65:
1965:
1852:
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mode of conveyance, but another thought came into my head, which was to go with them myself. There was one Duval among them, who appeared to be a convertible man. You will see them when they come in, and I suppose you would have been agreeably surprised to have seen me in the midst of the crowd of women that accompany them."
1871:
did slaves begin to be increasingly employed as rowers. It also became the custom among the
Mediterranean powers to sentence condemned criminals to row in the war-galleys of the state (initially only in time of war). Traces of this practice appear in France as early as 1532, but the first legislative
2161:
Madame de
Sevigne, a revered French author, wrote from Paris on April 10, 1671 (Letter VII): "I went to walk at Vincennes, en Troche* and by the way met with a string of galley-slaves ; they were going to Marseilles, and will be there in about a month. Nothing could have been surer than this
1988:
to sentencing to the galleys for life (and unofficially did so—a letter exists to all French judges, that they should, if possible, sentence men to life in the galleys instead of death). By the end of the reign of Louis XIV in 1715 the use of the galley for war purposes had practically ceased, but
2531:
writes in detail of an encounter during the 1790s when a becalmed
British convoy is attacked off Gibraltar by two of a small number of galleys retained in service by the conservative Spanish navy. The author notes the stench emanating from these galleys due to each carrying two hundred condemned
2165:
Galley-slaves lived in unsavoury conditions, so even though some sentences prescribed a restricted number of years, most rowers would eventually die, even if they survived the conditions, shipwreck and slaughter or torture at the hands of enemies or of pirates. Additionally, nobody ensured that
27:
1827:
Ancient
Mediterranean navies relied on professional rowers to man their galleys. Slaves were seldom used except in times of pressing manpower demands or extreme emergency. In the 5th and 4th centuries BC, Athens generally followed a naval policy of enrolling citizens from the lower classes
2252:
pirates were crewed entirely with male galley slaves captured from previous raids. Conditions were brutal and it was not uncommon for galley slaves to die on voyages from exhaustion. Slaves were kept bound to their stations and were fed poorly. Slaves who mistimed their strokes were
1563:
1899:
in 1571, 12,000 Christian galley slaves were freed from the
Ottoman Turks. Lepanto was the last major battle fought between fleets of oar-powered ships, but Mediterranean navies continued to use the ships for some years thereafter.
2166:
prisoners were freed after completing their sentences. As a result, imprisonment for 10 years could in reality mean imprisonment for life because nobody except the prisoner would either notice or care.
1558:
1946:
2674:
2432:) liberates a Spanish vessel full of English captives, the freed men row willingly for home to "Strike for the Shores of Dover", the stirring music of score composer
1684:
1984:, who wanted a bigger fleet, ordered that the courts should sentence men to the galleys as often as possible, even in times of peace; he even sought to transform the
2142:
2518:
which contains an appalling description of the conditions under which galley slaves lived and worked—assuming that they did exist in Rome at that time (see above).
2367:. He is sentenced to the galleys as a result of his life as a "chauffeur" (in this case the word refers to a brigand who threatened landowners by roasting them).
2412:
was originally intended to be a new version of the
Sabatini novel, but the studio switched to a story whose protagonist, Geoffrey Thorpe, was loosely based on
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1079:
2712:
1433:
805:
542:
1169:
810:
2137:
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1403:
1807:
In the ancient
Mediterranean, galley rowers were mostly free men, and slaves were used as rowers when manpower was in high demand. In the
884:
2440:
by Howard Koch and Jack Scholl. The first verse "Pull on the oars! Freedom is yours! Strike for the shores of Dover!" evoked the recent
1630:
382:
1848:
resorted to slave rowers to some extent, but only in specific cases and often with the promise of freedom after victory was achieved.
2463:
1819:
enslaved captives as galley slaves. During the 18th and 19th centuries, pirates in Asia likewise manned their galleys with captives.
832:
1603:
1423:
596:
2064:; but Toulon, Brest and Rochefort predominated. At Toulon the convicts remained (in chains) on the galleys, which were moored as
1761:
2689:
867:
285:
1445:
1122:
894:
2486:
the protagonist, Orm
Tostesson, is captured while raiding in Andalusia and serves as a galley slave for a number of years.
2428:. The existence of galley slaves and the misery they endure is set up as a metaphor for life under the Reich. When Thorpe (
1637:
1598:
1241:
2579:
as organizing a rebellion of galley slaves who kill the crew, take over the ship and make him their captain in one novel (
2458:, Judah is sent to the galleys as a murderer but manages to survive a shipwreck and save the fleet leader, who frees and
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1316:
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827:
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532:
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2155:
1521:
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822:
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specifically, Prince Arren is rescued from captivity, and notes the galley slaves imprisoned with him on the ship.
1652:
862:
847:
793:
478:
468:
463:
292:
148:
1368:
2382:. The prisoners, however, beat him. (Cervantes himself had been captured in 1575 and served as a galley slave in
1647:
1418:
224:
2437:
2324:
1117:
1105:
685:
497:
143:
3049:
3044:
2452:
2320:
1689:
1472:
333:
2014:
1694:
1538:
1408:
1069:
837:
817:
377:
345:
64:
2544:
emphasising the galley's speed and manoeuvrability compared to sailing ships when there was little wind.
1754:
1704:
1428:
1346:
473:
254:
74:
2005:
having become a merchant port, and served as the headquarters of the galleys and of the convict rowers (
2417:
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1613:
1465:
1450:
1341:
537:
207:
2523:
1709:
1608:
1139:
1127:
717:
690:
195:
2459:
2406:
2400:
2309:
1489:
1358:
911:
700:
185:
86:
2891:
365:
2433:
2313:
2185:
1674:
1413:
1363:
1291:
1064:
842:
786:
769:
200:
3054:
2425:
1747:
1716:
1221:
962:
874:
722:
446:
412:
407:
2817:
2775:
2180:
2049:
1583:
1438:
1351:
1336:
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1006:
752:
737:
522:
297:
219:
190:
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2009:). After the incorporation of the galleys, the system sent the majority of these latter to
1877:
1863:, where both sides relied on tens of thousands of slaves, prisoners or convicts as oarsmen.
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8:
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was a galley prisoner, and was in danger of returning to the galleys. Police inspector
2364:
2089:
2726:
Fighting Ships and
Prisons: The Mediterranean Galleys of France in the Age of Louis XIV
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3018:
Galley slave : the autobiography of a
Protestant condemned to the French galleys
2996:
2865:
2804:
2781:
2754:
2729:
2587:
2403:, the protagonist, Sir Oliver Tressilian, is sold into galley slavery by a relative.
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507:
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249:
128:
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3005:
James, Simon (2001), "The Roman Galley Slave: Ben-Hur and the Birth of a Factoid",
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2147:
1964:
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938:
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742:
44:
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2097:
did the new authorities officially change the hated name—with all it signified—to
2028:
Convict rowers also went to a large number of other French and non-French cities:
2777:
Iranun and Balangingi: Globalization, Maritime Raiding and the Birth of Ethnicity
2513:
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2396:
2278:
2197:
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1931:
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933:
732:
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355:
101:
2129:
2123:
continued in use as late as the early 19th century for a criminal condemned to
2528:
2481:
2424:, and the final story deliberately draws vivid parallels between Spain and the
2282:
2229:
2205:
2081:
1954:
1880:
forbade the sentencing of prisoners to the galleys for fewer than ten years. A
1841:
1816:
1726:
1620:
512:
153:
111:
2931:
Graham, A. J. (1992), "Thucydides 7.13.2 and the Crews of Athenian Triremes",
2076:
3038:
2919:
2507:
2502:
2413:
2359:
A short account of his ten years as a galley-slave is given by the character
2245:
2114:
2109:
2061:
2018:
1985:
1664:
1593:
1040:
1023:
798:
628:
618:
402:
52:
2976:
Sargent, Rachel L. (1927), "The Use of Slaves by the Athenians in Warfare",
2074:("baths"), a name given to such penal establishments first by the Italians (
2993:
The Sun King at Sea: Maritime Art and Galley Slavery in Louis XIV's France.
2572:
2558:
2421:
2391:
2240:
1993:
did not incorporate the corps of the galleys until 1748. From the reign of
1976:, the largest galley force of the late 17th century; oil on canvas, c. 1694
1669:
1506:
1482:
1388:
1381:
1112:
613:
576:
554:
441:
158:
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116:
106:
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81:
20:
921:
2548:
2448:
2429:
2375:
2274:
2065:
1990:
1851:
1808:
1511:
1499:
852:
655:
645:
603:
417:
2249:
1942:
1938:), became chaplain to the galleys and ministered to the galley slaves.
1860:
1836:(foreigners resident in Athens) and hired foreigners. In the drawn-out
1659:
956:
660:
527:
2476:—perpetuate the historically inaccurate image of Roman galley slaves.
2924:
Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association
2511:
series (covering a period from 92 B.C. to 44 B.C ) includes a novel
2175:
2053:
2002:
1973:
1958:
904:
569:
431:
34:
2967:
Ruschenbusch, Eberhard (1979), "Zur Besatzung athenischer Trieren",
2298:
586:
2592:
2262:
2258:
2151:
2033:
1950:
1891:
Naval forces from both Christian and Muslim countries often turned
1494:
1052:
996:
948:
608:
453:
308:
214:
26:
2949:
Libourel, Jan M. (1973), "Galley Slaves in the Second Punic War",
2136:
A vivid account of the life of galley-slaves in France appears in
2037:
2383:
2057:
2041:
2022:
1787:
1477:
559:
239:
56:
30:
2117:), the bagne of Toulon, closed definitively. In Spain, the word
2562:
2254:
2234:
2070:
2010:
1998:
1833:
1829:
1783:
1179:
1001:
581:
564:
426:
261:
229:
1815:, convicts and prisoners of war often manned galleys, and the
2571:
transplanted the institute of galley slavery to his mythical
2266:
1935:
1924:
1779:
436:
422:
397:
2940:
Hunt, Peter (2001), "The Slaves and Generals of Arginusae",
2836:"Miguel de Cervantes | Biography, Books, Plays, & Facts"
2878:
2029:
303:
133:
2596:
series, multiple references are made to galley slaves; in
2444:. The sets in the 1940 film appear historically accurate.
2538:
wrote of encounters with galleys in the Mediterranean in
2378:
frees a row of prisoners sent to the galleys, including
2211:
2084:
situated close by or attached to the great baths there.
2628:
2626:
2958:
Patrick, James (2007), "Renaissance and Reformation",
2611:
2933:
Transactions of the American Philological Association
2532:
prisoners chained permanently to the rowing benches.
2877:
Strike for the Shores of Dover is available in many
2773:
2623:
2232:, from the mid-18th to the late-19th centuries, the
2204:, often captured Europeans from Italy or Spain. The
1434:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
33:
of convicts on galley benches at the Museu Maritim,
2093:even after galleys went out of use; only after the
2675:"The Rowers on the Order's Galleys (c. 1600-1650)"
2169:
1923:) to row their galleys during their rule over the
2499:taking the place of a weakened slave at his oar.
2113:in France (as opposed to the bagnes relocated to
2107:nevertheless continued until 1873, when the last
2068:in the harbour. Their shore prisons had the name
16:A person enslaved or sentenced to row in a galley
3036:
2150:, which describes the experiences of one of the
1549:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
2723:
1972:galley belonging to the Mediterranean fleet of
2087:All French convicts continued to use the name
2080:), and allegedly deriving from the prison at
1755:
2980:, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 264–279
2966:
2953:, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 116–119
2648:
2416:, although Drake was never a galley slave.
2208:Sultan in Istanbul also used galley slaves.
1554:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
2991:Martin, Meredith and Gillian Weiss (2022),
2327:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2281:). There were also occasional European and
1800:), or a kind of human chattel, sometimes a
2200:of the 16th to 19th centuries used galley
1762:
1748:
3015:
2347:Learn how and when to remove this message
2948:
2801:Several editions of the book Don Quixote
2632:
2386:for five years before he was ransomed).
1963:
1888:identified the condemned galley-slaves.
1850:
1559:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1424:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1404:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
25:
2995:Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute.
2975:
2957:
2748:
2660:
2644:
1961:, France, to be used as galley slaves.
3037:
2930:
2918:
2767:
2617:
2583:serialized in Weird Tales 1935–1936).
2565:'s father was also a galley prisoner.
2257:by overseers. Most of the slaves were
19:For the Isaac Asimov short story, see
2672:
2395:, a 1919 historical fiction novel by
2212:Notable galley slaves in North Africa
2001:functioned as a naval military port,
1446:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1123:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
2939:
2370:In one of his ill-fated adventures,
2325:adding citations to reliable sources
2292:
1947:Jacques-René de Brisay de Denonville
1638:Slave marriages in the United States
1242:Human trafficking in the Middle East
2749:Konstam, Angus (19 February 2003).
2713:Digital Commons. De Paul University
2462:him. Both films based on the novel—
977:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
13:
2985:
2818:"Chapter XXII (22) of Don Quixote"
1949:, seized, chained, and shipped 50
1804:, assigned to the duty of rowing.
1631:last survivors of American slavery
14:
3066:
2944:, vol. 122, pp. 359–380
2935:, vol. 122, pp. 257–270
2156:revocation of the Edict of Nantes
1895:into galley-slaves. Thus, at the
592:Field slaves in the United States
459:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
2971:, vol. 28, pp. 106–110
2401:the 1924 film based on the novel
2297:
2103:("forced"). The use of the term
1934:, as a former slave himself (in
469:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
464:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
293:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
63:
2884:
2871:
2864:is available free of charge on
2852:
2828:
2810:
2794:
2420:was working on the script when
2170:Notable galley slaves in Europe
1419:Committee of Experts on Slavery
970:East, Southeast, and South Asia
2926:, vol. 97, pp. 35–44
2742:
2728:. Cambridge University Press.
2717:
2706:
2666:
2654:
2638:
2133:is still in use for a prison.
1790:sentenced to work at the oar (
1118:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
2942:American Journal of Philology
2912:
2780:. NUS Press. pp. 53–56.
2774:James Francis Warren (2002).
2465:Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ
2455:Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ
2288:
2688:(2): 113–126. Archived from
1409:Temporary Slavery Commission
1070:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
7:
2363:in "The Village Rector" by
2021:, where they worked in the
1429:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
474:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
10:
3071:
2962:, vol. 7, p. 718
2803:are available for free on
2265:, and "Malays" (including
1822:
1614:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1451:Anti-Slavery International
1216:North Africa and West Asia
18:
2922:(1966), "Galley Slaves",
2673:Grima, Joseph F. (2001).
2524:Mr. Midshipman Hornblower
2191:
1710:Emancipation Proclamation
1382:Opposition and resistance
1140:Sex trafficking in Europe
1128:Blackbirding in Polynesia
691:Trans-Saharan slave trade
3016:Marteilhe, Jean (2010).
2724:Paul W. Bamford (1974).
2651:, pp. 106 & 110
2605:
1941:In 1687 the governor of
1490:Compensated emancipation
701:Indian Ocean slave trade
2898:. Turner Classic Movies
2840:Encyclopedia Britannica
2479:In the 1943 epic novel
2442:evacuation from Dunkirk
2434:Erich Wolfgang Korngold
2422:war broke out in Europe
2223:
2186:Jean Parisot de Valette
2154:who suffered after the
2143:Memoirs of a Protestant
1872:enactment comes in the
1855:A painting of the 1571
1414:1926 Slavery Convention
1170:Germany in World War II
787:North and South America
309:Contract of manumission
3020:. Barnsley: Seaforth.
2128:
2127:. In Italian the word
2118:
2108:
2098:
2088:
2075:
1977:
1920:
1864:
895:British Virgin Islands
447:Circassian slave trade
413:Safavid imperial harem
408:Ottoman Imperial Harem
37:
2892:"The Sea Hawk (1940)"
2489:The 1947 French film
2181:Piet Pieterszoon Hein
2050:Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue
1967:
1854:
1134:Europe and North Asia
1094:Australia and Oceania
794:Pre-Columbian America
366:Slave raid of Suðuroy
298:Slavery in al-Andalus
220:Black Sea slave trade
149:21st-century jihadism
29:
3050:Nautical terminology
3045:Obsolete occupations
2647:, pp. 266–268;
2541:Master and Commander
2321:improve this section
1878:Charles IX of France
1874:Ordonnance d'Orléans
1589:Indentured servitude
1517:Underground Railroad
1317:United Arab Emirates
706:Zanzibar slave trade
673:By country or region
486:Atlantic slave trade
388:Ma malakat aymanukum
272:Venetian slave trade
2978:Classical Philology
2951:Classical Philology
2581:Conan the Conqueror
2577:Conan the Barbarian
2372:Miguel de Cervantes
2218:Miguel de Cervantes
1982:Louis XIV of France
1905:Knights Hospitaller
1813:early modern period
1675:Slave Route Project
806:Americas indigenous
696:Red Sea slave trade
686:Contemporary Africa
549:Topics and practice
319:Crimean slave trade
314:Bukhara slave trade
267:Genoese slave trade
144:Contemporary Africa
124:Forced prostitution
3007:Public Archaeology
2599:The Farthest Shore
2380:Ginés de Pasamonte
1978:
1865:
1788:convicted criminal
1456:Blockade of Africa
763:Somali slave trade
679:Sub-Saharan Africa
371:Turkish Abductions
329:Khivan slave trade
324:Khazar slave trade
277:Balkan slave trade
235:Prague slave trade
38:
2866:Project Gutenberg
2822:Online Literature
2805:Project Gutenberg
2649:Ruschenbusch 1979
2588:Ursula K. Le Guin
2414:Sir Francis Drake
2357:
2356:
2349:
2095:French Revolution
1897:Battle of Lepanto
1876:of 1561. In 1564
1857:Battle of Lepanto
1772:
1771:
1722:Freedmen's Bureau
1544:Third Servile War
1539:International law
1106:Human trafficking
868:Human trafficking
543:Thirteen colonies
361:Sack of Baltimore
129:Human trafficking
3062:
3031:
2981:
2972:
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2954:
2945:
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2746:
2740:
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2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2694:
2682:Melita Historica
2679:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2621:
2615:
2569:Robert E. Howard
2492:Monsieur Vincent
2365:Honoré de Balzac
2352:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2332:
2301:
2293:
2244:warships of the
2148:Oliver Goldsmith
2146:, translated by
2013:, the others to
1893:prisoners of war
1869:Late Middle Ages
1838:Second Punic War
1764:
1757:
1750:
1734:Emancipation Day
1567:
1534:Slave Trade Acts
225:Byzantine Empire
67:
40:
39:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3035:
3034:
3028:
2988:
2986:Further reading
2915:
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2885:
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2659:
2655:
2643:
2639:
2635:, p. 117f.
2631:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2536:Patrick O'Brian
2514:Arms of Nemesis
2497:Vincent de Paul
2397:Rafael Sabatini
2353:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2318:
2302:
2291:
2226:
2214:
2198:Barbary pirates
2194:
2172:
2138:Jean Marteilhes
2125:penal servitude
1932:Vincent de Paul
1930:In 1622, Saint
1925:Maltese Islands
1884:of the letters
1825:
1817:Barbary pirates
1802:prisoner of war
1768:
1739:
1738:
1643:Slave narrative
1599:Fugitive slaves
1579:
1571:
1570:
1561:
1529:Slave rebellion
1384:
1374:
1373:
1332:
1322:
1321:
1144:United Kingdom
1080:Yankee princess
674:
666:
665:
393:Avret Pazarları
339:Avret Pazarları
208:Medieval Europe
174:
164:
163:
102:Forced marriage
77:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3068:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3033:
3032:
3027:978-1848320703
3026:
3013:
3003:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2973:
2964:
2955:
2946:
2937:
2928:
2920:Casson, Lionel
2914:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2883:
2870:
2851:
2827:
2809:
2793:
2786:
2766:
2759:
2753:. p. 21.
2741:
2734:
2716:
2705:
2665:
2663:, pp. 718
2653:
2637:
2622:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2554:Les Misérables
2529:C. S. Forester
2482:The Long Ships
2355:
2354:
2305:
2303:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2230:Southeast Asia
2225:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2210:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2171:
2168:
2082:Constantinople
1955:Fort Frontenac
1824:
1821:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1621:List of slaves
1618:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1339:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1165:Dutch Republic
1162:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1004:
999:
989:
984:
979:
973:
972:
966:
965:
960:
953:
952:
951:
946:
936:
931:
926:
925:
924:
914:
909:
908:
907:
902:
897:
892:
882:
877:
872:
871:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
815:
814:
813:
803:
802:
801:
790:
789:
783:
782:
777:
772:
767:
766:
765:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
709:
708:
698:
693:
688:
682:
681:
675:
672:
671:
668:
667:
664:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
637:
636:
632:
631:
626:
624:Child soldiers
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
600:
599:
589:
584:
579:
574:
573:
572:
567:
562:
551:
550:
546:
545:
540:
535:
533:Spanish Empire
530:
525:
520:
515:
513:Middle Passage
510:
505:
500:
495:
489:
488:
482:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
450:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
375:
374:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
343:
342:
341:
334:Ottoman Empire
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
295:
289:
288:
282:
281:
280:
279:
269:
264:
259:
258:
257:
252:
247:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
211:
210:
204:
203:
198:
193:
188:
182:
181:
175:
170:
169:
166:
165:
162:
161:
156:
154:Sexual slavery
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
120:
119:
114:
112:Child marriage
109:
99:
94:
89:
87:Child soldiers
84:
78:
73:
72:
69:
68:
60:
59:
49:
48:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3067:
3056:
3055:Galley slaves
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3029:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3002:
3001:9781606067307
2998:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2880:
2874:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2855:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2789:
2787:9789971692421
2783:
2779:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2760:1-84176-409-4
2756:
2752:
2745:
2737:
2735:0-8166-0655-2
2731:
2727:
2720:
2714:
2709:
2695:on 2016-04-16
2691:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2657:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2634:
2633:Libourel 1973
2629:
2627:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2510:
2509:
2508:Roma Sub Rosa
2504:
2503:Steven Saylor
2500:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2450:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2399:, as well as
2398:
2394:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2351:
2348:
2340:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2306:This section
2304:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2115:French Guiana
2112:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2062:Civitavecchia
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1986:death penalty
1983:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1909:galley slaves
1906:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1665:Slave catcher
1663:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1594:Forced labour
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1565:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1439:Abolitionists
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1041:comfort women
1039:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1024:Chukri System
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
974:
971:
968:
967:
964:
961:
958:
954:
950:
947:
945:
942:
941:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
923:
920:
919:
918:
915:
913:
912:Latin America
910:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
887:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
869:
866:
864:
863:interregional
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
848:prison labour
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
820:
819:
818:United States
816:
812:
809:
808:
807:
804:
800:
797:
796:
795:
792:
791:
788:
785:
784:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
764:
761:
760:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
707:
704:
703:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
683:
680:
677:
676:
670:
669:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
634:
633:
630:
629:White slavery
627:
625:
622:
620:
619:Slave raiding
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
598:
595:
594:
593:
590:
588:
587:Corvée labour
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
557:
556:
553:
552:
548:
547:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
487:
484:
483:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
403:Abbasid harem
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
380:
379:
376:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
348:
347:
346:Barbary Coast
344:
340:
337:
336:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
287:
284:
283:
278:
275:
274:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
242:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
212:
209:
206:
205:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
168:
167:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
104:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
79:
76:
71:
70:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:Forced labour
51:
50:
46:
42:
41:
36:
32:
28:
22:
3017:
3009:
3006:
2992:
2977:
2968:
2959:
2950:
2941:
2932:
2923:
2900:. Retrieved
2895:
2886:
2873:
2861:The Sea Hawk
2860:
2854:
2843:. Retrieved
2839:
2830:
2821:
2812:
2796:
2776:
2769:
2751:Lepanto 1571
2750:
2744:
2725:
2719:
2708:
2697:. Retrieved
2690:the original
2685:
2681:
2668:
2661:Patrick 2007
2656:
2645:Sargent 1927
2640:
2620:, p. 35
2613:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2580:
2575:, depicting
2573:Hyborian Age
2567:
2559:Jean Valjean
2552:
2546:
2539:
2534:
2522:
2520:
2512:
2506:
2501:
2495:shows Saint
2490:
2488:
2480:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2454:
2446:
2408:The Sea Hawk
2407:
2405:
2392:The Sea Hawk
2390:
2388:
2369:
2358:
2343:
2334:
2319:Please help
2307:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2195:
2164:
2160:
2141:
2135:
2104:
2086:
2069:
2027:
2006:
1979:
1969:
1953:chiefs from
1940:
1929:
1907:made use of
1902:
1890:
1885:
1873:
1867:Only in the
1866:
1826:
1806:
1797:
1791:
1782:rowing in a
1776:galley slave
1775:
1773:
1670:Slave patrol
1507:Freedom suit
1483:Sierra Leone
1473:Colonization
1389:Abolitionism
1369:Baháʼí Faith
1342:Christianity
1292:Saudi Arabia
1148:Penal Labour
1113:Blackbirding
1019:Debt bondage
1007:penal system
833:Contemporary
823:Field slaves
811:U.S. Natives
770:South Africa
641:Galley slave
640:
614:Slave market
604:House slaves
577:Blackbirding
555:Conscription
479:21st century
442:Umm al-walad
286:Muslim world
255:Emancipation
159:Wage slavery
139:Penal labour
117:Wife selling
107:Bride buying
92:Conscription
82:Child Labour
75:Contemporary
21:Galley Slave
2618:Casson 1966
2549:Victor Hugo
2449:Lew Wallace
2430:Errol Flynn
2418:Howard Koch
2376:Don Quixote
2361:Farrabesche
1991:French Navy
1921:buonavoglie
1809:Middle Ages
1786:, either a
1685:court cases
1562: [
1512:Slave Power
1500:Manumission
1347:Catholicism
1222:Afghanistan
963:Puerto Rico
875:The Bahamas
853:Slave codes
656:Shanghaiing
646:Impressment
538:Slave Coast
418:Qajar harem
378:Concubinage
351:slave trade
3039:Categories
2913:References
2902:2020-02-13
2858:The novel
2845:2020-02-13
2699:2018-02-18
2426:Nazi Reich
2289:In fiction
2285:captives.
2250:Banguingui
1943:New France
1861:Ionian Sea
1700:J.Q. Adams
1690:Washington
1660:Slave name
1609:convention
1584:Common law
957:Encomienda
753:Seychelles
738:Mauritania
661:Slave ship
528:Panyarring
523:New France
172:Historical
2881:postings.
2308:does not
2271:Mandarese
2176:John Knox
2158:in 1685.
2152:Huguenots
2054:La Spezia
2046:Cherbourg
2015:Rochefort
2007:galériens
2003:Marseille
1974:Louis XIV
1959:Marseille
1695:Jefferson
1352:Mormonism
1287:Palestine
1101:Australia
1031:Indonesia
922:Lei Áurea
905:Code Noir
885:Caribbean
858:Treatment
597:Treatment
570:Devshirme
432:Odalisque
250:In Russia
191:Babylonia
179:Antiquity
35:Barcelona
2969:Historia
2593:Earthsea
2337:May 2019
2279:Makassar
2263:Visayans
2259:Tagalogs
2105:galérien
2090:galérien
2034:Le Havre
1995:Henry IV
1951:Iroquois
1846:Carthage
1811:and the
1798:galérien
1727:Iron bit
1717:40 acres
1680:breeding
1495:Freedman
1330:Religion
1190:Portugal
1075:Thailand
1065:Maldives
1060:Malaysia
1053:Kwalliso
997:Booi Aha
949:Restavek
929:Colombia
900:Trinidad
890:Barbados
780:Zanzibar
728:Ethiopia
609:Saqaliba
503:Database
454:Saqaliba
215:Ancillae
45:a series
43:Part of
3012:, 35-49
2896:tcm.com
2879:YouTube
2472:Ben-Hur
2453:novel,
2384:Algiers
2329:removed
2314:sources
2283:Chinese
2206:Ottoman
2120:galeote
2058:Antwerp
2042:Lorient
2023:arsenal
2017:and to
1917:Italian
1913:debtors
1859:in the
1823:History
1705:Lincoln
1578:Related
1478:Liberia
1364:Judaism
1302:Tunisia
1277:Morocco
1267:Lebanon
1232:Bahrain
1227:Algeria
1195:Romania
1160:Denmark
1153:Slavery
1087:Vietnam
758:Somalia
748:Nigeria
723:Comoros
651:Pirates
560:Ghilman
493:Bristol
383:history
356:pirates
245:History
134:Peonage
57:slavery
31:Diorama
3024:
2999:
2784:
2757:
2732:
2563:Javert
2474:(1959)
2467:(1925)
2460:adopts
2438:lyrics
2410:(1940)
2277:, and
2246:Iranun
2235:lanong
2202:slaves
2192:Africa
2130:galera
2100:forçat
2071:bagnes
2011:Toulon
1999:Toulon
1834:metics
1830:thetes
1793:French
1784:galley
1778:was a
1626:owners
1262:Kuwait
1257:Jordan
1210:Sweden
1200:Russia
1185:Poland
1180:Norway
1002:Laogai
987:Brunei
982:Bhutan
944:revolt
917:Brazil
880:Canada
843:partus
828:female
713:Angola
582:Coolie
565:Mamluk
518:Nantes
498:Brazil
427:Cariye
262:Thrall
230:Kholop
196:Greece
2693:(PDF)
2678:(PDF)
2606:Notes
2267:Bugis
2255:caned
2241:garay
2110:bagne
2077:bagno
2066:hulks
2038:Nîmes
2019:Brest
1980:King
1970:réale
1936:Tunis
1882:brand
1780:slave
1653:songs
1648:films
1566:]
1522:songs
1359:Islam
1337:Bible
1312:Yemen
1307:Qatar
1297:Syria
1272:Libya
1237:Egypt
1205:Spain
1175:Malta
1048:Korea
1036:Japan
1014:India
992:China
939:Haiti
799:Aztec
775:Sudan
743:Niger
635:Naval
508:Dutch
437:Qiyan
423:Jarya
398:Harem
240:Serfs
186:Egypt
3022:ISBN
2997:ISBN
2960:Vol.
2782:ISBN
2755:ISBN
2730:ISBN
2469:and
2436:and
2312:any
2310:cite
2275:Iban
2248:and
2238:and
2224:Asia
2196:The
2060:and
2030:Nice
1989:the
1911:and
1903:The
1844:and
1842:Rome
1604:laws
1466:U.S.
1461:U.K.
1399:U.S.
1394:U.K.
1282:Oman
1252:Iraq
1247:Iran
934:Cuba
838:maps
733:Mali
718:Chad
304:Baqt
201:Rome
97:Debt
55:and
2590:'s
2586:In
2551:'s
2547:In
2521:In
2505:'s
2451:'s
2447:In
2389:In
2374:'s
2323:by
2228:In
2140:'s
1957:to
1886:GAL
1832:),
3041::
2894:.
2838:.
2820:.
2686:13
2684:.
2680:.
2625:^
2557:,
2527:,
2273:,
2269:,
2261:,
2056:,
2052:,
2048:,
2044:,
2040:,
2036:,
2032:,
2025:.
1997:,
1968:A
1945:,
1927:.
1919::
1840:,
1796::
1774:A
1564:fa
47:on
3030:.
3010:2
2905:.
2868:.
2848:.
2824:.
2807:.
2790:.
2763:.
2738:.
2702:.
2516:,
2484:,
2350:)
2344:(
2339:)
2335:(
2331:.
2317:.
1915:(
1828:(
1763:e
1756:t
1749:v
959:)
955:(
425:/
300:
23:.
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