4861:, pp. 213–214) Quote: "Starting in the 1920s under the leadership of Kalidas Nag – and continuing even after independence – a number of Indian scholars wrote extensively and rapturously about the ancient Hindu cultural expansion into and colonisation of South and Southeast Asia. They called this vast region "Greater India" – a dubious appellation for a region which to a limited degree, but with little permanence, had been influenced by Indian religion, art, architecture, literature and administrative customs. As a consequence of this renewed and extensive interest in Greater India, many Indians came to believe that the entire South and Southeast Asian region formed the cultural progeny of India; now that the sub-continent was reawakening, they felt, India would once again assert its non-political ascendancy over the area... While the idea of reviving the ancient Greater India was never officially endorsed by the Indian National Congress, it enjoyed considerable popularity in nationalist Indian circles. Indeed, Congress leaders made occasional references to Greater India while the organisation's abiding interest in the problems of overseas Indians lent indirect support to the Indian hope of restoring the alleged cultural and spiritual unity of South and Southeast Asia."
574:
3221:
4765:, p. 364) Quote: "An equally significant movement is one that brought about among the Indian intelligentsia of Calcutta a few years ago the formation of what is known as the "Greater India Society," whose membership is open "to all serious students of the Indian cultural expansion and to all sympathizers of such studies and activities." Though still in its infancy, this organisation has already a large membership, due perhaps as much as anything else to the enthusiasm of its Secretary and Convener, Dr. Kalidas Nag, whose scholarly affiliations with the Orientalists in the University of Paris and studies in Indochina, Insulindia and beyond, have equipped him in an unusual way for the work he has chosen, namely stimulating interest in and spreading knowledge of Greater Indian culture of the past, present and future. The Society's President is Professor
1219:
994:
4943:, which was written during one of Nehru's periods of imprisonment by the British authorities, first published in 1946, and reprinted many times since.... The ideas of both Lévi and the Greater India scholars were known to Nehru through his close intellectual links with Tagore. Thus Lévi's notion of ancient Indian voyagers leaving their invisible 'imprints' throughout east and southeast Asia was for Nehru a recapitulation of Tagore's vision of nationhood, that is an idealisation of India as a benign and uncoercive world civiliser and font of global enlightenment. This was clearly a perspective which defined the Greater India phenomenon as a process of religious and spiritual tutelage, but it was not a Hindu supremacist idea of India's mission to the lands of the Trans-Gangetic
9003:
2498:
systems of the third and fourth century. In order to spread the message of these religions
Buddhist monks and Hindu priests joined mercantile classes in the quest to share their religious and cultural values and beliefs. Along the Mekong delta, evidence of Indianized religious models can be observed in communities labeled Funan. There can be found the earliest records engraved on a rock in Vocanh. The engravings consist of Buddhist archives and a south Indian scripts are written in Sanskrit that have been dated to belong to the early half of the third century. Indian religion was profoundly absorbed by local cultures that formed their own distinctive variations of these structures in order to reflect their own ideals.
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in the first few centuries of the Common Era and eventually settled there. Strong impulse most certainly came from the region's ruling classes who invited
Brahmans to serve at their courts as priests, astrologers and advisers. Divinity and royalty were closely connected in these polities as Hindu rituals validated the powers of the monarch. Brahmans and priests from India proper played a key role in supporting ruling dynasties through exact rituals. Dynastic consolidation was the basis for more centralized kingdoms that emerged in Java, Sumatra, Cambodia, Burma, and along the central and south coasts of Vietnam from the 4th to 8th centuries.
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5128:... they are now wholly substantiated by the other inscriptions.... They are all Indian, with the exception of one written in Persian... dated in the same year as the Hindu tablet over it... if actual Gabrs (i.e. Zoroastrians, or Parsis) were among the number of worshipers at the shrine, they must have kept in the background, crowded out by Hindus, because the typical features Hanway mentions are distinctly Indian, not Zoroastrian... met two Hindu Fakirs who announced themselves as 'on a pilgrimage to this Baku Jawala Ji'....
1809:
1059:, were transmitted from direct contact as well as through sacred texts and Indian literature. Southeast Asia had developed some prosperous and very powerful colonial empires that contributed to Hindu-Buddhist artistic creations and architectural developments. Art and architectural creations that rivaled those built in India, especially in its sheer size, design and aesthetic achievements. The notable examples are Borobudur in Java and Angkor monuments in Cambodia. The Srivijaya Empire to the south and the
2563:
945:, although receptive to "an idealisation of India as a benign and uncoercive world civiliser and font of global enlightenment," stayed away from explicit "Greater India" formulations. In addition, some scholars have seen the Hindu/Buddhist acculturation in ancient Southeast Asia as "a single cultural process in which Southeast Asia was the matrix and South Asia the mediatrix." In the field of art history, especially in American writings, the term survived due to the influence of art theorist
4873:, pp. 326–330) Quote: "At another level, it was believed that the dynamics of many Asian cultures, particularly those of Southeast Asia, arose from Hindu culture, and the theory of Greater India derived sustenance from Pan-Hinduism. A curious pride was taken in the supposed imperialist past of India, as expressed in sentiments such as these: "The art of Java and Kambuja was no doubt derived from India and fostered by the Indian rulers of these colonies." (Majumdar, R. C. et al. (1950),
3115:(c. 1020–1050), the kingdom split on his death; the new state of Kediri, in eastern Java, became the centre of Javanese culture for the next two centuries, spreading its influence to the eastern parts of Southeast Asia. The spice trade was now becoming increasingly important, as demand from European countries grew. Before they learned to keep sheep and cattle alive in the winter, they had to eat salted meat, made palatable by the addition of spices. One of the main sources was the
4981:, pp. 27–28) Quote: "The tide of revisionism that is currently sweeping through Southeast Asian historiography has in effect taken us back almost to the point where we have to consider reevaluating almost every text bearing on the protohistoric period and many from later times. Although this may seem a daunting proposition, it is nonetheless supremely worth attempting, for the process by which the peoples of western Southeast Asia came to think of themselves as part of
787:
4769:, Vice-Chancellor of Calcutta University, and its Council is made up largely of professors on the faculty of the University and members of the staff of the Calcutta Museum, as well as of Indian authors and journalists. Its activities have included illustrated lecture series at the various universities throughout India by Dr. Nag, the assembling of a research library, and the publication of monographs of which four very excellent examples have already been printed: 1)
59:
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4735:
consist in these aspirants after universal power, but in its peaceful and benevolent
Imperialism – a unique thing in the history of mankind. The colonisers of India did not go with sword and fire in their hands; they used... the weapons of their superior culture and religion... The Buddhist age has attracted special attention, and the French savants have taken much pains to investigate the splendid monuments of the Indian cultural empire in the Far East."
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the now
Islamic Indians started becoming merchants all over Southeast Asia. Moreover, as trade became more saturated in the Southeast Asian regions wherein Indianization once persisted, the regions had become more Muslim populated. This so-called Islamic control has spanned to many of the trading centers across the regions of Southeast Asia, including one of the most dominant centers, Malacca, and has therefore stressed a widespread rise of Islamization.
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1404:
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1395:, and Sumatra. The adopted caste system was not as strict as in India, tempered to the local context. There are multiple similarities between the two caste systems such that both state that no one is equal within society and that everyone has his own place. It also promoted the upbringing of highly organized central states. Indians were still able to implement their religion, political ideas, literature, mythology, and art.
2232:
3201:: The Kingdom of Sunda was a Hindu kingdom located in western Java from 669 CE to around 1579 CE, covering the area of present-day Banten, Jakarta, West Java, and the western part of Central Java. According to primary historical records, the Bujangga Manik manuscript, the eastern border of the Sunda Kingdom was the Pamali River (Ci Pamali, the present day Brebes River) and the Serayu River (Ci Sarayu) in Central Java.
2486:
Javanese, and Cham rulers claimed semi-divine status as descendants of a God. Hindu traditions, especially the relationship to the sacrality of the land and social structures, are inherent in
Hinduism's transnational features. The epic traditions of the Mahābhārata and the Rāmāyaṇa further legitimized a ruler identified with a God who battled and defeated the wrong doers that threaten the ethical order of the world.
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8819:
1961:
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4550:, seems often to have been a personal preference of the author concerned. When Europeans began to penetrate into Southeast Asia in earnest, they continued this tradition, attaching to various of the constituent territories such labels as Further India or Hinterindien, the East Indies, the Indian Archipelago, Insulinde, and, in acknowledgment of the presence of a competing culture, Indochina."
3646:(the Great Minister). He also issued copper coins of the Elephant and Lion type with the legend Shri Vakkadeva. Nine principal issues of Bull and Horseman silver coins and only one issue of corresponding copper coins of Spalapatideva have become available. As many as five Elephant and Lion type of copper coins of Shri Vakkadeva are available and curiously the copper issues of Vakka are
4935:, pp. 735–736) Quote:"The Greater India visions which Calcutta thinkers derived from French and other sources are still known to educated anglophone Indians, especially but not exclusively Bengalis from the generation brought up in the traditions of post-Independence Nehruvian secular nationalism. One key source of this knowledge is a warm tribute paid to
3660:. The disorder generally prevailed and the control of Zabulistan changed hands frequently. Taking advantage of the situation, the Shahis stepped up activities on their western frontier. The result was the emergence of a small Hindu power at Ghazni, supported by the Shahis. "The authorities either themselves of early date or enshrining early information mention
3686:-ending names.) Jayapala did not issue any coins in his own name. Bull and Horseman coins with the legend Samantadeva, in billon, seem to have been struck during Jayapala's reign. As the successor of Bhima, Jayapala was a Shahi monarch of the state of Kabul, which now included Punjab. Minhaj-ud-din describes Jayapala as "the greatest of the Rais of Hindustan."
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to New Guinea. Indian religion, Indian culture, Indian laws, and Indian government moulded the lives of the primitive races all over this wide region, and they imbibed a more elevated moral spirit and a higher intellectual taste through the religion, art, and literature of India. In short, the people were lifted to a higher plane of civilisation.
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civilization elements and individual adaptation stimulated the emergence of centralized states and the development of highly organized societies. Ambitious local leaders realized the benefits of
Hinduism and Indian methods of administration, culture, literature, etc. Rule in accord with universal moral principles, represented in the concept of the
2347:. This hypothesis effectively explains state formation in Southeast Asia, as these warriors came with the intention of conquering the local peoples and establishing their own political power in the region. However, this theory hasn't attracted much interest from historians as there is very little literary evidence to support it.
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national movement from narrow nationalism, thus igniting in the process a dead fact of history, in the sneer, "For him the
Bastille has not fallen!" Though Nehru was not to the language born, his utterances show a remarkable capacity for introspection and sense of moral responsibility in commenting on political processes."
2340:. This made many Vaishya traders look to the seas to acquire new gold, of which Southeast Asia was abundant. However, the conclusion that Indianization was just spread through trade is insufficient, as Indianization permeated through all classes of Southeast Asian society, not just the merchant classes.
4020:
Modern
Afghanistan was part of ancient India; the Afghans belonged to the pale of Indo-Aryan civilisation. In the eighty century, the country was known by two regional names—Kabul land Zabul. The northern part, called Kabul (or Kabulistan) was governed by a Buddhist dynasty. Its capital and the river
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by saying that 'the honorable Member lived in the days of
Bismarck; Bismarck is dead, and his politics more dead!' He would consistently plead for an idealistic approach and such power as the language wields is the creation of idealism—politics' arch enemy—which, however, liberates the leader of a
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We may conclude with a broad survey of the Indian colonies in the Far East. For nearly fifteen hundred years, and down to a period when the Hindus had lost their independence in their own home, Hindu kings were ruling over Indo-China and the numerous islands of the Indian
Archipelago, from Sumatra
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in the 7th century, though the suzerainty continued up to the 11th century. The Hindu kingdom of Kapisha had split up as its western part formed a separate state called the kingdom of Zabul. It was a family division because there were consanguineous and political relationships between the states of
2374:
It is unknown how immigration, interaction, and settlement took place, whether by key figures from India or through Southeast Asians visiting India who took elements of Indian culture back home. It is likely that Hindu and Buddhist traders, priests, and princes traveled to Southeast Asia from India
2335:
and their role for spreading Indian culture and language into Southeast Asia through trade. There were many trade incentives that brought Vaishya traders to Southeast Asia, the most important of which was gold. During the 4th century C.E., when the first evidence of Indian trader in Southeast Asia,
3314:." He also wrote, "It is clear however that in the seventh to ninth centuries the Zunbils and their kinsmen the Kabulshahs ruled over a predominantly Indian rather than a Persianate realm. The Arab geographers, in effect, commonly speak of 'that king of al-Hind ... (who) bore the title of Zunbil."
3005:
was a classical Southeast Asian kingdom. The primary sources for much of the information on the kingdom are the New History of the Tang, and the memoirs of the Chinese Buddhist monk Yijing who visited in 671 CE, and states that it was "absorbed" by Srivijaya by 692 CE, but had "broken away" by the
2596:
Not only was the spark of Buddhism the driving force for Indianization coming to an end, but Islamic control took over as well in the midst of the thirteenth century to trump the Hinduist kingdoms. In the process of Islam coming to the traditional Hinduism kingdoms, trade was heavily practiced and
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Southeast Asia was now situated in the central area of convergence of the Indian and the East Asian maritime trade routes, the basis for economic and cultural growth. The earliest Hindu kingdoms emerged in Sumatra and Java, followed by mainland polities such as Funan and Champa. Adoption of Indian
1838:
has been prevalent in all aspects of life including legal purposes. Sanskrit terminology and vernacular appears in ancient courts to establish procedures that have been structured by Indian models such as a system composed of a code of laws. The concept of legislation demonstrated through codes of
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was perhaps overenthusiastic when he claimed that India produced her definitive masterpieces – he was thinking of Angkor and the Borobudur – through the efforts of foreigners or on foreign soil. Those masterpieces were not strictly Indian achievements: rather were they the outcome of a Eutychian
4734:
Quote: "The ancient Hindus of yore were not simply a spiritual people, always busy with mystical problems and never trouble themselves with the questions of 'this world'... India also has its Napoleons and Charlemagnes, its Bismarcks and Machiavellis. But the real charm of Indian history does not
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The pre-Indic political and social systems in Southeast Asia were marked by a relative indifference towards lineage descent. Hindu God kingship enabled rulers to supersede loyalties, forge cosmopolitan polities and the worship of Shiva and Vishnu was combined with ancestor worship, so that Khmer,
1830:
discovered during the early centuries of the Common Era are the earliest known forms of writing to have extended all the way to Southeast Asia. Its gradual impact ultimately resulted in its widespread domain as a means of dialect which evident in regions, from Bangladesh to Cambodia, Malaysia and
1647:
discovered during the early centuries of the Common Era are the earliest known forms of writing to have extended all the way to Southeast Asia. Its gradual impact ultimately resulted in its widespread domain as a means of dialect which evident in regions, from Bangladesh to Cambodia, Malaysia and
778:) convergence occurred, at or before 52 million years ago. The plates have converged up to 3,600 km (2,200 mi) ± 35 km (22 mi). The upper crustal shortening is documented from geological record of Asia and the Himalaya as up to approximately 2,350 km (1,460 mi) less.
3987:
It is important to note that Nepal was not a British colony like India. Geographically, culturally, socially and historically India and Nepal are linked most intimately and lived together from time immemorial. The most significant factor which has nurtured Indo-Nepalese relations through ages is
3071:
was an ancient kingdom located on the Malay Peninsula that at one time came under the influence of Srivijaya. The name had been forgotten until scholars recognized Tambralinga as Nagara Sri Dharmaraja (Nakhon Si Thammarat). Early records are scarce but its duration is estimated to range from the
2587:
Not only did Indianization change many cultural and political aspects, but it also changed the spiritual realm as well, creating a type of Northern Culture which began in the early 14th century, prevalent for its rapid decline in the Indian kingdoms. The decline of Hinduism kingdoms and spark of
3344:(r. 813–833 A.D.) led the last Arab expeditions on Kabul and Zabul, after which the long-drawn conflict ended with the dissolution of the empire. Rutbil were made to pay double the tribute to the Caliph. The king of Kabul was captured by him and converted to Islam. The last Zunbil was killed by
3187:
was an ancient Hindu kingdom in the eastern Tatar Pasundan (now west Java province and Banyumasan region of central Java province), Indonesia. It was established following the collapse of the Tarumanagara kingdom around the 7th century. Traditionally the kingdom of Galuh was associated with the
2658:
and Zhu Ying who sojourned there in the mid-3rd century CE. It is not known what name the people of Funan gave to their polity. Some scholars believe ancient Chinese scholars transcribed the word Funan from a word related to the Khmer word bnaṃ or vnaṃ (modern: phnoṃ, meaning "mountain"); while
2497:
The effects of Hinduism and Buddhism applied a tremendous impact on the many civilizations inhabiting Southeast Asia which significantly provided some structure to the composition of written traditions. An essential factor for the spread and adaptation of these religions originated from trading
3903:
A 2022 study stated that Indian cultural influence was responsible for substantial South Asian admixture (~ 2%-16%) in various Southeast Asian populations in Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar and Singapore. Exceptions were isolated hill tribes and present hunter-gatherer groups in Thailand.
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scholars. These Brahmans brought with them many of the Hindu religious and philosophical traditions and spread them to the elite classes of Southeast Asian polities. Once these traditions were adopted into the elite classes, it disseminated throughout all the lower classes, thus explaining the
2988:
was an early Sundanese Indianized kingdom, located not far from modern Jakarta, and according to Tugu inscription ruler Purnavarman apparently built a canal that changed the course of the Cakung River, and drained a coastal area for agriculture and settlement. In his inscriptions, Purnavarman
2398:
had been adopted and customized increasingly with a regional character. The caste system, although adopted, was never applied universally and reduced to serve for a selected group of nobles only. Many struggle to date and determine when Indianizaton in Southeast Asia occurred because of the
7252:
Ibn Battuta, the renowned Moroccan fourteenth century world traveller remarked in a spine-chilling passage that Hindu Kush means slayer of the Indians, because the slave boys and girls who are brought from India die there in large numbers as a result of the extreme cold and the quantity of
1843:
once embraced the Sanskrit dialect and devoted sanctuaries to the Indian divinity Shiva. Many rulers following even viewed themselves as "reincarnations or descendants" of the Hindu gods. However once Buddhism began entering the nations, this practiced view was eventually altered.
4049:
Although Afghanistan was considered an integral part of India in antiquity, and was often called "Little India" even in medieval times, politically it had not been a part of India after the downfall of the Kushan empire, followed by the defeat of the Hindu Shahis by Mahmud
2212:
The earliest Hindu kingdoms emerged in Sumatra and Java, followed by mainland polities such as Funan and Champa. Adoption of Indian civilization elements and individual adaptation stimulated the emergence of centralized states and localized caste systems in Southeast Asia.
2997:: Kalingga (Javanese: Karajan Kalingga) was the 6th century Indianized kingdom on the north coast of Central Java, Indonesia. It was the earliest Hindu-Buddhist kingdom in Central Java, and together with Kutai and Tarumanagara are the oldest kingdoms in Indonesian history.
1176:
were direct heirs of Gangetic Buddhism, despite the difference in languages. Many Tibetan monks even used to know Sanskrit very well. In Khotan the Ramayana was well cicrulated in Khotanese language, though the narrative is slightly different from the Gangetic version. In
4466:, p. 708) Quote: "Azurara's hyperbole, indeed, which celebrates the Navigator Prince as joining Orient and Occident by continual voyaging, as transporting to the extremities of the East the creations of Western industry, does not scruple to picture the people of the
952:
Its modern meanings often invoke images of soft power. The region is considered in Indian political circles as part of India's extended neighbourhood, and modern integration was propelled through a multifaceted acceleration of economic and strategic interaction under the
2489:
Hinduism does not have a single historical founder, a centralized imperial authority in India proper nor a bureaucratic structure, thus ensuring relative religious independence for the individual ruler. It also allows for multiple forms of divinity, centered upon the
2588:
Buddhist kingdoms led to the formation of orthodox Sinhalese Buddhism and is a key factor leading to the decline of Indianization. Sukhothai and Ceylon are the prominent characters who formulated the center of Buddhism and thus became more popularized over Hinduism.
627:) was used at least since the mid-15th century. The term, which seems to have been used with variable precision, sometimes meant only the Indian subcontinent; Europeans used a variety of terms related to South Asia to designate the South Asian peninsula, including
394:
2253:
As conclusive evidence is missing, numerous Indianization theories of Southeast Asia have emerged since the early 20th century. The central question usually revolves around the main propagator of Indian institutional and cultural ideas in Southeast Asia.
1946:
Southeast Asian languages are traditionally written with Indic alphabets and therefore have extra letters not pronounced in the local language, so that original Sanskrit spelling can be preserved. An example is how the name of the late King of Thailand,
387:
2355:
Indianization present in all classes of Southeast Asian society. Brahmans were also experts in art and architecture, and political affairs, thus explaining the adoption of many Indian style law codes and architecture into Southeast Asian society
4963:
Quote: "To him (Nehru), the so-called practical approach meant, in practice, shameless expediency, and so he would say, "the sooner we are not practical, the better". He rebuked a Member of Indian Parliament who sought to revive the concept of
916:
that flourished from the early common era as a result of centuries of socio-economic interaction having incorporated central aspects of Indian institutions, religion, statecraft, administration, culture, epigraphy, literature and architecture.
4230:
The development of maritime commerce and Hindu influence stimulated early state formation in polities along the coasts of mainland Southeast Asia, where passive indigenous populations embraced notions of statecraft and ideology introduced by
7335:
was a brother of the Kabul Shahi. In AD 726, the ruler of Zabulistan (Rutbil) was the nephew of Kabul Shah. Obviously the Kabul Shahs and the Rutbils belonged to the same family" – pp. 46 and 79, quoting Tabri, I, 2705-6 and Fuch, von
964:
to be a founding member, and has recently been increasing integration with South East Asia through its own "Look East" policy; politicians view the relationship between Sri Lanka and South East Asia as second only to South Asia.
2186:
Hinduism expansion in Asia, from its heartland in Indian Subcontinent, to the rest of Asia, especially Southeast Asia, started circa 1st century marked with the establishment of early Hindu settlements and polities in Southeast
6600:
1831:
Thailand and additionally a few of the larger Indonesian islands. In addition, alphabets from languages spoken in Burmese, Thai, Laos, and Cambodia are variations formed off of Indian ideals that have localized the language.
1648:
Thailand and additionally a few of the larger Indonesian islands. In addition, alphabets from languages spoken in Burmese, Thai, Laos, and Cambodia are variations formed off of Indian ideals that have localized the language.
6491:"Considerations on the Chronology and History of 9th Century Cambodia by Dr. Karl-Heinz Golzio, Epigraphist – ...the realm called Zhenla by the Chinese. Their contents are not uniform but they do not contradict each other"
3072:
seventh to the fourteenth century. Tambralinga first sent tribute to the emperor of the Tang dynasty in 616 CE. In Sanskrit, Tambra means "red" and linga means "symbol", typically representing the divine energy of Shiva.
8687:
Language variation: Papers on variation and change in the Sinosphere and in the Indosphere in honour of James A. Matisoff, David Bradley, Randy J. LaPolla and Boyd Michailovsky eds., pp. 113–144. Canberra: Pacific
4877:, London: Macmillan, p. 221) This form of historical interpretation, which can perhaps best be described as being inspired by Hindu nationalism, remains an influential school of thinking in present historical writings."
818:
to refer to an Indian cultural sphere was popularised by a network of Bengali scholars in the 1920s who were all members of the Calcutta-based Greater India Society. The movement's early leaders included the historian
3869:
by A. M. Cacopardo) was host to a vast number of "Kafir" cultures. They were called Kafirs due to their enduring paganism, remaining politically independent until being conquered and forcibly converted by Afghan Amir
3080:: The Mataram Kingdom flourished between the 8th and 11th centuries. It was first centered in central Java before moving later to east Java. This kingdom produced numbers of Hindu-Buddhist temples in Java, including
401:
2980:: Salakanagara kingdom is the first historically recorded Indianized kingdom in Western Java, established by an Indian trader after marrying a local Sundanese princess. This Kingdom existed between 130 and 362 CE.
2772:. The kingdom, along with the Old Kedah settlement, are probably the earliest territorial footholds founded on the Malay Peninsula. According to tradition, the founding of the kingdom happened in the 2nd century;
3192:
and Cimanuk rivers, with its territory spanning from Citarum river on the west, to the Pamali (present-day Brebes river) and Serayu rivers on the east. Its capital was located in Kawali, near present-day Ciamis
4021:
on the banks of which it was situated, also bore the same name. Lalliya, a Brahmin minister of the last Buddhist ruler Lagaturman, deposed his master and laid the foundation of the Hindushahi dynasty in c. 865.
3234:
The eastern regions of Afghanistan were considered politically as parts of India. Buddhism and Hinduism held sway over the region until the Muslim conquest. Kabul and Zabulistan which housed Buddhism and other
8723:
Lokesh, Chandra, & International Academy of Indian Culture. (2000). Society and culture of Southeast Asia: Continuities and changes. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan.
453:
and institutional elements from each other. The term Greater India as a reference to the Indian cultural sphere was popularised by a network of Bengali scholars in the 1920s, but became obsolete in the 1970s.
5333:
10270:
3026:
Buddhism, Srivijaya attracted pilgrims and scholars from other parts of Asia. I Ching reports that the kingdom was home to more than a thousand Buddhist scholars. A notable Buddhist scholar of local origin,
5504:
484:, most of the principalities of Southeast Asia had effectively absorbed defining aspects of Indian culture, religion, and administration. The notion of divine god-kingship was introduced by the concept of
850:. The scholars of the society postulated a benevolent ancient Indian cultural colonisation of Southeast Asia, in stark contrast – in their view – to the Western colonialism of the early 20th century.
3415:
connected to the Hindu god Surya and is sometimes referred to as Zoor or Zoon. He is represented with flames radiating from his head on coins. Statues were adorned with gold and used rubies for eyes.
2199:
and Southeast Asia were marked by waves of influence and dominance. At some points, the Indian culture solely found its way into the region, and at other points, the influence was used to take over.
2195:
of medieval times. Instead, Indian cultural influence from trade routes and language use slowly permeated through Southeast Asia, making the traditions a part of the region. The interactions between
3175:
Hindu culture, traditions and civilisations were derived from Majapahit legacy. A large number of Majapahit nobles, priests, and artisans found their home in Bali after the decline of Majapahit to
4483:, p. 708) Quote: "Among all the confusion of the various Indies in Mediaeval nomenclature, "Greater India" can usually be recognized as restricted to the "India proper" of the modern world."
3674:, a new dynasty started ruling over the former Shahi kingdom of southeastern Afghanistan and the change over was smooth and consensual. On his coronation, Jayapala used the additional name-suffix
2191:
Indianization is different from direct colonialism in that these Indianized lands were not inhabited by organizations or state elements from the Indian subcontinent, with exceptions such as the
1655:-speaking neighbors to the north through the spread of Buddhist texts in translation. The spread of Buddhism to Tibet allowed many Sanskrit texts to survive only in Tibetan translation (in the
1254:
have had a large role in spreading Hinduism in Southeast Asia. Even today many monarchies such as the royal court of Thailand still have Hindu rituals performed for the King by Hindu Brahmins.
1951:, is spelled in Sanskrit as "Bhumibol"ภูมิพล, yet is pronounced in Thai as "Phumipon" พูมิพน using Thai-Sanskrit pronunciation rules since the original Sanskrit sounds do not exist in Thai.
10290:
4292:
3063:
university near Pala territory. The Srivijaya kingdom ceased to exist in the 13th century due to various factors, including the expansion of the Javanese, Singhasari, and Majapahit empires.
2915:
and the Kingdom of Siam. Though ethnically Thai, the Sukhothai kingdom in many ways was a continuation of the Buddhist Mon-Dvaravati civilizations, as well as the neighboring Khmer Empire.
5540:
1189:
many Buddhist monasteries were established. These countries were used as a kind of springboard for the monks who brought Indian Buddhist texts and images to China. Further north, in the
6095:
6604:
3883:
In 1020–21, Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna led a campaign against Kafiristan and the people of the "pleasant valleys of Nur and Qirat" according to Gardizi. These people worshipped the lion.
449:
and surrounding countries, which are culturally linked through a diverse cultural cline. These countries have been transformed to varying degrees by the acceptance and introduction of
8857:
3729:
after the Islamic conquest of Balkh. It is not known how long it continued to serve as a place of worship after the conquest. Accounts of early Arabs offer contradictory narratives.
5623:
2554:
concept of kingship, and Sanskrit as official writing. Despite the fundamental cultural integration, these kingdoms were autonomous in their own right and functioned independently.
937:. The English term was popularised in the late 19th and the 20th century as a view of an expansionist India within the context of East Asia. However, many Indian nationalists, like
6715:
3111:: In the 10th century, Mataram challenged the supremacy of Srivijaya, resulting in the destruction of the Mataram capital by Srivijaya early in the 11th century. Restored by King
6490:
696:(e.g., Diodorus of Sicily of the first century BC says that "the Nile rises in India" and Marco Polo of the fourteenth century says that "Lesser India ... contains ... Abash ").
6043:
4079:
2457:
to be called "The Chola Lake", and the Chola attacks on Srivijaya in the 10th century CE are the sole example of military attacks by Indian rulers against Southeast Asia. The
5896:
3682:
name-ending of his own family. (With Kabul lost during the lifetime of Jayapaladeva, his successors – Anandapala, Trilochanapala and Bhimapala – reverted to their own family
3594:, coins and stone inscriptions by researchers as no consolidated account of their history has become available. In 1973, Historian Yogendra Mishra proposed that according to
3451:
influence on its ritual. Whatever its origins, it was certainly superimposed on a mountain and on a pre-existing mountain god while merging with Shaiva doctrines of worship.
5799:
6254:
10255:
9498:
9480:
519:
To the north, Indian religious ideas were assimilated into the cosmology of Himalayan peoples, most profoundly in Tibet and Bhutan, and merged with indigenous traditions.
1839:
law and organizations particularly the idea of "God King" was embraced by numerous rulers of Southeast Asia. The rulers amid this time, for example, the Lin-I Dynasty of
4985:(even though they had no conception of "India" as we know it) represents one of the most impressive instances of large-scale acculturation in the history of the world.
5441:
5317:
2659:
others thought that Funan may not be a transcription at all, rather it meant what it says in Chinese, meaning something like "Pacified South". Centered at the lower
6293:
5081:
8806:
5848:
5496:
3337:
Buddhism, which although in the minority had the support of its royals. In terms of other cults, the god Śuna, is described to be the prime deity of the country.
1636:
to describe the region and argued for millennium-long cultural exchanges without necessarily involving migration of peoples or colonisation. Pollock's 2006 book
886:
4199:
8450:
5993:
3818:" cultures and Indo-European languages that became Islamized over a long period. Earlier, it was surrounded by Buddhist areas. The Islamization of the nearby
9671:
1248:
of Vietnam still practice Hinduism as well. Though officially Buddhist, many Thai, Khmer, and Burmese people also worship Hindu gods in a form of syncretism.
7073:
Litvinsky, B. A.; Gung-da, Zhang (1996). "Central Asia, the Crossroads of Civilizations". In Guand-da, Zhang; Litvinsky, B.; Shabani Samghabadi, R. (eds.).
6400:
832:
8635:
Wheatley, Paul (November 1982), "Presidential Address: India Beyond the Ganges—Desultory Reflections on the Origins of Civilisation in Southeast Asia",
5158:... The Hindu calendar (Vikramaditya) is 57 years ahead of the Christian calendar. Dates in the Hindu calendar are prefixed by the word: samvat संवत ...
10275:
7577:
7488:
6976:
6803:
6134:
4118:
3583:
2325:
maritime trade. The sustained contact between Southeast Asia and South Asia resulted in cultural exchange, in addition to the exchange of commodities.
6069:
4642:
6361:
5098:
27-01-27, Selle Glastra, Student number: 1014420, Master Thesis Asian Studies, Leiden University, Humanities faculty, Thesis supervisor: David Henley
4990:
fusion of natures so melded together as to constitute a single cultural process in which Southeast Asia was the matrix and South Asia the mediatrix."
3826:. The Buddhist states temporarily brought literacy and state rule into the region. The decline of Buddhism resulted in it becoming heavily isolated.
3642:
1106:
have had a large impact on South Asia and Southeast Asia. One of the most tangible evidence of dharmic Hindu traditions is the widespread use of the
6709:"The emergence and ultimate decline of the Khmer Empire – Many scholars attribute the halt of the development of Angkor to the rise of Theravada..."
6159:
10335:
8576:
7356:
4285:
573:
6327:
5013:
9444:
8527:
Keenleyside, T. A. (Summer 1982), "Nationalist Indian Attitudes Towards Asia: A Troublesome Legacy for Post-Independence Indian Foreign Policy",
7074:
5526:
684:
was sometimes used to cover all of modern Southeast Asia. Until the fourteenth century, India could also mean areas along the Red Sea, including
9267:
6453:
6091:
5399:
2851:
was then introduced temporarily into royal religious practice, with discontinuities and decentralisation resulting in subsequent removal. The
8830:
7623:
5575:(1999). ""Indianization" from the Indian Point of View: Trade and Cultural Contacts with Southeast Asia in the Early First Millennium C.E.".
2226:
2159:
3794:, who raided it, left Muslim precepts to teach Islam to the local population. The region became Muslim by 12th century though the historian
10310:
8864:
7292:
3761:
2192:
6228:
5631:
4333:
2079:
Some Thai toponyms also often have Indian parallels or Sanskrit origin, although the spellings are adapted to the Siamese tongue, such as
10330:
8143:
8028:
7665:
6708:
6643:
6539:
6201:
5261:
5173:
2465:, which controlled the heartland of Buddhist India, maintained close economic, cultural and religious ties, particularly with Srivijaya.
8200:
7951:
7888:
7849:
7810:
7768:
7439:
7212:
7170:
7128:
6894:
5721:
3220:
2705:
was the successor polity of Funan that existed from around the late 6th century until the early 9th century in Indochina, preceding the
9470:
6497:
5375:
3211:
6431:
The Mekong delta played a central role in the development of Cambodia's earliest complex polities from approximately 500 BC to AD 600.
5677:
1616:
signifies current and historical (Malaysia, Pakistan, the Maldives, Indonesia, the Philippines, and southern Vietnam) distribution of
9508:
9493:
8803:
Hoadley, M. C. (1991). Sanskritic continuity in Southeast Asia: The ṣaḍātatāyī and aṣṭacora in Javanese law. Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.
6039:
5285:
1640:
makes a case for studying the region as comparable with Latin Europe and argues that the Sanskrit language was its unifying element.
1066:
A defining characteristic of the cultural link between Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent was the adoption of ancient Indian
4063:
9644:
7332:
5903:
5806:
2737:
Hindu "god that embodied multiple conceptions of power". His successors continued this tradition, thus obeying the code of conduct
9077:
3006:
end of the eleventh century according to Chao Jukua. The exact location of the kingdom is the subject of studies among historians.
10285:
9991:
9541:
9364:
9309:
9167:
6250:
5955:
Mahdi, Waruno (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.).
2494:
the triad of Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva, the deities responsible for the creation, preservation, and destruction of the universe.
1874:
1722:
5874:
5111:
From Constantinople to the home of Omar Khayyam: travels in Transcaucasia and northern Persia for historic and literary research
4892:"'Greater India' and the Indian Expansionist Imagination, c. 1885–1965: The Rise and Decline of the Idea of a Lost Hindu Empire"
3752:, despite bearing Arabic names were Buddhists. During their rule from the 9th-century to the 10th-century, they were considered
2899:) were notable for facilitating Indianized cultural exchange in lower Burma, in particular by having strong ties with Sri Lanka.
993:
873:," in which Indian and Hindu culture left an "imprint in the form of monuments, inscriptions and other traces of the historic "
4257:"From Funan to Sriwijaya: Cultural continuities and discontinuities in the Early Historical maritime states of Southeast Asia"
3988:
geographical setting of the two countries which is a good example to understand that how geography connects the two countries.
3526:
minister, possibly named Vakkadeva, in c. 850, signaling the end of the Buddhist Turk Shahi dynasty, and the beginning of the
3155:
empire and flourished in the Indonesian archipelago between the 13th and 15th centuries. Noted for their naval expansion, the
2911:
to gain independence from the Khmer Empire and start their own kingdom in the 13th century. Sukhothai was a precursor for the
2313:. These early Austronesian trade routes linking Island Southeast Asia with India also became the maritime aspect of the wider
9649:
8795:
8715:
8481:
8062:
7659:
7276:
7245:
7164:
7084:
6287:
5255:
5151:
5059:
4911:
4584:
4515:
4424:
4375:
4112:
4073:
1980:
is a toponym that has been historically associated with Southeast Asia. In Sanskrit, it means "The Land of Gold". Thailand's
8421:
Caverhill, John (1767), "Some Attempts to Ascertain the Utmost Extent of the Knowledge of the Ancients in the East Indies",
7464:
Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World – Volume I: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th–11th Centuries
6578:
5115:
4264:
2667:
culture in this region, which suggests prolonged socio-economic interaction with India and maritime trading partners of the
1218:
9374:
9239:
4810:
1094:
and Cambodia. Indian scripts are found in Southeast Asian islands ranging from Sumatra, Java, Bali, South Sulawesi and the
9054:
6829:
3822:
began in the 8th century and Peristan was completely surrounded by Muslim states in the 16th century with Islamization of
2875:
saw an unprecedented degree of development, refinement and accomplishment from the distinct expression of Hindu cosmology.
1583:
1514:
festival in Malaysia and attracts over 1.5 million pilgrims, making it one of the largest religious gatherings in history.
10386:
9846:
9029:
9024:
8499:
Handy, E. S. Craighill (1930), "The Renaissance of East Indian Culture: Its Significance for the Pacific and the World",
6953:
Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Vol 1: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries
6277:
3447:, displacing an earlier god on the same site. Parallels have been noted with the pre-Buddhist monarchy of Tibet, next to
2606:
2131:
6748:
5832:
5744:
3487:
who took over the rule of Kabul in the seventh century and later were attacked by the Arabs. The Turk Shahi dynasty was
3135:. He was killed by a prince of the previous Kediri dynasty, who then established the last great Hindu-Javanese kingdom,
3018:
in Indonesia, had adopted Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism under a line of rulers from Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa to the
2430:
in Cambodia are, apart from their grandeur, examples of a distinctly developed regional culture, style, and expression.
538:, and Buddhist texts and ideas were accepted in China and Japan in the east. To the west, Indian culture converged with
10401:
10350:
10345:
9588:
9262:
9177:
6601:"The Cham: Descendants of Ancient Rulers of South China Sea Watch Maritime Dispute From Sidelines Written by Adam Bray"
5964:
4534:, p. 13) Quote: "Subsequently the whole area came to be identified with one of the "Three Indies," though whether
3940:
3703:
flourished and the only area incorporated into the Arab empire where Sanskrit studies were pursued up to the conquest.
17:
9369:
3656:
During the reign of Kamalavarman, the Saffarid rule weakened precipitately and ultimately Sistan became a part of the
3605:
According to available inscriptions following are the names of Hindu Shahi kings: Vakkadeva, Kamalavarman, Bhimadeva,
1383:
Indians spread their religion to Southeast Asia, beginning the Hindu and Buddhist cultures there. They introduced the
10340:
10315:
10235:
9460:
9107:
8760:
8741:
8194:
8137:
8022:
7945:
7882:
7843:
7804:
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7736:
7617:
7433:
7206:
7122:
7040:
7015:
6888:
6637:
6572:
6533:
6387:
6195:
5939:
5842:
5754:
5715:
5185:
5044:
India’s Relations with Neighboring South and South East Asian Countries: Perspectives on Look East to Act East Policy
4731:
4042:
2692:
9082:
5301:
McGovern, Nathan (2010). "Sacred Texts, Ritual Traditions, Arts, Concepts: "Thailand"". In Jacobsen, Knut A. (ed.).
4214:
3310:
and much of Sindh this area can be reckoned to belong to the cultural and political frontier zone between India and
1894:
1738:
10381:
9431:
9227:
9044:
8459:
8084:
5981:
3779:
3664:", a Hindu, as the ruler at Ghazni, before this place was taken over by the Turkish slave governor of the Samanids.
3345:
3294:, the Arabs were effectively opposed for more than two centuries, from 643 to 870 AD, by the indigenous rulers the
2804:
and the culture was heavily influenced by India. By the late fifteenth century, the Vietnamese – proponents of the
774:
theory, the term has seen increased usage since the 1970s. It is unknown when and where the India–Asia (Indian and
6629:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Part 2 Parts 1368–1644 By Denis C. Twitchett, Frederick W. Mote
9488:
9419:
9399:
9204:
9157:
9132:
6415:
3935:
3930:
3215:
2717:
converged, resulting in prolonged socio-economic and cultural influence, along with the adoption of the Sanskrit
2222:
1799:
806:
possibly as early as 110 CE, the earliest evidence of strong Indian influence which was once prevalent among the
505:
8092:
3348:
along with his former overlord Salih b. al-Nadr in 865. Meanwhile, the Hindu Shahi of Kabul were defeated under
3139:. By the middle of the 14th century Majapahit controlled most of Java, Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, part of
2683:. Funan's language has been determined as to have been an early form of Khmer and its written form was Sanskrit.
10396:
10371:
9152:
8881:
8823:
8350:
Bayley, Susan (2004), "Imagining 'Greater India': French and Indian Visions of Colonialism in the Indic Mode",
7985:
7472:
7406:
6961:
6931:
4635:
2808:– had eradicated the last remaining traces of the once powerful maritime kingdom of Champa. The last surviving
2336:
the Indian sub-continent was at a deficiency for gold due to extensive control of overland trade routes by the
6564:
Blood and Soil: Modern Genocide 1500–2000 By Ben Kiernan p. 102 The Vietnamese destruction of Champa 1390–1509
5219:
4172:
4145:"As in Heaven, So on Earth: The Politics of Visnu Siva and Harihara Images in Preangkorian Khmer Civilisation"
1347:
10325:
9072:
8584:
Narasimhaiah, C. D. (1986), "The cross-cultural dimensions of English in religion, politics and literature",
3628:, recently discovered from northern Afghanistan and reported by the Taxila Institute of Asian Civilisations,
8836:
8227:
Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib, Volume 2
7585:
7496:
6984:
6807:
6131:
4891:
4102:
2437:
or Sovannah Phoum – the golden land and Suvarnadvipa – the golden Islands in Sanskrit. It was frequented by
2350:
The most widely accepted theory for the spread of Indianization into Southeast Asia is through the class of
9414:
9190:
9147:
8560:
7302:
6789:
6065:
2418:
had territorial continuity, resilient population and surplus economies that rivaled those in India itself.
1261:
1144:
264:
7651:
The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys
6665:
Wolters, O. W. (1973). "Jayavarman II's Military Power: The Territorial Foundation of the Angkor Empire".
3636:(sic.) conquered northern region of Afghanistan 'with eightfold forces' and ruled there. He established a
2164:
1928:
1713:
from which nearly half the vocabulary is derived from the language. Other Austronesian languages, such as
10406:
10391:
9534:
9503:
8850:
6353:
6152:
6022:"1 THEORIES OF INDIANIZATIONExemplified by Selected Case Studies from Indonesia (Insular Southeast Asia)"
3443:. His shrine lay on a sacred mountain in Zamindawar. Originally it appears to have been brought there by
3099:
were the ruling family of this kingdom at an earlier stage in central Java, before being replaced by the
2856:
2442:
2020:
1510:
in Malaysia are one of the most popular Hindu shrines outside India. It is the focal point of the annual
7346:
6401:"Pre-Angkorian Settlement Trends in Cambodia's Mekong Delta and the Lower Mekong Archaeological Project"
6316:
6153:"THEORIES OF INDIANIZATION Exemplified by Selected Case Studies from Indonesia (Insular Southeast Asia)"
949:. Coomaraswamy's view of pan-Indian art history was influenced by the "Calcutta cultural nationalists."
9465:
9212:
7114:
6880:
6744:
5416:
3923:
3476:
2714:
2151:
2147:
1571:
247:
218:
142:
5647:
The Sanskrit loan-words in Cebuano-Bisayan language and the Indian elements to Cebuano-Bisayan culture
2277:
as early as 500 BCE. This resulted in the introduction of Southeast Asian material culture (including
10376:
10260:
10177:
9067:
9011:
4939:
and his ideas of an expansive, civilising India by Jawaharlal Nehru himself, in his celebrated book,
2852:
1469:
in Central Java, Indonesia, is the world's largest Buddhist monument. It took shape of a giant stone
1428:
877:" process." By some other accounts, many Pacific societies and "most of the Buddhist world including
206:
2709:. Like its predecessor, Chenla occupied a strategic position where the maritime trade routes of the
1698:, is called 'Thosakanth' which is derived from his Sanskrit name 'Daśakaṇṭha' ("having ten necks").
10320:
9359:
9284:
8931:
8556:
8088:
8010:
State and Tribe in Nineteenth-century Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826–1863)
7378:
6444:
3562:(modern-day Pakistan and northeastern Afghanistan), and present-day northwestern India, during the
3538:
1940:
1664:
1265:
954:
585:
329:
8839:
Exemplified by Selected Case Studies from Indonesia (Insular Southeast Asia), by Dr. Helmut Lukas.
7607:
2960:
2729:. Chenla's first ruler Vīravarman adopted the idea of divine kingship and deployed the concept of
10305:
9137:
8970:
8240:
7306:
7055:
6855:
6141:
Exemplified by Selected Case Studies from Indonesia (Insular Southeast Asia), by Dr. Helmut Lukas
5928:
Bellina, Bérénice (2014). "Southeast Asia and the Early Maritime Silk Road". In Guy, John (ed.).
3892:
3760:
that the Ghurid dynasty became an Islamic dynasty. Amir Suri was a descendant of the Ghurid king
3168:
2621:
2363:
2139:
2069:
1901:
1652:
929:
and the notion of an explicit Hindu expansion of ancient Southeast Asia have been linked to both
885:" This particular usage – implying cultural "sphere of influence" of India – was promoted by the
720:
616:
146:
3143:, the southern Celebes and the Moluccas. It also exerted considerable influence on the mainland.
9619:
9568:
9527:
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9319:
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2004:
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5170:
4441:
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4007:
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arose in east Java. The domains of this new state expanded under the rule of its warrior-king
2924:
2840:
at Mount Kulen (Mount Mahendra) in 802 CE A succession of powerful sovereigns, continuing the
2378:
1725:
from Sanskrit, albeit to a lesser extent, with a large proportion of words being derived from
10074:
9896:
9685:
9634:
9394:
9254:
9217:
9200:
9099:
8992:
8492:
The making of a new 'Indian' art. Artists, aesthetics and nationalism in Bengal, c. 1850–1920
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1936:
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310:
268:
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Buddhist Channel | Buddhism News, Headlines | Thailand | Phra Prom returns to Erawan Shrine
3945:
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2262:
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1981:
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234:
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History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
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4625:
Argand, E., 1924. La tectonique de l' Asie. Proc. 13th Int. Geol. Cong. 7 (1924), 171–372.
8:
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6977:"15. The Rutbils of Zabulistan and the "Emperor of Rome" | Digitaler Ausstellungskatalog"
5396:
3833:
immigration, before or during 16th and 17th centuries, displaced the original Kafirs and
3546:
was built between the 7th and 9th centuries CE during the reign of the Hindu Shahi Empire
3369:
3052:
2884:
2855:
ended in the 14th century. During this period of the Khmer empire, societal functions of
2088:
1858:
1746:
1718:
1496:
1482:
1168:
mountains in the north, along the Silk Route, Indian influence was linked with Buddhism.
1149:
1122:
946:
942:
620:
608:
600:
568:
446:
230:
71:
9304:
8398:
8326:
4200:"Results of the 1995–1996 Archaeological Field Investigations at Angkor Borei, Cambodia"
3707:, who visited around 726, mentions that the Arabs ruled it and all the inhabitants were
3014:: From the 7th to 13th centuries Srivijaya, a maritime empire centered on the island of
2847:
tradition, reigned over the classical era of Khmer civilization until the 11th century.
1586:(a method of selecting players before a game) may involve the use of a Sanskrit phrase.
10240:
10162:
9936:
9906:
9881:
9873:
9858:
9708:
9232:
9117:
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6690:
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4713:
by Phanindranath Bose in The Vedic Magazine and Gurukula Samachar 26: 1927, pp. 620–1.
4198:
Stark, Miriam T.; Griffin, Bion; Phoeurn, Chuch; Ledgerwood, Judy; et al. (1999).
4164:
3978:
3918:
3716:
3127:: In the 13th century, however, the Kediri dynasty was overthrown by a revolution, and
2672:
2175:
2143:
2135:
1948:
1763:
1625:
1609:
1492:
1131:
960:
Sri Lanka also continues to have strong political links with South East Asia, asked by
930:
881:, Tibet, Central Asia, and even Japan were held to fall within this web of Indianizing
516:, were characterized by resilience, political integrity, and administrative stability.
458:
298:
280:
275:
213:
91:
477:. In Central Asia, the transmission of ideas was predominantly of a religious nature.
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by the surrounding Muslim people, and it was only during the reign of Muhammad's son
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2537:
2391:
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1965:
1890:
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and believed to be the combination of Indian-origin Buddhist ideas with the previous
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364:
306:
302:
284:
190:
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4349:
everyone knows well the so-called "Buddhist conquest of China" or "Indianized China"
2989:
associated himself with Vishnu, and Brahmins ritually secured the hydraulic project.
2944:
2929:
10084:
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9986:
9976:
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9809:
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6923:
6674:
5584:
5466:
5325:
5209:
5047:
4899:
4839:
4156:
3854:
3791:
3349:
3259:
and its rulers Zunbils had laid in them blocking the path of Arabs in invading the
3236:
2993:
2781:
2726:
2650:
is not found in any texts of local origin from the period, and so is considered an
2509:
2395:
2035:
1913:
1886:
1882:
1813:
1779:
1734:
1440:
1140:
1113:
1052:
982:
938:
866:
839:(1891–1966). Some of their formulations were inspired by concurrent excavations in
501:
438:
288:
226:
162:
83:
37:
This article is about the Indian cultural sphere. For the irredentist concept, see
8054:
7937:
Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One
5931:
Lost Kingdoms of Early Southeast Asia: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture 5th to 8th century
5704:"Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships"
5201:
4261:
25 tahun kerjasama Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi dan Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient
2548:
had by the 1st to 4th centuries CE adopted Hinduism's cosmology and rituals, the
2386:
compound, adorned with bas-reliefs of Ramayana, located near Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2182:
909:
10167:
10123:
9956:
9951:
9931:
9911:
9853:
9819:
9743:
9733:
9695:
9656:
9609:
9554:
9162:
8926:
8914:
8785:
8693:
8378:
8343:
Chronica do Discobrimento e Conquista de Guiné (eds. Carreira and Pantarem, 1841)
8276:
7266:
6951:
6917:
6562:
6382:
Higham, C., 2001, The Civilization of Angkor, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson,
6138:
5572:
5403:
5289:
5177:
5141:
5109:
4844:
4827:
4814:
4766:
4574:
4256:
3771:
3472:
3392:
3176:
3156:
3076:
2953:
2769:
2722:
2407:
2247:
1808:
1755:
1726:
1617:
1087:
1017:
874:
547:
497:
493:
10203:
9294:
5442:"Twenties: Reminiscing the dying art of Indonesian traditional children's games"
5051:
4936:
4807:
3119:(or "Spice Islands") in Indonesia, and so Kediri became a strong trading nation.
2239:
from the 8th century, a large native outrigger trading vessels, possibly of the
847:
10300:
10191:
10101:
9916:
9787:
9299:
9289:
9059:
8965:
8729:
8222:
8104:
8096:
8050:
7931:
6833:
3884:
3834:
3795:
3741:
3657:
3614:
3563:
3499:
3388:
3116:
3107:
3100:
3001:
2933:
2868:
2701:
2562:
2282:
2270:
2236:
1917:
1866:
1787:
1714:
1687:
1668:
1321:
1121:
and similar gestures known throughout Southeast Asia; its cognates include the
893:
890:
820:
775:
771:
539:
462:
434:
356:
124:
8363:
7978:"Fence of Peristan – The Islamization of the "Kafirs" and Their Domestication"
6678:
5039:
4319:"Some Linguistic Evidence for Early Cultural Exchange between China and India"
4160:
3395:, was a collection of loose suzerains of the Hindu rulers when it fell to the
1744:
A Sanskrit loanword encountered in many Southeast Asian languages is the word
10365:
10020:
9836:
9794:
9738:
9624:
9550:
8604:
8258:
Changmai, Piya; Jaisamut, Kitipong; Kampuansai, Jatupol; et al. (2022).
8100:
7560:
7192:
7035:, Berkeley, California: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research,
6740:
5588:
5478:
5046:, Dynamics of Asian Development, Singapore: Springer Nature, pp. 65–73,
5038:
Attanayake, Chulanee (2023), Ghosh, Lipi; Basu Ray Chaudhury, Anasua (eds.),
4828:"Urban Morphology of Commercial Port Cities and Shophouses in Southeast Asia"
4015:
3887:
however considers they might have been worshipping Buddha in form of a lion (
3595:
3503:
3432:
3368:
as meaning "slayer of Indians", because large numbers of slaves brought from
3239:, offered stiff resistance to the Muslim advance for two centuries, with the
3197:
3183:
2837:
2738:
2533:
2513:
2454:
2446:
2343:
Another theory states that Indianization spread through the warrior class of
2102:
also continued to modern day. In 1962 Indonesia changed the colonial name of
1905:
1750:, or spoken language, which is used to mean language in general, for example
1675:
1560:
1517:
1392:
1324:
contains a rich number of Indian-influenced mythological characters, such as
1152:
807:
791:
724:
680:
651:
581:
333:
186:
166:
38:
9519:
7526:, Seventh Series, Vol. III, 1968, pp. 189–224, see extracts in R. T. Mohan,
5014:"India's Extended Neighborhood and Implications for India's Act East Policy"
3411:
in present-day southern Afghanistan region, worshiped the Zhuna, possibly a
3267:
2797:
10295:
10265:
10172:
10140:
10069:
9946:
9941:
9755:
9748:
9661:
9593:
9279:
9244:
8434:
8295:
7150:
6119:
Some Problems in Ancient History of the Hinduized States of South-East Asia
5654:
5214:
4986:
3913:
3838:
3571:
3555:
3341:
3260:
3040:
2984:
2976:
2892:
2879:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2817:
2773:
2706:
2567:
2545:
2434:
2415:
2337:
2328:
Another theory of the spread of Indianization that focuses on the caste of
2318:
1977:
1932:
1909:
1710:
1679:
1485:
1412:
1289:
1279:
1067:
1060:
957:" policy, and more recently has involved deepening military ties as well.
913:
763:
689:
535:
317:
202:
134:
6525:
The Malay Peninsula: Crossroads of the Maritime Silk-Road (100 BC-1300 AD)
4903:
2800:
was described by Chinese sources around 192. CE The dominant religion was
2749:
warrior caste and conveying the idea of political and religious authority.
2309:) to South Asia; as well as connecting the material cultures of India and
786:
646:
However, in some accounts of European nautical voyages, Greater India (or
10245:
10128:
10025:
9760:
9666:
9639:
8921:
8909:
8889:
7790:
5834:
Societies, Networks, and Transitions, Volume I: To 1500: A Global History
5746:
Societies, Networks, and Transitions, Volume I: To 1500: A Global History
5082:"Sri Lanka Aims for RCEP Membership and Free Trade Agreements with ASEAN"
3721:
3696:
3543:
3527:
3448:
3412:
3384:
3361:
3318:
3240:
3132:
3067:
3044:
3028:
2908:
2809:
2458:
2450:
2314:
2258:
2171:
1579:
1370:
1269:
1245:
1234:
1202:
1190:
1178:
1103:
1002:
998:
986:
836:
736:
663:
527:
523:
473:
beliefs into the region's cosmology, in particular in Southeast Asia and
348:
112:
100:
87:
7874:
Sacred Landscape in Medieval Afghanistan: Revisiting the Faḍā'il-i Balkh
7712:
C. E. Bosworth, 'Notes on Pre-Ghaznavid History of Eastern Afghanistan,
6686:
3982:
3966:
3895:
states they had a Hindu temple which was destroyed by Mahmud's general.
2687:
1968:
in Thailand; Ayutthaya derives its name from the ancient Indian city of
1574:
spread throughout Southeast Asia, as variations of Indian games such as
1491:
The minarets of 15th- to 16th-century mosques in Indonesia, such as the
1447:
in Central Java, the largest Hindu temple in Indonesia, is dedicated to
10133:
9578:
9112:
9002:
8894:
8873:
8656:
8628:
8548:
8520:
8414:
7578:"16. The Hindu Shahis in Kabulistan and Gandhara and the Arab conquest"
6860:
The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Age of Imperial Unity
5596:
5471:
Siddham: An Essay on the History of Sanskrit Studies in China and Japan
4808:
Asia's French Connection : George Coedes and the Coedes Collection
3850:
3819:
3815:
3610:
3567:
3515:
3511:
3484:
3444:
3408:
3396:
3380:
3365:
3299:
3279:
3271:
3152:
3128:
3123:
2805:
2753:
2734:
2710:
2668:
2616:
2529:
2473:
2367:
2298:
2103:
2080:
2024:
1595:
1575:
1544:
1507:
1478:
1432:
1416:
1285:
1186:
1182:
978:
577:
543:
531:
481:
442:
441:, which itself formed from the various distinct indigenous cultures of
426:
340:
254:
194:
178:
58:
31:
7290:
7060:
Readings in Political History of India, Ancient, Mediaeval, and Modern
5305:(Volume 2 ed.). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 371–378.
3814:
to Kashmir (styled "Peristan" by A. M. Cacopardo) containing host of "
3471:
in Logar Province. Similar stupas have been discovered in neighboring
2832:
was established by the early 9th century in a mythical initiation and
1403:
1117:
10008:
9998:
9614:
9573:
8960:
8842:
8245:
The History and Culture of the Indian People: The struggle for empire
7297:
6667:
The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
4896:‘Greater India’ and the Indian Expansionist Imagination, c. 1885–1965
3842:
3823:
3737:
3708:
3629:
3599:
3591:
3579:
3468:
3275:
3252:
3147:
3136:
3112:
3096:
3085:
3081:
3056:
3023:
3019:
3010:
2968:
2937:
2888:
2864:
2860:
2746:
2718:
2643:
2571:
2505:
2423:
2419:
2411:
2403:
2383:
2344:
2306:
2278:
2274:
2244:
2240:
2118:
2099:
2042:
1878:
1695:
1683:
1511:
1500:
1466:
1444:
1420:
1408:
1275:
1230:
1198:
1165:
1083:
1041:
712:
704:
489:
474:
430:
198:
182:
158:
138:
10198:
8648:
8620:
8540:
8512:
8406:
8382:
7977:
5959:. One World Archaeology. Vol. 34. Routledge. pp. 144–179.
3514:
was the heartland of the Turk Shahi domain, which at times included
1608:
signifies current and historical (northern Vietnam) distribution of
1008:
Culture spread via the trade routes that linked India with southern
908:
The concept of "Indianized kingdoms" and "Indianization", coined by
10106:
10089:
10035:
10030:
10015:
10003:
9981:
9804:
9772:
9703:
9678:
9222:
8948:
8938:
8055:"Richard Strand's Nuristân Site: Peoples and Languages of Nuristan"
6021:
5040:"BIMSTEC and India's "Act East" Policy: Implications for Sri Lanka"
4144:
3858:
3830:
3811:
3783:
3775:
3753:
3700:
3671:
3606:
3575:
3559:
3519:
3488:
3440:
3416:
3334:
3326:
3322:
3248:
3228:
3189:
3088:
2848:
2844:
2813:
2801:
2761:
2730:
2676:
2664:
2655:
2642:: Funan was a polity that encompassed the southernmost part of the
2550:
2521:
2491:
2290:
2205:
2107:
2041:
Names of places could simply render their Sanskrit origin, such as
2016:
1920:
language have absorbed a significant amount of Sanskrit as well as
1870:
1835:
1827:
1818:
1660:
1644:
1600:
1553:
1448:
1364:
1325:
1161:
1099:
1095:
1079:
1056:
1048:
1045:
1029:
853:
By some accounts Greater India consists of "lands including Burma,
844:
799:
732:
693:
520:
485:
466:
372:
242:
170:
116:
7518:
7516:
7514:
7237:
Eurasian Slavery, Ransom and Abolition in World History, 1200–1860
5107:
4781:, by Bijan Raj Chatterjee, D.Litt. (Punjab), PhD (London), and 4)
3459:
2792:: The kingdoms of Champa controlled what is now south and central
2072:
derived from Indragiri River, Indragiri itself means "mountain of
99:: Regions with significant Indian cultural influence, notably the
10186:
10052:
10047:
9347:
9342:
8257:
7538:
7536:
3862:
3765:
3626:
The Mazare Sharif Inscription of the Time of the Shahi Ruler Veka
3523:
3244:
3060:
3032:
3015:
2964:
2793:
2438:
2351:
2332:
2329:
2294:
2231:
2209:, was more appealing than the Chinese concept of intermediaries.
2050:
2028:
1996:
1988:
1969:
1840:
1470:
1431:
was used in several ancient temples in South East Asia including
1303:
1251:
1194:
1126:
1071:
1021:
870:
716:
685:
450:
6279:
Concise Encyclopedia of World History The "King of the mountain"
2477:
Balinese Ramayana dance drama, performed in Sarasvati Garden in
2399:
structures and ruins found that were similar to those in India.
1337:
1037:
10079:
10064:
9723:
8899:
8818:
8313:
Ali, Jason R.; Aitchison, Jonathan C. (2005), "Greater India",
7556:
7554:
7552:
7511:
6480:
Some Aspects of Asian History and Culture by Upendra Thakur p.2
3768:
3704:
3424:
3404:
3329:
made an account of Zabul (which he called by its Sanskrit name
3311:
3303:
3295:
3140:
3048:
3036:
2788:
2660:
2651:
2629:
2575:
2501:
2462:
2427:
2302:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1691:
1656:
1460:
1456:
1436:
1343:
1333:
1329:
1293:
1257:
1173:
1135:
1033:
878:
862:
840:
728:
708:
655:
564:
470:
154:
150:
108:
7533:
5708:
Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World
4263:, Jakarta: Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi / EFEO, pp. 59–82,
3845:, to the less fertile mountains. Before their conversion, the
3522:. The last Shahi ruler of Kabul, Lagaturman, was deposed by a
3333:), which he describes as mainly pagan, though also respecting
3302:
of the dynasty which became known as the Buddhist-Shahi. With
3167:. Majapahit was one of the last and greatest Hindu empires in
2390:
Art, architecture, rituals, and cultural elements such as the
2216:
1960:
1538:
10250:
10215:
10118:
9841:
9728:
9713:
8943:
8904:
7398:
Al- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest – Volume I
5871:"The Mon-Dvaravati Tradition of Early North-Central Thailand"
5778:"The Mon-Dvaravati Tradition of Early North-Central Thailand"
4197:
3876:
3712:
3699:(Bactria) was the only area heavily colonized by Arabs where
3661:
3637:
3551:
3507:
3492:
3464:
3436:
3420:
3291:
3283:
3224:
3151:: The Majapahit empire, centered in East Java, succeeded the
3092:
2949:
2841:
2777:
2638:
2625:
2525:
2310:
2196:
2073:
1474:
1452:
1314:
1308:
1169:
1075:
1009:
961:
803:
795:
675:
174:
104:
79:
7549:
5957:
Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts
5139:
4104:
Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia
3719:
in 705. Among Balkh's Buddhist monasteries, the largest was
3274:(Zamin I Datbar or land of the justice giver, the classical
2675:
route. Trade with India had commenced well before 500 BC as
1040:
and Sanskrit languages and the Indian script, together with
9718:
8672:
7383:
The Medieval History of Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asia
6830:"Thailand's World : The Srivijaya Kingdom in Thailand"
6626:
Twitchett, Denis C.; Mote, Frederick W. (28 January 1998).
6521:
4006:. Vol. I (1st ed.). Sterling Publishers. p.
3857:
infused with locally developed accretions. The region from
3787:
3745:
3633:
3419:
calls him "sunagir". It has been linked with the Hindu god
3172:
3160:
2896:
2680:
2478:
2322:
2286:
1921:
1524:, is one of the most popular religious shrines in Thailand.
1388:
1226:
1222:
1091:
1025:
1013:
858:
854:
8736:, I.S.P.Q.S. History and Archaeology Series Vol. 6, 1979,
8383:"Prince Henry of Portugal and the Progress of Exploration"
7688:
The Hindu Shahis of Afghanistan and the Punjab AD 865-1026
6040:"The spread of Hinduism in Southeast Asia and the Pacific"
4722:
Lyne Bansat-Boudon, Roland Lardinois, and Isabelle Ratié,
3802:
is believed to have existed until the end of the century.
1651:
Sanskrit and related languages have also influenced their
989:
in Azerbaijan used by both Hindus and Persian Zoroastrians
766:
plus a postulated northern extension", the product of the
425:, is an area composed of several countries and regions in
7489:"15. The Rutbils of Zabulistan and the "Emperor of Rome""
6528:. Victoria Hobson (translator). Brill. pp. 162–163.
5318:"Intersections Between Buddhism and Hinduism in Thailand"
3874:
in 1895–1896 while others also converted to avoid paying
3495:
dynasty shortly before the Saffarid conquest in 870 A.D.
3428:
3256:
3205:
2872:
2671:. Cultural and religious ideas had reached Funan via the
2600:
1582:
can be found throughout the region. Also, the Indonesian
1547:, a game of crossing a narrow field without being tagged.
8807:
The Golden Road: How Ancient India Transformed the World
8710:, trans.Susan Brown Cowing, University of Hawaii Press,
8260:"Indian genetic heritage in Southeast Asian populations"
7984:. Società Italiana di Antropologia e Etnologia: 69, 77.
7377:
5577:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
3790:. Ghur remained a pagan enclave until the 11th century.
3325:
iconography. Around 644 CE, the Chinese travelling monk
2768:
of "bliss") was an ancient Hindu kingdom located in the
900:
was used in historical writing in India into the 1970s.
8831:
Rethinking Tibeto-Burman – Lessons from Indosphere
8239:
7291:
John Leyden, Esq.; William Erskine, Esq., eds. (1921).
6854:
3748:
region of present-day central Afghanistan, and his son
3454:
3270:, "In southern and eastern Afghanistan, the regions of
3043:
empire enjoyed cordial relationship with China and the
1278:, a fighting art that is the Thai version of the Hindu
1244:
is practised by the majority of Bali's population. The
843:
by French archaeologists and by the writings of French
514:
Histoire ancienne des états hindouisés d'Extrême-Orient
27:
Cultural sphere of India beyond the Indian subcontinent
8458:, Australian National University Press, archived from
4785:, by Niranjan Prasad Chakravarti, M.A., PhD(Cantab.)."
4442:"Terras de Além: no Relato da Viagem de Vasco da Gama"
3590:. Details about these rulers have been assembled from
2445:. Cultural and trading relations between the powerful
8607:(1968), "Interpretations of Ancient Indian History",
6919:
Al- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest. 2
5982:"Fruits and arboriculture in the Indo-Pacific region"
5490:
5488:
4683:. New Delhi, India: Hindu Writers Forum. p. 83.
4062:
Lévi, Sylvain; Przyluski, Jean; Bloch, Jules (1993).
3352:. Indian soldiers were a part of the Ghaznavid army,
2468:
920:
8726:
R. C. Majumdar, Study of Sanskrit in South-East Asia
8691:
8132:. University of California Press. pp. 142–143.
7975:
7522:
D. W. Macdowall, "The Shahis of Kabul and Gandhara"
7233:
7106:
7033:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
6275:
5603:
4236:
2370:
in Cambodia is the largest Hindu temple in the world
1296:, is categorised as a form of Hinduism in Indonesia.
595:
was in common circulation in pre-industrial Europe.
8778:
Kambuja Desa or an Ancient Hindu Colony in Cambodia
8129:
Afghanistan's Islam: From Conversion to the Taliban
7835:
Afghanistan's Islam: From Conversion to the Taliban
7754:
Islam and Tibet – Interactions along the Musk Route
7728:
Islam and Tibet – Interactions along the Musk Route
7271:, Great Britain: The E. J. W. Gibb Memorial Trust,
7054:
6876:
Afghanistan's Islam: From Conversion to the Taliban
6225:"Śrīvijaya―towards ChaiyaーThe History of Srivijaya"
5986:
Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association
4885:
4883:
4502:
The Myth of Continents: A Critique of Metageography
4411:
The Myth of Continents: A Critique of Metageography
3841:and Laghman valley, the two eastern provinces near
2883:: From the 9th century until the abrupt end of the
2125:
1213:
1112:gesture of greeting and respect. It is seen in the
1063:to the north competed for influence in the region.
8109:The Encyclopaedia of Islam: New Edition – Volume I
6786:Royal Chronicle: Royal Autograph Version, Volume 1
5485:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4061:
3678:from his predecessor's dynasty in addition to the
1667:and Classical Sanskrit texts, and many terms were
1659:). Buddhism was similarly introduced to China by
743:(Anterior India) as the South Asian peninsula and
662:(lit. "India, beyond the Ganges," but usually the
8229:. People's Publishing House. pp. 58–59, 100.
8049:
6282:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 106–.
3387:roughly corresponding to the modern provinces of
1632:Scholars like Sheldon Pollock have used the term
1260:, a Hindu mythological figure, is present in the
10363:
8006:
7072:
4880:
4359:
4357:
4213:(1). University of Hawai'i-Manoa. Archived from
3564:early medieval period in the Indian subcontinent
3321:and Gardez show a blend of Buddhism with strong
2654:based on the accounts of two Chinese diplomats,
1070:/Hindu and Buddhist culture and philosophy into
457:Since around 500 BCE, Asia's expanding land and
8783:
6158:. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften.
5697:
5695:
5195:
5193:
4777:, by Prabodh Chandra Bagchi, M.A., D.Litt., 3)
4738:
4003:Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India
3533:
3506:in the 7th to 9th centuries. They replaced the
2453:and the Southeast Asian Hindu kingdoms led the
1873:loanwords into their respective lexicons (see:
8535:(2), University of British Columbia: 210–230,
8507:(4), University of British Columbia: 362–369,
7930:
7838:. University of California Press. p. 44.
7609:Gazetteer of the Attock District, 1930, Part 1
6804:"Salakanagara, Kerajaan "Tertua" di Nusantara"
6222:
5494:
5243:
4100:
3031:, taught Buddhist philosophy in Srivijaya and
2566:Map of South-east Asia c. 900 AD, showing the
1671:directly and added to the Chinese vocabulary.
896:, and is not found before the 1920s. The term
9549:
9535:
8858:
8787:Hindu-Buddhist Architecture in Southeast Asia
8489:
8186:The Life and Times of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna
8182:
8164:
7647:
7643:
7641:
7191:
7005:
6945:
6943:
6625:
6414:. University of Hawai'i-Manoa. Archived from
6408:Indo-Pacific Pre-History Association Bulletin
6015:
6013:
6011:
5567:
5565:
4999:
4601:Bulletin of the American Geographical Society
4493:
4491:
4489:
4439:
4354:
3317:Archaeological sites such as the 8th-century
3188:eastern Priangan cultural region, around the
2967:shrine in Bali, a widely present custom from
2776:legends claim that Langkasuka was founded at
2227:History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia
2160:History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia
1398:
1346:shadow puppets and classical dance-dramas of
1201:were found alongside Buddhist imagery in the
395:
8583:
8575:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
8312:
7971:
7969:
7909:Medieval India Part 1 Satish Chandra Page 22
7421:
6183:
5692:
5199:
5190:
4960:
4773:, by Kalidas Nag, M.A., D.Litt. (Paris), 2)
4678:
4613:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4035:Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals
3255:conquests. The significance of the realm of
2117:Malaysia named their new government seat as
2110:("glorious city"), Orange mountain range to
1663:missionaries mostly through translations of
1638:The Language of the Gods in the World of Men
968:
8643:(1), Association for Asian Studies: 13–28,
8526:
8494:, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
7870:
7789:
7062:. B.R. Publishing Corporation. p. 223.
6956:(Third ed.), Brill, pp. 112–114,
5525:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5180:, page 569, Oxford University Press, 2005,
5108:Abraham Valentine Williams Jackson (1911),
4889:
4858:
4138:
4136:
2217:Theories of Indianization of Southeast Asia
1847:
1628:) use of non-Sinitic and non-Indic scripts.
558:
553:
9542:
9528:
8865:
8851:
8670:
8221:
8189:. Cambridge University Press. p. 75.
8125:
7982:Archivio per l'Antropologia e la Etnologia
7831:
7638:
7460:
7347:"The Temple of Zoor or Zoon in Zamindawar"
6940:
6915:
6872:
6008:
5649:(Thesis). University of San Carlos, Cebu.
5562:
5556:
5473:. International Academy of Indian Cultur.
5037:
4506:. University of California Press. p.
4497:
4486:
4415:. University of California Press. p.
4406:
4389:
4387:
4286:"Buddhism in China: A Historical Overview"
4107:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 63.
3586:which replaced it. Both used the title of
3360:. The 14th-century scholar Muslim scholar
3212:Hindu and Buddhist heritage of Afghanistan
2646:during the 1st to 6th centuries. The name
2557:
2178:maritime trade network in the Indian Ocean
1972:, which has had wide cultural significance
1701:Many Sanskrit loanwords are also found in
1690:to a lesser extent. For example, in Thai,
1318:—all derived from Hindu-Buddhist concepts.
770:. Although its usage in geology pre-dates
465:and cultural stimulation and diffusion of
445:. It is an umbrella term encompassing the
402:
388:
8420:
8285:
8275:
7966:
7268:Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam (The Regions of the World)
5934:. Yale University Press. pp. 22–25.
5465:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5250:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 134–137.
5213:
4843:
4560:
4186:
3570:. There were two successive dynasties in
2269:first established contact and trade with
2257:Iron Age trade expansion caused regional
2064:Some of the Indonesian regencies such as
1604:A map of East, South and Southeast Asia.
1288:, an indigenous religion followed by the
1208:
750:
703:referred to a region that included: "(a)
8634:
8554:
8473:The Indianized States of South-East Asia
7919:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
7264:
6673:(1). Cambridge University Press: 21–30.
6522:Michel Jacq-Hergoualc'h (January 2002).
6150:
5621:
5315:
5300:
4978:
4825:
4794:
4531:
4363:
4133:
3537:
3483:The area had been under the rule of the
3458:
3219:
2959:
2943:
2923:
2686:
2615:
2561:
2472:
2377:
2362:
2358:
2230:
2181:
2163:
2098:The tendency to use Sanskrit for modern
1991:have Indian parallel or origin, such as
1959:
1807:
1599:
1402:
1217:
992:
977:
785:
572:
8771:Ancient Indian Colonies in the Far East
8753:Ancient Indian Colonies in the Far East
8708:The Indianized States of Southeast Asia
8565:, London: Macmillan and Co., 1122 pages
8452:The Indianized States of Southeast Asia
8377:
8340:
7877:. Oxford University Press. p. 85.
7567:of Maulana Minhaj-ud-din, Vol. I, p. 82
7198:Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History
7110:The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4
7010:. Wiesbaden, Germany: Reichert Verlag.
7008:A New Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto
6782:พระราชพงษาวดาร ฉบับพระราชหัดถเลขา ภาค 1
6664:
6560:
6276:Carlos Ramirez-Faria (1 January 2007).
6187:History of Ancient India Kapur, Kamlesh
5992:(The Taipei Papers (Volume 2)): 31–50.
5927:
5830:
5742:
5701:
5239:
5237:
4890:Zabarskaitė, Jolita (7 November 2022),
4498:Lewis, Martin W.; Wigen, Kären (1997).
4480:
4463:
4407:Lewis, Martin W.; Wigen, Kären (1997).
4394:
4384:
4254:
4032:
3971:The Indian Journal of Political Science
3510:– the last dynasty of Bactrian rulers.
2317:network, which were later also used by
1589:
912:, originally describes Southeast Asian
14:
10364:
8872:
8603:
8469:
8448:
8349:
7079:. Vol. III. UNESCO. p. 470.
6769:
6442:
6314:
6116:
5979:
5897:"Southeast Asia: Imagining the region"
5800:"Southeast Asia: Imagining the region"
5710:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 51–76.
5644:
5609:
5363:
5348:
5171:The World Atlas of Language Structures
4932:
4870:
4750:
4697:
4666:
4242:
4037:. Har-Anand Publications. p. 41.
3640:temple there which was inaugurated by
3206:Indianized kingdoms of South West Asia
2601:Indianized kingdoms of South East Asia
78:: Southeast Asia culturally linked to
9523:
8846:
8702:
8695:Indian Cultural Influence in Cambodia
8498:
8247:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 13.
7921:, C.E. Bosworth, M.S. Asimov, p. 184.
7149:
7107:William Bayne Fisher (26 June 1975).
6721:from the original on 25 February 2020
6542:from the original on 19 February 2023
6398:
6354:"Vietnam's Champa Kingdom Marches on"
6333:from the original on 19 February 2018
6257:from the original on 21 December 2016
6165:from the original on 15 December 2017
6121:. Journal of Southeast Asian History.
6098:from the original on 22 December 2016
6019:
5954:
5571:
5414:
5376:"Batu Caves Inside and Out, Malaysia"
5222:from the original on 16 November 2017
5140:Richard Delacy, Parvez Dewan (1998),
5011:
4762:
4572:
3999:
3964:
3695:From historical evidence, it appears
3356:mentioned Hindu officers employed by
3227:sitting on a Corinthian chariot from
2038:also derived from Ramayana's Ayodhya.
1674:In Southeast Asia, languages such as
1407:The 9th-century Shivaistic temple of
973:
437:that were historically influenced by
9620:Post-classical history (Middle Ages)
7940:. Har-Anand Publishers. p. 22.
7757:. Routlegde. 2011. pp. 51, 53.
7654:. Algora Publishing. pp. 275–.
6949:
6862:. G. Allen & Unwin. p. 635.
6459:from the original on 7 November 2013
6046:from the original on 16 January 2020
5877:from the original on 1 November 2019
5622:Khatnani, Sunita (11 October 2009).
5507:from the original on 3 December 2022
5417:"Galah Panjang and its Indian roots"
5234:
5202:"History of India and Greater India"
4636:"The Greater India Basin hypothesis"
4446:Journal of the University of Coimbra
4142:
4065:Pre-Aryan and Pre-Dravidian in India
3898:
3810:The vast area extending from modern
3764:, whose rule was legitimized by the
3715:'s final conquest was undertaken by
3650:with the silver issues of Spalapati.
3550:The Hindu Shahi (850–1026 CE) was a
3455:Buddhist Turk Shahi dynasty of Kabul
2611:
1877:). Many languages of native lowland
8615:(3), Wesleyan University: 318–335,
7731:. Routlegde. 2011. pp. 46–48.
6364:from the original on 7 October 2019
6223:Takashi Suzuki (25 December 2012).
5316:McGovern, Nathan (31 August 2015).
4316:
4175:from the original on 12 August 2021
3372:died from its treacherous weather.
3035:(in India), and was the teacher of
2607:List of Hindu empires and dynasties
2132:Austronesian maritime trade network
1435:, which was dedicated to Hindu god
24:
9589:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
8681:
8598:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1986.tb00728.x
8203:from the original on 26 March 2023
8146:from the original on 26 March 2023
8031:from the original on 26 March 2023
7954:from the original on 26 March 2023
7891:from the original on 26 March 2023
7852:from the original on 26 March 2023
7813:from the original on 26 March 2023
7796:The Arab Conquests in Central Asia
7771:from the original on 26 March 2023
7668:from the original on 26 March 2023
7626:from the original on 26 March 2023
7612:. Sang-e-Meel Publications. 1932.
7442:from the original on 26 March 2023
7401:. Brill. 1991. pp. 118, 119.
7215:from the original on 26 March 2023
7173:from the original on 26 March 2023
7131:from the original on 26 March 2023
7030:
6897:from the original on 26 March 2023
6751:from the original on 17 April 2021
6646:from the original on 26 March 2023
6581:from the original on 26 March 2023
6351:
6296:from the original on 26 March 2023
6204:from the original on 26 March 2023
5873:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
5851:from the original on 26 March 2023
5831:Lockard, Craig A. (19 June 2014).
5743:Lockard, Craig A. (19 June 2014).
5724:from the original on 26 March 2023
5680:from the original on 1 August 2012
5667:
5264:from the original on 26 March 2023
5118:from the original on 26 March 2023
4779:Indian Culture in Java and Sumatra
4648:from the original on 9 August 2017
4339:from the original on 4 August 2019
4267:from the original on 26 March 2023
4149:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
4121:from the original on 26 March 2023
4082:from the original on 26 March 2023
3941:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
3502:dynasty that ruled from Kabul and
3383:, a historical region in southern
3039:. Most of the time, this Buddhist
2919:
2469:Religion, authority and legitimacy
1624:signifies current and historical (
921:Expansionist and political concept
781:
25:
10423:
8812:
8341:Azurara, Gomes Eannes de (1446),
8065:from the original on 1 April 2019
7988:from the original on 10 June 2022
7422:Hyun Jin Kim (19 November 2015).
7385:. Variorum Reprints. p. 344.
7359:from the original on 29 June 2015
7329:Last Two Dynasties of the Shahis:
6231:from the original on 16 June 2012
6072:from the original on 14 July 2015
5996:from the original on 8 March 2021
5336:from the original on 31 July 2017
5012:Dhand, Aamiya (6 December 2022).
4681:Hindu Renaissance: Ways and Means
4298:from the original on 3 March 2016
3782:, who managed to conquer much of
3774:. He is known to have fought the
3159:spanned west–east from Lamuri in
3091:Hindu temple dedicated mainly to
2441:from eastern India, particularly
1875:Sanskrit loan words in Indonesian
496:, like those of the south Indian
9001:
8817:
8251:
8233:
8215:
8183:Muhmmad Nazim (13 August 2014).
8176:
8170:A Comprehensive History of India
8158:
8119:
8077:
8043:
8000:
7924:
7912:
7903:
7864:
7825:
7783:
7745:
7719:
7706:
7693:
7680:
7600:
7570:
7481:
7454:
7415:
7389:
7371:
7339:
7321:
7284:
7258:
7227:
7185:
7143:
7100:
7066:
7048:
7024:
6999:
6969:
6909:
6866:
6848:
6822:
6796:
6774:
6763:
6733:
6701:
6658:
6619:
6326:. Northern Illinois University.
6026:International SanskritConference
5902:. Amitav Acharya. Archived from
5805:. Amitav Acharya. Archived from
5780:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art
5303:Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism
4806:National Library of Australia.
4679:Gopal, Ram; Paliwal, KV (2005).
4370:. Clarendon Press. p. 192.
4367:The Medieval Expansion of Europe
3554:dynasty that held sway over the
3247:remaining unconquered until the
2591:
2582:
2382:The 9th century Shiva temple in
2126:Indianization of South East Asia
1869:have absorbed a large amount of
1552:
1537:
1312:and the still-current belief in
1214:Religion, mythology and folklore
903:
831:(1898–1956), and the historians
739:." German atlases distinguished
699:In late 19th-century geography,
488:, and Sanskrit and other Indian
221:(Theravada is popular mainly in
57:
9489:Indian Institutes of Technology
9471:Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes
9400:South Asian Football Federation
8706:(1968), Walter F. Vella (ed.),
8674:Old Javanese-English Dictionary
8559:, and Kalikinkar Datta (1960),
8335:10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.07.005
8172:. Orient Longmans. p. 357.
7293:"Events Of The Year 910 (1525)"
6806:(in Indonesian). Archived from
6593:
6554:
6515:
6496:. Khmer Studies. Archived from
6483:
6474:
6436:
6392:
6376:
6345:
6308:
6269:
6243:
6216:
6177:
6144:
6125:
6110:
6084:
6058:
6032:
5973:
5948:
5921:
5889:
5863:
5824:
5792:
5770:
5736:
5661:
5638:
5615:
5550:
5533:
5459:
5434:
5408:
5390:
5368:
5309:
5294:
5276:
5163:
5133:
5101:
5092:
5074:
5031:
5005:
4993:
4972:
4954:
4926:
4864:
4852:
4819:
4800:
4788:
4756:
4716:
4703:
4691:
4672:
4660:
4628:
4619:
4606:
4593:
4566:
4553:
4524:
4473:
4456:
4433:
4400:
4310:
4278:
3498:The Turk Shahi were a Buddhist
3407:, a royal dynasty south of the
3216:Muslim conquests of Afghanistan
2663:, Funan is noted as the oldest
2223:Indianization of Southeast Asia
1800:Literature about Southeast Asia
1570:It is conjectured that certain
1378:
997:Hindu-Buddhist icongraphy from
8490:Guha-Thakurta, Tapati (1992),
8476:, University of Hawaii Press,
7799:. Read Books Ltd. p. 32.
6632:. Cambridge University Press.
5676:. Himalmedia Private Limited.
5670:"King Bhumibol and King Janak"
5330:10.1093/obo/9780195393521-0128
5206:La Lettre du Collège de France
4826:Han, Wang; Beisi, Jia (2016).
4576:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: He-N
4332:. University of Pennsylvania.
4248:
4094:
4068:. Asian Educational Services.
4055:
4026:
3993:
3958:
1419:, the largest Hindu temple in
1362:took stories from episodes of
823:(1888–1980); the philologists
480:By the early centuries of the
13:
1:
8692:Bijan Raj Chatterjee (1964),
8306:
7976:Alberto M. Cacopardo (2016).
7871:Arezou Azad (November 2013).
7428:. Routledge. pp. 58–59.
7234:Christoph Witzenrath (2016).
7006:Morgenstierne, Georg (2003).
6317:"Religions of Southeast Asia"
6253:. Oxford Press. 28 May 2013.
6020:Lukas, Helmut (21 May 2001).
5702:Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2016).
5200:Fussman, Gérard (2008–2009).
4255:Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2002),
3780:Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar
3375:
2859:, agriculture, architecture,
2816:in 1471, many re-settling in
1793:
1387:to the region, especially to
8637:The Journal of Asian Studies
8562:An Advanced History of India
8277:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010036
7703:… Appendix – A, pp. 162–163.
7303:Packard Humanities Institute
6603:. IOC-Champa. Archived from
6469:The language of Funan was...
6251:"Hinduism in Southeast Asia"
6092:"Hinduism in Southeast Asia"
5624:"The Indian in the Filipino"
5415:Arasu, S. T. (4 July 2020).
5322:Oxford Bibliographies Online
4875:An Advanced History of India
4845:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.02.031
4711:The Hindu Colony of Cambodia
4468:Greater and the Lesser India
4440:Pedro Machado, José (1992).
3967:"India's South Asian Policy"
3951:
3534:Hindu Shahi dynasty of Kabul
3475:, including in the northern
2121:("prince of glory") in 1999.
1984:is named after this toponym.
7:
8833:(archived 20 November 2007)
7305:. p. 8. Archived from
7156:Afghanistan - A New History
6452:. Oxford University Press.
6190:. Sterling Publishers Pvt.
6042:. Encyclopædia Britannica.
5706:. In Campbell, Gwyn (ed.).
5421:On the sport. Be part of it
5143:Hindi & Urdu phrasebook
5052:10.1007/978-981-99-4610-5_6
4726:, page 196, Brepols, 2007,
4599:"Review: New Maps," (1912)
4364:Phillips, J. R. S. (1998).
4317:Zhu, Qingzhi (March 1995).
4291:. The Saylor Foundation 1.
4000:Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1979).
3931:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
3907:
3805:
2887:in 1539, the Mon kingdoms (
2721:system of the south Indian
1955:
1931:have Sanskrit origin (e.g.
1694:, the legendary emperor of
617:region near the Middle East
609:northern part of South Asia
601:southern part of South Asia
508:kingdoms, a term coined by
10:
10428:
10387:Foreign relations of India
10256:Asia and the Pacific Group
9494:Inventions and discoveries
9466:Sino-Indian border dispute
9213:Human rights in South Asia
8999:
8671:Zoetmulder, P. J. (1982),
8423:Philosophical Transactions
7530:… Appendix –B, pp. 164–68
7115:Cambridge University Press
6881:Cambridge University Press
6745:World History Encyclopedia
6352:Parker, Vrndavan Brannon.
3924:Indo-Roman trade relations
3209:
2715:East Asian cultural sphere
2604:
2220:
2152:Buddhism in Southeast Asia
2148:Hinduism in Southeast Asia
2129:
1797:
1593:
1399:Architecture and monuments
1262:coats of arms of Indonesia
790:Candi Bukit Batu Pahat of
562:
461:had resulted in prolonged
248:Hinduism in Southeast Asia
219:Buddhism in Southeast Asia
36:
29:
10402:Culture of Southeast Asia
10261:Asia Cooperation Dialogue
10226:
9992:Southern/Eastern/Northern
9967:
9872:
9694:
9645:Asian and Pacific Theatre
9602:
9561:
9479:
9453:
9430:
9385:
9318:
9253:
9199:
9176:
9098:
9010:
8880:
8837:THEORIES OF INDIANISATION
8734:India and South-East Asia
8364:10.1017/S0026749X04001246
8007:Christine Noelle (1997).
7355:. alamahabibi.com. 1969.
7240:. Routledge. p. 45.
7159:. Routledge. p. 15.
6679:10.1017/S0035869X00130400
6399:Stark, Miriam T. (2006).
6132:Theories of Indianisation
5628:Philippine Daily Inquirer
5114:, The Macmillan company,
4898:, De Gruyter Oldenbourg,
4161:10.1017/S002246340300002X
3463:Newly excavated Buddhist
3084:Buddhist mandala and the
3059:dedicated a monastery at
2952:dated to the 9th-century
2433:Southeast Asia is called
1754:in Malay, Indonesian and
1429:Hindu temple architecture
1302:includes the supreme god
969:Indian cultural influence
383:
339:
323:
316:
294:
274:
260:
253:
241:
212:
130:
123:
56:
51:
9461:Indo-Pakistani conflicts
8784:Daigorō Chihara (1996),
8698:, University of Calcutta
8387:The Geographical Journal
7546:, II, pp. 83 and 183-84.
7542:Raizada Harichand Vaid,
7379:Clifford Edmund Bosworth
6790:Wachirayan Royal Library
6137:24 December 2015 at the
5645:Kuizon, Jose G. (1962).
5589:10.1163/1568520991445588
5247:Buddhism in Central Asia
4724:Sylvain Lévi (1863–1935)
4614:Ali & Aitchison 2005
4573:Uhlig, Siegbert (2003).
4033:Chandra, Satish (2006).
3690:
3544:Amb Hindu Temple complex
2796:. The earliest kingdom,
2764:for "resplendent land" -
2285:, sewn-plank boats, and
2034:Siamese ancient city of
1941:Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
1848:Linguistic commonalities
1723:much of their vocabulary
1665:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
1572:traditional Indian games
1528:
869:polities of present-day
586:Samuel Augustus Mitchell
559:Geographical designation
554:Evolution of the concept
330:Buddhism in Central Asia
30:Not to be confused with
10382:Country classifications
9268:Archaeological cultures
8755:, Vol.I, Lahore, 1927.
8470:Coedès, George (1968),
8449:Coedes, George (1967),
8241:Ramesh Chandra Majumdar
7056:Ramesh Chandra Majumdar
6856:Ramesh Chandra Majumdar
6184:Kapur; Kamlesh (2010).
6117:Coedes, George (1964).
5244:Baij Nath Puri (1987).
4813:21 October 2011 at the
4101:Kenneth R. Hal (1985).
3936:Sanskrit-related topics
3893:Ramesh Chandra Majumdar
3732:
3725:, later Persianized to
3491:and were followed by a
3266:According to historian
3169:Maritime Southeast Asia
2558:Waning of Indianization
2140:Indian maritime history
1902:Mainland Southeast Asia
1739:many Sanskrit loanwords
1686:from Sanskrit, as does
1012:, central and southern
889:, formed by a group of
619:. The Portuguese form (
9672:Middle Eastern Theatre
9650:Middle Eastern Theatre
9569:Cradle of civilization
9481:Science and technology
8435:10.1098/rstl.1767.0018
7648:Rafi U. Samad (2011).
7467:. Brill. p. 125.
7331:"In about AD 680, the
5980:Blench, Roger (2004).
5215:10.4000/lettre-cdf.756
4941:The Discovery of India
4783:India and Central Asia
4641:. University of Oslo.
3547:
3480:
3429:pre-Buddhist religious
3231:
3055:records that Maharaja
2971:
2957:
2941:
2696:
2691:Stone lingam found in
2633:
2579:
2482:
2387:
2371:
2250:
2188:
2179:
1987:Several of Indonesian
1973:
1823:
1804:South Asian literature
1703:Austronesian languages
1629:
1423:
1237:
1209:Cultural commonalities
1005:
990:
825:Suniti Kumar Chatterji
811:
802:kingdom ruled ancient
751:Geological connotation
624:
588:
492:systems were declared
419:Indian cultural sphere
64:Indian cultural extent
47:Indian Cultural Sphere
10397:Culture of South Asia
10372:Cultural assimilation
9897:Vietnamese philosophy
9635:Industrial Revolution
9360:Religious persecution
9218:Religious nationalism
9078:European and Eurasian
8882:Countries and regions
8826:at Wikimedia Commons
8315:Earth-Science Reviews
7701:AFGHANISTAN REVISITED
7528:AFGHANISTAN REVISITED
7265:Minorsky, V. (2015),
7201:. Verso. p. 40.
6950:Wink, André (1996) ,
6561:Kiernan, Ben (2008).
6443:Rooney, Dawn (1984).
5288:10 March 2010 at the
4904:10.1515/9783110986068
3965:Patel, Sneha (2015).
3566:. They succeeded the
3541:
3462:
3223:
2963:
2947:
2927:
2780:, and later moved to
2690:
2679:had not yet replaced
2644:Indochinese peninsula
2619:
2605:Further information:
2565:
2476:
2381:
2366:
2359:Adaption and adoption
2267:Island Southeast Asia
2234:
2221:Further information:
2185:
2167:
2130:Further information:
2106:city of Hollandia to
2093:Nagara Sri Dharmaraja
2087:("king's city"), and
2061:("complete victory").
1963:
1937:Megawati Sukarnoputri
1811:
1603:
1493:Great Mosque of Demak
1406:
1282:style of martial art.
1221:
996:
981:
887:Greater India Society
789:
768:Indian–Asia collision
576:
563:Further information:
534:, and other parts of
9509:Traditional medicine
8352:Modern Asian Studies
8053:(31 December 2005).
7582:Pro.geo.univie.ac.at
7524:Numismatic Chronicle
7493:Pro.geo.univie.ac.at
6981:pro.geo.univie.ac.at
6792:. 1912. p. 278.
6421:on 23 September 2015
5837:. Cengage Learning.
5749:. Cengage Learning.
5545:Indonesian Knowledge
5495:sunnytantikumar736.
5402:4 March 2016 at the
4832:Procedia Engineering
4579:. Isd. p. 145.
4326:Sino-Platonic Papers
4220:on 23 September 2015
3946:South Asian diaspora
3853:practiced a form of
3758:Abu Ali ibn Muhammad
3598:, Hindu Shahis were
2836:ceremony by founder
2112:Jayawijaya Mountains
1982:Suvarnabhumi Airport
1731:Philippine languages
1590:Linguistic influence
1481:tradition of native
1439:and is shown on the
1300:Philippine mythology
762:also signifies "the
650:) extended from the
417:, also known as the
377:Versions of Ramayana
325:Buddhist monasticism
9927:Buddhist philosophy
9887:Japanese philosophy
9630:Early modern period
9440:South Asian studies
8966:South Asian regions
8773:, Vol.II, Calcutta,
8399:1910GeogJ..36..703B
8327:2005ESRv...72..169A
8126:Nile Green (2017).
7832:Nile Green (2017).
7461:André Wink (2002).
7309:on 13 November 2007
7031:Li, Rongxi (1995),
6916:André Wink (2002).
6883:. pp. 43, 44.
6873:Nile Green (2017).
6836:on 20 November 2015
6714:. Studies of Asia.
6315:Kleinmeyer, Cindy.
6068:. Global Security.
5909:on 22 February 2016
5668:Sharma, Sudhindra.
5386:on 7 December 2008.
5176:29 May 2016 at the
5169:Martin Haspelmath,
5086:Presidential Office
5002:, pp. 159–167)
5000:Guha-Thakurta (1992
4961:Narasimhaiah (1986)
4797:, pp. 222–223)
4709:Review by 'SKV' of
4143:Lavy, Paul (2003),
3829:Successive wave of
3346:Ya'qub bin al-Layth
3229:ancient Afghanistan
3053:Nalanda inscription
2885:Hanthawaddy Kingdom
2089:Nakhon Si Thammarat
1834:The utilization of
1634:Sanskrit Cosmopolis
1306:and the concept of
947:Ananda Coomaraswamy
943:Rabindranath Tagore
760:Greater India Basin
747:as Southeast Asia.
666:, i.e. present-day
591:The concept of the
569:Geography (Ptolemy)
447:Indian subcontinent
131:Indianized Kingdoms
111:, and historically
72:Indian subcontinent
48:
10407:Historical regions
10392:Geography of India
10311:EAEU Customs Union
10241:Arab Customs Union
10163:Oriental Orthodoxy
9937:Islamic philosophy
9907:Iranian philosophy
9882:Chinese philosophy
8874:South Asian topics
8609:History and Theory
8557:H. C. Raychaudhuri
7686:Yogendra Mishara,
6567:. Melbourne Univ.
6066:"Chenla – 550–800"
4207:Asian Perspectives
3919:Indo-Mediterranean
3717:Qutayba ibn Muslim
3548:
3530:dynasty of Kabul.
3481:
3433:kingship practices
3290:, Kia pi shi) and
3232:
3022:. A stronghold of
2972:
2958:
2942:
2697:
2695:, southern Vietnam
2673:Indian Ocean trade
2634:
2580:
2483:
2388:
2372:
2251:
2189:
2180:
2144:Indian Ocean trade
2136:Maritime silk road
2049:the "lion city"),
2045:, from Singapura (
1974:
1949:Bhumibol Adulyadej
1895:Sanskrit loanwords
1824:
1822:from Java and Bali
1630:
1626:northeastern China
1610:Chinese characters
1559:Malaysian variant
1499:resemble those of
1427:The same style of
1424:
1238:
1006:
991:
974:Cultural expansion
931:Indian nationalism
833:Phanindranath Bose
812:
674:, from Malabar to
660:India extra Gangem
589:
276:Vajrayana Buddhism
261:Theravada Buddhism
214:Theravada Buddhism
92:Western New Guinea
46:
18:Indianized Kingdom
10359:
10358:
10158:Eastern Orthodoxy
9902:Indian philosophy
9892:Korean philosophy
9686:Post–Cold War era
9517:
9516:
9420:Traditional games
9405:South Asian Games
8993:General geography
8822:Media related to
8797:978-90-04-10512-6
8717:978-0-8248-0368-1
8555:Majumdar, R. C.,
8483:978-0-8248-0368-1
8381:(December 1910),
8166:Ram Sharan Sharma
8093:E. Lévi-Provençal
8051:Richard F. Strand
7714:Islamic Quarterly
7699:See R. T. Mohan,
7661:978-0-87586-860-8
7278:978-0-906094-03-7
7247:978-1-317-14002-3
7166:978-0-415-29826-1
7086:978-92-3-103211-0
6289:978-81-269-0775-5
5812:on 9 October 2022
5634:on 24 April 2015.
5467:van Gulik, Robert
5283:Balinese Religion
5257:978-81-208-0372-5
5153:978-0-86442-425-9
5146:, Lonely Planet,
5061:978-981-99-4610-5
4913:978-3-11-098606-8
4859:Keenleyside (1982
4586:978-3-447-05607-6
4517:978-0-520-20742-4
4426:978-0-520-20742-4
4377:978-0-19-820740-5
4114:978-0-8248-0843-3
4075:978-81-206-0772-9
3899:Genetic influence
3872:Abdul Rahman Khan
3800:Mahayana Buddhism
3750:Muhammad ibn Suri
3477:Samangan Province
3400:Kabul and Zabul.
3051:, and the 860 CE
2956:from Central Java
2913:Ayutthaya Kingdom
2871:, literature and
2620:The 10th-century
2612:Mainland kingdoms
2156:Balinese Hinduism
1893:contain numerous
1855:Malay Archipelago
1816:, the version of
1774:in Thai and Lao,
1719:modern Indonesian
1715:traditional Malay
1709:particularly the
935:Hindu nationalism
861:, and the former
668:Malay Archipelago
584:in a 1864 map by
412:
411:
365:Folklore of India
16:(Redirected from
10419:
10377:Cultural regions
10178:Eastern Churches
9922:Hindu philosophy
9544:
9537:
9530:
9521:
9520:
9415:Physical culture
9310:Former countries
9305:Contemporary era
9005:
8867:
8860:
8853:
8844:
8843:
8821:
8800:
8776:R. C. Majumdar,
8765:R. C. Majumdar,
8747:R. C. Majumdar,
8720:
8699:
8677:
8667:
8631:
8600:
8592:(2–3): 221–230,
8580:
8574:
8566:
8551:
8523:
8495:
8486:
8466:
8464:
8457:
8445:
8417:
8379:Beazley, Raymond
8374:
8346:
8337:
8321:(3–4): 169–188,
8300:
8299:
8289:
8279:
8255:
8249:
8248:
8237:
8231:
8230:
8219:
8213:
8212:
8210:
8208:
8180:
8174:
8173:
8162:
8156:
8155:
8153:
8151:
8123:
8117:
8116:
8081:
8075:
8074:
8072:
8070:
8047:
8041:
8040:
8038:
8036:
8015:Psychology Press
8004:
7998:
7997:
7995:
7993:
7973:
7964:
7963:
7961:
7959:
7928:
7922:
7916:
7910:
7907:
7901:
7900:
7898:
7896:
7868:
7862:
7861:
7859:
7857:
7829:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7818:
7787:
7781:
7780:
7778:
7776:
7749:
7743:
7742:
7723:
7717:
7716:, Vol. XI, 1965.
7710:
7704:
7697:
7691:
7684:
7678:
7677:
7675:
7673:
7645:
7636:
7635:
7633:
7631:
7604:
7598:
7597:
7595:
7593:
7588:on 10 March 2021
7584:. Archived from
7574:
7568:
7565:Tabaqat-i-Nasiri
7558:
7547:
7544:Gulshane Mohyali
7540:
7531:
7520:
7509:
7508:
7506:
7504:
7499:on 2 August 2017
7495:. Archived from
7485:
7479:
7478:
7458:
7452:
7451:
7449:
7447:
7419:
7413:
7412:
7393:
7387:
7386:
7375:
7369:
7368:
7366:
7364:
7352:Abdul Hai Habibi
7343:
7337:
7325:
7319:
7318:
7316:
7314:
7298:Memoirs of Babur
7288:
7282:
7281:
7262:
7256:
7255:
7231:
7225:
7224:
7222:
7220:
7189:
7183:
7182:
7180:
7178:
7147:
7141:
7140:
7138:
7136:
7104:
7098:
7097:
7095:
7093:
7070:
7064:
7063:
7052:
7046:
7045:
7028:
7022:
7021:
7003:
6997:
6996:
6994:
6992:
6987:on 2 August 2017
6983:. Archived from
6973:
6967:
6966:
6947:
6938:
6937:
6924:Brill Publishers
6913:
6907:
6906:
6904:
6902:
6870:
6864:
6863:
6852:
6846:
6845:
6843:
6841:
6832:. Archived from
6826:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6815:
6800:
6794:
6793:
6788:]. Bangkok:
6778:
6772:
6767:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6756:
6737:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6726:
6720:
6713:
6705:
6699:
6698:
6662:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6651:
6623:
6617:
6616:
6614:
6612:
6597:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6586:
6558:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6547:
6519:
6513:
6512:
6510:
6508:
6502:
6495:
6487:
6481:
6478:
6472:
6471:
6466:
6464:
6458:
6451:
6440:
6434:
6433:
6428:
6426:
6420:
6405:
6396:
6390:
6380:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6369:
6349:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6338:
6332:
6321:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6301:
6273:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6262:
6247:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6236:
6220:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6209:
6181:
6175:
6174:
6172:
6170:
6164:
6157:
6148:
6142:
6129:
6123:
6122:
6114:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6103:
6094:. Encyclopedia.
6088:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6062:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6051:
6036:
6030:
6029:
6017:
6006:
6005:
6003:
6001:
5977:
5971:
5970:
5952:
5946:
5945:
5925:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5914:
5908:
5901:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5867:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5856:
5828:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5811:
5804:
5796:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5785:
5774:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5740:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5699:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5665:
5659:
5658:
5642:
5636:
5635:
5630:. Archived from
5619:
5613:
5607:
5601:
5600:
5573:Smith, Monica L.
5569:
5560:
5557:Zoetmulder (1982
5554:
5548:
5537:
5531:
5530:
5524:
5516:
5514:
5512:
5492:
5483:
5482:
5463:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5446:The Jakarta Post
5438:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5412:
5406:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5382:. Archived from
5372:
5366:
5361:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5341:
5313:
5307:
5306:
5298:
5292:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5241:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5217:
5197:
5188:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5125:
5123:
5105:
5099:
5096:
5090:
5089:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5024:
5018:Modern Diplomacy
5009:
5003:
4997:
4991:
4976:
4970:
4958:
4952:
4930:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4887:
4878:
4868:
4862:
4856:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4823:
4817:
4804:
4798:
4792:
4786:
4760:
4754:
4747:
4736:
4720:
4714:
4707:
4701:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4676:
4670:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4647:
4640:
4632:
4626:
4623:
4617:
4610:
4604:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4570:
4564:
4557:
4551:
4544:Lesser, Superior
4528:
4522:
4521:
4505:
4495:
4484:
4477:
4471:
4460:
4454:
4453:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4414:
4404:
4398:
4391:
4382:
4381:
4361:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4344:
4338:
4323:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4297:
4290:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4252:
4246:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4227:
4225:
4219:
4204:
4195:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4140:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4030:
4024:
4023:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3962:
3855:ancient Hinduism
3792:Mahmud of Ghazni
3740:, a king of the
3584:Brahmana dynasty
3582:dynasty and the
3350:Mahmud of Ghazni
3298:and the related
3237:Indian religions
2853:royal chronology
2727:Chalukya dynasty
1929:Indonesian names
1814:Kakawin Ramayana
1556:
1541:
1441:flag of Cambodia
1235:Thai shadow play
983:Atashgah of Baku
939:Jawaharlal Nehru
883:culture colonies
827:(1890–1977) and
502:Chalukya dynasty
404:
397:
390:
84:Northern Vietnam
61:
52:Greater India or
49:
45:
21:
10427:
10426:
10422:
10421:
10420:
10418:
10417:
10416:
10362:
10361:
10360:
10355:
10228:
10222:
9963:
9932:Jain philosophy
9912:Buddhist ethics
9868:
9690:
9657:Interwar period
9610:Ancient history
9598:
9557:
9548:
9518:
9513:
9475:
9449:
9426:
9381:
9314:
9285:Middle kingdoms
9249:
9240:Stock exchanges
9195:
9172:
9128:Cultural sphere
9094:
9006:
8997:
8876:
8871:
8815:
8798:
8718:
8684:
8682:Further reading
8649:10.2307/2055365
8621:10.2307/2504471
8586:World Englishes
8568:
8567:
8541:10.2307/2757594
8529:Pacific Affairs
8513:10.2307/2750560
8501:Pacific Affairs
8484:
8465:on 6 March 2019
8462:
8455:
8407:10.2307/1776846
8309:
8304:
8303:
8270:(2): e1010036.
8256:
8252:
8238:
8234:
8220:
8216:
8206:
8204:
8197:
8181:
8177:
8163:
8159:
8149:
8147:
8140:
8124:
8120:
8107:, eds. (1986).
8082:
8078:
8068:
8066:
8048:
8044:
8034:
8032:
8025:
8017:. p. 160.
8005:
8001:
7991:
7989:
7974:
7967:
7957:
7955:
7948:
7929:
7925:
7917:
7913:
7908:
7904:
7894:
7892:
7885:
7869:
7865:
7855:
7853:
7846:
7830:
7826:
7816:
7814:
7807:
7788:
7784:
7774:
7772:
7765:
7751:
7750:
7746:
7739:
7725:
7724:
7720:
7711:
7707:
7698:
7694:
7685:
7681:
7671:
7669:
7662:
7646:
7639:
7629:
7627:
7620:
7606:
7605:
7601:
7591:
7589:
7576:
7575:
7571:
7559:
7550:
7541:
7534:
7521:
7512:
7502:
7500:
7487:
7486:
7482:
7475:
7459:
7455:
7445:
7443:
7436:
7420:
7416:
7409:
7395:
7394:
7390:
7376:
7372:
7362:
7360:
7345:
7344:
7340:
7326:
7322:
7312:
7310:
7289:
7285:
7279:
7263:
7259:
7248:
7232:
7228:
7218:
7216:
7209:
7190:
7186:
7176:
7174:
7167:
7148:
7144:
7134:
7132:
7125:
7105:
7101:
7091:
7089:
7087:
7071:
7067:
7053:
7049:
7043:
7029:
7025:
7018:
7004:
7000:
6990:
6988:
6975:
6974:
6970:
6964:
6948:
6941:
6934:
6926:. p. 120.
6914:
6910:
6900:
6898:
6891:
6871:
6867:
6853:
6849:
6839:
6837:
6828:
6827:
6823:
6813:
6811:
6810:on 23 July 2015
6802:
6801:
6797:
6780:
6779:
6775:
6768:
6764:
6754:
6752:
6739:
6738:
6734:
6724:
6722:
6718:
6711:
6707:
6706:
6702:
6663:
6659:
6649:
6647:
6640:
6624:
6620:
6610:
6608:
6607:on 26 June 2015
6599:
6598:
6594:
6584:
6582:
6575:
6559:
6555:
6545:
6543:
6536:
6520:
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6506:
6504:
6500:
6493:
6489:
6488:
6484:
6479:
6475:
6462:
6460:
6456:
6449:
6441:
6437:
6424:
6422:
6418:
6403:
6397:
6393:
6381:
6377:
6367:
6365:
6350:
6346:
6336:
6334:
6330:
6319:
6313:
6309:
6299:
6297:
6290:
6274:
6270:
6260:
6258:
6249:
6248:
6244:
6234:
6232:
6221:
6217:
6207:
6205:
6198:
6182:
6178:
6168:
6166:
6162:
6155:
6149:
6145:
6139:Wayback Machine
6130:
6126:
6115:
6111:
6101:
6099:
6090:
6089:
6085:
6075:
6073:
6064:
6063:
6059:
6049:
6047:
6038:
6037:
6033:
6018:
6009:
5999:
5997:
5978:
5974:
5967:
5953:
5949:
5942:
5926:
5922:
5912:
5910:
5906:
5899:
5895:
5894:
5890:
5880:
5878:
5869:
5868:
5864:
5854:
5852:
5845:
5829:
5825:
5815:
5813:
5809:
5802:
5798:
5797:
5793:
5783:
5781:
5776:
5775:
5771:
5761:
5759:
5757:
5741:
5737:
5727:
5725:
5718:
5700:
5693:
5683:
5681:
5674:nepalitimes.com
5666:
5662:
5643:
5639:
5620:
5616:
5608:
5604:
5583:(11–17): 1–26.
5570:
5563:
5555:
5551:
5538:
5534:
5518:
5517:
5510:
5508:
5497:"भारत की कहानी"
5493:
5486:
5464:
5460:
5450:
5448:
5440:
5439:
5435:
5425:
5423:
5413:
5409:
5404:Wayback Machine
5395:
5391:
5380:lonelyplanet.tv
5374:
5373:
5369:
5362:
5349:
5339:
5337:
5314:
5310:
5299:
5295:
5290:Wayback Machine
5281:
5277:
5267:
5265:
5258:
5242:
5235:
5225:
5223:
5198:
5191:
5178:Wayback Machine
5168:
5164:
5154:
5138:
5134:
5121:
5119:
5106:
5102:
5097:
5093:
5080:
5079:
5075:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5036:
5032:
5022:
5020:
5010:
5006:
4998:
4994:
4977:
4973:
4959:
4955:
4931:
4927:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4888:
4881:
4869:
4865:
4857:
4853:
4824:
4820:
4815:Wayback Machine
4805:
4801:
4793:
4789:
4775:India and China
4767:Jadunath Sarkar
4761:
4757:
4748:
4739:
4721:
4717:
4708:
4704:
4696:
4692:
4677:
4673:
4665:
4661:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4638:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4624:
4620:
4611:
4607:
4603:44(3): 235–240.
4598:
4594:
4587:
4571:
4567:
4558:
4554:
4529:
4525:
4518:
4496:
4487:
4478:
4474:
4461:
4457:
4438:
4434:
4427:
4405:
4401:
4392:
4385:
4378:
4362:
4355:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4321:
4315:
4311:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4270:
4268:
4253:
4249:
4245:, pp. 14–.
4241:
4237:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4202:
4196:
4187:
4178:
4176:
4141:
4134:
4124:
4122:
4115:
4099:
4095:
4085:
4083:
4076:
4060:
4056:
4045:
4031:
4027:
3998:
3994:
3963:
3959:
3954:
3910:
3901:
3808:
3772:Harun al-Rashid
3735:
3693:
3648:contemporaneous
3643:Parimaha Maitya
3536:
3473:Ghazni Province
3457:
3378:
3218:
3208:
3177:Demak Sultanate
2922:
2920:Island kingdoms
2770:Malay Peninsula
2757:: Langkasuka (-
2723:Pallava dynasty
2624:of the dancing
2614:
2609:
2603:
2594:
2585:
2560:
2471:
2402:States such as
2361:
2283:outrigger boats
2248:thalassocracies
2229:
2219:
2193:Chola invasions
2162:
2128:
2070:Indragiri Hilir
2021:Kalinga Kingdom
1958:
1943:, Teuku Wisnu).
1850:
1806:
1796:
1598:
1592:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1557:
1549:
1548:
1542:
1531:
1520:, dedicated to
1401:
1381:
1216:
1211:
1018:Malay Peninsula
976:
971:
923:
906:
784:
782:Cultural sphere
753:
571:
561:
556:
548:Pamir Mountains
498:Pallava dynasty
408:
119:
95:
74:
66:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10425:
10415:
10414:
10409:
10404:
10399:
10394:
10389:
10384:
10379:
10374:
10357:
10356:
10354:
10353:
10348:
10343:
10338:
10333:
10328:
10323:
10318:
10313:
10308:
10303:
10301:Easternization
10298:
10293:
10288:
10283:
10278:
10273:
10268:
10263:
10258:
10253:
10248:
10243:
10238:
10232:
10230:
10224:
10223:
10221:
10220:
10219:
10218:
10213:
10212:
10211:
10206:
10196:
10195:
10194:
10184:
10183:
10182:
10181:
10180:
10175:
10165:
10160:
10155:
10154:
10153:
10138:
10137:
10136:
10131:
10126:
10111:
10110:
10109:
10104:
10102:Zoroastrianism
10094:
10093:
10092:
10087:
10082:
10077:
10072:
10067:
10057:
10056:
10055:
10050:
10045:
10044:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10013:
10012:
10011:
10006:
10001:
9996:
9995:
9994:
9973:
9971:
9965:
9964:
9962:
9961:
9960:
9959:
9954:
9944:
9939:
9934:
9929:
9924:
9919:
9917:Islamic ethics
9914:
9909:
9904:
9899:
9894:
9889:
9884:
9878:
9876:
9870:
9869:
9867:
9866:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9850:
9849:
9844:
9834:
9829:
9824:
9823:
9822:
9817:
9812:
9802:
9797:
9792:
9791:
9790:
9785:
9780:
9770:
9769:
9768:
9758:
9753:
9752:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9726:
9721:
9716:
9711:
9700:
9698:
9692:
9691:
9689:
9688:
9683:
9682:
9681:
9676:
9675:
9674:
9669:
9659:
9654:
9653:
9652:
9647:
9637:
9632:
9622:
9617:
9612:
9606:
9604:
9600:
9599:
9597:
9596:
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9571:
9565:
9563:
9559:
9558:
9547:
9546:
9539:
9532:
9524:
9515:
9514:
9512:
9511:
9506:
9501:
9496:
9491:
9485:
9483:
9477:
9476:
9474:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9457:
9455:
9451:
9450:
9448:
9447:
9442:
9436:
9434:
9428:
9427:
9425:
9424:
9423:
9422:
9412:
9407:
9402:
9397:
9391:
9389:
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9382:
9380:
9379:
9378:
9377:
9372:
9367:
9357:
9352:
9351:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9335:
9324:
9322:
9316:
9315:
9313:
9312:
9307:
9302:
9297:
9292:
9287:
9282:
9277:
9272:
9271:
9270:
9259:
9257:
9251:
9250:
9248:
9247:
9242:
9237:
9236:
9235:
9230:
9225:
9215:
9209:
9207:
9197:
9196:
9194:
9193:
9191:Climate change
9188:
9182:
9180:
9174:
9173:
9171:
9170:
9165:
9160:
9155:
9150:
9145:
9140:
9135:
9130:
9125:
9120:
9115:
9110:
9104:
9102:
9096:
9095:
9093:
9092:
9087:
9086:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9016:
9014:
9008:
9007:
9000:
8998:
8996:
8995:
8990:
8989:
8988:
8983:
8978:
8973:
8963:
8958:
8957:
8956:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8935:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8918:
8917:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8886:
8884:
8878:
8877:
8870:
8869:
8862:
8855:
8847:
8841:
8840:
8834:
8814:
8813:External links
8811:
8810:
8809:
8804:
8801:
8796:
8781:
8780:, Madras, 1944
8774:
8763:
8745:
8730:R. C. Majumdar
8727:
8724:
8721:
8716:
8700:
8689:
8683:
8680:
8679:
8678:
8668:
8632:
8605:Thapar, Romila
8601:
8581:
8552:
8524:
8496:
8487:
8482:
8467:
8446:
8418:
8393:(6): 703–716,
8375:
8358:(3): 703–744,
8347:
8338:
8308:
8305:
8302:
8301:
8250:
8232:
8223:Mohammad Habib
8214:
8195:
8175:
8157:
8138:
8118:
8115:. p. 852.
8105:Charles Pellat
8076:
8042:
8023:
7999:
7965:
7946:
7932:Satish Chandra
7923:
7911:
7902:
7883:
7863:
7844:
7824:
7805:
7782:
7763:
7744:
7737:
7718:
7705:
7692:
7679:
7660:
7637:
7618:
7599:
7569:
7548:
7532:
7510:
7480:
7473:
7453:
7434:
7414:
7407:
7388:
7370:
7338:
7327:Abdur Rahman,
7320:
7283:
7277:
7257:
7246:
7226:
7207:
7184:
7165:
7142:
7123:
7117:. p. 99.
7099:
7085:
7065:
7047:
7041:
7023:
7016:
6998:
6968:
6962:
6939:
6932:
6908:
6889:
6865:
6847:
6821:
6795:
6773:
6762:
6741:"Khmer Empire"
6732:
6700:
6657:
6638:
6618:
6592:
6573:
6553:
6534:
6514:
6503:on 24 May 2015
6482:
6473:
6446:Khmer Ceramics
6435:
6391:
6375:
6358:Hinduism Today
6344:
6307:
6288:
6268:
6242:
6215:
6196:
6176:
6151:Helmut Lukas.
6143:
6124:
6109:
6083:
6057:
6031:
6007:
5972:
5966:978-0415100540
5965:
5947:
5940:
5920:
5888:
5862:
5843:
5823:
5791:
5769:
5755:
5735:
5716:
5691:
5660:
5637:
5614:
5602:
5561:
5549:
5532:
5484:
5458:
5433:
5407:
5389:
5367:
5347:
5308:
5293:
5275:
5256:
5233:
5189:
5162:
5152:
5132:
5100:
5091:
5073:
5060:
5030:
5004:
4992:
4979:Wheatley (1982
4971:
4953:
4925:
4912:
4879:
4863:
4851:
4818:
4799:
4795:Majumdar (1960
4787:
4755:
4753:, p. 713)
4737:
4715:
4702:
4700:, p. 712)
4690:
4671:
4669:, p. 710)
4659:
4627:
4618:
4616:, p. 170)
4605:
4592:
4585:
4565:
4561:Caverhill 1767
4552:
4540:Minor, Greater
4523:
4516:
4485:
4472:
4455:
4432:
4425:
4399:
4383:
4376:
4353:
4309:
4277:
4247:
4235:
4185:
4132:
4113:
4093:
4074:
4054:
4043:
4025:
3992:
3977:(3): 677–680.
3956:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3916:
3909:
3906:
3900:
3897:
3885:Mohammad Habib
3835:Pashayi people
3807:
3804:
3796:Satish Chandra
3742:Ghurid dynasty
3734:
3731:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3665:
3658:Samanid Empire
3651:
3617:and Bhimpala.
3615:Trilochanapala
3535:
3532:
3456:
3453:
3377:
3374:
3364:described the
3207:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3194:
3180:
3144:
3120:
3117:Maluku Islands
3104:
3101:Isyana Dynasty
3073:
3064:
3007:
2998:
2990:
2981:
2930:Avalokiteśvara
2921:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2900:
2876:
2869:urban planning
2857:administration
2821:
2785:
2750:
2685:
2684:
2613:
2610:
2602:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2574:in green, and
2559:
2556:
2470:
2467:
2360:
2357:
2271:Southern India
2237:Borobudur ship
2218:
2215:
2172:proto-historic
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2115:
2096:
2077:
2066:Indragiri Hulu
2062:
2039:
2032:
1985:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1944:
1925:
1898:
1849:
1846:
1795:
1792:
1729:. Similarly,
1721:, also derive
1669:transliterated
1591:
1588:
1558:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1515:
1504:
1503:Hindu temples.
1489:
1464:
1400:
1397:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1341:
1322:Malay folklore
1319:
1297:
1283:
1273:
1255:
1249:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
975:
972:
970:
967:
922:
919:
914:principalities
905:
902:
894:men of letters
821:R. C. Majumdar
808:Kedahan Malays
783:
780:
776:Eurasian Plate
772:Plate tectonic
752:
749:
637:Exterior India
560:
557:
555:
552:
540:Greater Persia
526:extended into
463:socio-economic
459:maritime trade
439:Indian culture
435:Southeast Asia
410:
409:
407:
406:
399:
392:
384:
381:
380:
357:Buddhist texts
337:
336:
327:
321:
320:
314:
313:
296:
292:
291:
278:
272:
271:
262:
258:
257:
251:
250:
245:
239:
238:
216:
210:
209:
132:
128:
127:
125:Southeast Asia
121:
120:
62:
54:
53:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10424:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10405:
10403:
10400:
10398:
10395:
10393:
10390:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10380:
10378:
10375:
10373:
10370:
10369:
10367:
10352:
10349:
10347:
10344:
10342:
10339:
10337:
10334:
10332:
10329:
10327:
10324:
10322:
10319:
10317:
10314:
10312:
10309:
10307:
10304:
10302:
10299:
10297:
10294:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10279:
10277:
10274:
10272:
10269:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10249:
10247:
10244:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10234:
10233:
10231:
10225:
10217:
10214:
10210:
10207:
10205:
10202:
10201:
10200:
10197:
10193:
10190:
10189:
10188:
10185:
10179:
10176:
10174:
10171:
10170:
10169:
10166:
10164:
10161:
10159:
10156:
10152:
10149:
10148:
10147:
10144:
10143:
10142:
10139:
10135:
10132:
10130:
10127:
10125:
10122:
10121:
10120:
10117:
10116:
10115:
10112:
10108:
10105:
10103:
10100:
10099:
10098:
10095:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10083:
10081:
10078:
10076:
10073:
10071:
10068:
10066:
10063:
10062:
10061:
10058:
10054:
10051:
10049:
10046:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10018:
10017:
10014:
10010:
10007:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9993:
9990:
9989:
9988:
9985:
9984:
9983:
9980:
9979:
9978:
9975:
9974:
9972:
9970:
9966:
9958:
9955:
9953:
9950:
9949:
9948:
9945:
9943:
9940:
9938:
9935:
9933:
9930:
9928:
9925:
9923:
9920:
9918:
9915:
9913:
9910:
9908:
9905:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9893:
9890:
9888:
9885:
9883:
9880:
9879:
9877:
9875:
9871:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9848:
9845:
9843:
9840:
9839:
9838:
9835:
9833:
9830:
9828:
9825:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9813:
9811:
9808:
9807:
9806:
9803:
9801:
9798:
9796:
9793:
9789:
9786:
9784:
9781:
9779:
9776:
9775:
9774:
9771:
9767:
9764:
9763:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9754:
9750:
9747:
9745:
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9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
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9727:
9725:
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9720:
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9710:
9707:
9706:
9705:
9702:
9701:
9699:
9697:
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9687:
9684:
9680:
9677:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9664:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9651:
9648:
9646:
9643:
9642:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9631:
9628:
9627:
9626:
9625:Modern period
9623:
9621:
9618:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9607:
9605:
9601:
9595:
9592:
9590:
9587:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9566:
9564:
9560:
9556:
9552:
9551:Eastern world
9545:
9540:
9538:
9533:
9531:
9526:
9525:
9522:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9490:
9487:
9486:
9484:
9482:
9478:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
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9441:
9438:
9437:
9435:
9433:
9429:
9421:
9418:
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9413:
9411:
9408:
9406:
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9401:
9398:
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9376:
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9330:
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9325:
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9317:
9311:
9308:
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9303:
9301:
9298:
9296:
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9288:
9286:
9283:
9281:
9278:
9276:
9273:
9269:
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9265:
9264:
9261:
9260:
9258:
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9224:
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9208:
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9198:
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9169:
9166:
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9149:
9146:
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9139:
9136:
9134:
9131:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9108:Architecture
9106:
9105:
9103:
9101:
9097:
9091:
9088:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9065:
9064:Other groups
9063:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9055:Tibeto-Burman
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9025:Austroasiatic
9023:
9021:
9018:
9017:
9015:
9013:
9012:Ethnic groups
9009:
9004:
8994:
8991:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8968:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8955:
8952:
8951:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8916:
8913:
8912:
8911:
8908:
8907:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8887:
8885:
8883:
8879:
8875:
8868:
8863:
8861:
8856:
8854:
8849:
8848:
8845:
8838:
8835:
8832:
8829:
8828:
8827:
8825:
8824:Greater India
8820:
8808:
8805:
8802:
8799:
8793:
8789:
8788:
8782:
8779:
8775:
8772:
8768:
8764:
8762:
8761:0-8364-2802-1
8758:
8754:
8750:
8746:
8743:
8742:81-7018-046-5
8739:
8735:
8731:
8728:
8725:
8722:
8719:
8713:
8709:
8705:
8704:Cœdès, George
8701:
8697:
8696:
8690:
8686:
8685:
8676:
8675:
8669:
8666:
8662:
8658:
8654:
8650:
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8638:
8633:
8630:
8626:
8622:
8618:
8614:
8610:
8606:
8602:
8599:
8595:
8591:
8587:
8582:
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8572:
8564:
8563:
8558:
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8550:
8546:
8542:
8538:
8534:
8530:
8525:
8522:
8518:
8514:
8510:
8506:
8502:
8497:
8493:
8488:
8485:
8479:
8475:
8474:
8468:
8461:
8454:
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8444:
8440:
8436:
8432:
8428:
8424:
8419:
8416:
8412:
8408:
8404:
8400:
8396:
8392:
8388:
8384:
8380:
8376:
8373:
8369:
8365:
8361:
8357:
8353:
8348:
8344:
8339:
8336:
8332:
8328:
8324:
8320:
8316:
8311:
8310:
8297:
8293:
8288:
8283:
8278:
8273:
8269:
8265:
8264:PLOS Genetics
8261:
8254:
8246:
8242:
8236:
8228:
8224:
8218:
8202:
8198:
8196:9781107456594
8192:
8188:
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8179:
8171:
8167:
8161:
8145:
8141:
8139:9780520294134
8135:
8131:
8130:
8122:
8114:
8110:
8106:
8102:
8101:Bernard Lewis
8098:
8094:
8090:
8089:J. H. Kramers
8086:
8085:H. A. R. Gibb
8080:
8064:
8060:
8059:nuristan.info
8056:
8052:
8046:
8030:
8026:
8024:9780700706297
8020:
8016:
8012:
8011:
8003:
7987:
7983:
7979:
7972:
7970:
7953:
7949:
7947:9788124110645
7943:
7939:
7938:
7933:
7927:
7920:
7915:
7906:
7890:
7886:
7884:9780199687053
7880:
7876:
7875:
7867:
7851:
7847:
7845:9780520294134
7841:
7837:
7836:
7828:
7812:
7808:
7806:9781446545638
7802:
7798:
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7770:
7766:
7764:9780754669562
7760:
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7738:9780754669562
7734:
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7642:
7625:
7621:
7619:9789693514131
7615:
7611:
7610:
7603:
7587:
7583:
7579:
7573:
7566:
7562:
7561:H. G. Raverty
7557:
7555:
7553:
7545:
7539:
7537:
7529:
7525:
7519:
7517:
7515:
7498:
7494:
7490:
7484:
7476:
7470:
7466:
7465:
7457:
7441:
7437:
7435:9781317340911
7431:
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7384:
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7299:
7294:
7287:
7280:
7274:
7270:
7269:
7261:
7254:
7249:
7243:
7239:
7238:
7230:
7214:
7210:
7208:9781844670208
7204:
7200:
7199:
7194:
7193:Romila Thapar
7188:
7172:
7168:
7162:
7158:
7157:
7152:
7151:Ewans, Martin
7146:
7130:
7126:
7124:9780521200936
7120:
7116:
7112:
7111:
7103:
7088:
7082:
7078:
7077:
7069:
7061:
7057:
7051:
7044:
7042:1-886439-02-8
7038:
7034:
7027:
7019:
7017:9783895003646
7013:
7009:
7002:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6972:
6965:
6959:
6955:
6954:
6946:
6944:
6935:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6920:
6912:
6896:
6892:
6890:9780520294134
6886:
6882:
6878:
6877:
6869:
6861:
6857:
6851:
6835:
6831:
6825:
6809:
6805:
6799:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6777:
6771:
6770:Coedès (1968)
6766:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6736:
6717:
6710:
6704:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6661:
6645:
6641:
6639:9780521243339
6635:
6631:
6630:
6622:
6606:
6602:
6596:
6580:
6576:
6574:9780522854770
6570:
6566:
6565:
6557:
6541:
6537:
6535:9789004119734
6531:
6527:
6526:
6518:
6499:
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6470:
6455:
6448:
6447:
6439:
6432:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6402:
6395:
6389:
6388:9781842125847
6385:
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6355:
6348:
6329:
6325:
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6311:
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6291:
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6197:9788120749108
6193:
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5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5976:
5968:
5962:
5958:
5951:
5943:
5941:9781588395245
5937:
5933:
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5924:
5905:
5898:
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5872:
5866:
5850:
5846:
5844:9781285783086
5840:
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5808:
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5779:
5773:
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5756:9781285783086
5752:
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5739:
5723:
5719:
5717:9783319338224
5713:
5709:
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5675:
5671:
5664:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5641:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5618:
5612:, p. 98.
5611:
5610:Coedes (1967)
5606:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5568:
5566:
5558:
5553:
5546:
5542:
5536:
5528:
5522:
5506:
5502:
5501:Hindi Stories
5498:
5491:
5489:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5462:
5447:
5443:
5437:
5422:
5418:
5411:
5405:
5401:
5398:
5393:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5371:
5365:
5364:Coedes (1967)
5360:
5358:
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5312:
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5211:
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5186:0-19-925591-1
5183:
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5034:
5019:
5015:
5008:
5001:
4996:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4975:
4967:
4966:Greater India
4962:
4957:
4950:
4949:Bharat Varsha
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4929:
4915:
4909:
4905:
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4822:
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4803:
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4780:
4776:
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4771:Greater India
4768:
4764:
4759:
4752:
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4732:9782503524474
4729:
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4569:
4562:
4556:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4532:Wheatley 1982
4527:
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4313:
4294:
4287:
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4262:
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4244:
4243:Coedès (1968)
4239:
4232:
4216:
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4046:
4044:9788124110669
4040:
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3996:
3989:
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3685:
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3659:
3655:
3654:Kamalavarman:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3624:According to
3623:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3616:
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3603:
3601:
3597:
3596:Rajatarangini
3593:
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2999:
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2877:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2838:Jayavarman II
2835:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2608:
2598:
2592:Rise of Islam
2589:
2583:Khmer Kingdom
2577:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2514:Gangga Negara
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2493:
2487:
2480:
2475:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2455:Bay of Bengal
2452:
2448:
2447:Chola dynasty
2444:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2365:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2346:
2341:
2339:
2334:
2331:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2265:sailors from
2264:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2025:Ngayogyakarta
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1829:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1762:in Javanese,
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1682:contain many
1681:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1653:Tibeto-Burman
1649:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1618:Indic scripts
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1562:
1561:galah panjang
1555:
1546:
1540:
1523:
1519:
1518:Erawan Shrine
1516:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1473:crowned with
1472:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1193:, statues of
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1004:
1000:
995:
988:
984:
980:
966:
963:
958:
956:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
927:Greater India
918:
915:
911:
910:George Coedès
904:Indianization
901:
899:
898:Greater India
895:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
851:
849:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
817:
816:Greater India
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
792:Bujang Valley
788:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
756:Greater India
748:
746:
745:Hinter-Indien
742:
741:Vorder-Indien
738:
734:
730:
726:
725:Sunda Islands
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
701:Greater India
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
682:
681:Farther India
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
654:(present-day
653:
652:Malabar Coast
649:
644:
642:
638:
634:
633:Greater India
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
597:Greater India
594:
587:
583:
582:Farther India
579:
575:
570:
566:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
455:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
415:Greater India
405:
400:
398:
393:
391:
386:
385:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
335:
334:Kushan Empire
331:
328:
326:
322:
319:
315:
312:
308:
304:
300:
297:
293:
290:
286:
282:
279:
277:
273:
270:
266:
263:
259:
256:
252:
249:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
217:
215:
211:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
167:Gangga Negara
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
60:
55:
50:
44:
40:
39:Akhand Bharat
33:
19:
10296:Eastern Bloc
10266:Asia Council
10227:Contemporary
10173:Latin Church
10141:Christianity
10070:Confucianism
9942:Collectivism
9756:Architecture
9662:World War II
9583:
9410:Martial arts
9300:Colonial era
9295:Early modern
9245:Caste system
9127:
9030:Austronesian
8971:Northwestern
8816:
8786:
8777:
8770:
8767:Suvarnadvipa
8766:
8752:
8748:
8733:
8707:
8694:
8688:Linguistics.
8673:
8640:
8636:
8612:
8608:
8589:
8585:
8561:
8532:
8528:
8504:
8500:
8491:
8472:
8460:the original
8451:
8426:
8422:
8390:
8386:
8355:
8351:
8342:
8318:
8314:
8267:
8263:
8253:
8244:
8235:
8226:
8217:
8205:. Retrieved
8185:
8178:
8169:
8160:
8148:. Retrieved
8128:
8121:
8108:
8079:
8067:. Retrieved
8058:
8045:
8033:. Retrieved
8009:
8002:
7990:. Retrieved
7981:
7956:. Retrieved
7936:
7926:
7918:
7914:
7905:
7893:. Retrieved
7873:
7866:
7854:. Retrieved
7834:
7827:
7815:. Retrieved
7795:
7785:
7773:. Retrieved
7753:
7747:
7727:
7721:
7713:
7708:
7700:
7695:
7687:
7682:
7670:. Retrieved
7650:
7630:21 September
7628:. Retrieved
7608:
7602:
7590:. Retrieved
7586:the original
7581:
7572:
7564:
7543:
7527:
7523:
7501:. Retrieved
7497:the original
7492:
7483:
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7456:
7444:. Retrieved
7424:
7417:
7397:
7391:
7382:
7373:
7361:. Retrieved
7350:
7341:
7328:
7323:
7311:. Retrieved
7307:the original
7296:
7286:
7267:
7260:
7251:
7236:
7229:
7217:. Retrieved
7197:
7187:
7175:. Retrieved
7155:
7145:
7133:. Retrieved
7109:
7102:
7090:. Retrieved
7075:
7068:
7059:
7050:
7032:
7026:
7007:
7001:
6989:. Retrieved
6985:the original
6980:
6971:
6952:
6918:
6911:
6899:. Retrieved
6875:
6868:
6859:
6850:
6838:. Retrieved
6834:the original
6824:
6812:. Retrieved
6808:the original
6798:
6785:
6781:
6776:
6765:
6753:. Retrieved
6735:
6723:. Retrieved
6703:
6670:
6666:
6660:
6648:. Retrieved
6628:
6621:
6609:. Retrieved
6605:the original
6595:
6583:. Retrieved
6563:
6556:
6544:. Retrieved
6524:
6517:
6505:. Retrieved
6498:the original
6485:
6476:
6468:
6461:. Retrieved
6445:
6438:
6430:
6423:. Retrieved
6416:the original
6411:
6407:
6394:
6378:
6366:. Retrieved
6357:
6347:
6335:. Retrieved
6323:
6310:
6298:. Retrieved
6278:
6271:
6259:. Retrieved
6245:
6233:. Retrieved
6218:
6206:. Retrieved
6186:
6179:
6167:. Retrieved
6146:
6127:
6118:
6112:
6100:. Retrieved
6086:
6074:. Retrieved
6060:
6048:. Retrieved
6034:
6025:
5998:. Retrieved
5989:
5985:
5975:
5956:
5950:
5930:
5923:
5911:. Retrieved
5904:the original
5891:
5879:. Retrieved
5865:
5853:. Retrieved
5833:
5826:
5814:. Retrieved
5807:the original
5794:
5782:. Retrieved
5772:
5760:. Retrieved
5745:
5738:
5726:. Retrieved
5707:
5682:. Retrieved
5673:
5663:
5646:
5640:
5632:the original
5627:
5617:
5605:
5580:
5576:
5552:
5535:
5509:. Retrieved
5500:
5470:
5461:
5449:. Retrieved
5445:
5436:
5424:. Retrieved
5420:
5410:
5392:
5384:the original
5379:
5370:
5338:. Retrieved
5321:
5311:
5302:
5296:
5278:
5266:. Retrieved
5246:
5224:. Retrieved
5208:(4): 24–25.
5205:
5165:
5157:
5142:
5135:
5127:
5120:, retrieved
5110:
5103:
5094:
5085:
5076:
5065:, retrieved
5043:
5033:
5021:. Retrieved
5017:
5007:
4995:
4987:Sylvain Levi
4983:Bharatavarsa
4982:
4974:
4965:
4956:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4937:Sylvain Lévi
4933:Bayley (2004
4928:
4917:, retrieved
4895:
4874:
4871:Thapar (1968
4866:
4854:
4835:
4831:
4821:
4802:
4790:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4758:
4723:
4718:
4710:
4705:
4698:Bayley (2004
4693:
4684:
4680:
4674:
4667:Bayley (2004
4662:
4650:. Retrieved
4630:
4621:
4608:
4600:
4595:
4575:
4568:
4555:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4526:
4501:
4481:Beazley 1910
4475:
4467:
4464:Beazley 1910
4458:
4449:
4445:
4435:
4410:
4402:
4395:Azurara 1446
4366:
4348:
4341:. Retrieved
4329:
4325:
4312:
4300:. Retrieved
4280:
4269:, retrieved
4260:
4250:
4238:
4231:outsiders...
4229:
4222:. Retrieved
4215:the original
4210:
4206:
4177:, retrieved
4155:(1): 21–39,
4152:
4148:
4123:. Retrieved
4103:
4096:
4084:. Retrieved
4064:
4057:
4048:
4034:
4028:
4019:
4002:
3995:
3986:
3974:
3970:
3960:
3914:Indocentrism
3902:
3888:
3882:
3875:
3866:
3846:
3839:Kunar Valley
3828:
3809:
3798:states that
3736:
3726:
3720:
3694:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3667:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3625:
3621:
3604:
3587:
3578:– the
3572:Kabul Valley
3556:Kabul Valley
3549:
3497:
3482:
3402:
3379:
3339:
3330:
3316:
3265:
3261:Indus Valley
3233:
3196:
3182:
3163:to Wanin in
3146:
3122:
3106:
3075:
3066:
3009:
3000:
2992:
2985:Tarumanagara
2983:
2977:Salakanagara
2975:
2907:: The first
2902:
2893:Hariphunchai
2880:Mon kingdoms
2878:
2834:consecration
2830:Khmer Empire
2823:
2812:began their
2787:
2765:
2758:
2752:
2743:Laws of Manu
2742:
2735:syncretistic
2707:Khmer Empire
2700:
2647:
2637:
2595:
2586:
2568:Khmer Empire
2549:
2546:Tarumanagara
2500:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2459:Pala dynasty
2435:Suvarnabhumi
2432:
2426:in Java and
2416:Khmer empire
2401:
2389:
2373:
2349:
2342:
2338:Roman Empire
2327:
2263:Austronesian
2261:remodeling.
2259:geostrategic
2256:
2252:
2211:
2204:
2201:
2190:
2169:Austronesian
2092:
2084:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2005:Sarayu river
1978:Suvarnabhumi
1933:Dewi Sartika
1833:
1825:
1817:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1759:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1700:
1673:
1650:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1631:
1621:
1613:
1605:
1569:
1497:Kudus mosque
1486:step pyramid
1483:Austronesian
1413:Central Java
1385:caste system
1382:
1379:Caste system
1369:
1363:
1313:
1307:
1290:Dayak people
1280:Musti-yuddha
1159:
1153:
1143:
1134:
1125:
1116:
1109:Añjali Mudrā
1107:
1065:
1061:Khmer Empire
1007:
959:
951:
926:
924:
907:
897:
882:
857:, Cambodia,
852:
848:Sylvain Lévi
829:P. C. Bagchi
815:
813:
767:
764:Indian Plate
759:
755:
754:
744:
740:
700:
698:
690:South Arabia
679:
671:
659:
647:
645:
641:India aquosa
640:
636:
632:
628:
613:Middle India
612:
605:Lesser India
604:
596:
593:Three Indias
592:
590:
536:Central Asia
518:
513:
512:in his work
510:George Cœdès
479:
456:
422:
418:
414:
413:
368:
360:
352:
344:
318:Central Asia
203:Tarumanagara
96:
76:Light orange
75:
67:
63:
43:
10246:Arab League
10229:integration
10168:Catholicism
10026:Vaishnavism
9800:Esotericism
9667:Pacific War
9640:World War I
9584:Indic world
9579:Sinic world
9562:Foundations
9263:Archaeology
9178:Environment
9068:Afro-Asians
8890:Afghanistan
8429:: 155–178,
7791:H.A.R. Gibb
6991:19 December
6368:21 November
6261:20 December
6102:20 December
6050:20 December
5881:15 December
5855:20 December
5784:15 December
5762:20 December
5226:20 December
5122:15 December
4838:: 190–197.
4763:Handy (1930
4751:Bayley 2004
4652:20 December
4536:India Major
4302:12 February
4179:23 December
3889:Sakya Sinha
3722:Nava Vihara
3697:Tokharistan
3568:Turk Shahis
3528:Hindu Shahi
3449:Zoroastrian
3445:Hepthalites
3439:as well as
3397:Turk Shahis
3385:Afghanistan
3362:Ibn Battuta
3340:The Caliph
3319:Tapa Sardar
3308:Baluchistan
3300:Kabul-Shahs
3241:Kabul Shahi
3133:Kertanegara
3068:Tambralinga
3045:Pala Empire
3029:Dharmakirti
2940:, Indonesia
2909:Tai peoples
2451:South India
2396:Mahābhārata
2315:spice trade
2104:New Guinean
2047:Singha-pura
1826:Scripts in
1643:Scripts in
1580:gilli danda
1371:Mahabharata
1270:Ulaanbaatar
1246:Cham people
1203:Mogao Caves
1191:Gobi Desert
1179:Afghanistan
1160:Beyond the
1104:Mahabharata
1096:Philippines
1003:Gobi Desert
999:Mogao Caves
987:fire temple
875:Indianizing
837:Kalidas Nag
814:The use of
737:Philippines
672:India Minor
664:East Indies
648:India Major
625:India Maior
528:Afghanistan
524:monasticism
423:Indic world
349:Hindu texts
113:Afghanistan
101:Philippines
88:Philippines
68:Dark orange
10412:Indosphere
10366:Categories
9957:Philippine
9874:Philosophy
9859:Philosophy
9832:Literature
9365:Bangladesh
9275:Bronze Age
9158:Philosophy
9143:Literature
9040:Indo-Aryan
9020:Andamanese
8895:Bangladesh
8307:References
7474:0391041738
7408:9004095098
6963:0391041738
6933:0391041738
6814:25 January
6169:14 January
5913:13 January
5816:13 January
5547:for a list
4945:Sarvabhumi
3851:Kafiristan
3849:people of
3820:Badakhshan
3762:Amir Banji
3727:Naw Bahara
3622:Vakkadeva:
3611:Anandapala
3600:Kshatriyas
3592:chronicles
3516:Zabulistan
3512:Kabulistan
3485:Turk Shahi
3417:Huen Tsang
3409:Hindu Kush
3381:Zabulistan
3376:Zabulistan
3366:Hindu Kush
3280:Zabulistan
3272:Zamindawar
3268:André Wink
3210:See also:
3171:. Most of
3153:Singhasari
3129:Singhasari
3124:Singhasari
3097:Sailendras
3020:Sailendras
2820:territory.
2806:Sinosphere
2754:Langkasuka
2719:epigraphic
2711:Indosphere
2669:Indosphere
2578:in yellow.
2530:Langkasuka
2368:Angkor Wat
2299:sandalwood
2279:catamarans
2081:Ratchaburi
2015:mountain,
1859:Indonesian
1798:See also:
1794:Literature
1705:, such as
1684:loan words
1661:Mahayanist
1596:Indosphere
1594:See also:
1584:hom pim pa
1576:atya-patya
1545:Atya patya
1508:Batu Caves
1479:megalithic
1433:Angkor Wat
1417:Yogyakarta
1286:Kaharingan
1187:Tajikistan
1183:Uzbekistan
1132:Indonesian
1053:Brahmanism
845:Indologist
735:, and (i)
721:Indo-China
629:High India
621:Portuguese
578:Hindoostan
544:Hindu Kush
532:Uzbekistan
506:Indianized
490:epigraphic
482:common era
443:South Asia
427:South Asia
341:Indosphere
255:South Asia
195:Singhasari
179:Langkasuka
32:Indosphere
10114:Abrahamic
10009:Vajrayana
9999:Theravada
9854:Mythology
9827:Languages
9615:Silk Road
9574:Old World
9432:Education
9153:Mythology
9138:Languages
9050:Nuristani
9035:Dravidian
8961:Sri Lanka
8927:Northeast
8915:Northwest
8790:, BRILL,
8665:161697583
8443:186214598
8372:145353715
8097:J. Schact
7363:14 August
7313:22 August
6840:25 August
6695:161969465
5543:from the
5541:this page
5479:654509499
5451:26 August
5426:26 August
4169:154819912
4016:557595150
3952:Citations
3843:Jalalabad
3824:Baltistan
3744:, in the
3738:Amir Suri
3709:Buddhists
3668:Jayapala:
3630:Islamabad
3580:Kshatriya
3469:Mes Aynak
3342:Al-Ma'mun
3286:(Jabala,
3276:Arachosia
3253:Ghaznavid
3148:Majapahit
3137:Majapahit
3113:Airlangga
3086:Prambanan
3082:Borobudur
3057:Balaputra
3024:Vajrayana
3011:Srivijaya
2969:Majapahit
2938:Srivijaya
2904:Sukhothai
2889:Dvaravati
2865:logistics
2861:hydrology
2747:Kshatriya
2739:Manusmṛti
2632:, Vietnam
2572:Srivijaya
2506:Dvaravati
2424:Prambanan
2420:Borobudur
2412:Majapahit
2404:Srivijaya
2384:Prambanan
2345:Kshatriya
2307:sugarcane
2291:cultigens
2275:Sri Lanka
2245:Srivijaya
2241:Sailendra
2119:Putrajaya
2100:neologism
2085:Raja-puri
2043:Singapore
2036:Ayutthaya
1966:Ayutthaya
1964:Ruins of
1879:Filipinos
1812:Pages of
1764:Sundanese
1696:Sri Lanka
1512:Thaipusam
1501:Majapahit
1467:Borobudur
1445:Prambanan
1421:Indonesia
1409:Prambanan
1348:Indonesia
1276:Muay Thai
1231:Lakshmana
1199:Kartikeya
1166:Hindukush
1123:Cambodian
1084:Indonesia
1042:Theravada
955:Look East
925:The term
713:Hindustan
475:Sri Lanka
431:East Asia
421:, or the
311:Sri Lanka
269:Sri Lanka
199:Srivijaya
183:Majapahit
159:Dvaravati
139:Borobodur
10107:Yazidism
10090:Tengrism
10041:Smartism
10036:Shaktism
10031:Shaivism
10016:Hinduism
10004:Mahayana
9982:Buddhism
9969:Religion
9952:Japanese
9864:Religion
9815:Japanese
9805:Folklore
9783:Buddhist
9773:Calendar
9744:Cyrillic
9704:Alphabet
9679:Cold War
9594:Islamdom
9454:Military
9375:Pakistan
9338:Hinduism
9333:Buddhism
9320:Religion
9290:Medieval
9280:Iron Age
9205:Politics
9168:Surnames
9090:Diaspora
8986:Southern
8976:Northern
8949:Pakistan
8939:Maldives
8571:citation
8296:35176016
8243:(1966).
8207:26 March
8201:Archived
8150:26 March
8144:Archived
8069:26 March
8063:Archived
8035:26 March
8029:Archived
7992:26 March
7986:Archived
7958:26 March
7952:Archived
7934:(2004).
7895:26 March
7889:Archived
7856:26 March
7850:Archived
7817:26 March
7811:Archived
7793:(2013).
7775:26 March
7769:Archived
7672:26 March
7666:Archived
7624:Archived
7446:26 March
7440:Archived
7425:The Huns
7381:(1977).
7357:Archived
7219:26 March
7213:Archived
7195:(2005).
7177:26 March
7171:Archived
7153:(2013).
7135:26 March
7129:Archived
7092:26 March
6901:26 March
6895:Archived
6858:(1951).
6749:Archived
6716:Archived
6687:25203407
6644:Archived
6579:Archived
6546:26 March
6540:Archived
6454:Archived
6362:Archived
6328:Archived
6300:26 March
6294:Archived
6255:Archived
6229:Archived
6202:Archived
6160:Archived
6135:Archived
6096:Archived
6070:Archived
6044:Archived
6000:26 March
5994:Archived
5875:Archived
5849:Archived
5728:26 March
5722:Archived
5678:Archived
5521:cite web
5505:Archived
5469:(1956).
5400:Archived
5334:Archived
5286:Archived
5268:26 March
5262:Archived
5220:Archived
5174:Archived
5116:archived
4811:Archived
4643:Archived
4548:Inferior
4343:26 March
4334:Archived
4293:Archived
4271:26 March
4265:archived
4173:archived
4125:26 March
4119:Archived
4086:26 March
4080:Archived
3983:26534911
3908:See also
3867:Peristan
3865:(styled
3859:Nuristan
3812:Nuristan
3806:Nuristan
3784:Khurasan
3776:Saffarid
3705:Hui'Chao
3701:Buddhism
3672:Jayapala
3607:Jayapala
3576:Gandhara
3560:Gandhara
3520:Gandhara
3489:Buddhist
3441:Shaivism
3335:Mahayana
3327:Xuanzang
3249:Saffarid
3190:Citanduy
3173:Balinese
3157:Javanese
3089:Trimurti
2994:Kalingga
2873:the arts
2849:Buddhism
2845:devaraja
2814:diaspora
2802:Hinduism
2762:Sanskrit
2745:for the
2731:Harihara
2713:and the
2693:Cát Tiên
2677:Sanskrit
2656:Kang Tai
2622:tympanum
2570:in red,
2551:devaraja
2522:Kalingga
2492:Trimurti
2414:and the
2394:and the
2392:Rāmāyaṇa
2295:coconuts
2206:devaraja
2176:historic
2108:Jayapura
2017:Kalingga
1989:toponyms
1956:Toponyms
1881:such as
1871:Sanskrit
1863:Javanese
1836:Sanskrit
1828:Sanskrit
1819:Ramayana
1768:Balinese
1733:such as
1711:old form
1707:Javanese
1645:Sanskrit
1451: —
1449:Trimurti
1391:, Bali,
1365:Ramayana
1360:Thailand
1356:Malaysia
1352:Cambodia
1326:Bidadari
1266:Thailand
1252:Brahmins
1242:Hinduism
1162:Himalaya
1141:Japanese
1102:and the
1100:Ramayana
1080:Thailand
1057:Hinduism
1049:Buddhism
1046:Mahayana
1030:Cambodia
1028:, lower
800:Buddhist
705:Himalaya
694:Ethiopia
615:was the
607:was the
599:was the
546:and the
542:via the
521:Buddhist
504:. These
494:official
486:Harihara
467:Buddhist
451:cultural
373:Ramayana
295:Hinduism
243:Hinduism
235:Thailand
223:Cambodia
171:Kalingga
117:Pakistan
82:(except
10271:BIMSTEC
10192:Culture
10187:Judaism
10151:Eastern
10146:Culture
10124:Culture
10097:Iranian
10075:Shenism
10053:Jainism
10048:Sikhism
10021:Culture
9987:Culture
9977:Dharmic
9810:Chinese
9795:Cuisine
9778:Chinese
9766:History
9734:Brahmic
9696:Culture
9603:History
9555:culture
9499:History
9445:History
9395:Cricket
9348:Sikhism
9343:Jainism
9328:Dharmic
9255:History
9201:Economy
9186:Monsoon
9163:Scripts
9133:Fashion
9123:Cuisine
9100:Culture
9083:Semitic
9073:Chinese
8981:Eastern
8932:Islands
8657:2055365
8629:2504471
8549:2757594
8521:2750560
8415:1776846
8395:Bibcode
8345:, Paris
8323:Bibcode
8287:8853555
7690:, p. 4.
7592:22 July
7503:22 July
6725:11 June
6650:26 June
6611:26 June
6585:27 June
6463:13 July
6324:niu.edu
6235:6 March
6208:13 July
6076:13 July
5684:13 July
5655:3061923
5597:3632296
5511:29 June
5340:25 July
4452:: 333–.
4050:Ghazni.
3863:Kashmir
3831:Pashtun
3786:except
3766:Abbasid
3524:Brahmin
3413:sun god
3405:Zunbils
3354:Baihaki
3323:Shaivst
3296:Zunbils
3288:Kapisha
3245:Zunbils
3077:Mataram
3061:Nalanda
3033:Nalanda
3016:Sumatra
2965:Ganesha
2954:Mataram
2948:Statue
2928:Golden
2825:Kambuja
2794:Vietnam
2782:Pattani
2759:langkha
2538:Pan Pan
2518:Kadaram
2443:Kalinga
2439:traders
2408:Mataram
2352:Brahman
2333:traders
2330:Vaishya
2303:bananas
2051:Jakarta
2029:Ayodhya
1997:Mathura
1970:Ayodhya
1914:Burmese
1891:Visayan
1887:Ilocano
1883:Tagalog
1853:In the
1841:Vietnam
1780:Burmese
1735:Tagalog
1471:mandala
1443:, also
1330:Jentayu
1304:Bathala
1195:Ganesha
1127:sampeah
1118:namasté
1072:Myanmar
1022:Sumatra
1001:in the
891:Bengali
871:Vietnam
733:Celebes
686:Somalia
231:Myanmar
191:Pan Pan
10209:Baháʼí
10199:Bábism
10080:Shinto
10065:Taoism
9947:Values
9820:Korean
9739:Arabic
9724:Hangul
9504:Swords
9387:Sports
9228:Muslim
9118:Cinema
9060:Turkic
9045:Iranic
8954:Punjab
8900:Bhutan
8794:
8759:
8749:Champa
8740:
8714:
8663:
8655:
8627:
8547:
8519:
8480:
8441:
8413:
8370:
8294:
8284:
8193:
8136:
8021:
7944:
7881:
7842:
7803:
7761:
7735:
7658:
7616:
7563:, Tr.
7471:
7432:
7405:
7333:Rutbil
7275:
7244:
7205:
7163:
7121:
7083:
7039:
7014:
6960:
6930:
6887:
6755:7 July
6693:
6685:
6636:
6571:
6532:
6507:5 July
6425:5 July
6386:
6337:1 June
6286:
6194:
5963:
5938:
5841:
5753:
5714:
5653:
5595:
5477:
5254:
5184:
5150:
5067:14 May
5058:
5023:14 May
4919:14 May
4910:
4730:
4583:
4514:
4423:
4374:
4224:5 July
4167:
4111:
4072:
4041:
4014:
3981:
3778:ruler
3769:caliph
3754:pagans
3504:Kapisa
3500:Turkic
3425:Multan
3421:Aditya
3393:Ghazni
3358:Ma'sud
3331:Jaguda
3312:Persia
3304:Makran
3278:) and
3141:Borneo
3108:Kadiri
3095:. The
3049:Bengal
3037:Atisha
3002:Malayu
2934:Malayu
2828:: The
2798:Lâm Ấp
2789:Champa
2766:sukkha
2741:, the
2733:, the
2702:Chenla
2661:Mekong
2652:exonym
2630:Champa
2576:Champa
2544:, and
2502:Champa
2463:Bengal
2428:Angkor
2305:, and
2293:(like
2289:) and
2158:, and
2023:, and
2013:Sumeru
2009:Semeru
2001:Serayu
1993:Madura
1924:words.
1916:, and
1784:phiesa
1782:, and
1766:, and
1756:Tausug
1752:bahasa
1727:Arabic
1692:Rāvaṇa
1657:Tanjur
1522:Brahma
1475:stupas
1461:Brahma
1457:Vishnu
1437:Vishnu
1393:Madura
1344:Wayang
1334:Garuda
1309:Diwata
1294:Borneo
1258:Garuda
1174:Khotan
1145:gassho
1139:, the
1136:sembah
1130:, the
1114:Indian
1098:. The
1088:Malaya
1036:. The
1034:Champa
1016:, the
879:Ceylon
863:Champa
841:Angkor
731:, (h)
729:Borneo
727:, (g)
723:, (f)
719:, (e)
715:, (d)
711:, (c)
709:Punjab
707:, (b)
692:, and
670:) and
656:Kerala
611:, and
565:Indies
371:
369:·
367:
363:
361:·
359:
355:
353:·
351:
347:
345:·
343:
299:Bhutan
281:Bhutan
155:Chenla
151:Champa
143:Butuan
135:Angkor
109:Yunnan
97:Yellow
70:: The
10346:SEATO
10336:SAARC
10291:CPTPP
10276:CAREC
10251:ASEAN
10216:Druze
10204:Azali
10129:Sunni
10119:Islam
10085:Muism
10060:Taoic
9842:Chant
9837:Music
9788:Hindu
9749:Latin
9729:Hanja
9714:Kanji
9709:Hanzi
9370:India
9355:Islam
9223:Hindu
9148:Music
8944:Nepal
8922:South
8910:North
8905:India
8661:S2CID
8653:JSTOR
8625:JSTOR
8545:JSTOR
8517:JSTOR
8463:(PDF)
8456:(PDF)
8439:S2CID
8411:JSTOR
8368:S2CID
8113:Brill
7253:snow.
6784:[
6719:(PDF)
6712:(PDF)
6691:S2CID
6683:JSTOR
6501:(PDF)
6494:(PDF)
6457:(PDF)
6450:(PDF)
6419:(PDF)
6404:(PDF)
6331:(PDF)
6320:(PDF)
6163:(PDF)
6156:(PDF)
5907:(PDF)
5900:(PDF)
5810:(PDF)
5803:(PDF)
5593:JSTOR
4646:(PDF)
4639:(PDF)
4337:(PDF)
4322:(PDF)
4296:(PDF)
4289:(PDF)
4218:(PDF)
4203:(PDF)
4165:S2CID
3979:JSTOR
3877:jizya
3847:Kafir
3837:from
3816:Kafir
3713:Balkh
3691:Balkh
3670:With
3662:Lawik
3638:Shiva
3588:Shahi
3552:Hindu
3508:Nezak
3493:Hindu
3465:stupa
3437:Tibet
3389:Zabul
3370:India
3292:Kabul
3284:Zabul
3225:Surya
3198:Sunda
3193:city.
3184:Galuh
3165:Papua
3093:Shiva
3041:Malay
2950:Durga
2932:from
2842:Hindu
2818:Khmer
2810:Chams
2778:Kedah
2774:Malay
2665:Hindu
2648:Funan
2639:Funan
2626:Shiva
2542:Po-ni
2534:Pagan
2526:Kutai
2510:Funan
2319:Tamil
2311:China
2197:India
2187:Asia.
2091:from
2083:from
2074:Indra
2059:kreta
2053:from
2027:from
2019:from
2011:with
1995:with
1927:Many
1918:Khmer
1867:Malay
1788:Khmer
1776:bhasa
1772:phasa
1747:bhāṣā
1737:have
1688:Khmer
1614:Green
1529:Sport
1453:Shiva
1415:near
1315:Karma
1170:Tibet
1076:Tibet
1068:Vedic
1010:Burma
962:ASEAN
867:Funan
804:Kedah
796:Hindu
758:, or
717:Burma
658:) to
471:Hindu
307:Nepal
303:India
289:Tibet
285:Nepal
265:India
207:Tondo
187:Pagan
175:Kutai
163:Funan
105:Tibet
80:India
10331:RCEP
10306:EAEU
10286:CSTO
10236:APEC
10134:Shia
9847:Folk
9719:Kana
9553:and
9233:Sikh
9203:and
8792:ISBN
8757:ISBN
8738:ISBN
8712:ISBN
8577:link
8478:ISBN
8292:PMID
8209:2023
8191:ISBN
8152:2023
8134:ISBN
8071:2023
8037:2023
8019:ISBN
7994:2023
7960:2023
7942:ISBN
7897:2023
7879:ISBN
7858:2023
7840:ISBN
7819:2023
7801:ISBN
7777:2023
7759:ISBN
7733:ISBN
7674:2023
7656:ISBN
7632:2017
7614:ISBN
7594:2017
7505:2017
7469:ISBN
7448:2023
7430:ISBN
7403:ISBN
7365:2012
7315:2010
7273:ISBN
7242:ISBN
7221:2023
7203:ISBN
7179:2023
7161:ISBN
7137:2023
7119:ISBN
7094:2023
7081:ISBN
7037:ISBN
7012:ISBN
6993:2018
6958:ISBN
6928:ISBN
6903:2023
6885:ISBN
6842:2015
6816:2015
6757:2015
6727:2015
6652:2015
6634:ISBN
6613:2015
6587:2015
6569:ISBN
6548:2023
6530:ISBN
6509:2015
6465:2015
6427:2015
6384:ISBN
6370:2015
6339:2014
6302:2023
6284:ISBN
6263:2016
6237:2013
6210:2015
6192:ISBN
6171:2018
6104:2016
6078:2015
6052:2016
6002:2023
5961:ISBN
5936:ISBN
5915:2018
5883:2009
5857:2016
5839:ISBN
5818:2018
5786:2009
5764:2016
5751:ISBN
5730:2023
5712:ISBN
5686:2011
5651:OCLC
5559::ix)
5539:See
5527:link
5513:2022
5475:OCLC
5453:2023
5428:2023
5342:2017
5270:2023
5252:ISBN
5228:2016
5182:ISBN
5148:ISBN
5124:2015
5069:2024
5056:ISBN
5025:2024
4921:2024
4908:ISBN
4728:ISBN
4654:2016
4581:ISBN
4512:ISBN
4421:ISBN
4372:ISBN
4345:2023
4304:2017
4273:2023
4226:2015
4181:2015
4127:2023
4109:ISBN
4088:2023
4070:ISBN
4039:ISBN
4012:OCLC
3788:Ghur
3746:Ghor
3733:Ghur
3684:pala
3680:pala
3676:Deva
3634:Veka
3574:and
3542:The
3518:and
3431:and
3403:The
3391:and
3306:and
3251:and
3243:and
3214:and
3161:Aceh
2897:Pegu
2725:and
2681:Pali
2479:Ubud
2422:and
2323:Arab
2321:and
2287:paan
2273:and
2243:and
2225:and
2174:and
2068:and
2057:and
2055:Jaya
2003:and
1922:Pali
1906:Thai
1889:and
1865:and
1802:and
1760:basa
1678:and
1676:Thai
1622:Blue
1578:and
1506:The
1495:and
1459:and
1389:Java
1368:and
1358:and
1338:Naga
1336:and
1268:and
1229:and
1227:Sita
1223:Rama
1197:and
1185:and
1172:and
1164:and
1150:Thai
1148:and
1092:Laos
1055:and
1044:and
1038:Pali
1032:and
1026:Java
1020:and
1014:Siam
985:, a
941:and
933:and
865:and
859:Bali
855:Java
835:and
794:. A
676:Sind
639:and
580:and
567:and
500:and
469:and
433:and
227:Laos
147:Cebu
115:and
90:and
10351:TCO
10341:SCO
10326:OTS
10321:GCC
10316:ECO
10281:CAU
9761:Art
9113:Art
8645:doi
8617:doi
8594:doi
8537:doi
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