satellites. Conversely, in 1979, the Soviet Union was unable to successfully penetrate the Afghan society after supporting a coup which brought a new Marxist government to power. While Soviet units were already in Kabul, Afghanistan at the time of the coup, additional Soviet troops arrived to reinforce the units and seize important provincial cities, bringing the total of Soviet troops inside Afghanistan to 125,000–140,000. The Soviets were unprepared for the Afghan resistance which included classic guerrilla tactics with foreign support. In 1989, Soviet forces withdrew from Afghanistan, having been unable to infiltrate the Afghan society or immobilize the resistance.
2292:
control and gain popular support towards the insurgents' cause. Insurgencies include political and military objectives, with the end goal of establishing a legitimate, rival state structure. Insurgencies are unconventional military conflicts which incorporate a variety of methods, ranging from coercive tools like intimidation and assassination, to political tools like propaganda and social services. An insurgency's approaches and objectives could involve perpetual disorder and violence demonstrating the government's inability to provide security for the populace, weakening the government and killing or intimidating any effective opposition against the government, intimidating the population and discouraging its participation in – or support for – political or legal processes, controlling or intimidating police and military forces (which limits their ability to respond to insurgent attacks) or by creating government repression by provoking over-reactions by security or military forces.
2505:" (Russian: Активные мероприятия) was a Russian term to describe its political warfare activities both at home and abroad in support of Soviet domestic and foreign policy. Soviet efforts took many forms, ranging from propaganda, forgeries, and general disinformation to assassinations. The measures aimed to damage the enemy's image, create confusion, mould public opinion, and to exploit existing strains in international relations. The Soviet Union dedicated vast resources and attention to these active measures, believing that "mass production of active measures would have a significant cumulative effect over a period of several decades". Soviet active measures were notorious for targeting intended audience's public attitudes, to include prejudices, beliefs, and suspicions deeply rooted in the local history. Soviet campaigns fed disinformation that was psychologically consistent with the audience. Examples of Soviet active measures include:
2661:(NSC) memo established a directorate of political warfare operations, under the control of the NSC, known as the Consultative (or Evaluation) Board of the National Security Council. This directorate fell under the authority of the Secretary of State, while the Board had complete authority over covert political operations. It recognized political warfare as one instrument in the United States' grand strategy. Kennan defined 'political warfare' as "the employment of all means at a nation's command, short of war, to achieve its national objectives. Such actions are both overt and covert. They range from such overt actions as political alliances, economic measures (such as ERP – the Marshall Plan), and 'white' propaganda to such covert operations as clandestine support of 'friendly' foreign elements, 'black' psychological warfare and even encouragement of underground resistance in hostile states."
2723:(RFE/RL). Many RFE/RL recruits came either from European emigrants families who were strongly anti-Communist or from US government agencies, most notably from CIA. Officially, "the US government denied any responsibility for the radios and took care to conceal the channels of funding, personnel recruitment, and policy influence. Obviously, the major support was American, but it was plausibly not official American and it could be excluded from diplomatic intercourse and international legal complication." RFE/RL was considered to be a gray operation until its existence was publicly acknowledged by "activists" in the United States during the late 1960s. The goal of the radios was to present the truth to suppressed peoples behind the Iron Curtain "to aid in rebuilding a lively and diversified intellectual life in Europe which could ... defeat Soviet ... incursions on their freedom".
2514:: was a counterintelligence operation conducted by Soviet intelligence against domestic and foreign adversaries. The operation, which ran from 1921 to 1929, set up a fake anti-Bolshevik underground organization, "Monarchist Union of Central Russia", MUCR (Монархическое объединение Центральной России, МОЦР), which claimed to plan a conspiracy to overthrow the Soviet government. The Trust aimed to create the view that communism was over in Russia and the Soviet Union would abandon its revolutionary ways. Western intelligence services supported the fake anti-Bolshevik dissidents who provided false intelligence reports. The operation's purpose was to identify real dissidents and anti-Bolsheviks, internally and abroad. The operation resulted in the arrests and executions of Russian exile leaders and the general demoralization of anti-Soviet efforts.
83:
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2083:, but its chief aspect is "the use of words, images and ideas". The creation, deployment, and continuation of these coercive methods are a function of statecraft for nations and serve as a potential substitute for more direct military action. For instance, methods like economic sanctions or embargoes are intended to inflict the necessary economic damage to force political change. The utilized methods and techniques in political war depend on the state's political vision and composition. Conduct will differ according to whether the state is totalitarian, authoritarian, or democratic.
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that still meets its objectives, such as the favor of politically significant individuals. Furthermore, the formation of a counter-elite, made up of influential individuals and key leaders, within the victim state establishes the legitimacy and permanency of a new regime. Defection is the transference of allegiance of key individuals and leaders to the aggressor's camp. The individual could relocate or stay-in-place in the victim country, continually influencing local issues and events in the aggressor's favor. Defectors also provide insider information to the aggressor.
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2528:, which alleged that the U.S. government engineered the AIDS virus during biological warfare research in the U.S., and that it was being spread throughout the world by U.S. servicemen who had been used as guinea pigs for the experiment. The story was broadcast by Moscow's Radio Peace and Progress in English and Turkish broadcasts to Asian countries, some of which had important U.S. military bases. The "Rumor" campaign was highly effective in the 1980s and continues to resurface today throughout the world.
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Furthermore, a new government must gain acceptance from the public and military and administrative structures, by reducing the sense of insecurity. Ultimately, the new government will seek legitimacy in the eyes of its own people as well as seek foreign recognition. The coup d'état can be led by national forces or involve foreign influence, similar to foreign liberation or infiltration.
2367:, which used deception for tactical military objectives. Propaganda was commonly utilized, including Greek rhetoric and theatre which used words and images to influence populations throughout the Hellenic world. This practice has left a lasting legacy of speech as a mechanism of political power, greater than force in solving disputes and inducing submission. During this same period,
2820:) propaganda in Britain, as well as a "right wing French student organisation ... linked to fascist paramilitaries". Other notable efforts included anti-Sandinista propaganda and opposition efforts in Nicaragua as well as anti-Communist propaganda and opposition efforts in support of the Solidarity movement in Poland between 1984 and 1990. According to a 1991 interview in
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and post-coup governing force. Several pre-existing factors are necessary for a coup: political participation being limited to a small portion of the population, independence from foreign power influence and control, and power and decision-making authority concentrated within a political center and not diffused between regional authorities, businesses, or other groups.
2251:"is the breakdown of the political and social structure of the victim until the fabric of national morale disintegrates and the state is unable to resist further intervention". The aggressor may exploit the inevitable internal tensions between political, class, ethnic, religious, racial, and other groups. This concept is a similar strategy to 'divide and conquer'.
2356:: "So to win a hundred victories in a hundred battles is not the highest excellence; the highest excellence is to subdue the enemy's army without fighting at all...The expert in using the military subdues the enemy's forces without going to battle, takes the enemy's walled cities without launching an attack, and crushes the enemy's state without protracted war."
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further political goals. Thus, political warfare also involves "the art of heartening friends and disheartening enemies, of gaining help for one's cause and causing the abandonment of the enemies'". Generally, political warfare is distinguished by its hostile intent and through potential escalation; but the loss of life is an accepted consequence.
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2772:, presented to Secretary of State on 1 February 1951, made various proposals for political warfare, including possible methods of minimizing the effects of Soviet jamming on the Voice of America broadcasts. It can be assumed that the Truman administration tried to implement plans established by the Project Troy in the project
2581:'s regime had come to embrace a political warfare philosophy as both a defensive necessity and as the best foundation for consolidating its power in hope of their optimistic goal of "retaking the mainland". Both the Nationalist and Communist Chinese political warfare doctrines stem from the same historical antecedents at the
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only in cases of dire necessity. This covert operation involved: control over anti-sabotage activities in the
Venezuelan oil fields, American sabotage of Near Eastern oil installations on the verge of Soviet capture, and designation of key individuals threatened by the Kremlin who should be protected
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utilized similar political warfare as the Greeks including rhetoric, as displayed by Cicero; and art, as seen in coinage, statues, architecture, engineering, and mosaics. All of these elements were intended to portray Rome's imperial dominance over its subject nations and the superior nature of Roman
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Subversion is the "undermining or detachment of the loyalties of significant political and social groups within the victimized state, and their transference to the political or ideological causes of the aggressor". In lieu of total and direct transference, the aggressor may accept intermediate states
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Political warfare also includes aggressive activities by one actor to offensively gain relative advantage or control over another. Between nation states, it can end in the seizure of power or in the open assimilation of the victimized state into the political system or power complex of the aggressor.
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Political warfare utilizes all instruments short of war available to a nation to achieve its national objectives. The best tool of political warfare is "effective policy forcefully explained", or more directly, "overt policy forcefully backed". But political warfare is used, as one leading thinker on
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Communist strategy and tactics continually focused on revolutionary objectives, "for them the real war is the political warfare waged daily under the guise of peace". the purpose of which is to "disorient and disarm the opposition...to induce the desire to surrender in opposing peoples...to corrode
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transitional political warfare ranging from small-scale use of violence with primitive organizational structure (e.g. sabotage) to full-scale conventional war. The transition and escalation includes a series of stages and depends on tactical and strategic objectives. Paramilitary activities include
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is the overthrowing of a government through the infiltration of the political, military, and social groups by a small segment of the state apparatus. The small segment exists within the state and targets the critical political levers of power within a government to neutralize opposition to the coup
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A coup utilizes political resources to gain support within the existing state and neutralize or immobilize those who are capable of rallying against the coup. A successful coup occurs rapidly and after taking over the government, stabilizes the situation by controlling communications and mobility.
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ranges in overtness from maximal to a slightly lesser degree: as in white propaganda, there is honest attribution to a source; but it differs from white propaganda by being less forthright either about the link between the source and the line being promoted or about its status as propaganda in the
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The NED "funded programs in support of candidates acceptable to the US in elections in
Grenada, Panama, El Salvador, and Guatemala throughout 1984 and 1985 in order to prevent communist victories, and create stable pro-US governments". It was also active in Europe, funding groups to carry promote
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and the NSC, and partly by private corporations. These organizations were Free Europe, which was launched in 1941 and targeted
Eastern Europe, and the American Committee for Liberation (AmComLib) created in 1951 to broadcast information into Soviet Russia. Both were renamed shortly thereafter and
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subscribed to a political warfare concept during their formative years of struggle, the concept was as much concerned with creating national identity and defeating domestic adversaries as it was with China's ability to compete in the world. Since the founding of the PRC in 1949 they have centered
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The ultimate goal of political warfare is to alter an opponent's opinions and actions in favour of one state's interests without utilizing military power. This type of organized persuasion or coercion also has the practical purpose of saving lives through eschewing the use of violence in order to
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There are channels which can be used to transmit propaganda. Sophisticated use of technology allows an organization to disseminate information to a vast number of people. The most basic channel is the spoken word. This can include live speeches or radio and television broadcasts. Overt or covert
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is covert: this may be limited to the anonymous dissemination of internally consistent talking points (differing from white propaganda only in its lack of credited authorship), but it may also be the impersonation of a widely trusted organization (through the use of its branding, corporate style
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an organized, protracted political warfare tool designed to weaken the control and eliminate the legitimacy of an established government, occupying power, or other political authority. An insurgency is an internal conflict, and the primary struggle is to mobilize local populations for political
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occurs when a government is overthrown by foreign military or diplomatic intervention, or through covert means. The campaign's ultimate purpose is to gain control over another nation's political and social structure. The campaign could be led by the aggressor's national forces or by a political
2058:
is the use of hostile political means to compel an opponent to do one's will. The term political describes the calculated interaction between a government and a target audience, including another state's government, military, and/or general population. Governments use a variety of techniques to
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demonstrates a tendency to move towards political warfare in times of tension and perceived threat, and toward public diplomacy in times of improved relations and peace. American use of political warfare depends on its central political vision of the world and its subsequent foreign policy
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Taiwan remains a major target of PRC political warfare efforts. China's political warfare campaign aims to isolate Taiwan from the international community and interfere in Taiwan's democratic system and institutions. India has also become a target of increasing importance for PRC influence
2067:("PsyOps"), which service national and military objectives respectively. Propaganda has many aspects and a hostile and coercive political purpose. Psychological operations are for strategic and tactical military objectives and may be intended for hostile military and civilian populations.
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radio broadcasting can be an especially useful tool. The printed word is also very powerful, including pamphlets, leaflets, books, magazines, political cartoons, and planted newspaper articles (clandestine or otherwise). Subversion, agents of influence, spies, journalists, and "
2124:
overt: there is attribution to a promoter; the attributed promoter and the actual promoter are one and the same; and no attempt is made to hide the fact that a viewpoint or "line" is being promoted. Most television advertisements are white propaganda turned to commercial ends.
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the deliberate infiltration of political and social groups within a victim state by the aggressor with the ultimate purpose of extending influence and control. The aggressor conceals its endgame, which goes beyond the normal influential nature of diplomacy and involves
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Political warfare's coercive nature leads to weakening or destroying an opponent's political, social, or societal will, and forcing a course of action favorable to a state's interest. Political war may be combined with violence,
2648:
The Truman
Doctrine was the post-WWII basis for American political warfare operations on which the United States government went further to formulate an active, defensive strategy to contain the Soviet threat. On 4 May 1948,
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The
Nationalist Chinese experience with political warfare can be treated in a much more tangible way than merely tracing doctrinal development. In the Taiwan of the 1970s, the concept was virtually synonymous with the
2429:
China's political leaders during this century have had to first create a nation before they could proceed to contend with other national actors in the international arena. Consequently, insofar as both the
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the entire moral, political, and economic infrastructure of a nation". Lenin's mastery of "politics and struggle", remained objectives for the Soviet Union and other global communist regimes, such as the
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Carnes Lord and Frank R. Barnett, eds., "Political
Warfare and Psychological Operations: Rethinking the US Approach" (National Defense University Press and National Strategy Information Center, 1989).
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to encourage the formation of a public
American organization which will sponsor selected political refugee committees to give support and guidance to national movements gestating in the Soviet World;
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to achieve its political warfare goals. These operations were conducted against
Eastern European targets from Western Europe by two public-private organizations supported partly by the
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used coinage imprinted with his own image, indirectly forcing conquered nations to accept his legitimacy as national ruler and to unite disparate nations together under his dominion.
2493:, Poland. The monument is of a Red Army soldier and Polish peasant, holding hands. The Soviet Union used Red Army monuments in Soviet occupied countries as a propaganda tool.
2394:. This symbol was used for over one thousand years by Constantine's successors as a symbol of "imperial majesty and divine authority" and still is a powerful symbol within
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The Soviet Union remains a comprehensive example of an aggressive nation which expanded its empire through covert infiltration and direct military involvement. Following
2171:. What unifies these disparate strategies implementing black propaganda is that, in all cases, it "appears to come from a disinterested source when in fact it does not".
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Sukumar, Arun Mohan; Deo, Akhil (2021-04-15), "The
Specter of Chinese Interference: Examining Beijing's Inroads into India's Digital Spaces and Political Activity",
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2167:, amplifying the botnet's posts with so-called Likes and Retweets, and frustrating genuine users' bona fide searches for pertinent information by diminishing the
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of the
Ministry of National Defense, which authored political doctrine and was the culmination of a series of organizational manifestations of its application.
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directed against American leaders and policies" on the part of the internal Soviet Russian-language media. The Soviet Union responded by initiating electronic
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2386:. In doing so, he linked "religious commitment with imperial ambition" that proved to be quite successful and powerful. One long-lasting symbol of this is the
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is reached, after which more political messaging would be introduced. At its peak, more than 40,000 unsuspecting Cubans interacted on the platform.
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Hung, Tzu-Chieh; Hung, Tzu-Wei (2022-07-19). "How China's Cognitive Warfare Works: A Frontline Perspective of Taiwan's Anti-Disinformation Wars".
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was committed to political warfare on classic totalitarian lines and continued to utilize propaganda towards internal and external audiences. "
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2846:, but its involvement was concealed in order to ensure mission success. The plan was to draw in users with non-controversial content until a
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recognized that its Communist adversary astutely employed political warfare to capitalize upon Kuomintang weaknesses over the years since
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8 June 1982 speech to the British Parliament. In his speech, Reagan appealed for a "global crusade for democracy" and as a result, the
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Waller, J. Michael (2009). "Getting Serious About Strategic Influence: How to move beyond the State Department's legacy of failure".
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system by increasing the number of input points in the system and by creating complex and unpredictable situations requiring action.
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Robert Ree, "Political Warfare Old and New: The State and Private Groups in the Formation of the National Endowment for Democracy,"
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Carr, Caleb, The Book of War: Sun Tzu The Art of Warfare and Karl Von Clausewitz On War (New York: The Modern Library, 2000), p. 79.
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The Center for International Private Enterprise to provide training, funding and networking opportunities for business associations;
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1006:
3963:"Memorandum by the Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs (Barrett) to the Director of the Policy Planning Staff (Nitze)"
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The memo further defined four projects that were activated by the Board to combat growing Communist influence abroad, including:
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Heinlein, Joseph J., Jr. Political Warfare: The Chinese Nationalist Model. (PHD Thesis, The American University 1974), p. 3
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first place. Grey propaganda has alternatively been defined as the "semiofficial amplification of a government's voice";
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4119:. "Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes". Trans. Konrad Kellen & Jean Lerner. (Random House/Vintage, 1973).
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1984:
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Janos Radvanyi, ed., "Psychological Operations and Political Warfare in Long-term Strategic Planning" (Praeger, 1990).
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objectives. After World War II, the threat of Soviet expansion brought two new aims for American political warfare:
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This aggressor-victim relationship has also been seen between rivals within a state and may involve tactics like
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The United States used gray and black propaganda research, broadcasting, and print media operations during the
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2657:, wrote the Policy Planning Staff Memorandum titled "The Inauguration of Organized Political Warfare". This
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uses the tools of grey propaganda to sell products and services, while in public service, examples include
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guide, distinctive turns of phrase, etc.) under a false flag, or a strategy as complex as the use of a
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The National Republican Institute to dispense funds and training to politicians and political parties;
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50:, Japan. Sun Tzu, a military strategist, wrote of the superior power of political warfare in battle.
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coerce certain actions, thereby gaining relative advantage over an opponent. The techniques include
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in an attempt to instigate uprisings against the Cuban government. The program was overseen by the
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Linebarger, Paul M. "Psychological Warfare". (International Propaganda and Communications, 1948).
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1949:
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In the fall of 1950 a group of scholars including physicists, historians and psychologists from
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within threatened countries of the free world, to include covertly using private intermediaries;
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The history of political warfare can be traced to antiquity. The Chinese general and strategist
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1809:
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Chen, Ketty W. (July 2022). "Combating Beijing's Sharp Power: Taiwan's Democracy Under Fire".
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US Army Counterinsurgency Field Manual FM 3–24 (Department of the Army, December 2006), p. 13.
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describes three stages involved in the extension of control by the aggressor over the victim:
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Godson, Roy, "'AIDS—Made in the USA': Moscow's Contagious Campaign," Ladislav Bittman, ed.,
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Codevilla, Angelo (2009). "Political Warfare: A Set of Means for Achieving Political Ends".
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Smith, Paul A., On Political War (Washington: National Defense University Press, 1989), p. 7
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2455:, among others. Political warfare encompasses influence operations such as the doctrine of
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infiltration and subversion as well as small group operations, insurrection, and civil war.
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Smith, Paul A., "On Political War" (National Defense University Press Publications, 1989).
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Yoshihara, Toshi (2020). "Evaluating the Logic and Methods of China's United Front Work".
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An overt, non-governmental form of political warfare during the Cold War emerged after
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3784:. Warfare in the Western World, Vol. II. (D.C. Health and Company: 1996) pp. 954-961.
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Undermining the Kremlin: America's Strategy to Subvert the Soviet Bloc, 1947–1956
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Undermining the Kremlin: America's Strategy to Subvert the Soviet Bloc, 1947–1956
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Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda, and Political Warfare
2830:, "a lot of what we (NED) do today was done covertly 25 years ago by the CIA".
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968:
921:
724:
715:
606:
559:
539:
529:
499:
466:
354:
311:
266:
138:
71:
4020:
3510:
3471:
5166:
5131:
5088:
4897:
4877:
4716:
4460:
4308:
4213:
4116:
4052:
4035:"US secretly created 'Cuban Twitter' to stir unrest and undermine government"
4017:"Innocence Abroad: The New World of Spyless Coups – In the Name of Democracy"
3584:
3547:
2838:
From 2010 to 2012, the United States operated a social media site similar to
2784:
2739:
2596:
In the 21st century political warfare is primarily the responsibility of the
2557:
2379:
2306:
2197:
2139:
1841:
1829:
1685:
1605:
1521:
1504:
1361:
1216:
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879:
874:
854:
834:
749:
720:
695:
571:
549:
534:
509:
349:
271:
234:
229:
126:
3539:
2734:
citizens in 1947 under the pretext of countering "more harmful instances of
5136:
5056:
5051:
4935:
4779:
4721:
4701:
4208:
4039:
3116:
2981:
2767:
2731:
2621:
To restore Western Europe through military, economic, and political support
2546:
2498:
2395:
2374:
2364:
2176:
2028:
1954:
1934:
1929:
1824:
1769:
1403:
1398:
1221:
1136:
884:
618:
519:
316:
220:
3576:
5028:
4988:
4839:
4746:
4741:
4610:
4600:
4585:
4411:
4381:
4363:
4228:
2961:
2808:
2574:
2328:
1939:
1690:
1655:
1494:
1181:
1146:
859:
802:
705:
489:
210:
205:
3810:
Blanchette, Jude; Livingston, Scott; Glaser, Bonnie S.; Kennedy, Scott.
3628:
2861:
5109:
5008:
4965:
4930:
4849:
4789:
4683:
4620:
4439:
4323:
4313:
4238:
4223:
4218:
4193:
3923:
3492:
Spies and Lies: How China's Greatest Covert Operations Fooled the World
3486:
2966:
2951:
2901:
2435:
2286:
2213:
2209:
2143:
2113:
2106:
2101:
the topic has explained, "when public relations statements and gentle,
2076:
2060:
1896:
1866:
1588:
957:
39:
3155:
The Strategy of Subversion: Manipulating the Politics of Other Nations
4829:
4809:
4784:
4663:
4635:
4548:
4485:
4371:
4233:
4203:
4148:
2777:
2221:
2080:
1886:
1710:
1660:
1610:
1600:
1595:
1460:
1251:
1246:
1211:
653:
339:
306:
195:
3915:
2350:
captures its essence in the ancient Chinese military strategy book,
4960:
4736:
4560:
4543:
4480:
4343:
4261:
4253:
3730:
The Politics of Struggle: The Communist Front and Political Warfare
3710:. (Washington: Pergamaon-Brassey's, 1988.) Chapter 10, pp. 221–225.
2711:
2201:
2109:'—fail to win the needed sentiments and actions" around the world.
1901:
1876:
1509:
1141:
1116:
734:
289:
163:
43:
3708:
The New Image-Makers: Soviet Propaganda & Disinformation Today
2699:
2359:
There are abundant examples of political warfare in antiquity. In
2334:
5076:
5061:
4945:
4862:
4580:
4348:
4278:
2839:
2452:
2387:
2347:
2339:
2116:. The essence of these operations can be either overt or covert.
1911:
1871:
1635:
1469:
1465:
812:
797:
673:
334:
329:
299:
238:
200:
35:
30:
27:
Use of political means to compel an opponent with hostile intent
5003:
2931:
2570:
2391:
2152:
1418:
819:
636:
372:
2624:
To weaken the Soviet hold on Eastern Europe through propaganda
5043:
4643:
3809:
3459:"To Win without Fighting: Defining China's Political Warfare"
2632:
established a government political warfare capability in the
894:
430:
425:
2443:. The Chinese conception of political warfare includes the "
2390:, which forms the first two letters of the Greeks' name for
4525:
2817:
2232:
faction favorable to the aggressor within the other state.
190:
185:
2540:
2179:" can all be used as powerful tools in political warfare.
3371:
3369:
2608:
63:
2316:) showing a depiction of his labarum spearing a serpent
3406:
Insidious Power: How China Undermines Global Democracy
3378:"CCP Influence Operations and Taiwan's 2020 Elections"
3366:
2524:
drew attention to a story in an obscure Indian paper,
2413:
Chinese information operations and information warfare
3800:. (Ph.D. thesis, The American University 1974), p. 3
3663:
The KGB and Soviet Disinformation: An Insider’s View
2857:
2112:
The major way political warfare is waged is through
4109:
Lawrence W. Bielenson, "Power Through Subversion" (
3489:(2022). "The concoction of China's peaceful rise".
2439:much of their political warfare efforts within the
2378:society. Following a religious vision, the emperor
3812:"Protecting Democracy in an Age of Disinformation"
2844:United States Agency for International Development
2791:(NED) was created in December 1983. The NED was a
3792:
3790:
2477:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
2382:in 330 CE bound the Roman state to the universal
5164:
3821:. Center for Strategic and International Studies
3803:
3798:Political Warfare: The Chinese Nationalist Model
3036:
3900:John B. Whitton (1951). "Cold War propaganda".
3899:
3666:. (Washington: Pergamaon-Brassey’s, 1985) p. 44
3403:Cole, J. Michael; Hsu, Szu-Chien (2020-07-30).
2577:first mounted his revolution in the 1920s, and
2191:Soviet expansion: Formation of the Eastern Bloc
3787:
3158:. Internet Archive. Chicago, Quadrangle Books.
2682:Underground activities behind the Iron Curtain
2676:Support of indigenous anti-communist elements:
4164:
2795:(NGO) based on four fundamental foundations:
2776:. The purpose of the latter was to break the
2036:
3745:(Chicago, Henry Regnery Co., 1966), p. xiii.
3741:William R. Kintner and Joseph Z. Kornfeder.
3732:(Chicago: Henry Regnery Co,. 1966), p. vii.
2947:Political warfare in British colonial India
2687:Preventive direct action in free countries:
4171:
4157:
3895:
3893:
3605:
3456:
3148:
2466:
2043:
2029:
3697:. (Simon and Schuster: 1989.), pp. 23-27.
3627:
3470:
3432:"CHINA'S 'THREE WARFARES' IN PERSPECTIVE"
3333:
3115:
3107:Journal of International Security Affairs
3073:
3037:Codevilla, Angelo; Seabury, Paul (2006).
3998:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3523:
3167:
3165:
2816:pro-North Atlantic Treaty Organization (
2698:
2556:
2480:
2333:
2319:
2300:
2186:
1007:List of military strategies and concepts
29:
3890:
3402:
2541:Soviet political warfare in Afghanistan
14:
5165:
4178:
3429:
3103:
3060:
3058:
2609:Creation of political warfare capacity
4152:
4106:. "Propaganda" (IG Publishing, 1928).
3989:
3978:
3974:
3972:
3944:
3903:American Journal of International Law
3847:
3845:
3485:
3162:
2826:with one of the creators of the NED,
2751:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2742:of VOA broadcasts on April 24, 1949.
2643:
2249:Forced disintegration or atomization:
3560:
2591:General Political Warfare Department
3479:
3055:
2561:Logo of political warfare in Taiwan
2520:: In October 1985, a Soviet weekly
2105:-style persuasion—the policies of '
24:
5173:Information operations and warfare
4068:
3969:
3842:
3819:csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com
3620:10.1093/oso/9780197556979.003.0006
3527:Journal of Global Security Studies
3450:
2730:(VOA) started broadcasting to the
2363:, a famous example is that of the
2229:Foreign infiltration or liberation
25:
5209:
5198:Warfare of the late modern period
4133:Coup d'État: A Practical Handbook
3375:
3344:Foreign Policy Research Institute
2799:The National Democratic Institute
5188:Psychological warfare techniques
3457:Gershaneck, Kerry (2020-06-17).
2860:
2789:National Endowment for Democracy
2770:Report to the Secretary of State
2603:
81:
4815:Party platforms (or manifestos)
4027:
4009:
3955:
3938:
3881:
3872:
3863:
3854:
3833:
3775:
3766:
3757:
3748:
3735:
3722:
3713:
3700:
3687:
3678:
3669:
3654:
3645:
3599:
3554:
3517:
3423:
3396:
3327:
3318:
3309:
3300:
3291:
3282:
3273:
3264:
3255:
3246:
3237:
3228:
3219:
3210:
3201:
3192:
3183:
3174:
3142:
3133:
3041:. Potomac Books, Incorporated.
2833:
2811:to assist foreign trade unions.
2721:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
2694:
2585:in 1924 under Soviet tutelage.
2296:
3124:
3097:
3067:
3030:
3021:
3012:
3003:
2994:
2757:undertook a research study of
2638:U.S. National Security Council
2485:Soldiers’ Monument located in
13:
1:
3064:Codevilla and Seabury, p. 157
2988:
2882:Active Measures Working Group
2793:non-governmental organization
2634:National Security Act of 1947
2497:Throughout the Cold War, the
2447:" of public opinion warfare,
2401:
2310:
2182:
4903:Rally 'round the flag effect
4094:Resources in other libraries
3430:Mattis, Peter (2018-01-30).
2567:Republic of China Government
2441:United Front Work Department
2242:Penetration or infiltration:
7:
3352:10.1016/j.orbis.2020.02.006
2942:Political Warfare Executive
2927:Music and political warfare
2853:
2716:Central Intelligence Agency
2095:
1500:Military–industrial complex
979:Operational manoeuvre group
10:
5214:
3463:Expeditions with MCU Press
2535:People's Republic of China
2470:
2410:
5097:
5042:
4974:
4916:
4848:
4765:
4682:
4634:
4524:
4435:
4362:
4252:
4244:Manipulation (psychology)
4186:
4089:Resources in your library
3796:Heinlein, Joseph J., Jr.
3472:10.36304/ExpwMCUP.2020.04
2785:President Ronald Reagan's
2659:National Security Council
2552:
2255:Subversion and defection:
2200:, paramilitary activity,
1564:Loss-of-strength gradient
421:Combat information center
4422:Criticism of advertising
4137:Harvard University Press
3382:magazine.thediplomat.com
2598:Political Warfare Bureau
2583:Whampoa Military Academy
2406:
2279:Paramilitary Operations:
2159:with self-contradictory
2090:
2065:psychological operations
1882:Military science fiction
1367:Technology and equipment
788:List of military tactics
5084:Promotional merchandise
4795:Character assassination
4732:Narcotizing dysfunction
4606:Photograph manipulation
4319:Guerrilla communication
3743:The New Frontier of War
3612:Oxford University Press
2614:American foreign policy
2467:Soviet Union and Russia
2432:Chinese Communist Party
1950:Wartime sexual violence
1706:Full-spectrum dominance
1517:Supply-chain management
5067:Product demonstrations
4496:Historical negationism
3495:. Hardie Grant Books.
2977:Unconventional warfare
2922:Low intensity conflict
2707:
2670:Liberation Committees:
2636:. The act created the
2562:
2494:
2343:
2331:
2317:
2192:
1862:Awards and decorations
1835:Peace through strength
1810:Low-intensity conflict
1444:Conscientious objector
1317:Area of responsibility
51:
5183:Psychological warfare
5178:Propaganda techniques
4999:Reputation management
4918:Psychological warfare
4767:Political campaigning
4576:Firehose of falsehood
4006:22 (Autumn 2008): 22.
3693:Epstein, Edward Jay.
3608:Defending Democracies
3577:10.1353/jod.2022.0029
3540:10.1093/jogss/ogac016
2957:Psychological warfare
2759:psychological warfare
2702:
2690:or removed elsewhere.
2560:
2484:
2457:China's peaceful rise
2449:psychological warfare
2411:Further information:
2337:
2323:
2304:
2190:
2169:signal-to-noise ratio
2165:firehose of falsehood
454:Torpedo data computer
444:Ship gun fire-control
33:
5034:Corporate propaganda
4111:Public Affairs Press
4023:on 29 February 2008.
3979:Mitrovich, Gregory.
3945:Mitrovich, Gregory.
3614:, pp. 117–138,
3564:Journal of Democracy
3409:. Eastbridge Books.
3261:US Army, pp. 18, 33.
2653:, the father of the
2522:Literaturnaya Gazeta
2518:The "Rumor" Campaign
2421:Unrestricted Warfare
2417:United Front (China)
2142:(established during
2132:guerilla advertising
1980:Military occupations
1815:Military engineering
1717:Unrestricted Warfare
1574:Force multiplication
472:Military manoeuvrers
18:Influence operations
5122:Media concentration
4994:Non-apology apology
4984:Cult of personality
4712:Emotive conjugation
4466:Burying of scholars
3728:James D. Atkinson,
3675:Bittman, pp. 43-45.
3660:Bittman, Ladislav,
3150:Blackstock, Paul W.
3039:War: Ends and Means
2912:Information warfare
2823:The Washington Post
2763:Department of State
2473:Operation INFEKTION
2369:Alexander the Great
2325:Alexander the Great
1666:Penal military unit
1651:Rules of engagement
1327:Command and control
952:Operations research
416:Director (military)
406:Fire-control system
176:Command and control
57:Part of a series on
5105:Influence-for-hire
4898:National mythology
4868:Crowd manipulation
4757:Tabloid journalism
4626:Video manipulation
4571:Fictitious entries
4294:Civil disobedience
4180:Media manipulation
3754:Blackstock, p. 71.
3438:. War on the Rocks
3207:Luttwak, pp. 32-56
3198:Blackstock, p. 61.
3189:Blackstock, p. 56.
3180:Blackstock, p. 50.
3171:Blackstock, p. 44.
3139:Codevilla, p. 220.
3130:Codevilla, p. 219.
2937:Passive revolution
2917:Influence-for-hire
2907:Front organization
2892:Coercive diplomacy
2887:Asymmetric warfare
2774:Overload and Delay
2747:Harvard University
2708:
2655:containment policy
2644:Containment policy
2563:
2495:
2344:
2332:
2318:
2234:Paul W. Blackstock
2193:
1775:Counter-insurgency
1696:Command of the sea
1641:Jewish laws on war
1616:Geneva Conventions
1152:Divide and conquer
947:Military operation
912:Tactical objective
411:Fire-control radar
388:Electronic-warfare
52:
5160:
5159:
4926:Airborne leaflets
4805:Election promises
4659:Product placement
4534:Alternative facts
4274:Alternative media
4080:Political warfare
4075:Library resources
3985:. pp. 76–77.
3639:978-0-19-755697-9
3502:978-1-74358-900-7
3436:warontherocks.com
3416:978-1-78869-214-4
3090:978-0-9792236-4-8
3048:978-1-57488-610-8
2736:Soviet propaganda
2218:guerrilla warfare
2136:Radio Free Europe
2073:economic pressure
2056:Political warfare
2053:
2052:
1945:Horses in warfare
1892:Anti-war movement
1795:Gunboat diplomacy
1785:Disaster response
1733:Philosophy of war
1728:Principles of war
1701:Deterrence theory
1646:Right of conquest
1569:Lanchester's laws
1337:Principles of war
1027:Counter-offensive
1012:Military campaign
917:Target saturation
840:Counterinsurgency
449:Gun data computer
383:Close air support
345:Aircraft carriers
16:(Redirected from
5205:
5152:Media proprietor
4976:Public relations
4956:Public diplomacy
4941:Information (IT)
4820:Name recognition
4445:Media regulation
4427:Annoyance factor
4284:Call-out culture
4199:Crowd psychology
4173:
4166:
4159:
4150:
4149:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4045:Associated Press
4031:
4025:
4024:
4019:. Archived from
4013:
4007:
4000:
3987:
3986:
3976:
3967:
3966:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3897:
3888:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3870:
3867:
3861:
3858:
3852:
3849:
3840:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3816:
3807:
3801:
3794:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3770:
3764:
3761:
3755:
3752:
3746:
3739:
3733:
3726:
3720:
3717:
3711:
3704:
3698:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3676:
3673:
3667:
3658:
3652:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3631:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3376:Hsiao, Russell.
3373:
3364:
3363:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3253:
3250:
3244:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3160:
3159:
3146:
3140:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3082:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3053:
3052:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2897:Covert operation
2870:
2865:
2864:
2755:RAND Corporation
2728:Voice of America
2651:George F. Kennan
2384:Christian Church
2315:
2312:
2163:as if through a
2148:Black propaganda
2118:White propaganda
2103:public diplomacy
2045:
2038:
2031:
1800:Humanitarian aid
1738:Security dilemma
1559:Power projection
1342:Economy of force
1322:Chain of command
1037:Defence in depth
1022:Commerce raiding
845:Defeat in detail
181:Defense ministry
85:
76:
75:
66:
54:
53:
21:
5213:
5212:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5193:Warfare by type
5163:
5162:
5161:
5156:
5147:Media influence
5142:Media franchise
5127:Media democracy
5093:
5038:
4970:
4912:
4893:Loaded language
4844:
4761:
4678:
4630:
4520:
4449:
4431:
4358:
4299:Culture jamming
4248:
4182:
4177:
4129:Luttwak, Edward
4104:Bernays, Edward
4100:
4099:
4098:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4071:
4069:Further reading
4066:
4057:
4055:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4001:
3990:
3977:
3970:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3943:
3939:
3916:10.2307/2194791
3898:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3850:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3824:
3822:
3814:
3808:
3804:
3795:
3788:
3782:Doughty, Robert
3780:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3740:
3736:
3727:
3723:
3719:Bittman, p. 221
3718:
3714:
3705:
3701:
3692:
3688:
3684:Bittman, p. 56.
3683:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3604:
3600:
3559:
3555:
3522:
3518:
3503:
3484:
3480:
3455:
3451:
3441:
3439:
3428:
3424:
3417:
3401:
3397:
3387:
3385:
3374:
3367:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3252:Luttwak, p. 26.
3251:
3247:
3243:US Army, p. 20.
3242:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3216:Luttwak, p. 174
3215:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3163:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3083:. p. 218.
3080:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2972:Trust Operation
2877:Active measures
2868:Politics portal
2866:
2859:
2856:
2836:
2828:Allen Weinstein
2697:
2662:
2646:
2630:Harry S. Truman
2611:
2606:
2579:Chiang Kai-shek
2555:
2543:
2511:Operation Trust
2503:Active measures
2479:
2469:
2427:
2409:
2404:
2313:
2299:
2185:
2127:Grey propaganda
2098:
2093:
2049:
2020:
2019:
1970:
1960:
1959:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1857:
1847:
1846:
1820:Multilateralism
1805:Law enforcement
1765:
1755:
1754:
1723:Just war theory
1681:
1671:
1670:
1621:Geneva Protocol
1591:
1581:
1580:
1554:
1544:
1543:
1485:
1475:
1474:
1382:
1372:
1371:
1312:
1302:
1301:
1267:
1257:
1256:
1187:Network-centric
1107:
1097:
1096:
1004:
994:
993:
942:
932:
931:
880:Rapid dominance
785:
775:
774:
730:Electromagnetic
639:
629:
628:
615:
568:
516:
492:
482:
481:
477:Combat training
458:
435:
401:Combat systems:
397:
359:
355:Auxiliary ships
321:
281:
277:Military police
243:
166:
156:
155:
95:
69:
68:
67:
62:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5211:
5201:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5107:
5101:
5099:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5048:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5024:Understatement
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4980:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4922:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4888:Indoctrination
4885:
4880:
4875:
4873:Disinformation
4870:
4865:
4860:
4854:
4852:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4835:Smear campaign
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4771:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4752:Sensationalism
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4692:Agenda-setting
4688:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4640:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4566:False document
4563:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4530:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4471:Catch and kill
4468:
4463:
4458:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4368:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4304:Demonstrations
4301:
4296:
4291:
4289:Cancel culture
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4258:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4176:
4175:
4168:
4161:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4117:Ellul, Jacques
4114:
4107:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4047:. 2014-04-03.
4026:
4008:
4004:49th Parallel,
3988:
3968:
3954:
3951:. p. 206.
3937:
3910:(1): 151–153.
3889:
3887:Smith, p. 202.
3880:
3878:Smith, p. 199.
3871:
3869:Smith, p. 198.
3862:
3860:Smith, p. 196.
3853:
3851:Smith, p. 192.
3841:
3832:
3802:
3786:
3774:
3772:Smith, p. 187.
3765:
3763:Smith, p. 186.
3756:
3747:
3734:
3721:
3712:
3699:
3686:
3677:
3668:
3653:
3644:
3638:
3598:
3571:(3): 144–157.
3553:
3534:(4): ogac016.
3516:
3501:
3478:
3449:
3422:
3415:
3395:
3384:. The Diplomat
3365:
3326:
3317:
3308:
3299:
3290:
3281:
3272:
3263:
3254:
3245:
3236:
3227:
3218:
3209:
3200:
3191:
3182:
3173:
3161:
3141:
3132:
3123:
3096:
3089:
3066:
3054:
3047:
3029:
3020:
3011:
3002:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2855:
2852:
2835:
2832:
2813:
2812:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2684:
2679:
2673:
2645:
2642:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2554:
2551:
2542:
2539:
2530:
2529:
2515:
2487:Liberty Square
2468:
2465:
2445:three warfares
2425:Three warfares
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2361:ancient Greece
2353:The Art of War
2298:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2283:
2271:
2270:
2260:
2259:
2252:
2246:
2238:
2237:
2184:
2181:
2161:disinformation
2157:social network
2155:to inundate a
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1985:Military terms
1982:
1977:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1743:Tripwire force
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1682:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1566:
1561:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1519:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1265:Administrative
1263:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1192:New generation
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1167:Fleet in being
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1105:Grand strategy
1103:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1092:Scorched earth
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1005:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
992:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
969:Deep operation
966:
961:
954:
949:
943:
938:
937:
934:
933:
930:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
898:
897:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
816:
815:
810:
805:
795:
786:
781:
780:
777:
776:
773:
772:
770:Unconventional
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
718:
716:Disinformation
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
687:
686:
681:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
640:
635:
634:
631:
630:
627:
626:
621:
614:
613:
612:
611:
610:
609:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
567:
566:
565:
564:
563:
562:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
515:
514:
513:
512:
507:
502:
493:
488:
487:
484:
483:
480:
479:
474:
469:
467:Basic training
464:
457:
456:
451:
446:
441:
434:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
396:
395:
393:Reconnaissance
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
358:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
320:
319:
314:
312:Special forces
309:
304:
303:
302:
292:
287:
280:
279:
274:
269:
267:Reconnaissance
264:
259:
254:
249:
242:
241:
232:
227:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
167:
162:
161:
158:
157:
154:
153:
152:
151:
146:
136:
135:
134:
129:
119:
118:
117:
110:Post-classical
107:
102:
96:
91:
90:
87:
86:
78:
77:
59:
58:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5210:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5132:Media ecology
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5116:
5115:United States
5113:
5112:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5096:
5090:
5089:Telemarketing
5087:
5085:
5082:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5041:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4878:Fearmongering
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4717:False balance
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4675:
4674:Word of mouth
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4461:Broadcast law
4459:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4434:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4309:Deplatforming
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4214:False balance
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4174:
4169:
4167:
4162:
4160:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4030:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3984:
3983:
3975:
3973:
3965:. 1951-05-02.
3964:
3958:
3950:
3949:
3941:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3896:
3894:
3884:
3875:
3866:
3857:
3848:
3846:
3836:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3793:
3791:
3783:
3778:
3769:
3760:
3751:
3744:
3738:
3731:
3725:
3716:
3709:
3703:
3696:
3690:
3681:
3672:
3665:
3664:
3657:
3651:Smith, p. 21.
3648:
3641:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3557:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3520:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3482:
3473:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3418:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3399:
3383:
3379:
3372:
3370:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3321:
3315:Smith, p. 42.
3312:
3306:Smith, p. 43.
3303:
3297:Smith, p. 39.
3294:
3288:Smith, p. 38.
3285:
3279:Smith, p. 35.
3276:
3267:
3258:
3249:
3240:
3231:
3222:
3213:
3204:
3195:
3186:
3177:
3168:
3166:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3136:
3127:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3100:
3092:
3086:
3079:
3078:
3070:
3061:
3059:
3050:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3024:
3015:
3006:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2863:
2858:
2851:
2849:
2848:critical mass
2845:
2841:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2726:In addition,
2724:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2705:
2701:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2604:United States
2601:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2559:
2550:
2548:
2538:
2536:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2464:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2453:legal warfare
2450:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2380:Constantine I
2376:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2341:
2336:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2314: 337 CE
2308:
2303:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2198:assassination
2189:
2180:
2178:
2177:useful idiots
2172:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2140:Radio Liberty
2137:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2088:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1963:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1872:Warrior caste
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1843:
1842:Show of force
1840:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1830:Peacebuilding
1828:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1686:Air supremacy
1684:
1683:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1626:Islamic rules
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1606:Court-martial
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1505:Arms industry
1503:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1122:Broken-backed
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1003:
998:
997:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
964:Expeditionary
962:
960:
959:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
944:
941:
936:
935:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
896:
893:
892:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
835:Counterattack
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
800:
799:
796:
794:
791:
790:
789:
784:
779:
778:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
760:Psychological
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
696:Combined arms
694:
692:
689:
685:
682:
680:
677:
676:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
638:
633:
632:
625:
622:
620:
617:
616:
608:
605:
604:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
573:
570:
569:
561:
558:
557:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
535:Fortification
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
522:
521:
518:
517:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
497:
495:
494:
491:
486:
485:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
459:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
436:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
398:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
356:
353:
351:
350:Landing craft
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
322:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
301:
298:
297:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
240:
236:
235:Standing army
233:
231:
228:
226:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
168:
165:
160:
159:
150:
147:
145:
142:
141:
140:
137:
133:
130:
128:
127:pike and shot
125:
124:
123:
120:
116:
113:
112:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
97:
94:
89:
88:
84:
80:
79:
73:
65:
61:
60:
56:
55:
49:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
5137:Media ethics
5057:Door-to-door
5052:Cold calling
5029:Weasel words
4950:
4936:Fifth column
4830:Push polling
4780:Astroturfing
4742:Pseudo-event
4722:Infotainment
4697:Broadcasting
4616:Urban legend
4539:April Fools'
4412:Testimonials
4382:Infomercials
4209:Dumbing down
4079:
4056:. Retrieved
4040:The Guardian
4038:
4029:
4021:the original
4011:
4003:
3981:
3957:
3947:
3940:
3907:
3901:
3883:
3874:
3865:
3856:
3839:Smith, p. 21
3835:
3823:. Retrieved
3818:
3805:
3797:
3777:
3768:
3759:
3750:
3742:
3737:
3729:
3724:
3715:
3707:
3702:
3694:
3689:
3680:
3671:
3661:
3656:
3647:
3629:1887/3633915
3607:
3601:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3490:
3481:
3462:
3452:
3440:. Retrieved
3435:
3425:
3405:
3398:
3386:. Retrieved
3381:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3320:
3311:
3302:
3293:
3284:
3275:
3266:
3257:
3248:
3239:
3230:
3225:Smith, p. 4.
3221:
3212:
3203:
3194:
3185:
3176:
3154:
3144:
3135:
3126:
3105:
3099:
3076:
3069:
3038:
3032:
3027:Smith, p. 12
3023:
3014:
3009:Smith, p. 3.
3005:
2996:
2982:War of ideas
2837:
2834:21st century
2821:
2814:
2782:
2773:
2768:Project Troy
2766:
2744:
2725:
2719:combined as
2709:
2695:Cold War era
2686:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2664:
2647:
2627:
2612:
2595:
2587:
2564:
2547:World War II
2544:
2531:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2509:
2499:Soviet Union
2496:
2463:operations.
2461:
2428:
2396:Christianity
2375:Ancient Rome
2373:
2365:Trojan Horse
2358:
2351:
2345:
2297:In antiquity
2285:
2278:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2248:
2241:
2228:
2194:
2173:
2147:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2099:
2085:
2069:
2055:
2054:
1955:Fifth column
1935:War resister
1930:Women in war
1825:Peacekeeping
1770:Arms control
1715:
1404:Mobilization
1399:Conscription
1357:Intelligence
1310:Organization
1201:
956:
885:Encirclement
765:Radiological
701:Conventional
555:Subterranean
462:Development:
461:
438:
400:
362:
325:Naval units:
324:
317:Signal corps
284:
262:Intelligence
247:Specialties:
246:
171:Organization
122:Early modern
5009:Sound bites
4989:Doublespeak
4840:Wedge issue
4800:Dog whistle
4775:Advertising
4601:Lying press
4586:Gaslighting
4364:Advertising
4339:Occupations
4229:Obfuscation
4219:Half-truths
3487:Joske, Alex
3346:: 230–248.
3117:resrep05060
3018:Smith, p. 5
2962:Sharp power
2575:Sun Yat-sen
2526:The Patriot
2329:tetradrachm
2307:Constantine
2265:Coup d'état
2206:coup d'état
1940:War studies
1763:Non-warfare
1691:Appeasement
1656:Martial law
1495:War economy
1434:Transgender
1387:Recruitment
1147:Containment
1032:Culminating
940:Operational
860:Envelopment
803:Air assault
684:Air cavalry
644:Air defence
624:Information
525:Cold-region
490:Battlespace
439:Historical:
285:Land units:
211:Space force
206:Coast guard
139:Late modern
100:Prehistoric
5167:Categories
5110:Media bias
4966:Subversion
4931:False flag
4908:Techniques
4850:Propaganda
4810:Lawn signs
4790:Canvassing
4684:News media
4440:Censorship
4372:Billboards
4324:Hacktivism
4314:Grassroots
4239:Persuasion
4058:2024-09-06
3825:30 January
3511:1347020692
3442:3 December
3388:3 December
2989:References
2967:Social bot
2952:Propaganda
2902:False flag
2628:President
2471:See also:
2436:Kuomintang
2402:By country
2305:A coin of
2287:Insurgency
2245:espionage.
2214:revolution
2210:insurgency
2183:Aggressive
2144:Cold War I
2114:propaganda
2107:soft power
2077:subversion
2061:propaganda
2000:War crimes
1990:Operations
1897:Foot drill
1867:Battle cry
1780:deterrence
1439:Harassment
1414:Specialism
1237:Technology
1232:Succession
1177:Liberation
1112:Asymmetric
1047:Empty fort
958:Blitzkrieg
927:Withdrawal
890:Investment
669:Camouflage
664:Biological
602:Underwater
577:Amphibious
496:Aerospace
363:Air units:
340:Submarines
149:fourth-gen
144:industrial
132:napoleonic
34:Statue of
5072:Promotion
4951:Political
4858:Bandwagon
4785:Attack ad
4664:Publicity
4636:Marketing
4549:Fake news
4511:Religious
4506:Political
4486:Euphemism
4481:Cover-ups
4476:Corporate
4344:Petitions
4234:Orwellian
4204:Deception
4053:0261-3077
3932:146989731
3695:Deception
3593:251046630
3585:1086-3214
3548:2057-3170
3360:240821080
2778:Stalinist
2491:Włocławek
2222:civil war
2122:maximally
2081:diplomacy
1887:War novel
1790:Grey-zone
1750:War games
1711:Overmatch
1661:War crime
1611:Desertion
1601:Ceasefire
1596:Armistice
1483:Logistics
1461:Mercenary
1449:Volunteer
1380:Personnel
1352:Engineers
1297:Sociology
1252:World war
1247:Total war
1227:Strategic
1217:Religious
1202:Political
1197:Perpetual
1172:Irregular
1087:Offensive
1062:Defensive
1057:Deception
1017:Attrition
870:Guerrilla
865:Formation
808:Airbridge
740:Loitering
654:Artillery
307:Artillery
257:Engineers
225:Irregular
196:Air force
38:(544–498
5019:Transfer
4961:Sedition
4825:Negative
4737:Newspeak
4727:Managing
4669:Research
4644:Branding
4596:Literary
4561:Fakelore
4554:websites
4544:Deepfake
4501:Internet
4392:Modeling
4349:Protests
4329:Internet
4262:Advocacy
4254:Activism
4139:, 1968).
4113:, 1972).
3152:(1964).
2854:See also
2761:for the
2712:Cold War
2434:and the
2202:sabotage
2096:Peaceful
1902:War song
1877:War film
1510:Materiel
1429:Children
1409:Training
1347:Medicine
1332:Doctrine
1287:Training
1222:Resource
1207:Princely
1157:Economic
1142:Conquest
1137:Colonial
1132:Cold war
1117:Blockade
1002:Strategy
974:Maneuver
735:Infantry
691:Chemical
545:Mountain
505:Airborne
368:Fighters
335:Warships
290:Infantry
216:Reserves
164:Military
44:Yurihama
5098:Related
5077:Spaving
5062:Pricing
5004:Slogans
4946:Lawfare
4883:Framing
4863:Big lie
4654:Product
4649:Loyalty
4581:Forgery
4526:Hoaxing
4407:Slogans
4387:Mobiles
4279:Boycott
4187:Context
3924:2194791
2840:Twitter
2809:AFL–CIO
2740:jamming
2388:Chi Rho
2348:Sun Tzu
2340:Chi-Rho
2327:silver
2015:Writers
2010:Weapons
1975:Battles
1924:Related
1912:Wargame
1907:Uniform
1855:Culture
1636:Perfidy
1631:Justice
1552:Science
1537:Outpost
1490:History
1470:Warrior
1466:Soldier
1454:foreign
1392:counter
1292:Service
1242:Theater
1182:Limited
1162:Endemic
1077:Nuclear
850:Foxhole
825:Cavalry
813:Airdrop
798:Airlift
783:Tactics
755:Nuclear
745:Missile
674:Cavalry
659:Barrage
637:Weapons
597:Surface
378:Command
373:Bombers
330:Frogman
300:Cavalry
272:Medical
239:Militia
221:Regular
201:Marines
115:castles
105:Ancient
93:History
72:outline
48:Tottori
36:Sun Tzu
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