Christian Rakovsky

3296: 6375: 2007:, present in Moscow during early that year, "It had been found that the views of the Pyatakov government were further left than those of its supporters, and so Pyatakov had given way to Rakovsky who was better able to conduct a more moderate policy". While in office, Rakovsky ignored the Ukrainian "national question" because of his view on the nationalist movements as a counter-revolutionary force, as Rakovsky believed that national issues were important during the bourgeois era, but that they would lose its importance during the emerging world revolution. He seemed unaware of the dangers of Russian nationalism and chauvinism and claimed that the "danger of Russification under the existing Ukrainian Soviet authority is entirely without foundation", although he changed his stance in the early 1920s 6257: 6211: 2653: 1629: 2761: 2320: 1064: 343: 84: 2050: 2539: 1885: 1437: 2558:, who aimed for a "solidarity of foreign creditors" in respect to the Soviet state, and who agreed to recognize the latter on October 28, 1924. One of his last tasks involved placing Soviet orders for machinery, textiles, and other commodities with British manufacturers: worth 75 million US$ on paper, these failed to attract attention after he announced that the Soviet government did not intend to pay in cash. According to the American magazine 2192: 2729:, due to Rakovsky's political opinions. Rakovsky left without presenting his letter of recall to President Doumergue, although he was scheduled for a meeting at the Élysée. He was initially scheduled to serve as Ambassador to Japan. On his trip back to the Soviet state, he was joined by Istrati, who, partly owing to his witnessing of the Rakovsky's downfall, soon became a noted opponent of Stalinism. 2248:. He notably came into conflict with the Russian Party after his second executive had its independent Commissariat of Foreign Trade replaced with an office under the control of central authorities. He continued to pressure for a measure of independence in Ukrainian economy, and, during the early 1920s, the republic sealed its own trade agreements with other European countries. 1870:, confronted with Trotsky's refusal to accept their version of a Russo-German peace, began their own military operation and occupied Odessa (setting free Romanians who had been imprisoned there). On 9 March 1918, Rakovsky signed a treaty with Romania regarding the evacuation of troops from Bessarabia, which Stelian Tănase claims allowed for the 3174:, "The Length and Breadth of the Century"). It was compiled from personal notes and dialogs with physician and former communist militant G. Brătescu, who noted that, probably owing to suspicions she had in respect to the Romanian communist regime, Elena Codreanu refused to talk about Rakovsky's trial and her own persecution. Rakovsky's nephew 3261:. If one writes about the Moscow trials one must answer the question, «Why did the accused confess?» and which answer one makes is a political decision. Koestler answers, in effect, «Because these people had been rotted by the Revolution which they served», and in doing so he comes near to claiming that revolutions are of their nature bad". 1193:, who were publishing works under a common signature—one of the two authored a sympathetic portrait of the socialist leader, based on his recollections from the early 1900s. Throughout these years, Rakovsky, was, according to Iosif and Anghel, "continuously bustling; disappearing and appearing in workers' centers, be it in 3010:. According to Heijenoort, they only managed to meet Gorky's son, Maxim Peshkov, who reportedly told them that his father was indisposed, but promised to pass on their request. Researcher Tova Yedlin proposed that the problem was caused by Gorky's distress over having recently separated from his mistress 1611:'s opposition to the resolution (at one point, Rakovsky reportedly lost his temper and grabbed Lenin, causing him to temporarily leave the hall in protest). Later, he continued to mediate between Lenin and the Second International, a situation from which emerged a circular letter that complemented the 3103:, he admitted to all the charges—including having been a spy (for Japan) and a landowner. He made attempts to point out that his revenue had been used to support socialism, and that he had a grasp of "revolutionary practices", but was attacked by Vyshinsky, who persistently referred to Rakovsky as "a 2977:

Instead, Rakovsky incited further resistance to Stalinism, and issued a declaration of the united opposition; following this, he was sent to Barnaul, which he called a "hole in the barren cold ground". In another critical letter to the Party leadership (April 1930), he called for, among other things,

2136:

In summer, as Rakovsky's government briefly lost control of Ukraine, his policies became hotly contested by partisans of Ukrainian autonomy inside the Party, who held a conference in Homyel (one which Rakovsky did not attend). At the Fourth Congress of the Ukrainian Party (March 1920), the leadership

1232:

message of the revolt, it had violently repressed it from the moment peasants began to attack landowners. Supportive of the thesis according to which the peasantry had revolutionary importance inside Romanian society and Eastern Europe at large, Rakovsky publicized his perspective in the socialist

2465:

and came into conflict with Stalin. In one of his last articles as head of the Ukrainian government he dismissed centralism as "the elimination of initiative, of economic, political and administrative independence" and "dead bureaucratic centralization which is synonymous with tyranny" Although

1776: 1346:

cabinet until it leaked to the press — this, coupled with rumors that he was about to be killed, and Brătianu's statement that he would "rather destroy than let back into Rumania", caused a series of important street clashes between his supporters and government forces. On 9 December 1909, a

897:

Although actively involved in many European countries' socialist movements, prior to 1917 Rakovsky's focus remained on the Balkans and especially on his native country and Romania; his activities in support of the international socialist movement led to his expulsion, at different times, from

1169:

and aid striking workers there. According to his own account, a parallel scandal occurred when an armed Bolshevik ship was captured in Romanian territorial waters; Rakovsky, who indicated that the weapons on board were to be used in Batumi, faced allegations in the Romanian press that he was

6985: 6747: 6460: 2989:

Little is known of Rakovsky's life between that moment and July 1932, the moment when he was allowed a medical leave. Towards the end of the same year, Trotsky was informed that he had attempted to flee the Soviet Union, and, in March 1933, it was announced that he had been deported to

1815:

As the coup was under preparation in December 1917, Rakovsky was present on the border and waiting a signal to enter the country. When Bolsheviks were arrested and the move was overturned, he was probably responsible for ordering the arrest of Romania's representative to Petrograd,

4548: 2096:

as a state language is reactionary and unnecessary", as there is no need to declare state languages in Soviet republics; according to him, all languages are equal in Soviet Ukraine, and "no decrees are needed to make the language spoken by the vast majority of the population the

2524:. Eventually, two treaties were signed, allowing for commerce to be normalized between the two countries, and reflecting Rakovsky's views that private complaints of creditors against the Soviet state were to be settled outside the conference. The scandal which erupted when the 1276:

After repeatedly condemning repression of the revolt, Rakovsky was, together with other socialists, officially accused of having agitated rebellious sentiment, and consequently expelled from Romanian soil (late 1907). He received news of this action while already abroad, in

7435: 7430: 6969: 6731: 6444: 7425: 7420: 7415: 2424:). At the time, he evidenced a "permanent struggle which the so-called independent and autonomous republics had to carry out to safeguard not only their prerogatives but their very own existence". Arguing in favor of extending the revolution from Ukraine to the 7410: 7405: 3107:". In his final statement, Rakovsky argued: "from my young days I honestly, truthfully and devotedly performed my duty as a soldier of the cause of the emancipation of labor. After this bright period a dark period set in, the period of my criminal deeds". 472:, being marginalized inside the government and sent as Soviet ambassador to London and Paris, where he was involved in renegotiating financial settlements. He was ultimately recalled from France in autumn 1927, after signing his name to a controversial 2101:

dominant language... I must state to you that we had to issue a reprimand to the Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs, who... issued an order that political affairs at the Post and the Telegraph should be conducted exclusively in the Russian language."

1297:, based on evidence that Rakovsky's father was not in Dobruja before 1880, and that Rakovsky himself used a Bulgarian passport when moving across borders. During the 1920s, Rakovsky was still viewing the incident as a "blatantly illegal act". 7400: 1663:

Suspicions also rose that he had been contacted by German intelligence, that his 1915 trip to Italy had served German interests, and that he was being subsidized with German money. Rakovsky also drew attention to himself after welcoming to

2436:

was placing Soviet influence in peril, and called for "carrying out a correct theoretical and practical solution to the national question within the boundaries of the Soviet Union". In November 1922, his proposition of the formation of a

2045:

centered on Rakovsky; various French reports of the time gave contradictory assessments (while some credited Rakovsky with direct influence on Soviet foreign policy, others dismissed the notion that Russia had any such projects).

1304:(whose appeal in favor of Rakovsky was described by Iosif and Anghel as evidence of "an almost parental love"). The local socialists organized several rallies in his support, and the return of his citizenship was also backed by 2530:

was publicized, rekindling suspicions against the Soviet government and provoking the fall of MacDonald's cabinet, brought an end to all further talks. During and after the incident, Rakovsky repeatedly cited evidence that the

2157:

to discuss the matter with local leaders. In order to curb the crisis, the Ukrainian Party was subjected to a major purge, during which pro-autonomy opposition was removed from its ranks and the former leaders were reinstated.

3236:, faced pressures to denounce her husband. She allegedly refused to criticize him for anything other than his association with Rakovsky, and to admit that Marcel Pauker had been guilty of all the charges brought against him. 6976: 6738: 6451: 1256:

Rakovsky was also one of the journalists suspected of having greatly exaggerated the overall death toll in their accounts: his estimates speak of over 10,000 peasants killed, whereas the government data counted only 421.

1014:

Initially, Rakovsky was expelled from Russia and had to move back to Paris. Returning to the Russian capital in 1900, he remained there until 1902, when his wife's death and the crackdown on socialist groups ordered by

1556:

cabinet (deeming it "an abdication"), he stressed the responsibility of all European countries in provoking the war, and adhered to Trotsky's vision of a "Peace without indemnities or annexations" as an alternative to

1467:

In May 1912, he helped organize a mourning session for the centennial of Russian rule in Bessarabia, and authored numerous new articles on the matter. He was afterwards involved in calling for peace during the

1836:

to hand in persons captured, indicating that he would otherwise encourage the communist activities of Romanian refugees on Russian soil, and receiving a reply according to which no such arrests had occurred.

2908:: "The French expelled me from Paris for having signed a declaration of the opposition. Stalin expelled me from the for having signed the same declaration. But in both cases they let me keep the jacket". 7615: 1351:

employee named Stoenescu attempted to assassinate Brătianu. The event, which was attributed by Rakovsky to support for his return and by other sources to government manipulation, caused a clampdown on

2638:

and the Soviet government over the latter's support for a Mexican railway workers' strike, American agents reported that Rakovsky was instructed to threaten to publicize correspondence between former

2880:

had committed suicide, he assigned Ukrainian campaigning to Voja Vujović, and returned to Moscow. Following the defeat of the Left Opposition in November–December 1927, Rakovsky was ousted from the

2486:, came to represent Stalin's view on nationality issues in the region, officially defined as "nativization". In London, Rakovsky and his wife were joined by Elena Codreanu, whom they had adopted. 6824: 6785: 2177:

and thus contributing to its fall. This appears not to have been true, as Rakovsky reportedly urged Lenin to finance Kun even as the latter faced the intervention of troops from both Romania and

1342:, as officials in the latter country refused to let him pass; the situation had to be settled by negotiations between the two countries. Also according to Rakovsky, the arrest was hidden by the 7535: 1648:

which constituted "an outburst of indignation among the workers". Evaluating the situation in Romania, he identified the two main pro-Entente political forces of the moment, the groups led by

6962: 6724: 6437: 963:, where he hoped to settle down and engage in revolutionary activities (he was probably expelled after an initial attempt to enter the country, but was allowed to return). An adversary of 1804:

and organizing a coup. Eventually, Lenin decided in favor of a unified project, and called on Bujor and Rakovsky to form a single leadership (which also included the Romanian expatriates

2057:

Rakovsky simultaneously served as Soviet Ukraine's Commissar for Foreign Affairs and a member of the South West Front's Revolutionary Military Council, contributing to the defeat of the

1208:

Rakovsky was drawn into a polemic with the Romanian authorities, facing public accusations that, as a Bulgarian, he lacked patriotism. In return, he commented that, if patriotism meant "

5493: 2293: 7570: 7142: 3170:

after 1975, rejoining her brother, the biologist and academic Radu Codreanu. She later authored a memoir which included recollections of her father (it was published in Romanian as

7087: 7045: 2827:(who split with the group soon afterwards) and Kamenev, he attempted to organize a substantial opposition, visiting Ukraine for this purpose, hosting public meetings and printing 4083:

Valeria Stan, Florian Tănăsescu, Marian Ştefan, "1871–1971. Am iubit şi am admirat pe cel care se chema I. C. Frimu" ("We Have Loved and Admired the One Named I. C. Frimu"), in

3092: 485: 484:

as "bureaucratic centrism", Rakovsky was subject to internal exile. Submitting to Stalin's leadership in 1934 and being briefly reinstated, he was nonetheless implicated in the

2562:, Rakovsky also played a hand in motivating Stalin's decision to marginalize Comintern leader Zinoviev, by complaining that the latter's foreign policy was needlessly radical. 940:– "The Cause of Crime and Degeneration", submitted in 1897), Rakovsky, who had married the Russian student E. P. Ryabova, was summoned to Romania in order to be drafted in the 7580: 7565: 6283: 6168: 2958:

As his health deteriorated, he was allowed to move to Saratov upon requests addressed by Krestinsky to Kaganovich, the Secretary of the Central Committee. He was visited by

7665: 2885: 2240:; according to his biographer Gus Fagan, he became himself a proponent of greater Ukrainian autonomy, and advocated both Ukrainization through the complete integration of 2185: 1850:

troops to march towards Romania, which was by then giving in to the German advances and preparing to sign its own peace. Initially stalled by a much-criticized temporary

2742: 2073:

to the Bolshevik faction's central bodies—he was subsequently confronted with a degree of Borotbist opposition inside his government. According to American politologist

1487:

In 1913, Rakovsky was married a second time, to Alexandrina Alexandrescu (also known as Ileana Pralea), a socialist militant and intellectual, who taught mathematics in

5704: 2645:

and Soviet authorities (which had occurred before diplomatic links were established). Since this could endanger Mexico's relations with the United States, President

848: 668:

He later stated that, as early as his childhood years, he had felt a special admiration towards Russia, and that he had been impressed by witnessing, at age 5, the

5965: 3295: 3189:

and his political adversaries. Istrati, having returned to Romania in disillusion over Soviet realities, was initially attacked in the local right-wing newspapers

1817: 1561:

war". According to Rakovsky, tensions between the French SFIO and the German Social Democrats were reflecting not just context, but major ideological differences.

842: 3282:, and other five officials. Bukharin, Rakovsky, Rozengolts, and Chernov were posthumously reinstated to the Communist Party on 21 June 1988. His works were given 917:'s guidelines ("Tsarist Russia must be isolated in its foreign relations"). On several occasions, he publicly criticized Russia's policies towards Romania and in 7358: 5910: 570: 1732:(the new name of Saint Petersburg) in the spring of 1917. His anti-war activism almost got him arrested; Rakovsky managed to flee in August, and was present in 7625: 2466:

declining, his influence in Ukraine was, according to political scientist John P. Willerton, one of Trotsky's main bases of support, alongside sections of the

7135: 3257:, Rakovsky's fate was a possible direct influence: "Rubashov might be called Trotsky, Bukharin, Rakovsky or some other relatively civilised figure among the 7560: 5658: 1697:

due to the closure of borders, he was placed under surveillance and ultimately imprisoned in September, based on the belief that he was acting as a German

1264:, who was living in Berlin at the time. Caragiale authored his own virulent critique of the Romanian state and its handling of the revolt, an essay titled 879:

revolutionary activities. In 1896, he was the Bulgarian representative to the Second International's London Congress (part of his speech was published in

421:. Rakovsky was expelled at different times from various countries as a result of his activities, and, during World War I, became a founding member of the 7346: 7229: 5955: 4534: 1390: 3202: 3053:"). He was appointed to high office in the Commissariat for Health and allowed to return to Moscow, also serving as Soviet ambassador to Japan in 1935. 7575: 6348: 6303: 6161: 3383: 1502:

during the early stages of World War I, Rakovsky later indicated that he had been purposely informed of the controversial pro-war stance taken by the

7705: 7585: 6701: 6571: 6353: 6308: 5980: 5950: 5940: 5925: 5905: 5880: 2757:. Although, unlike Rakovsky, Kamenev used the occasion to appeal for reconciliation, he was himself interrupted twenty-four times by the same group. 2355: 1682:, a former socialist venue, who called Rakovsky "an adventurer without scruples", and viewed him as employed by Parvus and other German socialists. 2449:

was opposed by Stalin at first, but later accepted under the pressure of Lenin; his arguments in favor of reducing the number of representatives of

7540: 7128: 6333: 6318: 6273: 5970: 5960: 5930: 2506:

recognition and agreed on a possible future Anglo-Soviet treaty and a British loan for the Soviet Union. Negotiations were tested by the so-called

2313: 5472: 2955:). Mistrusting Stalin's new leftist policies, he foresaw the renewed moves against the Left Opposition (inaugurated by Trotsky's 1929 expulsion). 2145:

was not reelected. Attacks on them caused problems with the Russian Party; as Lenin himself sided with Rakovsky, a delegation comprising Trotsky,

6177: 5719: 1549: 1693:

were in the pay of Take Ionescu. After Romania's entry into the conflict on the side of the Entente in August 1916, having failed to attend the

1491:. Alexandrescu was herself a friend of Dobrogeanu-Gherea and an acquaintance of Caragiale. She had previously been married to Filip Codreanu, a 7640: 5945: 5920: 2676:, which centered on heavy criticism of Soviet realities, and which they reviewed before it was published. He became acquainted with the former 2330:

In February 1922, he was sent to Berlin in order to negotiate with German officials, and, in March, was part of the official delegation to the

2289: 1461: 414: 3274:

came in February, coinciding with that of Bukharin, as well as with those of Ukrainian official and former People's Commissar for Agriculture

2081:, a program requested by Lenin himself; Rakovsky's view contrasted with that supported by Stalin, who, at the time, was calling for increased 1934:

cabinet). Rakovsky's real goal was to reach Germany and negotiate the situation in Ukraine, but he was expelled upon arrival to that country.

1484:

and others, he lectured at the PSDR's propaganda school during the short period the latter was in existence (in 1910 and again in 1912–1913).

7680: 7590: 6154: 2924: 1785:

led him to seek Lenin's support for a Bolshevik government over Romania, at a time when a similar attempt was being made by the Odessa-based

704: 410: 1121:, the defunct journal of the Romanian socialist group, provoking successful strike actions which brought him to the attention of officials. 7685: 6954: 6429: 1412:). According to Rakovsky, this was also determined by the Conservative change in policies towards the peasantry. He unsuccessfully ran for 7620: 6288: 2594:) to be played on the occasion. Doumergeue resisted, and, in the end, Rakovsky was received to the sound of an improvised arrangement of 2000: 107: 3030:'s rise to power in Germany and under intense pressure from Stalin, he announced his submission to the Party through a telegram he sent 2342:, and urged his delegation not to abandon policies over promises of deescalation and trade. A leader of the delegation's commissions on 745:, the founder of Russian Marxism, and his circle, eventually writing a number of articles and a book in Russian. He briefly worked with 386:

diplomat and statesman; he was also noted as a journalist, physician, and essayist. Rakovsky's political career took him throughout the

3036:(23 February 1934). While Rakovsky was allowed to return to Moscow, Trotsky declared the dissociation statement to be "purely formal". 6716: 1300:

The action itself caused protests from leftist politicians and sympathizers, including, among others, the influential Marxist thinker

7700: 7635: 7600: 7550: 7525: 7445: 6198: 3110:

Unlike most of his co-defendants, who were immediately executed, he was sentenced to twenty years of hard labor. In 1941, he was in

2453:

and barring the total number of envoys from any republic at one fifth of the total were dismissed after being criticized by Stalin.

780:. At the time, Rakovsky and Balabanov, with Plekhanov's encouragement, stressed the importance for moderation in socialist policies— 7465: 5651: 3162:. His adoptive daughter, Elena Codreanu-Racovski, was expelled from her job as secretary of the Mossoviet Theater, and deported to 2406: 4382: 2478:. In early July 1923, after being isolated inside the Ukrainian leadership, he was removed from his Ukrainian post, replaced with 699:

for his political activities (in 1887 and then again, after organizing a riot, in 1890). It was around that time that he became a

7545: 7505: 7191: 3064:; according to Trotsky, he was forced to wait without food or rest for 18 hours, during which time his house was being searched. 2613:(February 1926), during which he was confronted with the vocal campaign of creditors. Early results achieved in discussions with 2566: 2122: 2089: 1398: 7515: 7490: 7475: 7161: 3289: 3213:, he consequently became the target of intense criticism and allegations from various pro-Soviet writers, led by the Frenchman 1760:). Rakovsky later stated that he had friendly relations with the Bolsheviks from early autumn 1917, when, during the attempted 1225: 418: 2482:, and sent to London to negotiate a formal recognition of the Soviet regime by the British and French governments. Chubar, an 7520: 7470: 5562: 5540: 5453: 5432: 5409: 5363: 5319: 5087: 4932: 4900: 4832: 4781: 4754: 4651: 4583: 4521: 3393: 2264:(1924). Journalist Victor Frunză claims this move had been prompted by a supposed similar verdict given by a Soviet Court to 1000: 2308:

pressured the group to expel those of its members who supported Greater Romania (including Flueraş and Popovici, as well as

7440: 5631: 2983: 2625:(which had isolated the Soviet state on the international stage). Over the following year, Rakovsky continued to attempt a 2237: 1911: 342: 7605: 7595: 7500: 7196: 6374: 6362: 6256: 6244: 6210: 5754: 5644: 3221:

speculated, among other things, that Istrati had been in the pay of Rakovsky and Trotsky for a sizable part of his life.

3178:, whom he encouraged to join the Romanian socialist movement before World War I, later became a general secretary of the 2889: 2788:

and Pavel Sakulin; standing left to right: Ivan Evdokimov, Vasily Lvov-Rogachevsky, Vyacheslav Polonsky, Fedor Gladkov,

2126: 658: 430: 302: 7655: 7555: 7510: 7495: 6146: 5676: 4571: 2446: 2378: 2358:, and, as Russia failed to reach an agreement with the Allies, managed to obtain from Germany promises of cooperation ( 1988: 1931: 1510: 1503: 103: 7268: 5296: 1221: 1109:

on a weekly basis, and started an intense activity as a journalist, doctor and lawyer. The Balkans correspondent for

876: 785: 723: 669: 2053:

Christian Rakovsky 1923, First Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (Prime Minister) of the Ukrainian SSR.

2692:, who had observed Rakovsky's career ever since his presence in Romania. He also maintained friendly contacts with 2178: 1424:

contends that the expulsion had instilled resentment in Rakovsky; earlier, the leading National Liberal politician

789: 2573:. He did not take hold of his office until 50 days after his official appointment, refusing to be received at the 7645: 7630: 2617:

were dismissed by the opposition rallied around Poincaré, and, after being revived by the short-lived cabinet of

2373:

allegedly confessed that he intended to have both Rakovsky and Chicherin killed in Berlin, as they returned from

2251:

Rakovsky remained a Romanian citizen for the entire period. In 1921, he was officially summoned to be tried by a

1709: 1033:

In 1903, following the death of his father, Rakovsky again lived in Paris, where he followed developments of the

828:

for maintaining close contacts with the Russian revolutionaries there. He finished his education in 1894–1896 in

730:

to begin his studies and become a physician. While in Switzerland, he joined the Socialist Student Circle at the

7460: 5867: 5684: 5528: 5289: 4820: 2397:

As the Soviet Union was being created, Rakovsky became opposed to the new central leadership over the issue of

2203: 2069:" and "a decisive factor in world revolution". Rakovsky's presence was also decisive in rallying the dissident 1946: 1897: 1417: 1205:, be it anywhere, always preaching with the same undaunted fervor and fanatical conviction his social credo". 7480: 7455: 3275: 2962:, who recorded Rakovsky's determination not to submit to Stalin (contrasting his option with those of Radek, 2402: 2366: 2269: 1871: 1309: 1143: 1037:

and spoke out against Russia, attracting, according to Rakovsky himself, the criticism of both Plekhanov and

359: 20: 6984: 6459: 1628: 7695: 7660: 7610: 7530: 7450: 7102: 4916: 3026:

Rakovsky was one of the last leading Trotskyists to break with Trotsky and surrender to Stalin. Alarmed by

2760: 2429: 2066: 2034: 1745: 1607:

in September 1915. During the congress, he came into open conflict with Lenin, after the latter voiced the

1445: 1420:(and several others in succession), being fully reinstated as a citizen in April 1912. Romanian journalist 1301: 375: 5462: 3154:

Rakovsky's second wife, Alexandrina Alexandrescu, was herself arrested, and is known to have been held in

1793:; Stelian Tănase claims that during the period, a group of one hundred Russian Bolsheviks had infiltrated 7690: 7650: 5627: 5574: 3139: 3015: 2944: 2912: 2652: 2475: 2301: 2110: 1999:

for excessive interference in Ukrainian affairs. On 29 March 1919, the government was reorganized as the

1920: 1737: 1616: 1581: 1243: 1150: 662: 422: 153: 1331:

Eventually, he traveled back into Romania in October 1909, only to be arrested upon his transit through

7485: 6746: 5311: 5274: 4888: 4639: 2277: 2113:. During those months, when control over the entire Ukraine was made possible by the offensive against 1829: 1673: 964: 650: 1268:("1907, From Spring to Autumn"), which, in its final version, adopted some of Rakovsky's suggestions. 761:(1892), he became involved in organizing the Second Congress, held in Geneva during the fall of 1893. 5734: 5667: 4773: 3353: 2815: 2232: 2195: 2174: 1877: 1621: 1126: 933: 726:

in the country, he could not complete his education in Bulgaria, in September 1890, Rakovsky went to

598: 450: 270: 5587: 7670: 7436:

Members of the Central Committee of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

7431:

Members of the Central Committee of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

5594: 5401: 3179: 3135: 2789: 2697: 2621:, talks ended without any result. Poincaré returned to power, and France remained committed to the 2030:, stance that journalist Victor Frunză considered a revision of his previous views on Bessarabia. 1636:

Rakovsky ran for Parliament for a final time during 1916, and again lost when contesting a seat in

1596: 1402: 1348: 976: 864: 809:(the two corresponded regularly for the rest of Liebknecht's life). As a Bulgarian delegate to the 630: 223: 5368: 2804:", Rakovsky was still occasionally allowed to speak in public (notably, together with Kamenev and 2646: 2015: 1186: 7675: 7426:

Members of the Central Committee of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

7421:

Members of the Central Committee of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

7416:

Members of the Central Committee of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

7264: 6832: 6790: 5545:

Glenn E. Torrey, "Rumania's Decision to Intervene: Brătianu and the Entente, June–July 1916", in

5398:

Cultural Politics in Greater Romania: Regionalism, Nation Building and Ethnic Struggle, 1918–1930

3325: 3271: 2438: 2361: 1978: 1916: 1841: 1640:. Again arrested in 1916, after being accused of planning rebellion during a violent incident in 1569: 1290: 1149:

Rakovsky became noted locally especially after 1905, when he organized rallies in support of the

497: 7411:

Members of the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

7406:

Members of the Central Committee of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

5900: 5890: 5837: 5827: 5744: 5445: 4746: 4411: 2963: 2677: 2543: 2433: 2222: 2206: 2199: 2114: 2088:

On 13 February 1919, in a session of Kyiv City Council, and later in March of 1919, during the

2042: 1801: 1027: 1016: 792:. He soon became involved in distributing socialist propaganda inside Bulgaria, at a time when 5520: 1097:. In 1913, his property, valued at some 40,000 United States dollars at the time, was home to 6654: 6494: 6038: 5724: 5694: 5477: 5342: 5079: 4742: 4513: 3957:

Editor's note in Anghel & Iosif, pg. 256; Cioculescu, pg. 247; Ornea, pg. 514; Rakovsky,

3870: 3232:

in 1938. At various intervals between 1930 and 1952, his wife, the Romanian communist leader

3159: 2967: 2820: 2717:

platform deemed unfriendly by the French government (it stressed support for revolutions and

2339: 2226: 2210: 2023: 1790: 1604: 1457: 1413: 1139: 1023: 1019: 426: 3228:

was disavowed by the Romanian and Soviet communist parties, and was himself a victim of the

1833: 1532: 1353: 1343: 1117: 1077: 691:), he completed his education in newly emancipated Bulgaria. Rakovsky was expelled from the 7395: 7390: 6817: 5532: 5263: 4924: 4824: 3119: 3104: 3006:

to intervene in favor of Christian Rakovsky, and boarded the ship he was traveling on near

2319: 2011: 1989:

Chairman of the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Workers and Peasants of Ukraine

1805: 1282: 1131: 972: 810: 731: 646: 438: 406: 323: 191: 7120: 5324: 5193: 799:

Later in 1893, Rakovsky enrolled in a medical school in Berlin, contributing articles for

8: 7368: 7311: 6619: 6575: 6513: 6108: 6093: 5792: 5699: 5583: 5473:"The Prophet Returned? A Survey of Recent Works by and about Trotsky in the Soviet Union" 2995: 2801: 2642: 2639: 2578: 2442: 2188:

was satisfied with the way in which Rakovsky and Chicherin had carried out their mission.

1954: 1893: 1713: 1694: 1603:

among them), Rakovsky was instrumental in convening the anti-war international socialist

1600: 715:(at the time, Rakovsky and Sava Balabanov published their own newspaper, the clandestine 6929: 6885: 6772: 6176: 2555: 1777:

Repatriation of the representatives of Romania who took refuge in southern Russia (1918)

7334: 7316: 7234: 7174: 7097: 7021: 6638: 6328: 6268: 6234: 6118: 6003: 5990: 5975: 5895: 5817: 5802: 5241: 5226: 3344: 3336: 3080: 2948: 2860: 2824: 2781: 2595: 2586: 2574: 2547: 2398: 2281: 2093: 1859: 1753: 1744:, issued propaganda material in support of the Russian revolutionaries. Present in the 1405: 1358: 1261: 1154: 1034: 872: 806: 692: 680: 594: 563: 515: 442: 434: 57: 7401:

Members of the Orgburo of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

5618: 2919:). He was also active as a writer, starting work on a volume detailing the sources of 2618: 1063: 7362: 7254: 7179: 7005: 6939: 6913: 6898: 6854: 6800: 6412: 6313: 6224: 6123: 6113: 6083: 6063: 6053: 6043: 6013: 5842: 5822: 5812: 5558: 5536: 5449: 5428: 5419: 5405: 5384: 5359: 5348: 5332: 5315: 5083: 4928: 4896: 4828: 4777: 4750: 4647: 4579: 4517: 3389: 3279: 3167: 3131: 3096: 2936: 2920: 2705: 2661: 2614: 2490: 2326:, Prime Minister UK and Christian Rakovsky, Head of the Soviet diplomatic delegation. 2273: 2260: 2130: 2062: 1950: 1905: 1824:, pending the release of prisoners taken in Iaşi). Trotsky, who was by then Russia's 1712:, he was taken by Romanian authorities to their refuge in Iaşi. Held until after the 1653: 1513: 1473: 1472:; notably, Rakovsky expressed criticism of Romania's invasion of Bulgaria during the 1366: 1022:

forced him to return to France. Working for a while as a physician in the village of

968: 531: 429:. Imprisoned by Romanian authorities, he made his way to Russia, where he joined the 5484: 3243:, himself a former communist, based Rubashov, the main character in his 1940 novel, 1761: 1421: 7306: 7249: 7244: 7219: 7082: 7000: 6682: 6666: 6625: 6561: 6543: 6519: 6500: 6402: 6392: 6382: 6323: 6088: 6078: 6073: 5935: 5885: 5875: 5852: 5807: 5787: 5729: 5709: 5554: 3874: 3316: 3270:, the Soviet government cleared Rakovsky and his co-defendants of all charges. His 3245: 3100: 3068: 2773: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2726: 2622: 2581: 2521: 2497: 2493: 2335: 2331: 2323: 2305: 2162: 2142: 2138: 2082: 1942: 1782: 1729: 1690: 1669: 1573: 1499: 1495:

activist born in Bessarabia, with whom she had a daughter, Elena, and a son, Radu.

1481: 1477: 1401:

cabinet agreed to allow his return to Romania, following pressures from the French

1286: 960: 914: 793: 742: 712: 688: 654: 634: 477: 458: 134: 71: 2982:, a reduction in the party apparatus, the return of Trotsky, and an end to forced 1332: 1111: 7340: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7214: 7209: 7204: 6614: 6547: 6489: 6397: 6298: 6293: 6048: 6033: 6028: 5772: 5767: 5623: 5505: 5498: 5393: 5380: 5372: 5224:

Philip Taubman, "50 Years After His Execution, Soviet Panel Clears Bukharin", in

4765: 4085: 3240: 3224:

Based on his independent opinions and, in part, on his friendship with Rakovsky,

3218: 2979: 2685: 2631:

with France, advertising Soviet concessions and speaking directly to the public.

2610: 2591: 2526: 2517: 2462: 2420: 2391: 2347: 2027: 2019: 1996: 1992: 1901: 1809: 1798: 1637: 1615:

while being more radical in tone. In October 1915, he reportedly did not protest

1608: 1339: 1338:

According to his recollections, he was for long left stranded on the border with

1294: 1190: 1178: 1124:

Christian Rakovsky also traveled to Bulgaria, where he eventually sided with the

1082: 673: 527: 469: 391: 5610: 2297: 2216: 1874:

to join Romania. In May, Romania conceded to the demands of the Central Powers (

1553: 1376:. According to Rakovsky, he was again expelled, holding a Romanian passport, to 1285:). He decided not to recognize it, and contended that his father had settled in 7352: 7224: 7169: 6934: 6903: 6688: 6557: 6338: 6264: 6219: 6103: 6023: 5797: 5762: 5546: 4505: 4378: 3258: 3214: 3186: 3185:

By 1932, Rakovsky's name was frequently invoked in the heated debate involving

3175: 3155: 3084: 3076: 2991: 2928: 2905: 2848: 2812:), and continued to criticize Stalin's leadership as "bureaucratic socialism" ( 2769: 2689: 2382: 2370: 2256: 2118: 2074: 2058: 2004: 1867: 1757: 1705: 1645: 1592: 1507: 1138:, where he gave a speech celebrating the assassination of Russian police chief 1004: 991:. His close relationship with Plekhanov led Rakovsky to a position between the 910: 746: 638: 227: 4739:

Impossible Triangle: Mexico, Soviet Russia, and the United States in the 1920s

2265: 2037:, the Romanian delegation attributed the shortage in supply in Bessarabia and 1409: 1130:

in their conflict with other socialist groups. In 1904, he was present at the

1046: 853: 597:, Rakovsky's name is rendered as Християн Георгійович Раковський, and usually 7384: 7152: 6609: 6484: 6229: 6128: 6098: 6068: 6058: 6018: 6008: 5847: 5832: 5714: 5636: 5252: 4309: 3254: 3250: 3225: 3127: 3088: 3011: 2959: 2777: 2693: 2657: 2570: 2410: 2309: 2252: 2245: 2078: 1855: 1765: 1588:

and Greece), and Rakovsky was elected first secretary of its Central Bureau.

1577: 1395: 1090: 941: 885: 833: 825: 757:. Unable to attend the First International Congress of Socialist Students in 754: 750: 489: 465: 454: 179: 111: 6986:

5th Politburo and 5th Orgburo of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine

6748:

4th Politburo and 4th Orgburo of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine

6461:

3rd Politburo and 3rd Orgburo of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine

3166:. She returned to Moscow in the 1950s, after Stalin's death, and settled in 1716:, he was freed by the Russian Army on May 1, 1917, and immediately left for 1619:— this information was contradicted by Trotsky, who also indicated that the 616:, which he used in signing several articles for the Russian-language press. 7276: 6407: 6387: 5998: 5915: 5857: 5739: 5570: 5414: 5256: 3115: 3111: 3072: 3057: 3039:

Rakovsky formally "admitted his mistakes" in April 1934 (his letter to the

3027: 2999: 2951:

survived, and became notorious as a critique of Stalinism (under the title

2877: 2856: 2765: 2450: 2414: 2387: 2351: 2343: 2285: 2150: 2038: 1938: 1923: 1649: 1523: 1441: 1305: 1229: 1098: 1042: 1038: 945: 925:

conquest", "mischievous action", and "abduction"). According to Rakovsky, "

880: 818: 738: 559: 402: 383: 259: 254: 83: 4568:

Survival and Consolidation: the Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1918–1921

2904:. Shortly before the decision, he commented to his visitor, French writer 2413:, Zinoviev, Trotsky and Kamenev, and, on the other, the leadership of the 2350:, he was also charged with renewing contacts with Germany — together with 2049: 1162: 949: 7301: 7015: 6847: 5782: 3229: 3061: 3003: 2971: 2793: 2738: 2669: 2538: 2479: 2461:

After Lenin's illness and incapacitation, Rakovsky joined Leon Trotsky's

2146: 1927: 1825: 1769: 1657: 1558: 1518: 1469: 1425: 1381: 1362: 1102: 1050: 981: 926: 837: 764:

He was a founding editor of the Geneva-based Bulgarian-language magazine

146: 5388: 5336: 2381:, where he was confronted with the assassination of his fellow diplomat 2170: 2092:, Rakovsky as a head of Ukrainian government stated that "decreeing the 1884: 1678: 1488: 1436: 1428:

himself had argued that Rakovsky was developing a "hatred for Romania".

1249: 801: 526:(Кръстьо Раковски), being a grandnephew of the Bulgarian national hero 7239: 7092: 7058: 6343: 5424: 4461:

Frunză, pg. 93; Livezeanu, pg. 250; Tismăneanu, pp. 44-45; Upson Clark.

3284: 3233: 3087:, on charges of conspiring with Trotsky to overthrow Stalin, the third 2994:. Answering Trotsky's request, the French mathematician and Trotskyist 2805: 2785: 2714: 2483: 2241: 2125:—following its wishes, he subordinated the Ukrainian Communists to the 2070: 1741: 1224:

of 1907, Rakovsky was especially vocal: he launched accusations at the

1220:

domination", he refused to be identified with it. Upon the outbreak of

1217: 1008: 918: 473: 292: 280: 24: 2927:. Rakovsky remained involved in Trotskyist politics, was contacted by 2725:, France's decision was tacitly welcomed by Foreign Affairs Commissar 2627: 2428:, and indicating his belief that the peasantry was being alienated by 1089:

He ultimately settled in Romania (1904) having inherited his father's

7616:

Case of the Anti-Soviet "Bloc of Rightists and Trotskyites"

5358:("The History of Stalinism in Romania"), Humanitas, Bucharest, 1990. 5300: 5268:(editor: Gus Fagan), Allison & Busby, London & New York, 1980 4892: 4643: 3900:, p.14; Anghel & Iosif, pg. 256; Cioculescu, pp. 146-247; Fagan, 3468:; Rakovsky ("An Autobiography") stated that his birthplace was Kotel. 3210: 3197: 2893: 2881: 2869: 2828: 2681: 2512: 2106: 1851: 1846: 1749: 1733: 1698: 1665: 1584:(comprising the left-leaning socialist parties of Romania, Bulgaria, 1449: 1373: 1293:

that had awarded the region to Romania; the plea was rejected by the

1278: 1135: 1106: 1072: 996: 992: 922: 857: 708: 684: 481: 446: 379: 284: 5525:

Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism

4277:, pg. 15; Rakovsky, "An Autobiography"; Tănase, "Cristian Racovski". 2867:

during public appearances, and his supporters were beaten up by the

2338:. Rakovsky himself was virulently opposed to any stalemate with the 1641: 1625:

had been the target of a government crackdown at that exact moment.

1372:

Rakovsky secretly returned to Romania in 1911, giving himself up in

1198: 1194: 829: 814: 768:

and later a major contributor to the Bulgarian Marxist publications

5437: 4575: 3266: 3191: 3032: 3007: 2840: 2809: 2471: 2467: 1863: 1527: 1492: 1377: 1094: 863:

According to his own testimony, he became active in supporting the

852:, maintaining a friendship with Guesde and becoming an opponent of 758: 502: 371: 288: 232: 3067:

Shortly thereafter, in March 1938, he was put on trial along with

4538:. Vol.1. Munich-London-New-York: "Ukrayinske vydavnytstvo", 1968. 3163: 3050: 2901: 2897: 2864: 2852: 2836: 2609:

His first task involved renewed negotiations with the cabinet of

2502: 2425: 2166: 1984: 1821: 1685:

Rakovsky himself alleged that, "under the mask of independence",

1213: 1171: 953: 913:'s foreign policy, which, according to Rakovsky, followed one of 700: 696: 642: 395: 387: 32: 2939:, and corresponded with Trotsky (who had himself been exiled to 2745:. The former was interrupted fifty-seven times by his opponents— 2191: 1794: 1202: 1185:

issue; while recovering, Rakovsky befriended the Romanian poets

1101:

when the latter visited the Balkans as a press envoy during the

6181: 4549:"Періодичні та серійні видання | Інститут історії України" 3205:

defined Istrati as "the servant of Racovski". Having published

3049:, depicted Trotsky and his supporters as "agents of the German 3041: 2940: 2932: 2844: 2718: 2635: 2255:

for "crime against the security of the Romanian state". He was

2221:

After dealing with the common offensive of the Directorate and

1966: 1958: 1717: 1585: 1209: 1166: 727: 2668:

Together with his second wife, Rakovsky gave full approval to

2550:

on the right during Soviet UK negotiations in London. Mar 1924

2014:, and advised his superiors to build warm relations with both 1957:. He and all other envoys were arrested by German soldiers in 929:

papers" in Bulgaria had begun to target him as a consequence.

722:

Since, after having ultimately been banned from attending any

362:

August 1] 1873 – September 11, 1941), Bulgarian name

5347:, National Council for Soviet and East European Research and 3123: 2374: 2217:

Reinstating of Soviet dominance and international conferences

1962: 1591:

Subsequently, together with the Italian Socialist delegates (

1565: 1385: 1384:

government but released soon after. He subsequently left for

1321: 1007:

was initially hostile to Rakovsky, and at one point wrote to

987: 868: 629:

Christian Rakovsky was born to a wealthy Bulgarian family in

593:(the Bulgarian for "cross"), as used by Rakovsky himself. In 250: 5344:

Arbitrary Justice: Courts and Politics in Post-Stalin Russia

3607:; Rakovsky, "An Autobiography"; Tănase, "Cristian Racovski". 2700:, whose activities were denounced by the Comintern in 1930. 2010:

At the time, Rakovsky assessed the situation created by the

1576:. In July, after convening the Bucharest Conference, he and 1011:

that "we do not have the same road as his kind of people".

892: 608:

During his lifetime, he was also known under the pseudonyms

480:. Credited with having developed the Trotskyist critique of 7150: 6190: 5580:, at Marxists.org (French edition); retrieved July 19, 2007 5468:, at Marxists.org (French edition); retrieved July 19, 2007 3143: 2947:, but the letter on Soviet "bureaucratism" he addressed to 2832: 2456: 2154: 2022:, as a camp of countries dissatisfied with policies of the 493: 7536:

Social Democratic Party of Romania (1910–1918) politicians

5139:; Medvedev, pp. 169, 175–176, 186; Tismăneanu, pg. 50, 74. 4160:

Rakovsky, "An Autobiography"; Tănase, "Cristian Racovski".

3021: 2911:

While in Astrakhan, Rakovsky was employed by the Regional

5191:

Ilarion Ţiu, "Aliatul lui Stalin" ("Stalin's Ally"), in

3299:

Rakovsky on a pack of cigarettes, 1927, Kharkiv, U.S.S.R.

3002:, unsuccessfully called on the influential Soviet author 2598:, the more discreet part of which may have been based on 1228:

government, arguing that, having profited from the early

7571:

Politicians from the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

5310:("That Which Was Meant to Be. Autobiographical Notes"), 5239:

Philip Taubman, "Bukharin Status in Party Restored", in

824:

Six months later, he was arrested and expelled from the

703:, and began collaborating with the socialist journalist 522:(Кръстьо Георгиев Станчев), which he himself changed to 5379:("Lucullus' Cherry Tree. Drama, Prose, Translations"), 5014:; Tănase, "The Renegade Istrati"; Tismăneanu, pp. 61-62 4885:

Soviet State and Society Between Revolutions, 1918–1929

3358: 2590:(a revolutionary song which was at the time the Soviet 2026:. Rakovsky subscribed to the Bolshevik condemnation of 1582:

Revolutionary Balkan Social Democratic Labor Federation

1388:, where he established the Bulgarian socialist journal 1357:(among those socialists arrested and interrogated were 661:. Rakovsky's father was a merchant who belonged to the 423:

Revolutionary Balkan Social Democratic Labor Federation

3385:

Joseph Stalin: A Reference Guide to His Life and Works

1672:. His independence was consequently challenged by the 1572:, during which he attempted to persuade it to condemn 1530:

of the period. Reflecting his ideological priorities,

1153:(the events worsened relations between Russia and the 1003:, one he kept from 1903 to 1917; the Bolshevik leader 7581:

Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to the United Kingdom

7566:

Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union) politicians

5481:, Vol. 2, No. 2, Summer 1989; retrieved July 19, 2007 4510:

Democratization and Revolution in the USSR, 1985–1991

3330: 2584:

for as long as the state authorities would not allow

2554:

In parallel, he had begun negotiations with France's

2365:). Two years later, when captured by the Bolsheviks, 2105:

In March 1919, Rakovsky was a founding member of the

2065:, while theorizing that "Ukraine was a laboratory of 1995:

on 16 January 1919 due to the latter's argument with

1316:("Political Persecutions in Romania") and two books ( 1041:. He voiced his opposition to the concession made by 932:

After completing his education as a physician at the

672:

and Russian presence (he claimed to have met General

4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4331: 3407: 3405: 3217:. During this period, the Romanian communist writer 1915:). Soon after, Rakovsky left for Austria (where the 645:. He was, on his mother's side, the grandnephew of 7666:

Chairpersons of the Council of Ministers of Ukraine

5266:

Selected Writings on Opposition in the USSR 1923–30

5001:; Medvedev, pg. 60; Tănase, "The Renegade Istrati". 4817:

Ana Pauker: The Rise and Fall of a Jewish Communist

4312:, "Arthur Koestler. Essay". Retrieved 19 July 2007. 3615: 3613: 3288:, while a favorable biography was published by the 3060:, Rakovsky was arrested in autumn 1937, during the 3014:, as well as to the writer's close surveillance by 2696:, a prominent but independent-minded member of the 2236:) — Rakovsky's government took measures regarding 1644:, he was, according to his own account, freed by a 1460:and Frimu, Rakovsky was one of the founders of the 1026:, he asked French officials to review his case for 5351:, Washington, D. C., 1995; retrieved July 19, 2007 5281:, translated by Gus Fagan; retrieved July 19, 2007 5122: 5120: 5097: 5095: 3382:Marples, David R.; Hurska, Alla (23 August 2022). 2542:On the front: Christian Rakovsky on the left, and 2409:. This followed the dispute between, on one side, 1476:, and called on Romanian authorities not to annex 1115:, he was also personally responsible for reviving 562:—he was known as such to his acquaintance, writer 5264:Biographical Introduction to Christian Rakovsky, 5028: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5020: 4980: 4978: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4476: 4328: 4253: 4251: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3556: 3554: 3402: 2732: 2634:During the same period, as tensions grew between 2569:between October 1925 and October 1927, replacing 2304:) voted to adhere to the Comintern, Rakovsky and 1820:, and his entire staff (all of whom were used as 1165:, and attempted to persuade them to set sail for 734:, which was largely composed of non-Swiss youth. 7382: 5589:Bessarabia. Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea 4959: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4733: 4731: 4445: 4443: 4441: 3930:Anghel & Iosif, pg. 256; Cioculescu, pg. 247 3610: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3134:, and over 150 other political prisoners in the 3122:), Rakovsky was shot on Stalin's orders outside 2943:). Most of his writings were confiscated by the 2077:, his appointment and policies were evidence of 1564:Present in Italy in March 1915, he attended the 1177:His head was injured during street clashes with 956:(1899–1900). He rose to the rank of lieutenant. 445:. Subsequently, he was a founding member of the 5117: 5092: 4469: 4467: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4095: 3814:Anghel & Iosif, pg. 257; Tismăneanu, pg. 42 2516:, which demanded that the Soviet Union abandon 2184:Lenin wrote back to Kun informing him that the 1756:(although he was occasionally listed among the 1541:("Down with war!")—it was later to be known as 1431: 1326:From the Kingdom of Arbitrariness and Cowardice 898:Germany, Bulgaria, Romania, France and Russia. 796:organized a crackdown on political opposition. 49: 5666: 5578:("Christian Rakovsky and Vasil Kolarov"), 1915 5377:Cireşul lui Lucullus. Teatru, proză, traduceri 5017: 4975: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4786: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4248: 4147: 4036:Duca, rendered in Tănase, "Cristian Racovski". 3995: 3993: 3683: 3665: 3567: 3551: 3278:, former People's Commissar for Foreign Trade 3056:Cited in allegations involving the killing of 2354:, he discussed the matter with the pro-Soviet 1972: 921:(describing Russia's rule over the latter as " 554:. His given name was occasionally rendered as 437:, and unsuccessfully attempted to generate a 7626:Bulgarian people executed by the Soviet Union 7136: 6970: 6732: 6445: 6162: 5652: 5299:, Ovidiu Şincai Social Democratic Institute, 4938: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4728: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4005: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3471: 3414: 3381: 1953:and was selected as a delegate to the German 1526:), he was among the most prominent socialist 1498:Rallying with the left wing of international 1260:He became close to the influential dramatist 938:L'Éthiologie du crime et de la dégénérescence 657:, who had fought against the Ottomans in the 63: 5624:Newspaper clippings about Christian Rakovsky 5591:: Chapter XXI, "Rakovsky's Roumanian Career" 5293:("110 Years of Social Democracy in Romania") 4701: 4699: 4697: 4464: 4418: 4092: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3149: 2876:In November 1927, after receiving news that 1049:, one which had allowed socialists to join " 7561:Communist Party of the Soviet Union members 5206:Şeicaru, in Tănase, "The Renegade Istrati". 4854: 4390: 4297:; Tănase, "Cristian Racovski"; Upson Clark. 3990: 3908:; Tănase, "Cristian Racovski"; Upson Clark. 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3492:; Rakovsky, "An Autobiography"; Upson Clark 2743:Soviet Communist Party's Fifteenth Congress 2721:in all capitalist countries). According to 2474:leaders, and various officials involved in 2244:into Party structures and a slower pace in 1787:Romanian Social Democratic Action Committee 1312:. In exile, Rakovsky authored the pamphlet 1233:press (writing articles on the subject for 971:, he became acquainted with, among others, 959:Rakovsky subsequently rejoined his wife in 624: 7143: 7129: 6977: 6963: 6739: 6725: 6452: 6438: 6169: 6155: 5659: 5645: 5611:Trotsky's unfinished biography of Rakovsky 5178: 5176: 4872: 4804: 4374: 4372: 4002: 3768:; Tănase, "Cristian Racovski"; Upson Clark 3705: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 2377:. In November 1922, Rakovsky attended the 1892:In April–May 1918, he negotiated with the 1781:His rise in influence and his approval of 1752:in December 1917 or early 1918, after the 1632:Advertising, Parliamentary elections, 1916 1157:), carried out a relief operation for the 411:Bulgarian Workers' Social Democratic Party 82: 16:Bulgarian-born Soviet diplomat (1873–1941) 7576:Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to France 5070: 5068: 4694: 4305: 4303: 3738: 3451:; Rakovsky, "An Autobiography"; Trotsky, 3388:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 183. 2709:in France and recalled after signing the 2117:forces, he expressed his support for the 1983:After the subsequent Soviet offensive in 1748:faction of the Mensheviks, he joined the 1212:, international and civil war, political 1081:, entirely dedicated to criticism of the 948:in the 9th Cavalry Regiment stationed in 893:Military service and first stay in Russia 7706:People from the Principality of Bulgaria 7586:Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Japan 5619:Panait Istrati's testimonies on Rakovsky 5308:Ce-a fost să fie. Notaţii autobiografice 4516:, Washington, D.C. (1997), pp. 223-224; 4501: 4499: 4198:; Tănase, "Cristian Racovski"; Trotsky, 4070: 4068: 4066: 3294: 2759: 2651: 2537: 2457:Trotskyist opposition and ambassadorship 2318: 2190: 2133:was "luxury" for such a small grouping. 2048: 1919:had been proclaimed), being received by 1883: 1862:, Rakovsky ordered a fresh offensive in 1832:), called on the Romanian government of 1656:, with, respectively, "corruption" and " 1627: 1435: 1062: 653:; that side of his family also included 530:. The usual form his first name took in 315:Alexandrina Alexandrescu (Ileana Pralea) 7541:Leaders of political parties in Romania 5511:, translated by Alistair Ian Blyth, in 5303:, July 9, 2003; retrieved July 19, 2007 5291:110 ani de social-democraţie în România 5173: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4369: 3495: 3182:, before being himself purged in 1940. 3022:Submission to Stalin and the Show Trial 2432:messages, Rakovsky cited concerns that 2276:that voted union with Romania). As the 2090:Third All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets 1380:, where he was swiftly arrested by the 1314:Les persécutions politiques en Roumanie 457:, and took part in negotiations at the 124:16 January 1919 – 15 July 1923 7383: 6199:Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets 5065: 4300: 3735:Lenin, in Tănase, "Cristian Racovski". 2688:, as well as with the Romanian writer 2061:and Ukrainian nationalists during the 1826:People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs 419:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 394:; for part of his life, he was also a 7641:Deaths by firearm in the Soviet Union 7124: 6958: 6720: 6433: 6150: 5640: 5506:"The Renegade Istrati", excerpt from 5502:, April 2004; retrieved July 19, 2007 5331:, Editura Eminescu, Bucharest, 1974. 5215:Feofanov & Barry, pg. 34; Shapiro 4496: 4323:Regroupment of the socialist movement 4291:Regroupment of the socialist movement 4259:Regroupment of the socialist movement 4225:Regroupment of the socialist movement 4196:Regroupment of the socialist movement 4175:Regroupment of the socialist movement 4121:Regroupment of the socialist movement 4109:Regroupment of the socialist movement 4063: 3138:. This execution was one of the many 2800:After that moment, although branded " 2606:described it as a "deafening blast". 1969:, before making their way to Moscow. 1723: 1056: 1001:Russian Social Democratic Labor Party 707:, whom he aided in printing works by 569:In Russian, his full name, including 405:, he was a prominent activist of the 7681:Soviet interior ministers of Ukraine 7591:Romanian people of Bulgarian descent 7065:full member in March 1921, secretary 5576:Christian Rakovsky et Basile Kolarov 5515:, Vol.10–12; retrieved July 19, 2007 5466:("The Socialists and the War"), 1915 4770:American Communism and Soviet Russia 4555: 4212:Christian Rakovsky et Basile Kolarov 4200:Christian Rakovsky et Basile Kolarov 4179:Christian Rakovsky et Basile Kolarov 4142:Christian Rakovsky et Basile Kolarov 4125:Christian Rakovsky et Basile Kolarov 3803:Christian Rakovsky et Basile Kolarov 3619:Anghel & Iosif, pg. 257; Fagan, 3453:Christian Rakovsky et Basile Kolarov 2998:, together with his fellow activist 2741:held brief speeches in front of the 2173:, for allegedly refusing aid to the 1912:Ukraine after the Russian Revolution 1516:. With staff of the Menshevik paper 1161:crew as their ship sought refuge in 169:October 1925 – October 1927 7686:Soviet foreign ministers of Ukraine 6363:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 6245:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 5551:Romanian Studies. Vol. 2, 1971–1972 5253:Christian Rakovsky Internet Archive 3172:De-a lungul şi de-a latul secolului 2890:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 2859:(he was assisted by, among others, 2768:June 1926; sitting left to right: 2703:Rakovsky was eventually declared a 1464:(PSDR), serving as its president. 542:), while his last name was spelled 492:), imprisoned, and executed by the 13: 7621:Bulgarian people imprisoned abroad 5677:List of prime ministers of Ukraine 5444:("The Life of C. Stere"), Vol. I, 5076:Maxim Gorky: A Political Biography 4636:Patronage and Politics in the USSR 4491:Rakovsky and the Ukraine (1919–23) 4412:Rakovsky and the Ukraine (1919–23) 4360:Rakovsky and the Ukraine (1919–23) 3349:Христия́н Гео́ргійович Рако́вський 2649:chose to deescalate the conflict. 2165:received harsh criticism from the 2003:. According to the British author 1987:, Lenin appointed Rakovsky as the 1932:Social Democratic Party of Austria 1888:Christian Rakovsky in Ukraine 1920 1668:the pro-German maverick socialist 1504:Social Democratic Party of Germany 1266:1907, din primăvară până în toamnă 1053:" governments in times of crisis. 909:), a book sharply critical of the 679:Although his parents moved to the 14: 7717: 6178:People's commissars and ministers 5601: 5049:; Tănase, "The Renegade Istrati". 4988:; Tănase, "The Renegade Istrati". 3360:Khrystyian Heorhiiovych Rakovskyi 3158:, where she suffered a series of 2001:Soviet of the People's Commissars 1908:, as well as with German forces ( 1271: 790:Bulgarian Social Democratic Party 786:Bulgarian Social Democratic Union 603:Khrystyian Heorhiiovych Rakovskyi 589:) is an approximate rendition of 577:(Христиан Георгиевич Раковский). 7701:Immigrants to the Russian Empire 7636:Civilians killed in World War II 7601:Bulgarian expatriates in Romania 7551:People of the Russian Revolution 7526:Escapees from Romanian detention 7446:Bulgarian expatriates in Ukraine 7028:secretary, relieved in July 1921 6373: 6255: 6209: 5356:Istoria stalinismului în România 5233: 5218: 5209: 5200: 5185: 5164: 5155: 5142: 5129: 5108: 4851:; Tănase, "The Renegade Istrati" 3636:; Rakovsky, "An Autobiography"; 3321:Христиа́н Гео́ргиевич Рако́вский 1462:Romanian Social Democratic Party 1281:(at the Seventh Congress of the 415:Romanian Social Democratic Party 409:, involved in politics with the 341: 7466:Bulgarian people of World War I 5557:, Leiden, 1973, p. 3–29. 5052: 5039: 5004: 4991: 4905: 4837: 4759: 4712: 4681: 4668: 4656: 4628: 4615: 4606: 4597: 4588: 4572:McGill-Queen's University Press 4541: 4526: 4455: 4352: 4315: 4280: 4268: 4239: 4230: 4217: 4204: 4188: 4171:Socialist leader in the Balkans 4163: 4130: 4113: 4077: 4051: 4039: 4030: 3977: 3964: 3951: 3942: 3933: 3924: 3919:Socialist leader in the Balkans 3911: 3902:Socialist leader in the Balkans 3891: 3882: 3860: 3855:Socialist leader in the Balkans 3847: 3838: 3826: 3817: 3808: 3791: 3782:Socialist leader in the Balkans 3771: 3766:Socialist leader in the Balkans 3758: 3729: 3700:Socialist leader in the Balkans 3678:Socialist leader in the Balkans 3656: 3651:Socialist leader in the Balkans 3643: 3634:Socialist leader in the Balkans 3626: 3621:Socialist leader in the Balkans 3605:Socialist leader in the Balkans 3597: 3594:; Rakovsky, "An Autobiography". 3592:Socialist leader in the Balkans 3490:Socialist leader in the Balkans 3466:Socialist leader in the Balkans 3449:Socialist leader in the Balkans 3437:Socialist leader in the Balkans 3411:Cioculescu, pp. 28, 46, 246–248 3332:Khristian Georgiyevicg Rakovsky 2953:"Professional Dangers" of Power 2737:In December 1927, Rakovsky and 1797:with the goal of assassinating 979:, while authoring articles for 967:after the latter moved towards 356:Christian Georgiyevich Rakovsky 7506:Romanian people of World War I 7326:International Representatives 5529:University of California Press 4821:University of California Press 4801:Tănase, "The Renegade Istrati" 4325:; Tănase, "Cristian Racovski". 3983:Ornea, pp. 521-522; Rakovsky, 3680:; Tănase, "Cristian Racovski". 3653:; Frunză, pg. 92; Upson Clark. 3458: 3441: 3375: 3310: 3118:invasion of the Soviet Union ( 2733:Persecution and internal exile 1947:Belarusian Democratic Republic 1866:, but had to retreat when the 1740:; he remained there and, with 817:, he also met with Engels and 788:and rejected the more radical 649:, a revolutionary hero of the 575:Khristian Georgievich Rakovsky 425:while helping to organize the 108:Council of People's Commissars 1: 7516:Romanian political candidates 7491:Romanian Land Forces officers 7476:Romanian activist journalists 5341:Yuri Feofanov, Donald Barry, 4535:Outline of the history of OUN 3369: 3290:Ukrainian Academy of Sciences 3276:Mikhail Alexandrovich Chernov 2711:Declaration of the Opposition 2270:Moldavian Democratic Republic 1951:collapse of the German Empire 1872:Moldavian Democratic Republic 1617:Bulgaria's entry into the war 1324:Romania", and the since-lost 1310:Conservative-Democratic Party 1144:Socialist-Revolutionary Party 89: 21:Eastern Slavic naming customs 7521:People deported from Romania 7471:Romanian Marxist journalists 5494:"Cristian Racovski" (Part I) 5464:Les socialistes et la guerre 5126:Feofanov & Barry, pg. 22 4287:110 ani de social-democraţie 4275:110 ani de social-democraţie 4138:Les socialistes et la guerre 4058:110 ani de social-democraţie 4046:110 ani de social-democraţie 3904:; Ornea, pg. 514; Rakovsky, 3898:110 ani de social-democraţie 3778:110 ani de social-democraţie 3753:Les socialistes et la guerre 3638:Les socialistes et la guerre 3548:Rakovsky, "An Autobiography" 2831:addressed to the workers in 1768:, he was hidden by these in 1446:Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea 1432:PSDR and Zimmerwald Movement 1302:Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea 1105:. He was usually present in 637:— at the time still part of 619: 496:during World War II. He was 7: 7441:People from Kotel, Bulgaria 5685:Ukrainian People's Republic 5628:20th Century Press Archives 4847:, October 17, 1927; Fagan, 4514:Brookings Institution Press 4027:Tănase, "Cristian Racovski" 3939:Anghel & Iosif, pg. 256 3844:Anghel & Iosif, pg. 258 3823:Anghel & Iosif, pg. 257 3662:Rakovsky, in Frunză, pg. 92 3359: 3341:Кръстьо Георги́ев Рако́вски 3331: 2945:State Political Directorate 2567:Soviet ambassador to France 2302:Alexandru Dobrogeanu-Gherea 2204:Ukrainian People's Republic 2129:and argued that a separate 2111:Balkan Communist Federation 2109:, where he represented the 1973:Second Ukrainian government 1898:Ukrainian People's Republic 1738:Third Zimmerwald Conference 1408:(who answered an appeal by 1085:authorities (February 1905) 741:, Rakovsky became close to 500:in 1988, during the Soviet 401:A lifelong collaborator of 10: 7722: 7606:Bulgarian Comintern people 7596:Romanian writers in French 7546:Anti–World War I activists 7501:Romanian newspaper editors 5668:Prime Ministers of Ukraine 4923:, Transaction Publishers, 4889:Cambridge University Press 4772:, Transaction Publishers, 4687:"The Little Corporal", in 4640:Cambridge University Press 3239:The Hungarian-born author 3201:; writing for the former, 2892:. He was exiled, first to 2888:, and eventually from the 2334:— under the leadership of 2278:Socialist Party of Romania 2161:At the time, Rakovsky and 1976: 1774: 1480:. Alongside Frimu, Bujor, 1151:Battleship Potemkin revolt 1075:!!!"), a special issue of 965:Peter Berngardovich Struve 651:Bulgarian National Revival 538:(occasionally rendered as 19:In this name that follows 18: 7656:Executed Bulgarian people 7556:Romanian Comintern people 7511:Romanian military doctors 7496:Romanian magazine editors 7325: 7263: 7197:Ukrainian SSR (1918–1938) 7188: 7160: 7075: 7038: 6993: 6922: 6877: 6868: 6809: 6764: 6755: 6675: 6647: 6602: 6593: 6536: 6477: 6468: 6420: 6361: 6243: 6197: 6188: 6137: 5989: 5976:Yaroslav-Bohdan Rudnytsky 5866: 5753: 5683: 5674: 5597:; retrieved July 19, 2007 5270:; retrieved July 19, 2007 4722:, March 22, 1926; Fagan, 4451:Soviet Diplomat (1923–27) 4387:. Retrieved 19 July 2007. 3348: 3340: 3320: 3150:Legacy and rehabilitation 2816:Bureaucratic collectivism 2764:Five year anniversary of 2233:Polish-Soviet War in 1920 2175:Hungarian Soviet Republic 2123:Ukrainian Communist Party 1878:Treaty of Bucharest, 1918 1844:with Germany, he ordered 1840:As Russia negotiated the 1704:As Bucharest fell to the 1537:s title was changed into 1511:Romanian Foreign Minister 1308:'s opposition group, the 1222:Romanian Peasants' Revolt 934:University of Montpellier 520:Krastyo Georgiev Stanchev 368:Krastyo Georgiev Stanchov 364:Krastyo Georgiev Rakovski 349: 337: 329: 319: 309: 298: 276: 271:Execution by firing squad 266: 240: 211:Krastyo Georgiev Stanchev 206: 201: 197: 185: 173: 162: 152: 140: 128: 117: 101: 97: 81: 64: 50: 44: 5705:Mykola Sakhno-Ustymovych 5595:University of Washington 5508:Auntie Varvara's Clients 5402:Cornell University Press 4935:; Tismăneanu, pp. 61-62. 4849:Soviet Diplomat (1923–7) 4843:"Rakovsky's Recall", in 4724:Soviet Diplomat (1923–7) 4664:Soviet Diplomat (1923–7) 4343:Soviet Diplomat (1923–7) 3303: 3180:Romanian Communist Party 3136:Medvedev Forest massacre 3047:There Should Be No Mercy 2698:Romanian Communist Party 2500:and Rakovsky negotiated 2447:supreme legislative body 1949:, he caught news of the 1945:, to the German-aligned 1937:Escorted, together with 1789:, under the guidance of 1597:Giacinto Menotti Serrati 1552:'s decision to join the 1548:Heavily critical of the 977:Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky 625:Revolutionary beginnings 509: 476:platform which endorsed 267:Cause of death 6833:Nikolay Bestchetvertnoi 6791:Nikolay Bestchetvertnoi 6526:added in May, secretary 5404:, New York City, 1995. 5297:Social Democratic Party 5062:; Tismăneanu, pp. 61-62 3970:Brătianu, in Rakovsky, 3888:Cioculescu, pp. 28, 46. 3093:Trial of the Twenty-One 2863:). He was persistently 2565:Rakovsky served as the 2439:Soviet of Nationalities 2362:Treaty of Rapallo, 1922 2198:: farthest advances of 2127:Russian Communist Party 1842:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1570:Italian Socialist Party 985:and helping distribute 676:during the conflict). 486:Trial of the Twenty One 303:Russian Communist Party 7646:Soviet rehabilitations 7631:Executed Soviet people 7189:First Secretary of the 5966:Ivan Kedryn-Rudnytskyi 5901:Vyacheslav Prokopovych 5891:Vyacheslav Prokopovych 5838:Volodymyr Shcherbytsky 5828:Volodymyr Shcherbytsky 5745:Vyacheslav Prokopovych 4621:"Battle for Life", in 4089:, October 1971, pg. 6. 3300: 3209:, in which he exposed 3140:massacres of prisoners 2964:Yevgeni Preobrazhensky 2797: 2776:, Christian Rakovsky, 2678:French Communist Party 2665: 2551: 2544:Yevgeni Preobrazhensky 2379:Conference of Lausanne 2327: 2213: 2054: 2035:Paris Peace Conference 1889: 1818:Constantin I. Diamandy 1633: 1550:French Socialist Party 1545:(the "Daily combat"). 1453: 1448:, during a meeting in 1418:elections of that year 1394:. Ultimately, the new 1318:La Roumanie des boyars 1086: 901:In 1897, he published 843:La Jeunesse Socialiste 805:and becoming close to 7461:Bulgarian journalists 7359:Mieczislaw Loganowski 7051:relieved in July 1921 6655:Vladimir Mescheryakov 6495:Vladimir Mescheryakov 6039:Valeriy Pustovoitenko 5911:Kostiantyn Pankivskyi 5868:Government (in exile) 5725:Volodymyr Chekhivskyi 5695:Volodymyr Vynnychenko 5478:Revolutionary History 5182:Brătescu, pp. 426-427 5161:Brătescu, pp. 425-426 5082:, 1992, pp. 201-202; 5078:, Praeger/Greenwood, 4883:Lewis H. Siegelbaum, 4743:Duke University Press 4612:Tismăneanu, pp. 45-47 3298: 2968:Alexander Beloborodov 2763: 2655: 2647:Plutarco Elías Calles 2541: 2322: 2194: 2052: 1887: 1791:Mihai Gheorghiu Bujor 1631: 1605:Zimmerwald Conference 1458:Mihai Gheorghiu Bujor 1440:From left: Rakovsky, 1439: 1187:Ștefan Octavian Iosif 1140:Vyacheslav von Plehve 1066: 1024:Beaulieu, Haute-Loire 840:, where he wrote for 683:in 1880, settling in 659:Imperial Russian Army 468:and rallied with the 427:Zimmerwald Conference 358:(August 13 [ 333:Physician, journalist 313:E. P. Ryabova (desc.) 154:Soviet Ambassador to 7481:Romanian Trotskyists 7456:Bulgarian communists 7265:People's Secretariat 6818:Vasyl Ellan-Blakytny 6202:People's Secretaries 5991:Cabinet of Ministers 5755:Council of Ministers 5461:Christian Rakovsky, 5275:"An Autobiography", 5273:Christian Rakovsky, 5150:Opposition and Exile 5137:Opposition and Exile 5103:Opposition and Exile 5060:Opposition and Exile 5058:Rakovsky, in Fagan, 5047:Opposition and Exile 5045:Rakovsky, in Fagan, 5034:Opposition and Exile 5032:Rakovsky, in Fagan, 5012:Opposition and Exile 4999:Opposition and Exile 4986:Opposition and Exile 4971:Opposition and Exile 4925:Somerset, New Jersey 4913:Opposition and Exile 4662:Poincaré, in Fagan, 4489:Rakovsky, in Fagan, 3853:Rakovsky, in Fagan, 3832:Anghel & Iosif, 3249:, on victims of the 3120:Operation Barbarossa 3105:counterrevolutionary 2407:autonomous republics 2274:Legislative Assembly 2012:Treaty of Versailles 1979:People's Secretariat 1806:Alecu Constantinescu 1613:Zimmerwald Manifesto 1283:Second International 1132:Second International 973:Nikolay Mikhaylovsky 865:Anti-Ottoman upsurge 849:La Petite République 811:Second International 732:University of Geneva 647:Georgi Sava Rakovski 514:Rakovsky's original 439:communist revolution 407:Second International 390:and into France and 324:University of Geneva 192:Valerian Dovgalevsky 7696:Executed communists 7661:Ukrainian diplomats 7611:Great Purge victims 7531:Marxist journalists 7451:Bulgarian activists 7369:Yevgeniy Terletskiy 6620:Khristian Rakovskiy 6576:Yuriy Kotsiubynskyi 6514:Khristian Rakovskiy 6248:People's Commissars 6180:of interior of the 6109:Oleksandr Turchynov 6094:Oleksandr Turchynov 5793:Mykhailo Bondarenko 5700:Vsevolod Holubovych 5584:Charles Upson Clark 5521:Vladimir Tismăneanu 5448:, Bucharest, 1989. 5423:, Spokesman Books, 5383:, Bucharest, 1976. 5314:, Bucharest, 2003. 5152:; Medvedev, pg. 178 5101:Trotsky, in Fagan, 4927:, 1988, pp. 51-52; 4895:, 1992, p.189-190. 4865:"Sneaked Away", in 4749:, 1999, p.105-106. 4709:, December 21, 1925 4634:John P. Willerton, 4625:, 8 September 1924. 4566:Richard Kent Debo, 2996:Jean Van Heijenoort 2978:the restoration of 2923:and the thought of 2802:enemy of the people 2508:Bankers' Memorandum 2443:Soviet of the Union 2294:Constantin Popovici 2196:1920 theater of war 1714:February Revolution 1695:Kienthal Conference 1601:Angelica Balabanoff 1030:, but was refused. 7691:Marxian economists 7651:Soviet show trials 7335:Yuriy Kotsiubynsky 7317:Demian Korotchenko 7312:Mikhail Bondarenko 7297:Christian Rakovsky 7235:Vyacheslav Molotov 7175:Vladimir Zatonskiy 7162:Chairman of VUTsVK 7098:Vyacheslav Molotov 7022:Vyacheslav Molotov 7011:Christian Rakovsky 6909:Christian Rakovsky 6796:Christian Rakovsky 6660:relieved in August 6639:Kliment Voroshilov 6329:Aleksandr Uspensky 6279:Christian Rakovsky 6235:Yuriy Kotsiubynsky 6119:Volodymyr Groysman 6004:Valentyn Symonenko 5896:Oleksander Shulhyn 5818:Demyan Korotchenko 5803:Demyan Korotchenko 5778:Christian Rakovsky 5442:Viaţa lui C. Stere 5242:The New York Times 5230:, 6 February 1988. 5227:The New York Times 4869:, October 31, 1927 4705:"Bugle Blast", in 4473:Livezeanu, pg. 250 4236:Torrey, pp. 23, 25 3999:Ornea, pp. 521-522 3878:, 2 February 2007. 3301: 3207:To the Other Flame 3081:Nikolai Krestinsky 2949:Nikolai Valentinov 2913:Planning Committee 2825:Nikolai Krestinsky 2798: 2792:, Abram Ėfros and 2782:Aleksandr Voronsky 2666: 2600:The Internationale 2587:The Internationale 2552: 2548:Grigori Sokolnikov 2546:in the middle and 2399:self-determination 2328: 2282:Gheorghe Cristescu 2257:sentenced to death 2214: 2209:forces during the 2169:communist leaders 2094:Ukrainian language 2055: 2018:'s Turkey and the 1890: 1860:Alexandru Averescu 1834:Ion I. C. Brătianu 1754:October Revolution 1728:Rakovsky moved to 1724:October Revolution 1634: 1533:România Muncitoare 1454: 1406:Georges Clemenceau 1359:Gheorghe Cristescu 1354:România Muncitoare 1344:Ion I. C. Brătianu 1262:Ion Luca Caragiale 1235:România Muncitoare 1118:România Muncitoare 1087: 1078:România Muncitoare 1069:Jos Despotizmul!.. 1058:România Muncitoare 1035:Russo-Japanese War 944:, and served as a 907:Russia in the East 807:Wilhelm Liebknecht 681:Kingdom of Romania 564:Ion Luca Caragiale 464:He came to oppose 451:head of government 443:Kingdom of Romania 435:October Revolution 65:Христиан Раковский 46:Christian Rakovsky 7486:Romanian escapees 7378: 7377: 7363:Oleksandr Shumsky 7347:Mikhail Levitskiy 7255:Nikita Khrushchev 7230:Nikolai Nikolayev 7180:Grigory Petrovsky 7118: 7117: 7039:Candidate members 7006:Grigory Petrovsky 6952: 6951: 6948: 6947: 6940:Alexander Shumsky 6914:Alexander Shumsky 6899:Grigory Petrovsky 6864: 6863: 6855:Alexander Shumsky 6801:Alexander Shumsky 6714: 6713: 6710: 6709: 6648:Candidate members 6589: 6588: 6427: 6426: 6413:Andriy Vasylyshyn 6314:Vsevolod Balitsky 6225:Yevhen Neronovych 6144: 6143: 6124:Oleksiy Honcharuk 6114:Arseniy Yatsenyuk 6084:Viktor Yanukovych 6064:Viktor Yanukovych 6054:Viktor Yanukovych 6044:Viktor Yushchenko 6014:Yukhym Zvyahilsky 5956:Vasyl Fedoronchuk 5843:Oleksandr Liashko 5823:Nikifor Kalchenko 5813:Nikita Khrushchev 5563:978-90-04-03639-0 5541:978-0-520-23747-6 5454:978-973-23-0099-2 5446:Cartea Românească 5433:978-0-85124-150-0 5420:Let History Judge 5410:978-0-8014-8688-3 5375:, "Racovski", in 5364:978-973-28-0177-2 5349:Lehigh University 5325:Şerban Cioculescu 5320:978-973-50-0425-5 5194:Jurnalul Naţional 5170:Brătescu, pg. 426 5114:Medvedev, pg. 169 5088:978-0-275-96605-8 4933:978-0-88738-754-8 4917:Victor Kravchenko 4901:978-0-521-36987-9 4833:978-0-520-22395-0 4827:, 2001, p.64-66. 4782:978-0-7658-0531-7 4755:978-0-8223-2289-4 4737:Daniela Spenser, 4652:978-0-521-39288-4 4584:978-0-7735-0828-6 4578:, 1992, pg. 117; 4522:978-0-8157-3749-0 4289:, pg. 15; Fagan, 4074:Brătescu, pg. 425 3780:, pg. 13; Fagan, 3395:978-1-5381-3361-3 3357: 3329: 3280:Arkady Rosengolts 3168:Communist Romania 3142:committed by the 3132:Maria Spiridonova 3097:forced confession 3089:Moscow Show Trial 2937:Nikos Kazantzakis 2921:Utopian socialism 2886:Central Committee 2790:Mikhail Gerasimov 2706:persona non grata 2662:Charles Rappoport 2615:Anatole de Monzie 2476:economic planning 2268:(who had led the 2186:Central Committee 2131:Central Committee 2063:Russian Civil War 1955:workers' councils 1906:Pavlo Skoropadsky 1654:Nicolae Filipescu 1574:irredentist goals 1514:Emanoil Porumbaru 1474:Second Balkan War 1367:Dumitru Marinescu 1349:Romanian Railways 969:market liberalism 936:(with the thesis 784:rallied with the 670:Russo-Turkish War 353: 352: 244:11 September 1941 236: 7713: 7349:(Czechoslovakia) 7307:Panas Lyubchenko 7282:Nikolai Skripnik 7250:Lazar Kaganovich 7245:Dmitry Manuilsky 7220:Stanislav Kosior 7215:Emmanuil Kviring 7145: 7138: 7131: 7122: 7121: 7109: 7083:Dmitry Manuilsky 7066: 7052: 7029: 7001:Dmitry Manuilsky 6979: 6972: 6965: 6956: 6955: 6930:Stanisław Kosior 6893: 6886:Stanisław Kosior 6875: 6874: 6841: 6780: 6773:Stanisław Kosior 6762: 6761: 6741: 6734: 6727: 6718: 6717: 6696: 6695:acting secretary 6683:Stanislav Kosior 6667:Georgiy Pyatakov 6661: 6633: 6626:Stanislav Kosior 6600: 6599: 6581: 6567: 6562:Stanislav Kosior 6553: 6544:Georgiy Pyatakov 6527: 6520:Stanislav Kosior 6508: 6501:Georgiy Pyatakov 6475: 6474: 6454: 6447: 6440: 6431: 6430: 6403:Ivan Holovchenko 6393:Timofei Strokach 6383:Timofei Strokach 6378: 6377: 6349:Vasyl Serhiyenko 6324:Israel Leplevsky 6304:Ivan Nikolayenko 6284:Vladimir Antonov 6260: 6259: 6214: 6213: 6171: 6164: 6157: 6148: 6147: 6089:Yulia Tymoshenko 6079:Yuriy Yekhanurov 6074:Yulia Tymoshenko 5936:Mykola Livytskyi 5886:Andriy Livytskyi 5876:Andriy Livytskyi 5853:Kostyantyn Masyk 5808:Leonid Korniyets 5788:Panas Lyubchenko 5730:Serhii Ostapenko 5710:Mykola Vasylenko 5661: 5654: 5647: 5638: 5637: 5617: 5609: 5569: 5555:Brill Publishers 5492: 5471:Judith Shapiro, 5460: 5288: 5246: 5237: 5231: 5222: 5216: 5213: 5207: 5204: 5198: 5189: 5183: 5180: 5171: 5168: 5162: 5159: 5153: 5146: 5140: 5133: 5127: 5124: 5115: 5112: 5106: 5099: 5090: 5072: 5063: 5056: 5050: 5043: 5037: 5030: 5015: 5008: 5002: 4995: 4989: 4982: 4973: 4967: 4936: 4909: 4903: 4881: 4870: 4863: 4852: 4841: 4835: 4813: 4802: 4799: 4784: 4776:, 2003, p. 360. 4763: 4757: 4735: 4726: 4716: 4710: 4703: 4692: 4685: 4679: 4672: 4666: 4660: 4654: 4632: 4626: 4619: 4613: 4610: 4604: 4601: 4595: 4592: 4586: 4564: 4553: 4552: 4545: 4539: 4530: 4524: 4503: 4494: 4487: 4474: 4471: 4462: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4416: 4407: 4388: 4376: 4367: 4364:An Autobiography 4356: 4350: 4347:An Autobiography 4339: 4326: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4298: 4295:An Autobiography 4284: 4278: 4272: 4266: 4263:An Autobiography 4255: 4246: 4243: 4237: 4234: 4228: 4221: 4215: 4208: 4202: 4192: 4186: 4183:An Autobiography 4167: 4161: 4158: 4145: 4134: 4128: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4090: 4081: 4075: 4072: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4034: 4028: 4025: 4000: 3997: 3988: 3985:An Autobiography 3981: 3975: 3972:An Autobiography 3968: 3962: 3959:An Autobiography 3955: 3949: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3931: 3928: 3922: 3921:; Ornea, pg. 514 3915: 3909: 3906:An Autobiography 3895: 3889: 3886: 3880: 3875:Ziarul Financiar 3871:"421, nu 11.000" 3868: 3864: 3858: 3857:; in Upson Clark 3851: 3845: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3821: 3815: 3812: 3806: 3799:An Autobiography 3795: 3789: 3786:An Autobiography 3775: 3769: 3762: 3756: 3749: 3736: 3733: 3727: 3724: 3703: 3696: 3681: 3674: 3663: 3660: 3654: 3647: 3641: 3630: 3624: 3617: 3608: 3601: 3595: 3588: 3565: 3562:An Autobiography 3558: 3549: 3546: 3493: 3486: 3469: 3462: 3456: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3412: 3409: 3400: 3399: 3379: 3363: 3362: 3352: 3350: 3342: 3334: 3324: 3322: 3314: 3264:In 1988, during 3246:Darkness at Noon 3101:Andrey Vyshinsky 3069:Nikolai Bukharin 2984:collectivization 2861:Yuri Kotsubinsky 2808:, to the Moscow 2784:, Petr Oreshin, 2774:Vikenty Veresaev 2755:Lazar Kaganovich 2751:Martemyan Ryutin 2747:Nikolai Bukharin 2727:Georgy Chicherin 2680:member and anti- 2674:Since Lenin Died 2623:Locarno Treaties 2582:Gaston Doumergue 2579:French President 2556:Raymond Poincaré 2522:private property 2518:nationalizations 2498:Ramsay MacDonald 2494:minority cabinet 2489:In 1924, as the 2484:ethnic Ukrainian 2430:internationalist 2403:Soviet republics 2336:Georgy Chicherin 2332:Genoa Conference 2324:Ramsay MacDonald 2306:Grigory Zinoviev 2238:collectivization 2163:Georgy Chicherin 2143:Dmitry Manuilsky 2139:Stanislav Kosior 2083:Ukrainianization 2067:internationalism 1943:Nikolai Bukharin 1921:Foreign Minister 1900:, then with the 1894:Tsentral'na Rada 1830:Foreign Minister 1783:world revolution 1746:internationalist 1691:Constantin Mille 1670:Alexander Parvus 1580:established the 1568:Congress of the 1500:social democracy 1482:Ecaterina Arbore 1478:Southern Dobruja 1291:Treaty of Berlin 1287:Northern Dobruja 1226:National Liberal 1155:Romanian Kingdom 1083:Imperial Russian 999:factions of the 961:Saint Petersburg 915:Georgy Plekhanov 903:Russiya na Istok 794:Stefan Stambolov 782:Sotsial-Demokrat 766:Sotsial-Demokrat 743:Georgy Plekhanov 713:Friedrich Engels 689:Northern Dobruja 663:Democratic Party 655:Georgi Mamarchev 558:, an antiquated 524:Krastyo Rakovski 478:world revolution 459:Genoa Conference 374:-born socialist 345: 262: 247: 230: 220: 218: 202:Personal details 188: 176: 167: 157: 143: 135:Georgiy Pyatakov 131: 122: 91: 86: 76: 75: 67: 66: 61: 53: 52: 51:Кръстьо Раковски 42: 41: 7721: 7720: 7716: 7715: 7714: 7712: 7711: 7710: 7671:Left Opposition 7381: 7380: 7379: 7374: 7341:Waldemar Aussem 7327: 7321: 7292:Fyodor Sergeyev 7287:Georgy Pyatakov 7259: 7210:Serafima Hopner 7205:Georgy Pyatakov 7195: 7192:Communist Party 7190: 7184: 7156: 7149: 7119: 7114: 7107: 7071: 7064: 7050: 7034: 7027: 6989: 6983: 6953: 6944: 6918: 6891: 6870: 6860: 6857: 6850: 6839: 6836: 6827: 6820: 6805: 6778: 6757: 6751: 6745: 6715: 6706: 6702:Taras Kharechko 6694: 6671: 6659: 6643: 6631: 6615:Emanuel Kwiring 6595: 6585: 6579: 6572:Taras Kharechko 6565: 6551: 6548:Emanuel Kwiring 6532: 6525: 6506: 6490:Emanuel Kwiring 6470: 6464: 6458: 6428: 6423: 6416: 6398:Aleksei Brovkin 6380: 6379: 6372: 6365: 6357: 6354:Vasiliy Ryasnoi 6309:Sergei Buzdalin 6299:Vasiliy Mantsev 6294:Mykola Skrypnyk 6262: 6261: 6254: 6247: 6239: 6216: 6215: 6208: 6201: 6193: 6184: 6175: 6145: 6140: 6133: 6049:Anatoliy Kinakh 6034:Vasyl Durdynets 6029:Pavlo Lazarenko 5985: 5981:Ivan Samiylenko 5951:Spyrydon Dovhal 5941:Spyrydon Dovhal 5926:Spyrydon Dovhal 5906:Andriy Yakovliv 5881:Pylyp Pylypchuk 5862: 5773:Georgy Pyatakov 5768:Mykola Skrypnyk 5749: 5686: 5679: 5670: 5665: 5615: 5607: 5604: 5567: 5499:Magazin Istoric 5490: 5458: 5394:Irina Livezeanu 5381:Editura Minerva 5354:Victor Frunză, 5286: 5249: 5245:, 10 July 1988. 5238: 5234: 5223: 5219: 5214: 5210: 5205: 5201: 5190: 5186: 5181: 5174: 5169: 5165: 5160: 5156: 5147: 5143: 5134: 5130: 5125: 5118: 5113: 5109: 5100: 5093: 5073: 5066: 5057: 5053: 5044: 5040: 5031: 5018: 5009: 5005: 4996: 4992: 4983: 4976: 4968: 4939: 4921:I Chose Freedom 4910: 4906: 4882: 4873: 4864: 4855: 4842: 4838: 4814: 4805: 4800: 4787: 4766:Theodore Draper 4764: 4760: 4736: 4729: 4718:"Faux Pas", in 4717: 4713: 4704: 4695: 4686: 4682: 4678:, July 27, 1925 4673: 4669: 4661: 4657: 4633: 4629: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4602: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4565: 4556: 4547: 4546: 4542: 4531: 4527: 4504: 4497: 4488: 4477: 4472: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4448: 4419: 4408: 4391: 4377: 4370: 4357: 4353: 4340: 4329: 4320: 4316: 4308: 4301: 4285: 4281: 4273: 4269: 4256: 4249: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4231: 4222: 4218: 4209: 4205: 4193: 4189: 4168: 4164: 4159: 4148: 4135: 4131: 4118: 4114: 4106: 4093: 4086:Magazin Istoric 4082: 4078: 4073: 4064: 4056: 4052: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4026: 4003: 3998: 3991: 3982: 3978: 3969: 3965: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3916: 3912: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3883: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3852: 3848: 3843: 3839: 3831: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3809: 3796: 3792: 3776: 3772: 3763: 3759: 3750: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3706: 3697: 3684: 3675: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3648: 3644: 3631: 3627: 3618: 3611: 3602: 3598: 3589: 3568: 3559: 3552: 3547: 3496: 3487: 3472: 3463: 3459: 3446: 3442: 3434: 3415: 3410: 3403: 3396: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3366: 3343: 3335: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3253:; according to 3241:Arthur Koestler 3219:Alexandru Sahia 3152: 3024: 2980:civil liberties 2735: 2686:Boris Souvarine 2619:Édouard Herriot 2611:Aristide Briand 2592:national anthem 2535:was a forgery. 2527:Zinoviev Letter 2510:, published by 2496:came to power, 2463:Left Opposition 2459: 2421:Georgian Affair 2392:Maurice Conradi 2383:Vaslav Vorovsky 2356:Ago von Maltzan 2348:government debt 2219: 2028:Greater Romania 2020:Weimar Republic 1997:Fyodor Sergeyev 1993:Georgy Pyatakov 1981: 1975: 1810:Ion Dic Dicescu 1779: 1726: 1689:and its editor 1674:interventionist 1638:Covurlui County 1609:Zimmerwald Left 1434: 1340:Austria-Hungary 1295:Court of Appeal 1274: 1191:Dimitrie Anghel 1134:'s Congress in 1061: 895: 674:Eduard Totleben 627: 622: 528:Georgi Rakovski 512: 470:Left Opposition 431:Bolshevik Party 392:Imperial Russia 382:politician and 314: 299:Political party 258: 249: 245: 222: 216: 214: 213: 212: 186: 174: 168: 163: 155: 141: 129: 123: 118: 93: 77: 69: 62: 55: 48: 47: 40: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7719: 7709: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7676:Old Bolsheviks 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7372: 7366: 7356: 7353:Mikhail Frunze 7350: 7344: 7338: 7331: 7329: 7323: 7322: 7320: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7273: 7271: 7261: 7260: 7258: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7225:Rafail Farbman 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7201: 7199: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7170:Yefim Medvedev 7166: 7164: 7158: 7157: 7151:Government of 7148: 7147: 7140: 7133: 7125: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7112: 7111: 7110: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7088:Nikolay Ivanov 7085: 7079: 7077: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7069: 7068: 7067: 7055: 7054: 7053: 7046:Nikolay Ivanov 7042: 7040: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7032: 7031: 7030: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6997: 6995: 6991: 6990: 6982: 6981: 6974: 6967: 6959: 6950: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6943: 6942: 6937: 6935:Yakov Yakovlev 6932: 6926: 6924: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6904:Yakov Yakovlev 6901: 6896: 6895: 6894: 6881: 6879: 6872: 6866: 6865: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6858: 6853: 6851: 6846: 6844: 6843: 6842: 6830: 6828: 6825:Aleksei Ivanov 6823: 6821: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6786:Aleksei Ivanov 6783: 6782: 6781: 6768: 6766: 6759: 6753: 6752: 6744: 6743: 6736: 6729: 6721: 6712: 6711: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6699: 6698: 6697: 6689:Rafail Farbman 6685: 6679: 6677: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6669: 6664: 6663: 6662: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6641: 6636: 6635: 6634: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6606: 6604: 6597: 6591: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6583: 6569: 6566:added in April 6558:Pinkhus Rovner 6555: 6540: 6538: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6530: 6529: 6528: 6516: 6511: 6510: 6509: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6481: 6479: 6472: 6469:March – August 6466: 6465: 6457: 6456: 6449: 6442: 6434: 6425: 6424: 6422:denotes acting 6421: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6371: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6339:Amayak Kobulov 6336: 6334:Vasiliy Osokin 6331: 6326: 6321: 6319:Vasiliy Ivanov 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6274:Hryhoriy Kolos 6271: 6253: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6220:Yevgenia Bosch 6207: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6195: 6194: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6174: 6173: 6166: 6159: 6151: 6142: 6141: 6139:denotes acting 6138: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6104:Serhiy Arbuzov 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6024:Yevhen Marchuk 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5995: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5971:Teofil Leontiy 5968: 5963: 5961:Teofil Leontiy 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5931:Symon Sozontiv 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5872: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5798:Mykola Marchak 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5763:Yevgenia Bosch 5759: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5691: 5689: 5681: 5680: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5664: 5663: 5656: 5649: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5621: 5613: 5603: 5602:External links 5600: 5599: 5598: 5581: 5565: 5547:Keith Hitchins 5543: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5503: 5485:Stelian Tănase 5482: 5469: 5456: 5435: 5412: 5391: 5366: 5352: 5339: 5322: 5304: 5284: 5283: 5282: 5271: 5248: 5247: 5232: 5217: 5208: 5199: 5197:, 7 June 2005. 5184: 5172: 5163: 5154: 5141: 5128: 5116: 5107: 5091: 5064: 5051: 5038: 5016: 5003: 4990: 4974: 4937: 4904: 4871: 4853: 4836: 4803: 4785: 4758: 4727: 4711: 4693: 4691:, May 18, 1925 4680: 4667: 4655: 4646:, 1992, p.28. 4627: 4614: 4605: 4603:Frunză, pg. 95 4596: 4594:Frunză, pg. 93 4587: 4554: 4540: 4525: 4506:Jerry F. Hough 4495: 4475: 4463: 4454: 4417: 4389: 4384:Russia in 1919 4379:Arthur Ransome 4368: 4351: 4327: 4314: 4299: 4279: 4267: 4247: 4245:Torrey, pg. 25 4238: 4229: 4227:; Upson Clark. 4216: 4203: 4187: 4162: 4146: 4129: 4112: 4091: 4076: 4062: 4050: 4038: 4029: 4001: 3989: 3976: 3963: 3950: 3948:Ornea, pg. 514 3941: 3932: 3923: 3910: 3890: 3881: 3859: 3846: 3837: 3825: 3816: 3807: 3790: 3770: 3757: 3737: 3728: 3704: 3682: 3664: 3655: 3642: 3625: 3609: 3596: 3566: 3564:; Upson Clark. 3550: 3494: 3470: 3457: 3440: 3413: 3401: 3394: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3364: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3272:rehabilitation 3259:Old Bolsheviks 3215:Henri Barbusse 3203:Pamfil Şeicaru 3187:Panait Istrati 3176:Boris Stefanov 3156:Butyrka prison 3151: 3148: 3091:—known as the 3085:Old Bolsheviks 3077:Genrikh Yagoda 3023: 3020: 2929:Panait Istrati 2906:Pierre Naville 2900:, and then to 2849:Dnipropetrovsk 2821:social fascism 2770:Georgy Chulkov 2734: 2731: 2690:Panait Istrati 2656:Rakovsky with 2643:Álvaro Obregón 2520:and return to 2458: 2455: 2441:to double the 2371:Boris Savinkov 2314:Leon Ghelerter 2227:Kyiv offensive 2218: 2215: 2211:Kyiv offensive 2179:Czechoslovakia 2119:Yekaterinoslav 2075:Jerry F. Hough 2005:Arthur Ransome 1974: 1971: 1961:, and sent to 1917:First Republic 1868:Central Powers 1758:Old Bolsheviks 1725: 1722: 1706:Central Powers 1646:general strike 1593:Oddino Morgari 1452:(1913 drawing) 1433: 1430: 1422:Stelian Tănase 1273: 1272:1907 expulsion 1270: 1253:and others). 1210:race prejudice 1174:insurrection. 1067:Front page of 1060: 1055: 1028:naturalization 1005:Vladimir Lenin 911:Russian Empire 894: 891: 747:Rosa Luxemburg 626: 623: 621: 618: 599:transliterated 511: 508: 351: 350: 347: 346: 339: 335: 334: 331: 327: 326: 321: 317: 316: 311: 307: 306: 300: 296: 295: 278: 274: 273: 268: 264: 263: 248:(aged 68) 242: 238: 237: 228:Ottoman Empire 221:13 August 1873 210: 208: 204: 203: 199: 198: 195: 194: 189: 183: 182: 177: 171: 170: 160: 159: 150: 149: 144: 138: 137: 132: 126: 125: 115: 114: 99: 98: 95: 94: 87: 79: 78: 45: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7718: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7370: 7367: 7364: 7360: 7357: 7354: 7351: 7348: 7345: 7342: 7339: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7330: 7324: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7202: 7200: 7198: 7193: 7187: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7163: 7159: 7154: 7153:Ukrainian SSR 7146: 7141: 7139: 7134: 7132: 7127: 7126: 7123: 7108:2nd secretary 7106: 7105: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7074: 7063: 7062: 7061: 7060: 7056: 7049: 7048: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7037: 7026: 7025: 7024: 7023: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6992: 6987: 6980: 6975: 6973: 6968: 6966: 6961: 6960: 6957: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6921: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6887: 6883: 6882: 6880: 6876: 6873: 6867: 6856: 6852: 6849: 6845: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6826: 6822: 6819: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6808: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6777: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6763: 6760: 6754: 6749: 6742: 6737: 6735: 6730: 6728: 6723: 6722: 6719: 6703: 6700: 6693: 6692: 6691: 6690: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6674: 6668: 6665: 6658: 6657: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6646: 6640: 6637: 6630: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6610:Andrei Bubnov 6608: 6607: 6605: 6601: 6598: 6594:August 1919 – 6592: 6580:added in June 6577: 6573: 6570: 6563: 6559: 6556: 6552:added in June 6549: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6535: 6524: 6523: 6522: 6521: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6505: 6504: 6503: 6502: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6485:Andrei Bubnov 6483: 6482: 6480: 6476: 6473: 6467: 6462: 6455: 6450: 6448: 6443: 6441: 6436: 6435: 6432: 6419: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6376: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6266: 6263: 6258: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6230:Andrei Ivanov 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6217: 6212: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6172: 6167: 6165: 6160: 6158: 6153: 6152: 6149: 6136: 6130: 6129:Denys Shmyhal 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6099:Mykola Azarov 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6069:Mykola Azarov 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6059:Mykola Azarov 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6019:Vitaliy Masol 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6009:Leonid Kuchma 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5988: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5848:Vitaliy Masol 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5833:Ivan Kazanets 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5752: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5720:Serhii Gerbel 5718: 5716: 5715:Fedir Lyzohub 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5682: 5678: 5673: 5669: 5662: 5657: 5655: 5650: 5648: 5643: 5642: 5639: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5614: 5612: 5606: 5605: 5596: 5592: 5590: 5585: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5572: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5514: 5510: 5509: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5495: 5491:(in Romanian) 5489: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5474: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5421: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5350: 5346: 5345: 5340: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5306:G. Brătescu, 5305: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5292: 5287:(in Romanian) 5285: 5280: 5278: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5236: 5229: 5228: 5221: 5212: 5203: 5196: 5195: 5188: 5179: 5177: 5167: 5158: 5151: 5145: 5138: 5132: 5123: 5121: 5111: 5104: 5098: 5096: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5074:Tova Yedlin, 5071: 5069: 5061: 5055: 5048: 5042: 5035: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5013: 5007: 5000: 4994: 4987: 4981: 4979: 4972: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4868: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4850: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4815:Robert Levy, 4812: 4810: 4808: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4774:New Brunswick 4771: 4767: 4762: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4734: 4732: 4725: 4721: 4715: 4708: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4690: 4684: 4677: 4671: 4665: 4659: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4631: 4624: 4618: 4609: 4600: 4591: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4550: 4544: 4537: 4536: 4529: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4500: 4492: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4470: 4468: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4414: 4413: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4386: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4373: 4365: 4361: 4355: 4348: 4344: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4324: 4318: 4311: 4310:George Orwell 4306: 4304: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4283: 4276: 4271: 4264: 4260: 4254: 4252: 4242: 4233: 4226: 4220: 4213: 4207: 4201: 4197: 4191: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4143: 4139: 4133: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4110: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4088: 4087: 4080: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4059: 4054: 4047: 4042: 4033: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 3996: 3994: 3986: 3980: 3973: 3967: 3960: 3954: 3945: 3936: 3927: 3920: 3914: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3885: 3879: 3876: 3872: 3867:(in Romanian) 3863: 3856: 3850: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3820: 3811: 3804: 3800: 3794: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3767: 3761: 3754: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3732: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3702:; Upson Clark 3701: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3679: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3659: 3652: 3646: 3639: 3635: 3629: 3622: 3616: 3614: 3606: 3600: 3593: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3563: 3557: 3555: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3491: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3467: 3461: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3408: 3406: 3397: 3391: 3387: 3386: 3378: 3374: 3361: 3355: 3346: 3338: 3333: 3327: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3297: 3293: 3292:(late 1988). 3291: 3287: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3268: 3262: 3260: 3256: 3255:George Orwell 3252: 3251:Moscow Trials 3248: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3226:Marcel Pauker 3222: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3199: 3194: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3160:heart attacks 3157: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3128:Olga Kameneva 3126:— along with 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3043: 3037: 3035: 3034: 3029: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3012:Moura Budberg 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2960:Louis Fischer 2956: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2872: 2871: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2817: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2778:Boris Pilnyak 2775: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2707: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2694:Marcel Pauker 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2664:, Paris, 1924 2663: 2659: 2658:Leonid Krasin 2654: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2630: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2580: 2576: 2575:Élysée Palace 2572: 2571:Leonid Krasin 2568: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2536: 2534: 2529: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2470:, a group of 2469: 2464: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2422: 2416: 2412: 2411:Joseph Stalin 2408: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2363: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2310:Iosif Jumanca 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2253:court-martial 2249: 2247: 2246:communization 2243: 2239: 2235: 2234: 2228: 2224: 2212: 2208: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2187: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2137:of Rakovsky, 2134: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2079:Russification 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2051: 2047: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2024:Allied Powers 2021: 2017: 2016:Mustafa Kemal 2013: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1980: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1926:(a member of 1925: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1913: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1886: 1882: 1880: 1879: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1856:Romanian Army 1853: 1849: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1778: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1766:Lavr Kornilov 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1710:1916 campaign 1707: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1630: 1626: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1578:Vasil Kolarov 1575: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1544: 1543:Lupta Zilnică 1540: 1539:Jos Răsboiul! 1536: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1396:Petre P. Carp 1393: 1392: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1334: 1333:Brăila County 1329: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1254: 1252: 1251: 1246: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1179:police forces 1175: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1128: 1122: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1084: 1080: 1079: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 989: 984: 983: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 957: 955: 951: 947: 943: 942:Romanian Army 939: 935: 930: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 899: 890: 888: 887: 886:Die Neue Zeit 882: 878: 875:, as well as 874: 870: 866: 861: 859: 855: 851: 850: 845: 844: 839: 835: 831: 827: 826:German Empire 822: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 803: 797: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 762: 760: 756: 755:Vera Zasulich 752: 751:Pavel Axelrod 748: 744: 740: 735: 733: 729: 725: 724:public school 720: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 677: 675: 671: 666: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 617: 615: 611: 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 567: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 507: 505: 504: 499: 498:rehabilitated 495: 491: 490:Moscow Trials 488:(part of the 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 466:Joseph Stalin 462: 460: 456: 455:Ukrainian SSR 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 399: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 376:revolutionary 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 325: 322: 318: 312: 308: 304: 301: 297: 294: 290: 286: 282: 279: 275: 272: 269: 265: 261: 256: 252: 243: 239: 234: 229: 225: 209: 205: 200: 196: 193: 190: 184: 181: 180:Leonid Krasin 178: 172: 166: 161: 158: 151: 148: 145: 139: 136: 133: 127: 121: 116: 113: 112:Ukrainian SSR 109: 105: 100: 96: 85: 80: 73: 59: 43: 38: 34: 31: and the 30: 26: 22: 7328:(until 1923) 7296: 7277:Evgenia Bosh 7103:Dmitry Lebed 7057: 7020: 7010: 6994:Full members 6908: 6884: 6878:Full members 6831: 6795: 6771: 6687: 6624: 6603:Full members 6518: 6499: 6478:Full members 6408:Ivan Hladush 6388:Pavlo Meshyk 6278: 5999:Vitold Fokin 5946:Atanas Figol 5921:Stepan Baran 5916:Isaak Mazepa 5858:Vitold Fokin 5777: 5740:Isaak Mazepa 5735:Borys Martos 5616:(in Italian) 5608:(in Russian) 5588: 5575: 5571:Leon Trotsky 5550: 5524: 5512: 5507: 5497: 5476: 5463: 5441: 5418: 5415:Roy Medvedev 5397: 5376: 5369:Șt. O. Iosif 5355: 5343: 5329:Caragialiana 5328: 5307: 5290: 5276: 5265: 5257:Marxists.org 5240: 5235: 5225: 5220: 5211: 5202: 5192: 5187: 5166: 5157: 5149: 5144: 5136: 5131: 5110: 5102: 5075: 5059: 5054: 5046: 5041: 5033: 5011: 5006: 4998: 4993: 4985: 4970: 4920: 4912: 4907: 4884: 4866: 4848: 4844: 4839: 4816: 4769: 4761: 4738: 4723: 4719: 4714: 4706: 4688: 4683: 4675: 4674:"Notes", in 4670: 4663: 4658: 4635: 4630: 4622: 4617: 4608: 4599: 4590: 4567: 4543: 4533: 4532:Mirchuk, P. 4528: 4509: 4490: 4457: 4450: 4410: 4383: 4363: 4362:; Rakovsky, 4359: 4354: 4346: 4345:; Rakovsky, 4342: 4322: 4317: 4294: 4293:; Rakovsky, 4290: 4286: 4282: 4274: 4270: 4262: 4261:; Rakovsky, 4258: 4241: 4232: 4224: 4219: 4211: 4206: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4182: 4181:; Rakovsky, 4178: 4174: 4170: 4165: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4108: 4084: 4079: 4057: 4053: 4045: 4041: 4032: 3984: 3979: 3971: 3966: 3958: 3953: 3944: 3935: 3926: 3918: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3884: 3877: 3862: 3854: 3849: 3840: 3833: 3828: 3819: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3785: 3784:; Rakovsky, 3781: 3777: 3773: 3765: 3760: 3752: 3731: 3699: 3677: 3658: 3650: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3620: 3604: 3599: 3591: 3561: 3489: 3465: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3436: 3384: 3377: 3312: 3283: 3265: 3263: 3244: 3238: 3223: 3206: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3171: 3153: 3114:. After the 3112:Oryol Prison 3109: 3073:Alexei Rykov 3066: 3058:Sergey Kirov 3055: 3046: 3040: 3038: 3031: 3028:Adolf Hitler 3025: 3000:Pierre Frank 2988: 2976: 2957: 2952: 2916: 2910: 2878:Adolph Joffe 2875: 2868: 2857:Zaporizhzhia 2813: 2799: 2736: 2722: 2710: 2704: 2702: 2673: 2667: 2633: 2626: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2585: 2564: 2559: 2553: 2532: 2525: 2511: 2507: 2501: 2491:Labour Party 2488: 2460: 2451:Russian SFSR 2418: 2415:Georgian SSR 2396: 2386: 2369:conspirator 2359: 2352:Adolph Joffe 2346:, loans and 2344:economic aid 2329: 2298:Ioan Flueraş 2290:David Fabian 2286:Eugen Rozvan 2280:delegation ( 2259: 2250: 2230: 2220: 2183: 2160: 2151:Adolph Joffe 2135: 2121:wing of the 2104: 2098: 2087: 2056: 2041:a Bolshevik 2039:Transylvania 2032: 2009: 1991:, replacing 1982: 1939:Adolph Joffe 1936: 1924:Victor Adler 1909: 1891: 1875: 1845: 1839: 1814: 1786: 1780: 1727: 1703: 1686: 1684: 1677: 1662: 1650:Take Ionescu 1635: 1620: 1612: 1590: 1563: 1554:René Viviani 1547: 1542: 1538: 1531: 1524:Leon Trotsky 1517: 1497: 1486: 1466: 1455: 1442:Leon Trotsky 1399:Conservative 1389: 1371: 1352: 1337: 1330: 1325: 1317: 1313: 1306:Take Ionescu 1299: 1275: 1265: 1259: 1255: 1248: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1207: 1182: 1176: 1170:preparing a 1158: 1148: 1125: 1123: 1116: 1110: 1099:Leon Trotsky 1088: 1076: 1071:("Down with 1068: 1057: 1043:Karl Kautsky 1039:Jules Guesde 1032: 1013: 986: 980: 958: 937: 931: 906: 902: 900: 896: 884: 881:Karl Kautsky 862: 847: 841: 823: 819:Jules Guesde 813:Congress in 800: 798: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 763: 736: 721: 716: 678: 667: 628: 613: 609: 607: 602: 590: 586: 582: 581:(as well as 578: 574: 568: 560:hypocoristic 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 523: 519: 513: 501: 463: 449:, served as 403:Leon Trotsky 400: 367: 363: 355: 354: 260:Soviet Union 255:Russian SFSR 246:(1941-09-11) 187:Succeeded by 164: 142:Succeeded by 119: 36: 28: 7396:1941 deaths 7391:1873 births 7302:Vlas Chubar 7155:before 1938 7016:Vlas Chubar 6988:(1920–1921) 6848:Vlas Chubar 6756:Provisional 6463:(1919–1920) 5783:Vlas Chubar 5687:(1917–1920) 5568:(in French) 5513:Archipelago 5459:(in French) 5262:Gus Fagan, 4177:; Trotsky, 4140:; Trotsky, 4123:; Trotsky, 3869:Ion Bulei, 3801:; Trotsky, 3726:Upson Clark 3230:Great Purge 3062:Great Purge 3004:Maxim Gorky 2972:Ivar Smilga 2925:Saint-Simon 2794:Isaac Babel 2766:Krasnay Nov 2739:Lev Kamenev 2684:journalist 2670:Max Eastman 2480:Vlas Chubar 2445:inside the 2266:Ion Inculeţ 2261:in absentia 2225:forces—the 2207:Directorate 2147:Lev Kamenev 2115:Directorate 2033:During the 1928:Karl Renner 1802:Ferdinand I 1770:Sestroretsk 1708:during the 1559:imperialist 1522:(edited by 1519:Nashe Slovo 1506:by the pro- 1470:Balkan Wars 1426:Ion G. Duca 1416:during the 1410:Jean Jaurès 1382:Young Turks 1363:I. C. Frimu 1289:before the 1230:antisemitic 1218:plutocratic 1201:, be it in 1197:, be it in 1103:Balkan Wars 1047:Jean Jaurès 1020:Nicholas II 982:Nashe Slovo 854:Jean Jaurès 838:Montpellier 705:Evtim Dabev 305:(1917–1937) 277:Nationality 175:Preceded by 147:Vlas Chubar 130:Preceded by 33:family name 29:Georgievich 7385:Categories 7240:Feliks Kon 7093:Feliks Kon 7059:Feliks Kon 6596:March 2020 6344:Ivan Serov 6269:Voroshilov 5425:Nottingham 4136:Rakovsky, 3797:Rakovsky, 3751:Rakovsky, 3560:Rakovsky, 3370:References 3285:imprimatur 3234:Ana Pauker 3083:and other 2829:manifestos 2806:Karl Radek 2786:Karl Radek 2715:Trotskyist 2672:'s volume 2434:centralism 2242:Borotbists 2071:Borotbists 2059:White Army 2043:conspiracy 1977:See also: 1965:, then to 1775:See also: 1750:Bolsheviks 1742:Karl Radek 1456:Alongside 1414:Parliament 1239:L'Humanité 1112:L'Humanité 1009:Karl Radek 927:Russophile 923:absolutist 919:Bessarabia 610:H. Insarov 571:patronymic 474:Trotskyist 433:after the 417:, and the 330:Profession 217:1873-08-13 25:patronymic 7371:(Baltics) 7343:(Germany) 7337:(Austria) 7269:Sovnarkom 6892:secretary 6869:Politburo 6840:secretary 6779:secretary 6632:secretary 6507:secretary 6366:Ministers 6289:Pavlo Kin 5593:, at the 5373:D. Anghel 5312:Humanitas 5301:Bucharest 4893:Cambridge 4644:Cambridge 4210:Trotsky, 4060:, pg. 14. 3354:romanized 3345:Ukrainian 3337:Bulgarian 3326:romanized 3211:Stalinism 3198:Universul 3146:in 1941. 3095:. In his 3045:, titled 2894:Astrakhan 2882:Comintern 2870:Militsiya 2682:Stalinist 2640:President 2513:The Times 2167:Hungarian 2153:left for 2107:Comintern 1902:Hetmanate 1852:armistice 1847:Rumcherod 1734:Stockholm 1730:Petrograd 1666:Bucharest 1622:Tesniatsy 1528:pacifists 1450:Bucharest 1374:Bucharest 1279:Stuttgart 1181:over the 1163:Constanţa 1146:members. 1136:Amsterdam 1127:Tesnyatsi 1107:Bucharest 1073:Despotism 1051:bourgeois 997:Bolshevik 993:Menshevik 950:Constanţa 873:Macedonia 858:reformist 709:Karl Marx 693:gymnasium 685:Gherengic 620:Biography 614:Grigoriev 595:Ukrainian 579:Christian 548:Racovschi 540:Christian 518:name was 516:Bulgarian 482:Stalinism 447:Comintern 398:citizen. 380:Bolshevik 372:Bulgarian 338:Signature 320:Education 310:Spouse(s) 293:Ukrainian 281:Bulgarian 165:In office 120:In office 88:Rakovsky 58:Bulgarian 7365:(Poland) 7355:(Turkey) 6765:Approved 5535:, 2003, 5533:Berkeley 5438:Z. Ornea 5427:, 1976. 5080:Westport 4825:Berkeley 4576:Montreal 3267:Glasnost 3192:Curentul 3033:Izvestia 3018:agents. 3008:Istanbul 2931:and the 2841:Mykolaiv 2823:". With 2810:Komsomol 2719:mutinies 2472:Komsomol 2468:Red Army 2401:for the 2171:Béla Kun 2099:de facto 1864:Moldavia 1822:hostages 1736:for the 1687:Adevărul 1679:Adevărul 1658:reaction 1493:Narodnik 1489:Ploieşti 1378:Istanbul 1250:Vorwärts 1183:Potemkin 1172:Dobrujan 1159:Potemkin 1095:Mangalia 860:views. 802:Vorwärts 774:Rabotnik 759:Brussels 739:polyglot 587:Kristian 583:Cristian 556:Ristache 552:Rakovski 544:Racovski 536:Cristian 532:Romanian 506:period. 503:Glasnost 396:Romanian 370:, was a 285:Romanian 233:Bulgaria 104:Chairman 37:Rakovsky 7076:Orgburo 6923:Orgburo 6871:(April) 6810:Elected 6758:(March) 6676:Orgburo 6537:Orgburo 5630:of the 5626:in the 5549:(ed.), 5389:2598894 5337:6890267 5148:Fagan, 5135:Fagan, 5010:Fagan, 4997:Fagan, 4984:Fagan, 4969:Fagan, 4911:Fagan, 4449:Fagan, 4409:Fagan, 4358:Fagan, 4341:Fagan, 4321:Fagan, 4257:Fagan, 4223:Fagan, 4194:Fagan, 4169:Fagan, 4119:Fagan, 4107:Fagan, 4048:, pg. 3 3917:Fagan, 3764:Fagan, 3698:Fagan, 3676:Fagan, 3649:Fagan, 3632:Fagan, 3603:Fagan, 3590:Fagan, 3488:Fagan, 3464:Fagan, 3447:Fagan, 3435:Fagan, 3356:: 3328:: 3317:Russian 3164:Siberia 3051:Gestapo 2992:Yakutia 2935:writer 2917:Gubplan 2902:Barnaul 2898:Saratov 2865:heckled 2853:Kherson 2837:Kharkiv 2819:) and " 2628:détente 2503:de jure 2426:Balkans 2385:by the 1985:Ukraine 1896:of the 1858:leader 1508:Entente 1403:Premier 1244:Avanti! 1214:tyranny 1017:Emperor 954:Dobruja 877:Dashnak 717:Zerkalo 701:Marxist 697:Gabrovo 643:Rumelia 641:-ruled 639:Ottoman 633:— near 631:Gradets 591:Krastyo 453:in the 441:in the 388:Balkans 366:, born 289:Russian 224:Gradets 110:of the 106:of the 72:Russian 7194:of the 6750:(1920) 6265:Averin 6182:UkrSSR 5561: 5539: 5452: 5431: 5408: 5387: 5362: 5335: 5318: 5279:, 1926 5277:Granat 5086: 4931: 4899: 4831: 4780: 4753: 4747:Durham 4650: 4582: 4520: 3834:passim 3392: 3042:Pravda 2941:Almaty 2884:, the 2855:, and 2845:Odessa 2753:, and 2636:Mexico 2596:bugles 2533:Letter 2388:émigré 2340:Allies 2300:, and 2223:Polish 2200:Polish 2141:, and 1967:Homyel 1959:Kaunas 1762:putsch 1718:Odessa 1676:paper 1642:Galaţi 1599:, and 1586:Serbia 1444:, and 1391:Napred 1365:, and 1199:Galaţi 1195:Brăila 1167:Batumi 1091:estate 830:Zürich 815:Zürich 778:Drugar 776:, and 753:, and 728:Geneva 573:, was 384:Soviet 156:France 68: 54: 23:, the 5496:, in 5475:, in 3873:, in 3304:Notes 3124:Oryol 2933:Greek 2375:Genoa 1963:Minsk 1854:with 1566:Milan 1386:Sofia 1322:Boyar 1093:near 988:Iskra 946:medic 869:Crete 834:Nancy 635:Kotel 550:, or 510:Names 251:Oryol 231:(now 92:1920s 6471:1919 6191:NKVD 5559:ISBN 5537:ISBN 5450:ISBN 5429:ISBN 5406:ISBN 5385:OCLC 5360:ISBN 5333:OCLC 5316:ISBN 5084:ISBN 4929:ISBN 4897:ISBN 4867:Time 4845:Time 4829:ISBN 4778:ISBN 4751:ISBN 4720:Time 4707:Time 4689:Time 4676:Time 4648:ISBN 4623:Time 4580:ISBN 4518:ISBN 3390:ISBN 3195:and 3144:NKVD 3116:Nazi 3016:OGPU 2974:). 2970:and 2833:Kyiv 2814:see 2723:Time 2713:, a 2660:and 2604:Time 2560:Time 2419:see 2405:and 2367:Eser 2360:see 2312:and 2231:see 2202:and 2155:Kyiv 2149:and 1941:and 1910:see 1876:see 1808:and 1799:King 1795:Iaşi 1652:and 1216:and 1203:Iaşi 1189:and 995:and 975:and 871:and 846:and 836:and 770:Den' 711:and 612:and 585:and 534:was 494:NKVD 378:, a 360:O.S. 241:Died 207:Born 102:1st 5632:ZBW 5255:at 3099:to 2577:by 2316:). 2272:'s 2181:. 2085:. 1930:'s 1904:of 1881:). 1812:). 1764:of 1701:. 1699:spy 1660:". 1369:). 1335:. 1328:). 1320:– " 1142:by 1045:to 889:). 883:'s 867:in 719:). 695:in 601:as 35:is 27:is 7387:: 7267:/ 6574:→ 6560:→ 6546:→ 6267:/ 5586:, 5573:, 5553:, 5531:, 5527:, 5523:, 5487:, 5440:, 5417:, 5400:, 5396:, 5371:, 5327:, 5295:, 5259:: 5175:^ 5119:^ 5094:^ 5067:^ 5019:^ 4977:^ 4940:^ 4919:, 4915:; 4891:, 4887:, 4874:^ 4856:^ 4823:, 4819:, 4806:^ 4788:^ 4768:, 4745:, 4741:, 4730:^ 4696:^ 4642:, 4638:, 4574:, 4570:, 4557:^ 4512:, 4508:, 4498:^ 4478:^ 4466:^ 4420:^ 4392:^ 4381:, 4371:^ 4330:^ 4302:^ 4250:^ 4173:; 4149:^ 4094:^ 4065:^ 4004:^ 3992:^ 3740:^ 3707:^ 3685:^ 3667:^ 3612:^ 3569:^ 3553:^ 3497:^ 3473:^ 3416:^ 3404:^ 3351:, 3347:: 3339:: 3323:, 3319:: 3130:, 3079:, 3075:, 3071:, 2986:. 2966:, 2896:, 2873:. 2851:, 2847:, 2843:, 2839:, 2835:, 2796:; 2780:, 2772:, 2749:, 2602:. 2394:. 2296:, 2292:, 2288:, 2284:, 1772:. 1720:. 1595:, 1361:, 1247:, 1241:, 1237:, 952:, 856:' 832:, 821:. 772:, 749:, 737:A 665:. 605:. 566:. 546:, 461:. 413:, 291:, 287:, 283:, 257:, 253:, 226:, 90:c. 7361:/ 7144:e 7137:t 7130:v 6978:e 6971:t 6964:v 6740:e 6733:t 6726:v 6582:) 6578:( 6568:) 6564:( 6554:) 6550:( 6453:e 6446:t 6439:v 6170:e 6163:t 6156:v 5660:e 5653:t 5646:v 5105:. 5036:. 4551:. 4493:. 4415:. 4366:. 4349:. 4265:. 4214:. 4185:. 4144:. 4127:. 3987:. 3974:. 3961:. 3805:. 3788:. 3755:. 3640:. 3623:. 3455:. 3398:. 2915:( 2417:( 2229:( 1828:( 1557:" 1535:' 905:( 687:( 235:) 219:) 215:( 74:) 70:( 60:) 56:( 39:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Christian Rakovsky

Index