2628:
401:
36:
3097:: 狼牙脩國，在南海中。其界東西三十日行，南北二十日行，去廣州二萬四千里。土氣物產與扶南略同，偏多𥴈沉婆律香等。其俗男女皆袒而被髮，以吉貝爲干縵。其王及貴臣乃加雲霞布覆胛，以金繩爲絡帶，金鐶貫耳。女子則被布，以瓔珞繞身。其國累磚爲城，重門樓閣。王出乘象，有幡毦旗鼓，罩白蓋，兵衛甚設。國人說，立國以來四百餘年，後嗣衰弱，王族有賢者，國人歸之。王聞知，乃加囚執，其鏁無故自斷，王以爲神，因不敢害，乃斥逐出境，遂奔天竺，天竺妻以長女。俄而狼牙王死，大臣迎還爲王。二十餘年死，子婆伽達多立。天監十四年，遣使阿撤多奉表曰：「大吉天子足下：離淫怒癡，哀愍衆生，慈心無量。端嚴相好，身光明朗，如水中月，普照十方。眉間白毫，其白如雪，其色照曜，亦如月光。諸天善神之所供養，以垂正法寶，梵行衆增，莊嚴都邑。城閣高峻，如乾陁山。樓觀羅列，道途平正。人民熾盛，快樂安穩。著種種衣，猶如天服。於一切國，爲極尊勝。天王愍念羣生，民人安樂，慈心深廣，律儀清淨，正法化治，供養三寶，名稱宣揚，佈滿世界，百姓樂見，如月初生。譬如梵王，世界之主，人天一切，莫不歸依。敬禮大吉天子足下，猶如現前，忝承先業，慶嘉無量。今遣使問訊大意。欲自往，復畏大海風波不達。今奉薄獻，願大家曲垂領納。」
4003:
2724:
2427:
333:
Subsequently the descendants became weaker, but in the king's household there was a man of virtue to whom the populace turned. When the king heard of this he imprisoned this man, but his chains snapped unaccountably. The king took him for a supernatural being and, not daring to injure him, exiled him from the country, whereupon he fled to India. The king of India gave him his eldest daughter in marriage. Not long afterwards, when the king of
310:
2478:(published in 1225) gives a description of the country of Ling-ya-si-jia (凌牙斯加). It mentions that its people cut their hair and wrapped themselves in a piece of cloth, its products included elephant tusks, rhinoceros horns, types of wood and camphor, and their merchants traded in wine, rice, silk and porcelain. It also says that the country paid tribute to a country named
305:
with their torsos bare and their hair loose, although the king and senior officials covered their shoulders with cloth and wore gold earrings and belts of gold cord. Women of high status wrapped themselves in cloth and wore jeweled girdles. It gives further information on some of its kings and also
2750:
of
Thailand. The majority of the ruins were clustered in the vicinity of a hamlet called Ban Wat, and may have formed the nucleus of the city. Others were scattered further to the North at Ban Jalæ, and a couple more at Ban Prawæ. The excavations found various Buddhist structures and objects
332:
When the king goes forth he rides upon an elephant. He is accompanied by banners, fly-whisks, flags and drums and he is shaded with a white parasol. The soldiers of his guard are well-appointed. The inhabitants of the country say that their state was founded more than four hundred years ago.
234:
Hindu warrior king who eventually became a pacifist after embracing the ideals espoused in
Buddhism, and that the early Indian colonizers of the Malayic Isthmus named the kingdom Langkasuka in his honour. Chinese historical sources provided some information on the kingdom and recorded a king
2702:
concluded that
Langkasuka should be located near the modern town of Pattani. French archaeologist and historian Michel Jacq-Hergoualc'h concurred, and proposed the former estuary of the Pattani River near Yarang as the likely location of Langkasuka. He also suggested that whole area between
2618:
as it ceased to exist by the 15th-century. Several historians contest this and believe that
Langkasuka survived up to the 1470s. The areas of the kingdom that were not under the direct rule of Pattani is thought to have embraced Islam along with Kedah in 1474.
2578:
A brief outline of the history of
Langkasuka can be determined from the limited historical records available. The kingdom is thought to have been founded some time early in the 2nd century AD. It then underwent a period of decline due to the expansion of
2686:
which placed it on the west coast as the predecessor of modern Kedah, although its sovereign had some association with
Pattani. Chinese, Arab and Indian sources all considered Kedah and Langkasuka to be separate geographical entities. The Javanese poem
3743:
3710:
3698:
2711:
may have been part of
Langkasuka. Modern archaeological explorations have uncovered ruins near Yarang, a village fifteen kilometers south of Pattani, which may be of the city described in
301:
were abundant in the kingdom, and its capital was described as being surrounded by walls to form a city with double gates, towers and pavilions. Both men and women in
Langkasuka wore
2940:
Langkasuka, 200s-1500s, the oldest kingdom in the Malay
Peninsula thought to have been created by descendants of Ashoka the Great. Mixing Hindu, Buddhist and Malay culture..
2587:
first established relations with China in 515 AD, with further emissaries sent in 523, 531 and 568. By the 8th century it had probably come under the control of the rising
2562:
empire. It was described as a kingdom that was "undaunted in fierce battles". Thai sources made no reference to
Langkasuka, but Pattani was identified as one of the twelve
273:). The record mentions that the kingdom was founded over 400 years earlier, which made its founding likely some time in the late 1st or early 2nd century. According to
2715:. The city was located inland 10 miles from the coast and connected to the rivers leading to the sea via canals. Silting of the waterways may have led to its decline.
138:
3856:
3844:
3890:
3246:
Original text: 峯頂內平而外聳，民環居之，如蟻附坡。厥田下等。氣候半熱。俗厚。男女椎髻，齒白，繫麻逸布。俗以結親為重。親戚之長者一日不見面，必携酒持物以問勞之。為長夜之飮，不見其醉。民煮海為鹽，釀秫為酒。有酋長。地產沈香，冠於諸番。次鶴頂、降眞、蜜糖、黃熟香頭。貿易之貸，用土印布、八都刺布、靑白花碗之屬。
2076:
3873:
3563:
2006:
2731:
Several archaeological expeditions were conducted in the 1960s to locate Langkasuka following Paul Wheatley's suggestion of its likely location. In 1963,
197:, is among the earliest kingdoms founded on the Malay Peninsula. The exact location of the kingdom is of some debate, but archaeological discoveries at
2682:. A 15th century Arab text similarly places the kingdom between Kelantan and Songkla. The only contradictory information comes from a later Malay text
2126:
175:. Langkasuka flourished from the 200's to the 1500's as the oldest kingdom in the Malay Peninsula, believed to have been established by descendants of
4076:
2599:. In the 12th century, Langkasuka was a tributary to Srivijaya. The kingdom declined and how it ended is unclear with several theories being put up.
1946:
3231:
Original text: 凌牙斯國，自單馬令風帆六晝夜可到，亦有陸程。地主纏縵跣足；國人剪發，亦纏縵。地產象牙、犀角、速暫番、生香、腦子。番商興販，用酒、米、荷池、纈絹、甆器等為貨；各先以此等物准金銀，然後打博。如酒一墱，准銀一兩、准金二錢；米二墱准銀一兩，十墱准金一兩之類。歲貢三佛齊國。
3344:
1445:
451:
4031:
3705:
2751:
including votive tablets and sculptures, indicating a strong Buddhist presence in the kingdom. Objects related to Hindu worship were also found.
1610:
4041:
1703:
2754:
Many Chinese and Arab coins made of bronze have been found in the region, an indication of the commercial activity of the kingdom. Two silver
35:
2455:
4036:
3738:
2596:
1986:
3861:
3849:
3693:
3392:
2026:
1540:
4046:
2340:
2236:
315:
3556:
1693:
1256:
1252:
2606:, mentioned that Langkasuka was destroyed in 1370. Some believed that Langkasuka remained under the control and influence of the
1956:
3895:
3878:
2892:
3153:
2983:
2902:
2345:
1125:
2973:
3627:
2316:
2086:
1660:
1590:
1395:
4026:
3637:
3632:
3549:
2116:
1966:
1886:
1640:
1345:
3375:
3327:
3270:
3241:
3210:
3042:
2876:
806:
2695:, however it appears to imply that it was originally located on the west coast but was transferred later to the east.
3517:
3490:
3427:
3183:
3125:
2918:
2583:
in the early 3rd century. In the 6th century it experienced a resurgence and began to send emissaries to China. King
2448:
2106:
1600:
4071:
2800:
2156:
2136:
1836:
1385:
1280:
1147:
1620:
3958:
2016:
1673:
1650:
1510:
1375:
786:
3642:
2400:
2276:
2266:
2246:
2216:
1866:
1856:
357:, who sent the first ambassadorial mission to China in 515. Further emissaries were sent in 523, 531, and 568.
2226:
2066:
1996:
1896:
1755:
1683:
1500:
1121:
931:
4061:
3989:
3984:
2441:
2365:
2350:
2306:
2256:
2166:
2096:
1846:
1766:
1355:
1266:
1065:
380:
364:
of the kingdom's name in Chinese records changed over time. In the late seventh century, the Buddhist monk
400:
270:
4051:
3913:
2627:
2567:
2355:
2186:
2176:
1806:
1480:
776:
361:
277:, "Lang-ya-xiu" or Langkasuka was 30 days' journey from east to west, and 20 from north to south, 24,000
4081:
4056:
3652:
3286:
3058:
2699:
2286:
2146:
1876:
1365:
891:
346:
3591:
2536:
881:
214:
2808:), a 2011 Malaysian film directed by Yusry Abdul Halim. The film is loosely based on the origins of
2515:
mentions that the natives of Langkasuka made salt from seawater and ferment rice wine, and produced
4066:
3979:
2056:
1976:
1816:
1405:
1075:
841:
667:
3291:
The Golden Khersonese: Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before A.D. 1500
3063:
The Golden Khersonese: Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before A.D. 1500
2654:
Chinese and Arab sources placed the ancient kingdom on the east coast of the Malay Peninsula. The
2960:
2584:
2390:
2360:
2296:
2206:
1786:
1545:
1520:
1270:
354:
236:
3463:
The Golden Khersonese. Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before AD 1500
1936:
1906:
1207:
1055:
981:
941:
194:
3507:
3480:
3417:
3317:
3173:
3115:
3032:
3839:
3365:
3260:
3200:
2866:
2196:
1713:
1425:
1167:
2776:), a 1968 Malaysian film directed by Jamil Sulong with input from Malaysia's Prime Minister
3923:
3918:
3596:
3586:
3294:
3066:
2837:
2788:
2747:
1826:
1751:
1630:
1530:
1300:
1045:
753:
412:
8:
3572:
3262:
Ghosts of the Past in Southern Thailand: Essays on the History and Histiography of Patani
3226:
3202:
Ghosts of the Past in Southern Thailand: Essays on the History and Histiography of Patani
1177:
871:
389:
3963:
3008:
2912:
2777:
2412:
1095:
1015:
831:
763:
609:
475:
2933:
3792:
3617:
3612:
3513:
3486:
3423:
3371:
3323:
3298:
3266:
3206:
3179:
3149:
3121:
3070:
3038:
2979:
2898:
2872:
2809:
2704:
2692:
2661:
2541:
2395:
1435:
1310:
700:
690:
589:
219:
205:
suggest a probable location. The kingdom is proposed to have been established in the
202:
2951:
J. Dodiya, Critical Perspectives on the Rāmāyaṇa, Sarup & Sons, 2001, p. 166-181
3622:
2656:
2611:
2607:
2592:
2580:
2555:
2407:
2385:
1926:
1776:
1580:
1227:
1137:
1085:
951:
796:
710:
599:
546:
258:
176:
3141:
3034:
Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1
4007:
3953:
2793:
2546:
2431:
1916:
1796:
1570:
1470:
1035:
740:
730:
677:
654:
247:
The earliest and most detailed description of the kingdom comes from the Chinese
198:
172:
131:
2491:
3885:
3169:
2732:
2708:
2643:
2615:
2551:
2531:
2516:
1157:
1005:
1001:
921:
861:
720:
365:
353:
This king then ruled for more than 20 years. He was succeeded by his son, King
266:
3776:
4020:
3933:
3928:
3797:
3536:
3443:
3302:
3074:
2842:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2768:
2698:
In 1961, taking account of the various sources, the geographer and historian
2679:
2563:
2036:
1741:
1290:
901:
851:
576:
324:
248:
3148:. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 51, 77–78.
3087:
3766:
3688:
3667:
2665:
2500:
2496:
2469:
1490:
1415:
1320:
1217:
1025:
320:
309:
3509:
The Malay Peninsula: Crossroads of the Maritime Silk-Road (100 BC-1300 AD)
3482:
The Malay Peninsula: Crossroads of the Maritime Silk-Road (100 BC-1300 AD)
3419:
The Malay Peninsula: Crossroads of the Maritime Silk-Road (100 BC-1300 AD)
3117:
The Malay Peninsula: Crossroads of the Maritime Silk-Road (100 BC-1300 AD)
3812:
2736:
2631:
2524:
2508:
2474:
422:
206:
3012:
2746:
An archaeological investigation of the Yarang area began in 1989 by the
3733:
2046:
1187:
961:
911:
521:
462:
3541:
368:
mentioned encountering three Chinese monks who lived in a place named
3807:
3771:
3683:
3393:"The mystery of an ancient Hindu-Buddhist kingdom in Malay Peninsula"
2670:
2647:
2635:
2588:
2559:
2483:
991:
971:
629:
619:
486:
319:
showing an emissary from Langkasuka with description of the kingdom.
293:
288:
284:
279:
222:. Another proposal suggests that the name may have been derived from
2723:
337:
died, the chief ministers welcomed back the exile and made him king.
2755:
2520:
2504:
435:
253:
180:
160:
156:
53:
3750:
3717:
2675:
2639:
2479:
298:
231:
3868:
2935:
History of International Relations - A Non-European Perspective
2868:
Lost Kingdoms: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia
1560:
1197:
556:
302:
227:
2961:
https://www.learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=sukha&dir=se
189:
49:
3505:
3478:
3415:
3113:
3093:, Chapter 54. Original text of the entry on Langkasuka in
2999:
W. Linehan (April 1948). "Langkasuka The Island of Asoka".
3363:
3001:
Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
3485:. Victoria Hobson (translator). Brill. pp. 166–175.
3422:. Victoria Hobson (translator). Brill. pp. 164–166.
3120:. Victoria Hobson (translator). Brill. pp. 162–163.
3026:
3024:
3022:
2975:
Regions and National Integration in Thailand, 1892-1992
2523:, honey and gharuwood. The people wore cotton from the
3019:
2591:
empire. In 1025 it was attacked by the armies of King
3342:
171:
was an ancient Hindu-Buddhist kingdom located in the
3512:. Victoria Hobson (translator). Brill. p. 191.
2735:
led a Cambridge expedition to locate Langkasuka and
2610:
until the 14th century when it was conquered by the
2489:
Langkasuka was known as "Long-ya-xi-jiao" (龍牙犀角) in
3474:
3472:
2897:. MAC Prague consulting. 2016-02-16. p. 211.
2739:, the details of this expedition are described in
2573:
3319:Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800
2727:Langkasuka among polities in ancient Malay realm.
4018:
3259:Geoff Wade (30 April 2013). Patrick Jory (ed.).
3199:Geoff Wade (30 April 2013). Patrick Jory (ed.).
2540:, and it was referred to as "Lengkasuka" in the
2527:and printed cloth from India and local sources.
2499:(1279–1368); and "Lang-xi-jia" (狼西加) during the
257:, which refers to the kingdom of "Lang-ya-xiu" (
183:in origin; it is thought to be a combination of
16:Ancient Hindu-Buddhist kingdom in Southeast Asia
3469:
3168:
3557:
3460:
3285:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3057:
2638:showing Langkasuka (狼西加) near the top right (
2449:
3537:A History of the Malay Peninsula: Langkasuka
3030:
3390:
3345:"Background To The Sri Vijaya Story-Part I"
3315:
2558:'s conquests in his expedition against the
3564:
3550:
3359:
3357:
3258:
3198:
3100:
2998:
2812:, said to be the first King of Langkasuka.
2456:
2442:
34:
2971:
2871:. Yale University Press. pp. 28–29.
2864:
316:Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang
40:Possible extent of the Langkasuka kingdom
4077:Pre-Muslim kingdoms in Malaysian history
2722:
2626:
308:
3571:
3354:
3254:
3252:
3162:
3146:The Indianized States of Southeast Asia
2931:
2614:. Langkasuka was probably conquered by
2027:1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak
218:, the kingdom was founded and named by
4032:15th-century disestablishments in Asia
4019:
3140:
3134:
2796:loosely based on a south Pattani myth.
239:who sent envoys to the Chinese court.
4042:Former countries in Malaysian history
3545:
3367:Early Civilizations of Southeast Asia
2860:
2858:
2482:, which is usually interpreted to be
242:
212:According to the legend given in the
193:for "bliss". The kingdom, along with
3249:
3172:; Geok Yian, Goh (14 October 2016).
2554:sources name "Ilangasoka" as one of
2317:2024 Ulu Tiram police station attack
4037:Early kingdoms in Malaysian history
2503:(1368–1644), as marked in Admiral
2117:2009 swine flu pandemic in Malaysia
13:
3370:. Altamira Press. pp. 53–54.
2855:
2761:
2660:mentions that Langkasuka bordered
2530:"Langkasuka" was mentioned in the
1957:Taufiqiah Al-Khairiah madrasa fire
1877:Japan Airlines Flight 715 incident
399:
14:
4093:
3530:
2127:Attacks against places of worship
306:relates a story on a succession:
209:, perhaps between 80 and 100 AD.
4047:Former countries in Thai history
4001:
3506:Michel Jacq-Hergoualc'h (2002).
3479:Michel Jacq-Hergoualc'h (2002).
3416:Michel Jacq-Hergoualc'h (2002).
3391:Kamalakaran, Ajay (2022-03-12).
3316:John Miksic (15 November 2013).
3114:Michel Jacq-Hergoualc'h (2002).
2801:The Malay Chronicles: Bloodlines
2792:, a 2008 Thai movie directed by
2425:
2087:2006–2007 Southeast Asian floods
136:
3499:
3454:
3436:
3409:
3384:
3364:Dougald J. W. O'Reilly (2006).
3336:
3309:
3279:
3234:
3219:
3192:
3144:(1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.).
3081:
2894:Proceedings of The 6th MAC 2016
2804:(also known by its local title
2574:Outline of Langkasuka's history
1947:Penang terminal bridge collapse
932:Separation of Perlis from Kedah
3051:
3037:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 764–765.
2992:
2965:
2954:
2945:
2925:
2885:
2718:
1857:Campbell Shopping Complex fire
1:
3465:. University of Malaya Press.
3265:. NUS Press. pp. 62–63.
3205:. NUS Press. pp. 60–61.
2917:: CS1 maint: date and year (
2848:
2067:2002 Taman Hillview landslide
1122:Japanese occupation of Malaya
581:
440:
2978:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
2758:coins have also been found.
2307:2024 Lumut helicopters crash
2227:Kim Jong-nam's Assassination
2107:Bukit Antarabangsa landslide
1386:North Borneo self-governance
7:
3343:M.C. Chand Chirayu Rajani.
2816:
2622:
2157:Genting Highlands bus crash
2137:Cameron Highlands bus crash
1837:AIA building hostage crisis
1807:Ligitan and Sipadan dispute
1756:Philippine militant attacks
1561:Federal Territory of Labuan
1491:Declaration of Rukun Negara
1481:National Operations Council
1446:Second communist insurgency
10:
4098:
4027:2nd-century establishments
3322:. NUS Press. p. 179.
3295:University of Malaya Press
3178:. Routledge. p. 184.
3067:University of Malaya Press
3031:Keat Gin Ooi, ed. (2004).
2972:Grabowsky, Volker (1995).
2642:further to its right, and
2597:campaign against Srivijaya
2287:2022 Batang Kali landslide
1601:Peace Agreement of Hat Yai
327:painting dated to 526–539.
3998:
3972:
3946:
3906:
3832:
3825:
3785:
3759:
3726:
3676:
3660:
3651:
3605:
3579:
2806:Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa
2684:Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa
2537:Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa
2217:Movida Bar grenade attack
1967:Bright Sparklers disaster
1867:Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash
1847:National Monument bombing
1817:Kuala Lumpur flash floods
1611:Royal Immunity Amendments
1356:Singapore self-governance
1267:Crown Colony of N. Borneo
882:Siamese invasion of Kedah
262:
152:
111:
107:
97:
87:
83:
75:
67:
59:
45:
33:
28:
21:
2741:The Naga King's Daughter
2237:Darul Quran madrasa fire
2057:2001 Kampung Medan riots
1977:Highland Towers collapse
1674:Pakatan Harapan takeover
1076:Unfederated Malay States
668:Samudera Pasai Sultanate
187:for "resplendent land" -
29:1st century–15th century
4072:Medieval Hindu kingdoms
2566:under the influence of
2297:2023 Elmina plane crash
2277:2021-22 Malaysia floods
2257:2020-21 Malaysia floods
2247:2018 Subang Temple riot
2207:2015 Plaza Low Yat riot
2187:2014–15 Malaysia floods
2097:Bukit Gantang bus crash
1541:South China Sea dispute
1521:1977 Kelantan Emergency
1511:Federal Territory of KL
1406:Sarawak self-governance
480:65,000–40,000 BCE
3980:Constitutional history
3461:Paul Wheatley (1961).
3175:Ancient Southeast Asia
2932:Ringmar, Erik (2019).
2728:
2651:
2602:The late 13th-century
1907:1985 Lahad Datu ambush
1777:Brunei's Limbang claim
1621:Asian financial crisis
1208:Sandakan Death Marches
1056:Federated Malay States
942:Crown Colony of Labuan
404:
351:
328:
99:• Disestablished
3727:Northeastern Thailand
2726:
2630:
2147:Hulu Langat landslide
1827:Malaysian haze crisis
1591:Constitutional crisis
1426:Singapore in Malaysia
1416:Formation of Malaysia
1281:Anti-cession movement
1168:Parit Sulong Massacre
647:Rise of Muslim states
571:100 BCE–1474 CE
403:
330:
312:
3597:Peopling of Thailand
3069:. pp. 253–254.
3007:(1 (144)): 119–123.
2838:Nakhon Sri Thammarat
2789:Queens of Langkasuka
2748:Fine Arts Department
2674:locates it south of
2570:in Thai chronicles.
2077:Indian Ocean tsunami
1767:Singapore race riots
1752:North Borneo dispute
1531:Pedra Branca dispute
1346:Malayan Independence
1301:Federation of Malaya
1066:Anglo-Siamese Treaty
1046:Mat Salleh Rebellion
842:Dutch–Portuguese War
561:100 BCE–642 CE
513:11,000–200 BCE
4062:Indianized kingdoms
4008:Thailand portal
3914:Nakhon Si Thammarat
3573:History of Thailand
3170:Miksic, John Norman
2691:placed it north of
2664:, and a map in the
2568:Nakhon Si Thammarat
2432:Malaysia portal
2267:LRT train collision
2037:Al-Ma'unah incident
2017:Tropical Storm Greg
1501:New Economic Policy
1338:Independence period
1178:Battle of Singapore
872:Straits Settlements
807:Kubang Pasu Kingdom
526:500 – 200 BCE
287:. It mentions that
89:• Established
4052:Historical regions
2865:Guy, John (2014).
2778:Tunku Abdul Rahman
2729:
2668:military treatise
2652:
2007:Pos Dipang mudflow
1787:Penang Hartal riot
1631:Reformasi Movement
1376:Sarawak Insurgency
1096:Kelantan rebellion
1016:Jementah Civil War
922:Kingdom of Sarawak
892:Anglo-Dutch Treaty
832:Portuguese Malacca
764:Selangor Sultanate
413:Prehistoric period
405:
329:
243:Historical records
4082:Southern Thailand
4057:History of Patani
4014:
4013:
3942:
3941:
3907:Southern Thailand
3833:Northern Thailand
3826:Regional kingdoms
3821:
3820:
3786:Southern Thailand
3760:Northern Thailand
3155:978-0-8248-0368-1
2985:978-3-447-03608-5
2904:978-80-88085-05-8
2810:Merong Mahawangsa
2466:
2465:
2325:
2324:
1987:Genting landslide
1937:Ming Court Affair
1725:
1724:
1704:Bornean Amendment
1684:COVID-19 pandemic
1641:H1N1 flu pandemic
1549:
1454:
1453:
1436:ASEAN Declaration
1329:
1328:
1311:Malayan Emergency
1236:
1235:
1104:
1103:
815:
814:
754:Sarawak Sultanate
731:Pattani Sultanate
691:Malacca Sultanate
638:
637:
584:100 CE–1025
530:
529:
345:, translation by
283:in distance from
251:(502–557) record
220:Merong Mahawangsa
203:Pattani, Thailand
166:
165:
148:
147:
144:
143:
4089:
4006:
4005:
4004:
3990:Economic history
3985:Military history
3947:Regional history
3899:
3882:
3865:
3853:
3830:
3829:
3747:
3714:
3702:
3677:Central Thailand
3658:
3657:
3566:
3559:
3552:
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3476:
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3382:
3381:
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3352:
3351:
3349:
3340:
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3333:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3293:. Kuala Lumpur:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3256:
3247:
3245:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3223:
3217:
3216:
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3166:
3160:
3159:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3111:
3098:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3065:. Kuala Lumpur:
3055:
3049:
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2916:
2908:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2862:
2784:Queen of Pattani
2657:New Book of Tang
2612:Majapahit Empire
2608:Srivijaya Empire
2593:Rajendra Chola I
2517:hornbill casques
2458:
2451:
2444:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2197:Sabah earthquake
1738:
1737:
1721:
1694:Political crisis
1668:
1651:Sedition Dragnet
1581:Operation Lalang
1555:
1543:
1467:
1466:
1342:
1341:
1249:
1248:
1245:Formative period
1228:Jesselton revolt
1148:Bornean Campaign
1138:Malayan campaign
1117:
1116:
1086:Battle of Penang
952:Pahang Civil War
828:
827:
771:
748:
711:Pahang Sultanate
685:
678:Brunei Sultanate
662:
651:
650:
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542:
520:
509:
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418:
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375:
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349:
272:
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177:Ashoka the Great
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113:
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38:
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18:
4097:
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4088:
4087:
4086:
4067:Malay Peninsula
4017:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4002:
4000:
3994:
3973:Topical history
3968:
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2819:
2794:Nonzee Nimibutr
2774:The Fanged King
2764:
2762:Popular culture
2721:
2689:Nagarakretagama
2625:
2576:
2547:Nagarakretagama
2462:
2426:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2380:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2335:
2327:
2326:
1997:MH2133 incident
1927:Sabah Emergency
1917:Memali Incident
1797:13 May Incident
1735:
1727:
1726:
1719:
1666:
1571:Memali incident
1553:
1471:13 May incident
1464:
1456:
1455:
1339:
1331:
1330:
1246:
1238:
1237:
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1128:
1114:
1106:
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1036:Pahang Uprising
825:
824:Colonial period
817:
816:
769:
746:
741:Johor Sultanate
683:
660:
655:Kedah Sultanate
648:
640:
639:
624:700s–1025
540:
532:
531:
522:Neolithic Klang
518:
510:Perak man/woman
507:
499:Bewah man/woman
496:
472:
448:
436:Lenggong Valley
432:
415:
391:
384:
350:
341:
245:
173:Malay Peninsula
159:
137:
132:Pattani Kingdom
100:
90:
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24:
17:
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5:
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3531:External links
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3498:
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3468:
3453:
3448:Sejarah Melayu
3435:
3428:
3408:
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3377:978-0759102798
3376:
3353:
3335:
3329:978-9971695743
3328:
3308:
3297:. p. 80.
3278:
3272:978-9971696351
3271:
3248:
3233:
3218:
3212:978-9971696351
3211:
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3142:Coedès, George
3133:
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3044:978-1576077702
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2878:978-0300204377
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2733:Stewart Wavell
2720:
2717:
2707:, Saiburi and
2644:Kelantan River
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2556:Rajendra Chola
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3824:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3798:Raktamaritika
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3706:Suphannabhumi
3704:
3700:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3592:Early history
3590:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3567:
3562:
3560:
3555:
3553:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3521:
3519:9789004119734
3515:
3511:
3510:
3502:
3494:
3492:9789004119734
3488:
3484:
3483:
3475:
3473:
3464:
3457:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3431:
3429:9789004119734
3425:
3421:
3420:
3412:
3398:
3394:
3387:
3379:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3360:
3358:
3346:
3339:
3331:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3312:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3287:Paul Wheatley
3282:
3274:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3255:
3253:
3243:
3237:
3228:
3222:
3214:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3195:
3187:
3185:9781317279044
3181:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3157:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3129:
3127:9789004119734
3123:
3119:
3118:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3059:Paul Wheatley
3054:
3046:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2987:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2968:
2962:
2957:
2948:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2928:
2920:
2914:
2906:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2888:
2880:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2861:
2859:
2854:
2844:
2843:Naksat cities
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2833:Gangga Negara
2831:
2829:
2828:Bujang Valley
2826:
2824:
2823:Kota Gelanggi
2821:
2820:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2769:Raja Bersiong
2766:
2765:
2759:
2757:
2752:
2749:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2725:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2700:Paul Wheatley
2696:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2680:Pattani River
2677:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2650:to the left).
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2564:Naksat cities
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2459:
2454:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2440:
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2437:
2436:
2433:
2423:
2422:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2394:
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2376:
2375:
2367:
2364:
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2330:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2295:
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2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2177:MH17 incident
2175:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1743:
1742:Brunei revolt
1740:
1739:
1731:
1730:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1664:
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1659:
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1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1624:
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1619:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
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1592:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1569:
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1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1463:Modern period
1460:
1459:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1335:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1291:Malayan Union
1289:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1253:BMA of Malaya
1251:
1250:
1242:
1241:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1007:
1003:
1000:
999:
995:
993:
990:
989:
985:
983:
980:
979:
975:
973:
970:
969:
965:
963:
960:
959:
955:
953:
950:
949:
945:
943:
940:
939:
935:
933:
930:
929:
925:
923:
920:
919:
915:
913:
910:
909:
905:
903:
902:Burney Treaty
900:
899:
895:
893:
890:
889:
885:
883:
880:
879:
875:
873:
870:
869:
865:
863:
860:
859:
855:
853:
852:Dutch Malacca
850:
849:
845:
843:
840:
839:
835:
833:
830:
829:
821:
820:
810:
808:
805:
804:
800:
798:
797:Reman Kingdom
795:
794:
790:
788:
787:Setul Kingdom
785:
784:
780:
778:
777:Besut Kingdom
775:
774:
767:
765:
762:
761:
757:
755:
752:
751:
744:
742:
739:
738:
734:
732:
729:
728:
724:
722:
719:
718:
714:
712:
709:
708:
704:
702:
699:
698:
694:
692:
689:
688:
681:
679:
676:
675:
671:
669:
666:
665:
658:
656:
653:
652:
644:
643:
633:
631:
628:
627:
623:
621:
618:
617:
613:
611:
608:
607:
603:
601:
598:
597:
594:424–775
593:
591:
588:
587:
580:
578:
577:Gangga Negara
575:
574:
570:
568:
565:
564:
560:
558:
555:
554:
550:
548:
547:Ancient Kedah
545:
544:
536:
535:
525:
523:
517:
516:
512:
506:
505:
501:
495:
494:
491:
489:
488:
484:
483:
479:
477:
476:Niah cultures
471:
470:
467:
465:
464:
460:
459:
455:
453:
447:
446:
439:
437:
431:
430:
427:
425:
424:
420:
419:
414:
409:
408:
402:
398:
397:
394:
388:
387:
382:
377:
376:
373:
371:
367:
363:
362:transcription
358:
356:
348:
347:Paul Wheatley
344:
338:
336:
326:
325:Liang Dynasty
322:
318:
317:
313:Details from
311:
307:
304:
300:
296:
295:
290:
286:
282:
281:
276:
268:
260:
256:
255:
250:
249:Liang dynasty
240:
238:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
216:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
162:
158:
155:
153:Today part of
151:
135:
133:
130:
129:
126:
124:
123:
120:
117:
115:
114:
110:
106:
102:
96:
92:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:
51:
48:
44:
37:
32:
27:
20:
3802:
3767:Singhanavati
3668:Suvarnabhumi
3638:1973 to 2001
3633:1932 to 1973
3628:Rattanakosin
3508:
3501:
3481:
3462:
3456:
3447:
3444:"Langkasuka"
3438:
3418:
3411:
3400:. Retrieved
3396:
3386:
3366:
3338:
3318:
3311:
3290:
3281:
3261:
3236:
3221:
3201:
3194:
3174:
3164:
3145:
3136:
3116:
3094:
3090:
3083:
3062:
3053:
3033:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2974:
2967:
2956:
2947:
2939:
2934:
2927:
2893:
2887:
2867:
2805:
2799:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2767:
2753:
2745:
2740:
2730:
2712:
2697:
2688:
2683:
2669:
2666:Ming dynasty
2655:
2653:
2604:Pasai Annals
2603:
2601:
2577:
2545:
2535:
2529:
2513:Daoyi Zhilüe
2512:
2501:Ming dynasty
2497:Yuan dynasty
2492:Daoyi Zhilüe
2490:
2488:
2473:
2470:Song dynasty
2467:
2391:Kuala Lumpur
1831:1972–present
1761:1962–present
1661:1MDB scandal
1321:Baling Talks
1218:Si Rat Malai
1124: /
1113:World War II
1026:North Borneo
566:
485:
461:
421:
370:Lang-jia-shu
369:
359:
352:
342:
334:
331:
321:Song Dynasty
314:
292:
278:
274:
252:
246:
223:
215:Kedah Annals
213:
211:
188:
184:
168:
167:
119:Succeeded by
118:
103:15th century
3959:Phitsanulok
3894: [
3877: [
3860: [
3848: [
3813:Tambralinga
3777:Haripuñjaya
3742: [
3709: [
3697: [
2737:Tambralinga
2719:Archaeology
2632:Mao Kun map
2525:Philippines
2509:Mao Kun map
2475:Zhu fan zhi
2401:George Town
2356:Immigration
1396:Konfrontasi
551:<100 BCE
456:235,000 BCE
423:Paleolithic
390:History of
207:1st century
93:1st century
4021:Categories
3840:Chiang Mai
3803:Langkasuka
3739:Khottrabun
3734:Canasapura
3643:Since 2001
3587:Prehistory
3402:2023-07-08
2849:References
2585:Bhagadatta
2047:Sauk Siege
1714:Green Wave
1188:Sook Ching
962:Larut Wars
912:Naning War
735:1516– 1902
610:Old Pahang
567:Langkasuka
502:16,000 BCE
463:Mesolithic
355:Bhagadatta
323:copy of a
237:Bhagadatta
169:Langkasuka
60:Government
23:Langkasuka
3808:Srivijaya
3772:Ngoenyang
3694:Phip Phli
3684:Dvaravati
3661:Legendary
3618:Ayutthaya
3613:Sukhothai
3580:Antiquity
3397:Scroll.in
3303:504030596
3227:"《諸蕃志卷上》"
3075:504030596
2913:cite book
2678:near the
2671:Wubei Zhi
2648:Trengganu
2636:Wubei Zhi
2589:Srivijaya
2560:Srivijaya
2495:from the
2484:Srivijaya
2379:By region
2281:2021–2022
2191:2014–2015
2091:2006–2007
2031:1998–1999
1897:Dawn Raid
1811:1969–2002
1781:1967–2009
1746:1962–1966
1734:Incidents
1708:2021–2023
1698:2020–2022
1688:2020–2022
1645:2009–2010
1635:1998–2022
1625:1997–1998
1595:1987–1988
1535:1979–2008
1505:1971–1990
1485:1969–1971
1450:1968–1989
1430:1963–1965
1400:1963–1966
1380:1962–1990
1370:1960–2012
1315:1948–1960
1305:1948–1963
1295:1946–1948
1285:1946–1963
1275:1946–1963
1261:1945–1946
1232:1943–1944
1222:1943–1945
1212:1942–1945
1152:1941–1942
1142:1941–1942
1132:1941–1945
1080:1909–1946
1060:1895–1946
1050:1894–1905
1040:1891–1895
1030:1882–1946
1010:1874–1946
996:1875–1876
992:Perak War
976:1867–1874
972:Klang War
966:1861–1874
956:1857–1863
946:1848–1946
926:1841–1946
916:1831–1832
886:1821–1826
876:1786–1946
866:1770–1881
856:1641–1824
846:1601–1661
836:1511–1641
811:1839–1864
801:1810–1902
791:1808–1916
781:1780–1899
758:1599–1641
725:1496–1903
715:1470–1623
705:1450–1899
695:1402–1511
672:1267–1521
630:Majapahit
620:Srivijaya
600:Old Kedah
487:Neolithic
294:Aquilaria
289:Aloeswood
285:Guangzhou
271:lɑŋŋˠasɨu
195:Old Kedah
46:Religion
3623:Thonburi
3289:(1961).
3095:Liangshu
3091:Liangshu
3061:(1961).
3013:41560480
2817:See also
2756:Sassanid
2713:Liangshu
2623:Location
2542:Javanese
2521:lakawood
2505:Zheng He
2366:Military
2351:Economic
2334:By topic
1366:ISA 1960
614:449–1454
392:Malaysia
381:a series
379:Part of
343:Liangshu
340:—
275:Liangshu
254:Liangshu
181:Sanskrit
161:Thailand
157:Malaysia
63:Monarchy
54:Buddhist
3964:Bangkok
3924:Pattani
3919:Singora
3857:Lamphun
3845:Lampang
3793:Pan Pan
3751:Wen Dan
3718:Tun Sun
3606:History
2705:Pattani
2693:Saiburi
2676:Songkla
2662:Pan Pan
2640:Songkla
2616:Pattani
2595:in his
2480:Sanfoqi
2413:Sarawak
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