63:
359:
At the close of the final regular session of the congress, held on August 6, 1920, a list of ECCI participants was hurriedly discussed and adopted by a vote of the delegates. Russia, by virtue of the size and importance of its party, was allocated five delegates on the executive committee, to be joined by one delegate each from the following nations: Great
Britain, Germany, France, the United States, Italy, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Scandinavia, the Netherlands, Poland, Finland, the Far East (Korea), and the Middle East (Iran). No specific individuals were voted upon by the assembled delegates.
422:, held in Moscow from June 22 through July 12, 1921, did not directly elect an executive committee of the Comintern, as did its predecessor. Instead, it decided that the four parties which had been allocated 40 votes at the congress should send two delegates to ECCI, and the 14 parties with 20 to 30 votes should send one delegate. By virtue of its size and status, the Russian Communist Party was allocated five delegates to ECCI, while all other parties were to be entitled to a consultative voice on the committee, but no decisive vote.
476:
obligatory for all the
Sections of the Communist International. And although the Sections had the right to appeal against decisions of the ECCI to the World Congress, they had to execute them, pending the decision of the World Congress. On the other hand, ECCI had the right “to expel from the Communist International, entire Sections, groups and individual members who violate the program and rules of the Communist International or the decisions of the World Congress and of the ECCI”.
351:
would help to bind the various national parties to the central body. Still, it would be facile to reduce loyalty to the
Comintern and its governing body, ECCI, to mere finances. The array of national communist parties saw themselves in a very real sense as national subdivisions of a single world party and they accepted centralization as a matter of principle and direction in revolutionary strategy and tactics from Moscow, the home of the only successful
20:
275:
358:
Although Jane Degras in an appendix to her 1956 three volume compendium of
Comintern documents intimates that the 2nd World Congress of the Comintern directly elected the membership of ECCI, the stenographic proceedings of the congress published in 1991 indicates that this was not actually the case.
230:
Although no more than the nucleus of an actual organization was created, hampered by difficult communications in the isolation of the blockade, the skeleton ECCI immediately began to issues a series of declarations and manifestos to the workers and nations of the world. These included a manifesto of
475:
Subordination of national
Communist Parties to the Communist International was complete: in any given country there can be only one Communist Party affiliated to the Communist International and each represented a Section of the Communist International in that country. The decisions of the ECCI were
199:
were each to "immediately send representatives to the first
Executive Committee." All parties joining the Comintern before the convention of the 2nd World Congress were similarly to be allowed a representative on this body. Until the arrival of the various elected delegates, representatives of the
350:
During this interval the
Comintern, through ECCI and the permanent staff of the organization, began to fund the various communist parties of the world, attempting to add practical support to the literary fusillade which emanated from Moscow. Over time this financial aid provided by the Comintern
362:
This decision seems to have been rapidly modified by ECCI itself after conclusion of the congress, as Degras lists by name a 26-member body that was in place over the course of the next year. Included, in addition to the five
Russian delegates, were two Americans (one each from the rival
371:), two delegates from the Netherlands, as well as one delegate each from Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Scandinavia, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, the "Far East" (Korea), the "Near East" (Iran), Finland, Poland, Hungary, Georgia,
444:
throughout the world and supervised international agitation and propaganda work, leaving political questions to ECCI. The
Comintern Orgburo was patterned after a similar institution in the Russian Communist Party that had been established in March 1919.
266:, the summer and fall of 1920 marked the high-water mark for the prestige of the Comintern and its hopes of promoting world revolution. There would be, however, other functions for the organization and the executive committee which directed it.
425:
ECCI was subsequently enlarged in 1921-22, as new
Communist Parties were allotted delegates with consultative votes while other parties were allowed a second vote. The countries exercising two votes on ECCI at the time of the
298:
on July 19, 1920. This did not mean that ECCI, the Comintern's directing body, was staffed exclusively with Russians during the 1919-1920 period, however. In addition to representatives of the Russian Communist Party
382:
In the aftermath of the 2nd Word Congress, a five-member "little bureau" was also chosen to coordinate the day-to-day activities of the Comintern. This group included the Russians Zinoviev, Bukharin, and
452:, purporting to be instructions to British communists to begin preparations for revolution, is on its face written as a letter from the ECCI on 15 September 1924. Although validated as genuine by the
200:
Russian Communist Party were to perform the functions of this Executive Committee of the Communist International. This organizational plan was approved unanimously by the Congress, without debate.
433:
Although not originally envisioned as such, formal gatherings of the "Enlarged Executive Committee of the Communist International" rapidly came to supplant the World Congresses of the Comintern.
1509:
Erik P. Hoffmann, Soviet Foreign Policy Aims and Accomplishments from Lenin to Brezhnev, Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, Vol. 36, No. 4, Soviet Foreign Policy (1987), pp. 10-31
175:
was appointed by this Founding Congress to construct an organizational apparatus for the new Third International. This commission recommended the establishment of two deliberative bodies, an
1393:
Workers of the World and Oppressed Peoples, Unite!: Proceedings and Documents of the Second Congress, 1920. In Two Volumes. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1991; vol. 2, pg. 777.
49:
between the World Congresses of that body. The ECCI, established by the Founding Congress of the Comintern in 1919, was dissolved with the rest of the Comintern in May 1943.
1598:
753:
1532:
437:
1623:
125:
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78:
1613:
101:
had been issued on January 24, 1919, with the gathering originally slated to commence in Moscow beginning on February 15.
427:
419:
392:
319:, a number of radicals from around the world had at various times taken part in ECCI's activities. Among this group were
295:
124:
basis by individuals already in Soviet Russia not bearing formal credentials from their home organizations. For example,
74:
1145:
1135:
391:. The composition of this "little bureau" was presumably named by ECCI itself. This bureau was enlarged in 1921 by the
105:
1608:
1542:
187:
and to include representatives from the member organizations of the Communist International. The parties of Russia,
1160:
368:
332:
227:("The Communist International"), which began appearing regularly as soon as the Founding Congress came to a close.
133:
1518:
388:
1562:
The Communist Movement at a Crossroads: Plenums of the Communist International's Executive Committee, 1922-1923.
1140:
830:
376:
286:
Owing to poor communications and the difficulty of individuals crossing the frontier during the blockade and
1475:
Keith Jeffery, "MI6: The History of the Secret Intelligence Service 1909-1949", Bloomsbury, 2010, p. 216-22.
441:
164:
136:, had been away from home for two years and had no formal authorization to represent his party. Similarly,
120:. Only a comparatively few delegates did manage to make the trip, with a number of the places filled on an
89:, but to instead "rally around the revolutionary Third International." The formal call for a conference of
1485:
1403:
The timing and mechanism of this expansion is unclear. The full list of those elected appears in Degras,
453:
324:
157:
1574:
108:
was postponed to March 2, 1919, owing to the difficulties entailed by foreign delegates in crossing the
364:
336:
291:
27:, the official organ of ECCI, was initially published in Russian, French, German, and English editions
1582:
232:
62:
236:
73:
The Communist International was established at a gathering convened in Moscow at the behest of the
1180:
Founding the Communist International: Proceedings and Documents of the First Congress, March 1919.
485:
244:
90:
223:, albeit only for a few weeks. Zinoviev also served as editor of the official magazine of ECCI,
183:, to handle day-to-day activities. The governing Executive Committee was to be headquartered in
1006:
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328:
219:
prison, was symbolically selected as Secretary of ECCI, although the actual functions fell to
1155:
770:
764:
304:
113:
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347:, in addition to others from Korea, China, Norway, Sweden, Yugoslavia, Poland, and Finland.
86:
456:
at the time, the letter is now accepted by the British government to have been a forgery.
247:(May 13, 1919), and a manifesto on foreign intervention in Soviet Russia (June 18, 1919).
137:
8:
1060:
1042:
1018:
300:
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Delegates to the 2nd World Congress of the Comintern received a copy of Lenin's new book
67:
954:
1603:
860:
220:
149:
77:. As early as December 24, 1918, a radio appeal had been issued by the ruling party of
1378:"The Executive Committee elected at the second congress consisted of..." See: Degras,
294:
was able to send its permanent representative to ECCI prior to the convocation of the
1538:
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1024:
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320:
287:
129:
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late in 1922 were Germany, France, Czechoslovakia, Finland, and the United States.
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204:
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141:
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Franz Platten, "Resolution on Organizing the International," in Riddell (ed.),
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1084:
1072:
960:
818:
776:
440:("Orgburo") of the Comintern. This committee controlled placement of Comintern
404:
316:
312:
19:
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Biographical Dictionary of the Comintern: New, Revised, and Expanded Edition.
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978:
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was dissolved by resolution of the Presidium of the ECCI, May 22, 1943.
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In Three Volumes. London: Oxford University Press, 1956; vol. 1, pg. 5.
990:
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263:
259:
251:
212:
208:
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calling on "communists of all countries" to boycott any attempts of
788:
411:. The Comintern also maintained an extensive staff of professional
109:
1260:
In Fourteen Volumes. London: Macmillan, 1953-78; vol. 3, pg. 124.
240:
192:
188:
145:
216:
184:
121:
1449:
Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1986; pp. xxix-xxx.
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Category:Executive Committee of the Communist International
372:
1182:
New York: Anchor Foundation/Pathfinder Press, 1987; pg. 8.
231:
ECCI to the workers and sailors of all countries on the
464:
It was the Political Secretariat of the Comintern that
269:
42:Исполнительный комитет Коммунистического интернационала
1221:
Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1964; pg. 18.
290:, of those originally invited to participate only the
1564:
John Riddell, trans. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2019.
104:
The conference which ultimately declared itself the
1537:(2nd ed.). London: I.B.Tauris. pp. 123–.
1428:
1426:
1361:
1359:
1357:
195:, Hungary, the Balkan Federation, Switzerland, and
16:
Governing authority of the Comintern (1919 to 1943)
1599:Executive Committee of the Communist International
1206:The Communist International, 1919-1943: Documents.
250:The early ECCI was, in short, to a large extent a
33:Executive Committee of the Communist International
1519:The Programme of the Communist International 1929
280:The Infantile Sickness of "Leftism" in Communism,
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1466:, "The Zinoviev Letter", Heinemann, 1967, p. xi.
1423:
1354:
106:Founding Congress of the Communist International
407:of Germany, and the Polish-born Soviet citizen
395:by the addition to these five of the Hungarian
243:manifesto (April 20, 1919), a manifesto on the
211:and top figure in the Russian Communist Party.
179:, to handle matters of policy, and a 5-member
40:
1534:A documentary history of communism, Volume 2
1445:Branko Lazitch and Milorad M. Drachkovitch,
747:
375:(Indonesia), plus one representative of the
1219:The Forming of the Communist International.
387:, the Hungarian Rudniansky, and the German
132:who sat ostensibly as the delegate of the
1624:Executive committees of political parties
52:
1521:. Marxists.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-26.
273:
61:
18:
1629:Central committees of communist parties
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459:
436:The 4th World Congress established the
335:, John Anderson (Kristap Beika) of the
1591:
45:), was the governing authority of the
1245:Founding the Communist International,
1232:Founding the Communist International,
1193:Founding the Communist International,
1619:Organizations disestablished in 1943
758:
270:From provisional to permanent status
112:of Soviet Russia established by the
75:Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
428:4th World Congress of the Comintern
420:3rd World Congress of the Comintern
393:3rd World Congress of the Comintern
355:revolution as logical and natural.
296:2nd World Congress of the Comintern
235:(March 28, 1919), a message to the
13:
1554:
1146:Red International of Labour Unions
491:
203:Selected as President of ECCI was
14:
1640:
1614:Organizations established in 1919
1568:
262:. In the estimation of historian
99:revolutionary industrial unionism
35:, commonly known by its acronym,
1178:John Riddell, "Introduction" to
369:Communist Labor Party of America
333:Communist Labor Party of America
225:Kommunisticheskii Internatsional
134:Socialist Labor Party of America
57:
1524:
1512:
1503:
1478:
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1397:
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1136:Communist Women's International
144:stranded in Russia represented
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1237:
1224:
1211:
1198:
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93:political parties and radical
1:
1161:International Worker's Relief
1141:Young Communist International
730:13th Enlarged Plenum of ECCI
713:12th Enlarged Plenum of ECCI
697:11th Enlarged Plenum of ECCI
664:10th Enlarged Plenum of ECCI
377:Young Communist International
156:, sat for the nearly defunct
1434:The Communist International,
1418:The Communist International,
1405:The Communist International,
1380:The Communist International,
1367:The Communist International,
1336:The Communist International,
1323:The Communist International,
1310:The Communist International,
1297:The Communist International,
1284:The Communist International,
1166:
647:9th Enlarged Plenum of ECCI
631:8th Enlarged Plenum of ECCI
615:7th Enlarged Plenum of ECCI
598:6th Enlarged Plenum of ECCI
582:5th Enlarged Plenum of ECCI
566:4th Enlarged Plenum of ECCI
550:3rd Enlarged Plenum of ECCI
533:2nd Enlarged Plenum of ECCI
516:1st Enlarged Plenum of ECCI
39:(Russian acronym ИККИ - for
7:
1577:The Communist International
1531:Daniels, Robert V. (1986).
1349:A History of Soviet Russia,
1271:A History of Soviet Russia,
1258:A History of Soviet Russia.
1191:Riddell, "Introduction" to
1129:
681:Enlarged Presidium of ECCI
454:Secret Intelligence Service
158:Balkan Socialist Federation
25:The Communist International
10:
1645:
751:
365:Communist Party of America
337:Communist Party of America
292:Communist Party of Hungary
1583:Marxists Internet Archive
1334:Extract in Degras (ed.),
1308:Extract in Degras (ed.),
748:Important members of ECCI
315:, Grigorii Zinoviev, and
254:body, aiming to stir the
41:
1609:Left-wing internationals
1486:"James Ramsay MacDonald"
237:Bavarian Soviet Republic
572:June 12 and July 12–13
486:Communist International
91:revolutionary socialist
1321:Text in Degras (ed.),
1295:Text in Degras (ed.),
1282:Text in Degras (ed.),
849:Sergey Ivanovich Gusev
283:
215:, then ensconced in a
207:, an old associate of
70:
53:Organizational history
28:
1575:Index of contents of
1156:International Red Aid
771:Jan Antonovich Berzin
703:March 26 to April 11
305:Jan Antonovich Berzin
277:
65:
22:
1420:vol. 1, pp. 453-454.
1391:John Riddell (ed.),
1273:vol. 3, pp. 131-132.
719:Aug. 27 to Sept. 15
604:Feb. 17 to March 15
588:March 21 to April 6
460:The loss of autonomy
233:Hungarian Revolution
87:Second International
1204:Jane Degras (ed.),
736:Nov. 28 to Dec. 12
621:Nov. 22 to Dec. 16
522:Feb. 24 to March 4
438:Organization Bureau
301:Angelica Balabanova
177:Executive Committee
85:to reestablish the
68:Vozdvizhenka Street
1560:Mike Taber (ed.),
1490:Number Ten website
1338:vol. 1, pp. 48-50.
1325:vol. 1, pp. 54-58.
1312:vol. 1, pp. 51-53.
1286:vol. 1, pp. 48-50.
861:Jules Humbert-Droz
284:
282:published by ECCI.
221:Angelica Balabanov
165:standing committee
150:Christian Rakovsky
128:, a druggist from
71:
29:
1126:
1125:
1115:Grigorii Zinoviev
1079:Palmiro Togliatti
1045:, Czechoslovakia.
931:Dmitrii Manuilsky
839:, Czechoslovakia.
825:William Z. Foster
745:
744:
205:Grigorii Zinoviev
167:) chaired by the
138:Endre Rudnyánszky
130:Buffalo, New York
66:ECCI building on
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1407:vol. 1, pg. 453.
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1382:vol. 1, pg. 453.
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1369:vol. 1, pg. 453.
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1351:vol. 3, pg. 165.
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1217:James W. Hulse,
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1209:
1202:
1196:
1189:
1183:
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987:, Great Britain.
969:, Czechoslovakia
963:, Great Britain.
955:Willi Münzenberg
927:, Great Britain.
883:L. E. Katterfeld
837:Klement Gottwald
833:, Great Britain.
831:Willie Gallacher
813:Georgii Dimitrov
795:Nikolai Bukharin
767:, Great Britain.
759:
496:
495:
385:Mikhail Kobetsky
309:Nikolai Bukharin
245:Versailles Peace
239:(April 1919), a
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1555:Further reading
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1049:Boris Souvarine
1031:C.E. Ruthenberg
973:Osip Piatnitsky
925:Arthur MacManus
843:Antonio Gramsci
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687:February 25-??
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492:Plenums of ECCI
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450:Zinoviev letter
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142:prisoner of war
126:Boris Reinstein
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116:at the end of
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1013:Alfred Rosmer
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997:Mátyás Rákosi
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985:Harry Pollitt
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413:functionaries
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401:Alfred Rosmer
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313:V.V. Vorovsky
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258:to socialist
257:
256:working class
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173:Fritz Platten
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92:
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80:
79:Soviet Russia
76:
69:
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58:Establishment
50:
48:
38:
34:
26:
23:The magazine
21:
1576:
1561:
1533:
1526:
1514:
1505:
1493:. Retrieved
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1252:
1247:pp. 255-256.
1244:
1239:
1231:
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1218:
1213:
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1200:
1192:
1187:
1179:
1174:
1120:
1109:Klara Zetkin
1091:Leon Trotsky
1025:László Rudas
949:V.M. Molotov
907:James Larkin
873:Sen Katayama
783:Earl Browder
483:
474:
465:
463:
447:
435:
432:
424:
417:
381:
361:
357:
349:
341:S.J. Rutgers
323:of Hungary,
321:László Rudas
285:
279:
249:
229:
224:
202:
180:
176:
162:
103:
95:trade unions
72:
36:
32:
30:
24:
1579:(1919-1926)
1460:Stephen Fay
1256:E.H. Carr,
1151:Krestintern
1055:I.V. Stalin
1037:Yrjö Sirola
943:André Marty
919:A. Lozovsky
891:, Bulgaria.
867:Lev Kamenev
855:Ho Chi Minh
815:, Bulgaria.
752:Main page:
556:June 12–23
480:Dissolution
403:of France,
389:Ernst Meyer
353:proletarian
345:Netherlands
327:of France,
197:Scandinavia
140:, a former
118:World War I
1593:Categories
1464:Hugo Young
1111:, Germany.
1069:, Germany.
1027:, Hungary.
999:, Hungary.
991:Karl Radek
981:, Germany.
957:, Germany.
937:Mao Zedong
909:, Ireland.
903:, Finland.
897:, Hungary.
807:Zhou Enlai
670:July 3–19
637:May 18–30
539:June 7–11
511:Delegates
502:Year held
409:Karl Radek
317:G. Klinger
260:revolution
252:propaganda
213:Karl Radek
209:V.I. Lenin
97:espousing
83:reformists
1604:Comintern
1167:Footnotes
1097:Wang Ming
1075:, France.
1063:, Latvia.
1051:, France.
1039:, Finland
1015:, France.
1007:John Reed
945:, France.
857:, Vietnam
821:, France.
803:, France.
791:, Canada.
725:38 + 136
508:Location
470:Comintern
329:John Reed
288:civil war
264:E.H. Carr
47:Comintern
1432:Degras,
1416:Degras,
1365:Degras,
1130:See also
1099:, China.
1081:, Italy.
1021:, India.
1019:M.N. Roy
939:, China.
895:Béla Kun
875:, Japan.
845:, Italy.
809:, China.
789:Tim Buck
779:, Italy.
765:Tom Bell
676:36 + 72
659:44 + 48
610:77 + 53
466:de facto
397:Béla Kun
367:and the
171:radical
154:Romanian
148:, while
110:blockade
1495:25 July
1234:pg. 18.
1230:Hulse,
1195:pg. 10.
1117:, USSR.
1093:, USSR.
1087:, USSR.
1057:, USSR.
993:, USSR.
975:, USSR.
951:, USSR.
933:, USSR.
921:, USSR.
869:, USSR.
797:, USSR.
773:, USSR.
739:Moscow
722:Moscow
706:Moscow
690:Moscow
673:Moscow
656:Moscow
640:Moscow
624:Moscow
607:Moscow
591:Moscow
575:Moscow
559:Moscow
545:41 + 9
542:Moscow
525:Moscow
343:of the
331:of the
241:May Day
193:Austria
189:Germany
146:Hungary
1541:
1347:Carr,
1269:Carr,
1121:
1033:, USA.
1009:, USA.
915:, USA.
851:, USSR
827:, USA.
785:, USA.
505:Dates
499:Event
442:cadres
217:Berlin
185:Moscow
181:Bureau
122:ad hoc
1581:, at
885:, USA
733:1933
716:1932
700:1931
684:1930
667:1929
650:1928
634:1927
618:1926
601:1926
585:1925
569:1924
553:1923
536:1922
519:1922
169:Swiss
37:ECCI
1539:ISBN
1497:2012
528:105
484:The
448:The
418:The
373:Java
152:, a
31:The
1595::
1488:.
1462:,
1425:^
1356:^
415:.
399:,
379:.
339:,
311:,
307:,
303:,
191:,
160:.
1585:.
1547:.
1499:.
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