Stalinism - Knowledge

4762: 4264: 5529:... vast sums were spent on importing foreign technical 'ideas' and on securing the services of alien experts. Foreign countries, again – American and Germany in particular – lent the U.S.S.R. active aid in drafting the plans for all the undertakings to be constructed. They supplied the Soviet Union with tens of thousands of engineers, mechanics, and supervisors. During the first Five-Year Plan, not a single plant was erected, nor was a new industry launched without the direct help of foreigners working on the spot. Without the importation of Western European and American objects, ideas, and men, the 'miracle in the East' would not have been realized, or, at least, not in so short a time. 4452: 4117: 2899:: a reactionary pseudoscience that appeared in the U.S.A. after World War II and also spread through other capitalist countries. Cybernetics clearly reflects one of the basic features of the bourgeois worldview—its inhumanity, striving to transform workers into an extension of the machine, into a tool of production, and an instrument of war. At the same time, for cybernetics an imperialistic utopia is characteristic—replacing living, thinking man, fighting for his interests, by a machine, both in industry and in war. The instigators of a new world war use cybernetics in their dirty, practical affairs. 3096: 3286: 3697: 3457:, who spent much of his career researching the archives, contends that, before the collapse of the Soviet Union and the opening of the archives for historical research, "our understanding of the scale and the nature of Soviet repression has been extremely poor" and that some specialists who wish to maintain earlier high estimates of the Stalinist death toll are "finding it difficult to adapt to the new circumstances when the archives are open and when there are plenty of irrefutable data" and instead "hang on to their old 64: 3295: 3304: 4674: 15306: 3949:, who argues that although "one could list the various measures carried out by Stalin that were actually a continuation of anti-democratic trends and measures implemented under Lenin…in so many ways, Stalin acted, not in line with Lenin's clear instructions, but in defiance of them." In doing so, some historians have tried to distance Stalinism from Leninism to undermine the totalitarian view that Stalin's methods were inherent in communism from the start. Other revisionist historians such as 4780:

Soviet regime and originated outside of Russia. He further argues that technologies of social intervention developed in conjunction with the work of 19th-century European reformers and greatly expanded during World War I, when state actors in all the combatant countries dramatically increased efforts to mobilize and control their populations. According to Hoffman, the Soviet state was born at this moment of total war and institutionalized state intervention practices as permanent features.

2169: 707: 3028:, Leon Trotsky argued that the Stalinist faction routinely distorted political events, forged a theoretical basis for irreconcilable concepts such as the notion of "Socialism in One Country" and misrepresented the views of opponents through an array of employed historians alongside economists to justify policy manoeuvering and safeguarding its own set of material interests. He cited a range of historical documents such as private letters, telegrams, party speeches, meeting 2181: 731: 2552: 15318: 13719: 3147: 5468:

it (Moore, 2012). Still other scholars argue that the famine was just an effect of the Soviet Union's push for rapid industrialization and a by-product of that was the destruction of the peasant way of life (Fischer, 1935). The final school of thought argues that the Holodomor was caused by factors beyond the control of the Soviet Union and Stalin took measures to reduce the effects of the famine on the Ukrainian people (Davies & Wheatcroft, 2006).

3855: 795: 2567: 2193: 719: 4253: 3365:. Thereafter, the investigations and trials expanded. Stalin passed a new law on "terrorist organizations and terrorist acts" that were to be investigated for no more than ten days, with no prosecution, defense attorneys, or appeals, followed by a sentence to be imposed "quickly." Stalin's Politburo also issued directives on quotas for mass arrests and executions. Under Stalin, the 4880:, said, "Vladimir Putin's Russia of 2012 needs symbols of authority and national strength, however controversial they may be, to validate the newly authoritarian political order. Stalin, a despotic leader responsible for mass bloodshed but also still identified with wartime victory and national unity, fits this need for symbols that reinforce the current political ideology." 4148:

Lenin during his life". He also contrasted the "severe methods" Lenin used in the "most necessary cases" as a "struggle for survival" during the Civil War with the extreme methods and mass repressions Stalin used even when the revolution was "already victorious". In his memoirs, Khrushchev argued that his widespread purges of the "most advanced nucleus of people" among the

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socialism. Although retaining the Marxist belief that the state would wither away as socialism transformed into pure communism, he believed that the Soviet state would remain until the final defeat of international capitalism. This concept synthesised Marxist and Leninist ideas with nationalist ideals, and served to discredit Trotsky—who promoted the idea of "

4761: 4629:, led by Trotsky, was a political movement that "offered a real alternative to Stalinism, and that to crush this movement was the primary function of the Stalinist terror". According to Rogovin, Stalin had destroyed thousands of foreign communists capable of leading socialist change in their respective, countries. He cited 600 active 10142:"While Trotsky was strongly biased toward industrial development, there is little basis to suppose that he would have adopted Stalin’s forcible collectivization, slapdash economic planning, anti expert campaigns, or cultural know-nothingism. Neither Trotsky nor Bukharin would have pursued anything like Stalin’s pseudo-revolutionary “ 4828:, 60% of German exiles in the Soviet Union had been liquidated during the Stalinist terror and a higher proportion of the KPD Politburo membership had died in the Soviet Union than in Nazi Germany. Weitz also noted that hundreds of German citizens, most of them Communists, were handed over to the Gestapo by Stalin's administration. 3357:, where the vote for the new Central Committee was held, Kirov received only three negative votes (the fewest of any candidate), while Stalin received over 100. After Kirov's assassination, which Stalin may have orchestrated, Stalin invented a detailed scheme to implicate opposition leaders in the murder, including Trotsky, 4314:, his philosophical legacy is almost universally rated negatively with most Soviet sources considering his influence to have negatively impacted the creative development of Soviet philosophy. Sheehan discussed omissions in his views on dialectics and noted that most Soviet philosophers rejected his characterization of 3739:, 1917–1921) and rebuilt Soviet production to its 1913 levels. But Russia still lagged far behind the West, and Stalin and the majority of the Communist Party felt the NEP not only to be compromising communist ideals but also not delivering satisfactory economic performance or creating the envisaged socialist society. 4535:, for world revolution. But after the failure of the revolution in Germany, Stalin reasoned that industrializing and consolidating Bolshevism in Russia would best serve the proletariat in the long run. The dispute did not end until Trotsky was murdered in his Mexican villa in 1940 by Stalinist assassin 4385:

criticized Stalin chiefly for his view that bourgeois influence within the Soviet Union was primarily a result of external forces, to the almost complete exclusion of internal forces, and his view that class contradictions ended after the basic construction of socialism. Mao also criticized Stalin's

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According to official Soviet estimates, more than 14 million people passed through the gulags from 1929 to 1953, with a further 7 to 8 million deported and exiled to remote areas of the Soviet Union (including entire nationalities in several cases). The emergent scholarly consensus is that from 1930

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We are all inclined to accept the Zemskov totals (even if not as complete) with their 14 million intake to Gulag 'camps' alone, to which must be added 4–5 million going to Gulag 'colonies', to say nothing of the 3.5 million already in, or sent to, 'labour settlements'. However taken, these are

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Scholars also disagree over what role the Soviet Union played in the tragedy. Some scholars point to Stalin as the mastermind behind the famine, due to his hatred of Ukrainians (Hosking, 1987). Others assert that Stalin did not actively cause the famine, but he knew about it and did nothing to stop

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At a time when hundreds of thousands and millions of workers, especially in Germany, are departing from Communism, in part to fascism and in the main into the camp of indifferentism, thousands and tens of thousands of Social Democratic workers, under the impact of the self-same defeat, are evolving

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lists in 1937 and 1938 that condemned 40,000 people to execution, about 90% of whom are confirmed to have been shot. While reviewing one such list, he reportedly muttered to no one in particular: "Who's going to remember all this riff-raff in ten or twenty years? No one. Who remembers the names now

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were favoured over other scientific disciplines during the Stalin era. Soviet scientists were forced to denounce any work that contradicted Lysenko. Over 3,000 biologists were imprisoned, fired, or executed for attempting to oppose Lysenkoism and genetic research was effectively destroyed until the

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officers was exceptional—90% of all generals and 80% of all colonels were killed. This included three out of five Marshals; 13 out of 15 Army commanders; 57 of 85 Corps commanders; 110 of 195 divisional commanders; and 220 of 406 brigade commanders, as well as all commanders of military districts.

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that relied on personal persuasion and recommended Stalin's removal as General Secretary. Khrushchev contrasted this with Stalin's "despotism", which required absolute submission to his position, and highlighted that many of the people later annihilated as "enemies of the party ... had worked with

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officers followed. The repression of many formerly high-ranking revolutionaries and party members led Trotsky to claim that a "river of blood" separated Stalin's regime from Lenin's. In August 1940, Trotsky was assassinated in Mexico, where he had lived in exile since January 1937. This eliminated

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featuring Stalin in which he was increasingly identified with the state and seen as an emblem of Marxism. In July 1930, a state decree instructed 200 artists to prepare propaganda posters for the Five Year Plans and collectivsation measures. Historian Anita Pisch drew specific focus to the various

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Pierre du Bois argues that the cult of personality around Stalin was elaborately constructed to legitimize his rule. Many deliberate distortions and falsehoods were used. The Kremlin refused access to archival records that might reveal the truth, and critical documents were destroyed. Photographs

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writes, "Under Lenin, the freedom to express a real variety of opinions existed in the party, and in carrying out political decisions, consideration was given to the positions of not only the majority, but a minority in the party". He compared this practice with subsequent leadership blocs, which

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disputes that conclusion, writing, "Russia had already been fourth to fifth among industrial economies before World War I", and that Russian industrial advances could have been achieved without collectivization, famine, or terror. According to Conquest, the industrial successes were far less than

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In light of revelations from Soviet archives, historians now estimate that nearly 700,000 people (353,074 in 1937 and 328,612 in 1938) were executed in the course of the terror, the great mass of them ordinary Soviet citizens: workers, peasants, homemakers, teachers, priests, musicians, soldiers,

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questions whether Stalinist practices of state violence derive from socialist ideology. Placing Stalinism in an international context, he argues that many forms of state interventionism the Stalinist government used, including social cataloguing, surveillance and concentration camps, predate the

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A similar analysis is present in more recent works, such as those of Graeme Gill, who argues that Stalinism was "not a natural flow-on of earlier developments; sharp break resulting from conscious decisions by leading political actors." But Gill adds that "difficulties with the use of the term

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in contemporary times, arguing that the G8 "are guilty of mass manslaughter or mass deaths from criminal negligence because of their not taking obvious measures to reduce mass deaths" and that Stalin's "behaviour was no worse than that of many rulers in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries".

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said those who argue collectivization was necessary are "dead wrong", writing that it "only seemed necessary within the straitjacket of Communist ideology and its repudiation of capitalism. And economically, collectivization failed to deliver." Kotkin further claimed that it decreased harvests

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Stalin's doctrine held that socialism could be completed in Russia but that its final victory could not be guaranteed because of the threat from capitalist intervention. For this reason, he retained the Leninist view that world revolution was still a necessity to ensure the ultimate victory of

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The Stalinist era was largely regressive on social issues. Despite a brief period of decriminalization under Lenin, the 1934 Criminal Code re-criminalized homosexuality. Abortion was made illegal again in 1936 after controversial debate among citizens, and women's issues were largely ignored.

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to the pragmatic right; and the powerful Trotsky, who belonged to no side but his own. None would even consider Stalin's concept a potential addition to communist ideology. Stalin's socialism in one country doctrine could not be imposed until he had come close to being the Soviet Union's

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as a counter-revolutionary crime, was applied most broadly. Many alleged anti-Soviet pretexts were used to brand individuals as "enemies of the people", starting the cycle of public persecution, often proceeding to interrogation, torture, and deportation, if not death. The Russian word

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was emphasized because the Soviet Union had previously fallen behind economically compared to Western countries and also because socialist society needed industry to face the challenges posed by internal and external enemies of communism. Rapid industrialization was accompanied by mass

3338:, Stalin consolidated nearly absolute power in the 1930s with a Great Purge of the party that claimed to expel "opportunists" and "counter-revolutionary infiltrators". Those targeted by the purge were often expelled from the party; more severe measures ranged from banishment to the 3773:

has said that "Stalinism was…a success and fulfilled its historic mission, socially as well as economically" given that it "modernized the Soviet Union, transforming a peasant society into an industrial state with a literate population and a remarkable scientific superstructure."

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and Bukharin were presented as "vacillating", "opportunists" and "foreign spies" whereas Stalin was depicted as the chief discipline during the revolution. However, in reality, Stalin was considered a relatively unknown figure with secondary importance at the time of the event.

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argued the Bolshevik-Left Socialist Revolutionary coalition government dissolved the Constituent Assembly for several reasons. They cited the outdated voter rolls, which did not acknowledge the split among the Socialist Revolutionary party, and the assembly's conflict with the

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hides the inevitable effects of communism as a whole on human liberty. He writes that the concept of Stalinism was developed after 1956 by Western intellectuals to keep the communist ideal alive. But "Stalinism" was used as early as 1937, when Trotsky wrote his pamphlet

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sums up the consensus of scholars: "The Stalin cult was a central element of Stalinism, and as such, it was one of the most salient features of Soviet rule. Many scholars of Stalinism cite the cult as integral to Stalin's power or as evidence of Stalin's megalomania."

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and other Bolshevik leaders. Liebman also argues that the banning of parties under Lenin did not have the same repressive character as later bans enforced by Stalin's regime. Several scholars have highlighted the socially progressive nature of Lenin's policies, such as

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were killed. The Right and Left Opposition have been held by some scholars as representing political alternatives to Stalinism despite their shared beliefs in Leninism due to their policy platforms which were at variance with Stalin. This ranged from areas related to

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In a 1949 portrait, the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin is seen as a young man with Lenin. Stalin and Lenin were close friends, judging from this photograph. But it is doctored, of course. Two portraits have been sutured to sentimentalise Stalin's life and closeness to

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he thought might later be used against him by the same people who praised him excessively, one of those being Khrushchev—a prominent user of the term during Stalin's life who was later responsible for de-Stalinization and the beginning of the Revisionist period.

4737:, which occurred before Stalin came to power. He also notes that famines were widespread worldwide in the 19th and 20th centuries in countries such as India, Ireland, Russia and China. Ellman compares the Stalinist regime's behavior vis-à-vis the 3014:, in which the history of the governing party was significantly altered and revised including the importance of the leading figures during the Bolshevik revolution. Retrospectively, Lenin's primary associates such as Zinoviev, Trotsky, 4019:

Some scholars have attributed the establishment of the one-party system in the Soviet Union to the wartime conditions imposed on Lenin's government; others have highlighted the initial attempts to form a coalition government with the

2506:, and while Stalin avoided using the term "Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism", he allowed others to do so. Following Lenin's death, Stalin contributed to the theoretical debates within the Communist Party, namely by developing the idea of " 3887:. After researching the biographies in the Soviet archives, he came to the same conclusion as Radzinsky and Kotkin (that Lenin had built a culture of violent autocratic totalitarianism of which Stalinism was a logical extension). 3766:

were due to a number of avoidable problems. He argued that the industrial drive had been enacted under more severe circumstances, several years later and in a less rational manner than originally conceived by the Left Opposition.

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pensioners, ballerinas, and beggars. Scholars estimate the total death toll for the Great Purge (1936–1938) including fatalities attributed to imprisonment to be roughly 700,000-1.2 million. Many of the executed were interred in

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viewed Trotsky and the Left Opposition as a critical alternative to the Stalin-Bukharin majority in a number of areas. Daniels stated that the Left Opposition would have prioritised industrialisation but never contemplated the

4698:; Schwanitz in particular views Stalin as "a monstrous reincarnation" of him. Both men wanted Russia to leave the western European states far behind in terms of development. Some reviewers have considered Stalinism a form of " 3842:

writes that "institutionally and ideologically Lenin laid the foundations for a Stalin but the passage from Leninism to the worse terrors of Stalinism was not smooth and inevitable." Likewise, historian and Stalin biographer

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that Lenin had criticized as expressions of "Great Russian chauvinism". Daniels also regards Stalinism as an abrupt break with the Leninist period in terms of economic policies in which a deliberated, scientific system of

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were executed, while others were sent to prison camps or gulags. Concurrent with the purges, efforts were made to rewrite the history in Soviet textbooks and other propaganda materials. Notable people executed by

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Some Marxist theoreticians have disputed the view that Stalin's dictatorship was a natural outgrowth of the Bolsheviks' actions, as Stalin eliminated most of the original central committee members from 1917.

4988: 4846:. Levada Center had found that favorability of the Stalinist era has increased from 18% in 1996 to 40% in 2016 which had coincided with his rehabilitation by the Putin government for the purpose of social 3795:, which started near the end of 1932, was when the famine turned into an instrument of genocide; the Ukrainian government now recognizes it as such. Some scholars dispute the intentionality of the famine. 3009: 2510:". This concept was intricately linked to factional struggles within the party, particularly against Trotsky. He first developed the idea in December 1924 and elaborated upon in his writings of 1925–26. 8894:. pg. 67: "ore complete archival data increases camp deaths by 19.4 percent to 1,258,537"; pg 77: "The best archivally based estimate of Gulag excess deaths at present is 1.6 million from 1929 to 1953." 6593:

Academician Schmalhausen, Professors Formozov and Sabinin, and 3,000 other biologists, victims of the August 1948 Session, lost their professional jobs because of their integrity and moral principles

4421:. This effectively isolated Albania from the rest of the world, as Hoxha was hostile to both the pro-American and pro-Soviet spheres of influence and the Non-Aligned Movement under the leadership of 4322:

were altered and documents were invented. People who knew Stalin were forced to provide "official" accounts to meet the ideological demands of the cult, especially as Stalin presented it in 1938 in

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and all earlier socialistic theses. The revolution did not spread outside Russia as Lenin had assumed it soon would. The revolution had not succeeded even within other former territories of the

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manifestations of the personality cult in which Stalin was associated with the "Father", "Saviour" and "Warrior" cultural archetypes with the latter imagery having gained ascendency during the

2986:. Prior to Stalin's rule, literary, religious and national representatives had some level of autonomy in the 1920s but these groups were later rigorously repressed during the Stalinist era. 3711:

At the start of the 1930s, Stalin launched a wave of radical economic policies that completely overhauled the industrial and agricultural face of the Soviet Union. This became known as the

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parties. British historian Terence Brotherstone argued that the Stalin era had a profound effect on those attracted to Trotsky's ideas. Brotherstone described figures who emerged from the

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The cult of personality served to legitimate Stalin's authority, establish continuity with Lenin as his "discipline, student and mentee" in the view of his wider followers. His successor,

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cult of personality and the excesses of the great purge. But Maoists praised Stalin for leading the Soviet Union and the international proletariat, defeating fascism in Germany, and his

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During the 1930s and 1940s, the Soviet leadership sent NKVD squads into other countries to murder defectors and opponents of the Soviet regime. Victims of such plots included Trotsky,

3510:, an estimated 17,000 monks were killed, official figures show. Stalinist forces also oversaw purges of anti-Stalinist elements among the Spanish Republican insurgents, including the 3215: 14225: 11345:

writes that out of 1,225 delegates, around 270 voted against Stalin and that the official number of negative votes was given as three, with the rest of ballots destroyed. Following

3202:, though several international legislatures have passed resolutions declaring the campaign a genocide. Some historians dispute that these social-class actions constitute genocide. 12661: 3424:. A total of 350,000 (144,000 of them Poles) were arrested and 247,157 (110,000 Poles) were executed. Many Americans who had emigrated to the Soviet Union during the worst of the 3391:

thereby gained a new meaning: a quick, simplified trial by a committee of three subordinated to the NKVD troika—with sentencing carried out within 24 hours. Stalin's hand-picked

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writes, "The Soviet regime underwent a long period of 'Stalinism,' which in its basic features was diametrically opposed to the recommendations of testament". French historian

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was such an outstanding achievement that it outweighed Stalin's mistakes. A 2019 Levada Center poll showed that support for Stalin, whom many Russians saw as the victor in the

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expressed their support for imposing Stalin's ideas, as Trotsky had been exiled, and Zinoviev and Kamenev had been expelled from the party. In a 1936 interview with journalist

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of political events such as the October Revolution and the Brest-Litovsk Treaty became a distinctive element of Stalin's regime. A notable example is the 1938 publication,

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leaders regarded their revolution more or less as just the beginning, with Russia as the springboard on the road toward worldwide revolution. Stalin introduced the idea of

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reflect problems with the concept of Stalinism itself. The major difficulty is a lack of agreement about what should constitute Stalinism." Revisionist historians such as

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Critics include anti-Stalinist communists such as Trotsky, who pointed out that Lenin attempted to persuade the Communist Party to remove Stalin from his post as its

3953:, while critical of the Soviet era, acknowledge that Lenin actively sought to counter Stalin's growing influence, allying with Trotsky in 1922–23, opposing Stalin on 13687: 13034: 3883:

Lenin. But Volkogonov also lamented that this view eventually dissolved for those like him who had the scales fall from their eyes immediately before and after the

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He is an unprincipled intriguer, who subordinates everything to the preservation of his own power. He changes his theory according to whom he needs to get rid of.

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writes that, faced with the evidence, "only the blind and the deaf could be unaware of the contrast between Stalinism and Leninism." Similarly, historian

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of Stalin is diverse, with many different aspects of continuity and discontinuity between the regimes Stalin and Lenin proposed. Some historians, such as

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Hasselmann, Anne E. 2021. "Memory Makers of the Great Patriotic War: Curator Agency and Visitor Participation in Soviet War Museums during Stalinism."

11963: 9831: 9160: 7389: 3758:. Trotsky maintained that the disproportions and imbalances which became characteristic of Stalinist planning in the 1930s such as the underdeveloped 14856: 13682: 12766: 12098:

Alexander, Kuzminykh. 2019. "The internal affairs agencies of the Soviet State in the period of Stalinism in the context of Russian historiography."

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was subject to public denunciation, many of his ideas were rejected on ideological grounds and condemned as "bourgeois idealism" in the Stalin era.

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Nelson, Todd H. 2015. "History as ideology: The portrayal of Stalinism and the Great Patriotic War in contemporary Russian high school textbooks."

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into the left, to the side of Communism. There cannot, however, even be talk of their accepting the hopelessly discredited Stalinist leadership.

4247: 4132: 3988:, the document containing this order, was suppressed after Lenin's death. Various historians have cited Lenin's proposal to appoint Trotsky as a 2062: 4625:

believed Stalinism had "discredited the idea of socialism in the eyes of millions of people throughout the world". Rogovin also argued that the

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disputes the historical assessments of the early Soviet Union by modern historians such as Dmitri Volkogonov, which Broue argues falsely equate

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and Erik van Ree noting that Stalin had absorbed elements from the cult of Tsars, Orthodox Christianity and highlighting specific acts such as

503: 11168: 10950:: "At the same time, Stalin was a kind of monstrous reincarnation of Peter the Great. Under his tyranny, Russia transformed into a country of 7001: 6974: 6947: 3461:

methods with round-about calculations based on odd statements from emigres and other informants who are supposed to have superior knowledge."

3453:. Some Western experts believe the evidence released from the Soviet archives is understated, incomplete or unreliable. Conversely, historian 19:

This article is about the means of governing and policies implemented by Joseph Stalin. For the political philosophy developed by Stalin, see

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constructed around Stalin whereas Lenin stressed "the role of the people as the creator of history". He also emphasized that Lenin favored a

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always viewed Stalin as the "candidate for grave-digger of our party and the revolution" during the succession struggle. American historian

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drew attention to the fact that the generation of bureaucrats that rose to power under Stalin's tutelage presided over the Soviet Union's

4417:", Hoxha denounced Mao as a revisionist, along with almost every other self-identified communist organization worldwide, resulting in the 14739: 14709: 12789: 12392: 10512:

N. N. Maslov, "Short Course of the History of the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik)—An Encyclopedia of Stalin's Personality Cult".

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Carol Strong and Matt Killingsworth, "Stalin the Charismatic Leader?: Explaining the 'Cult of Personality' as a legitimation technique."

3196:. In response, the state, under Stalin's leadership, initiated a violent campaign against them. This kind of campaign was later known as 3040:

argued that "The urge to silence Trotsky, and all criticism of the Politburo, was in itself a crucial factor in Stalin's rise to power".

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instead of increasing them, as peasants tended to resist heavy taxes by producing fewer goods, caring only about their own subsistence.

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Some scholars have argued that Stalin took an active involvement with the construction of the cult of personality with writers such as

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Under Stalin, repression was extended to academic scholarship, the natural sciences, and literary fields. In particular, Einstein's

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condemned the deportations as a violation of Leninism and reversed most of them, although it was not until 1991 that the Tatars,

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Valiakhmetov, Albert, et al. 2018. "History And Historians In The Era Of Stalinism: A Review Of Modern Russian Historiography."

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as evidence that he intended Trotsky to be his successor as head of government. In his biography of Trotsky, British historian

3608: 3582: 3074: 2314: 1787: 1371: 1040: 336: 93: 8843:"Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data. Not the Last Word" 8574: 6160: 15392: 15014: 14515: 14481: 14469: 14464: 14355: 11877: 11814: 11790: 11766: 11733: 11702: 11681: 11660: 11639: 11615: 11593: 11572: 11548: 11527: 11506: 11468: 11442: 11423: 11404: 11123: 11050: 10979: 10931: 10906: 10881: 10856: 10829: 10737: 10710: 10683: 10656: 10629: 10484: 10452: 10425: 10398: 10372: 10345: 10318: 10291: 10264: 10237: 10163: 10127: 10102: 10017: 9971: 9944: 9895: 9868: 9841: 9794: 9767: 9737: 9712: 9687: 9662: 9612: 9585: 9558: 9531: 9469: 9442: 9376: 9117: 8976: 8722: 8695: 8611: 8584: 8557: 8547: 8530: 8477: 8450: 8423: 8078: 8051: 7952: 7889: 7858: 7750: 7649: 7622: 7595: 7339: 7250: 7223: 7196: 7169: 7142: 7107: 7072: 7038: 7011: 6984: 6957: 6911: 6884: 6771: 6761: 6744: 6734: 6717: 6663: 6579: 6497: 6470: 6443: 6416: 6389: 6281: 6254: 6227: 6200: 6170: 6143: 6116: 6089: 6062: 6011: 5977: 5906: 5879: 5819: 5727: 5682: 5663: 5644: 5625: 5603: 5584: 5565: 5515: 5431: 5402: 5374: 5343: 5277: 5249: 5221: 5191: 5164: 5137: 5110: 5080: 5053: 4960: 4028:, Lenin's wartime measures such as banning opposition parties was prompted by the fact that several political parties either 3691: 3654:

and the Central Asian republics. By some estimates, up to 43% of the resettled population died of diseases and malnutrition.

3646:, and many Poles, were forcibly moved out of strategic areas and relocated to places in the central Soviet Union, especially 2432: 2298: 2286: 2209: 2069: 1547: 1468: 1403: 918: 391: 128: 14941: 12231:

Zysiak, Agata. 2019. "Stalinism and Revolution in Universities. Democratization of Higher Education from Above, 1947–1956."

12198:

Wheatcroft, Stephen G. "Soviet statistics under Stalinism: Reliability and distortions in grain and population statistics."

11309: 9521: 15372: 15051: 14819: 13741: 12503: 12498: 12442: 9548: 9459: 8966: 8685: 8041: 6406: 6379: 5181: 5070: 4475: 3679: 2617:

had discernible ideological differences. In his dispute with Trotsky, Stalin de-emphasized the role of workers in advanced

1989: 1817: 1782: 1722: 1463: 1408: 1393: 386: 346: 88: 12139:

Kamp, Marianne, and Russell Zanca. 2017. "Recollections of collectivization in Uzbekistan: Stalinism and local activism."

4139:, Stalin's successor, argued that Stalin's regime differed profusely from the leadership of Lenin. He was critical of the 3865:, who wrote biographies of both Lenin and Stalin, wrote that during the 1960s through 1980s, an official patriotic Soviet 3176:, would later denounce the cult of personality around Stalin as contradictory to Leninist principles and party discourse. 14931: 14597: 14544: 14532: 13209: 12953: 12871: 12736: 12555: 12172:

The Person and the Challenges: Journal of Theology, Education, Canon Law and Social Studies Inspired by Pope John Paul II

7585: 5747: 5453:(Education and Human Development Master's Theses). The College at Brockport: State University of New York. Archived from 4633:

communists who perished in his prison camps along with the thousands of German communists whom Stalin handed over to the

3907: 3586: 2933: 2829: 2499: 2487: 2322: 2045: 1969: 1944: 1842: 1822: 98: 12644: 6366: 3043:

Cinematic productions served to foster the cult of personality around Stalin with adherents to the party line receiving

14979: 14974: 14694: 14642: 13356: 13029: 12994: 12936: 12262: 11078: 7407: 7307: 4924: 4725:

writes that mass deaths from famines are not a "uniquely Stalinist evil", noting that famines and droughts have been a

4442: 3989: 3227: 3024: 2622: 1797: 1792: 1777: 1742: 1640: 626: 523: 12175: 9602: 9575: 15231: 15182: 15115: 14926: 14654: 14256: 14160: 13394: 13125: 10805: 9320: 9260: 9063: 9027: 9003: 8891: 8773: 8467: 8399: 8179: 8108: 7919: 7830: 7764: 7703: 7520: 7492: 7448: 6460: 6362: 5314: 3590: 3485: 2833: 2401: 2076: 1837: 1812: 1807: 1685: 1673: 846: 553: 10772: 9334: 7975: 15402: 15261: 15249: 15073: 15063: 15019: 14834: 14510: 14459: 14342: 13399: 12916: 12397: 8123:"Stalinism in Post-Communist Perspective: New Evidence on Killings, Forced Labour and Economic Growth in the 1930s" 4965: 4955: 4883:

Some positive sentiments can also be found elsewhere in the former Soviet Union. A 2012 survey commissioned by the

4742: 3647: 2385: 2344:

Stalin's regime forcibly purged society of what it saw as threats to itself and its brand of communism (so-called "

1879: 1802: 1660: 9988: 5798:

On Finland, Poland etc., Deutscher, chapter 6 "Stalin during the Civil War", (p. 148 in the Swedish 1980 printing)

2518:"—by presenting the latter as a defeatist with little faith in Russian workers' abilities to construct socialism. 15266: 15254: 15110: 15095: 15009: 14911: 14493: 14313: 13840: 13419: 12906: 12901: 12881: 12829: 12545: 12236: 12144: 8335: 8286:"The Scale and Nature of Stalinist Repression and its Demographic Significance: On Comments by Keep and Conquest" 5043: 4919: 4602: 4182: 3884: 3086: 2756: 2022: 1874: 1847: 1832: 1695: 962: 754: 11353:" in 1956, a commission of the central committee investigated the votes and found that 267 ballots were missing. 10308: 9811: 4557:

considered the Soviet Union an ally gone astray. Shachtman and his followers thus argued for the formation of a

3631:—more than a million people in total—were deported without notice or any opportunity to take their possessions. 15207: 15187: 14884: 14498: 14323: 14251: 13464: 13368: 13009: 12876: 12047: 11251: 10727: 8912: 6435:

Pillars of Computer Science: Essays Dedicated to Boris (Boaz) Trakhtenbrot on the Occasion of His 85th Birthday

4843: 4598: 4283:, Stalin is considered one of the worst and most notorious figures in modern history. Biographer and historian 4173: 4021: 3788: 3705: 3687: 3507: 3477: 3259: 1889: 1737: 1727: 1650: 1612: 1388: 558: 533: 9200: 5854:

Speeches Delivered at the Fifth Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations, September–October, 1950

5127: 5100: 15387: 15278: 15105: 14969: 14921: 14682: 14476: 14350: 14333: 12989: 12886: 12226: 10595: 4734: 4512: 4359: 4050: 3903: 3377: 3275: 3267: 3065:. Conversely, the roles of other Soviet figures such as Lenin and Trotsky were diminished or misrepresented. 1869: 1757: 1655: 829: 809: 778: 9919:

The Crimes Of The Stalin Era, Special Report To The 20th Congress Of The Communist Party Of The Soviet Union

5967: 4527:

in its own right, accrues benefits and privileges at the working class's expense. Trotsky believed that the

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began in the 1950s and 1960s, which caused the influence of Stalin's ideology to begin to wane in the USSR.

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from the late 1920s to the 1930s. After the American private enterprises had completed their tasks, Soviet

2055: 1934: 1884: 1577: 1510: 908: 883: 443: 4263: 15407: 15155: 15137: 14903: 14761: 14722: 14689: 14379: 14367: 14283: 14185: 14134: 14114: 13823: 13091: 12746: 12518: 12493: 12469: 12377: 12318: 8935: 5896: 5743: 4451: 3409: 3082: 2857: 2752: 1959: 1752: 1431: 1098: 977: 364: 143: 7134:

Transitions and Non-Transitions from Communism: Regime Survival in China, Cuba, North Korea, and Vietnam

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believes that Stalin was a genuine follower of Lenin, exactly as he claimed. Another Stalin biographer,

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Trotsky: a biographer's problems. In The Trotsky reappraisal. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds)

9637: 5927: 5545: 15362: 15357: 15192: 15165: 15068: 13808: 13733: 12528: 12293: 10994:

MacGregor Knox. Mussolini Unleashed, 1939–1941: Politics and Strategy in Italy's Last War. pp. 63–64.

10034: 7294: 6901: 6874: 6788: 5719: 4658: 4650: 4630: 4549: 4275:

and Stalin, the Big Three Allied leaders during World War II at the Yalta Conference in February 1945

4116: 3977: 3078: 2889: 1705: 681: 518: 15160: 14078: 7720: 1278: 15397: 15347: 15273: 14104: 13976: 13429: 13265: 13181: 13118: 12911: 12794: 12751: 12711: 11492: 11095: 10793: 9313:

Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives

5510:. Routledge Library Editions: Early Western Responses to Soviet Russia. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. 5009: 4892: 4706:

regimes ideologically opposed the Soviet Union, but some regarded Stalinism favorably for evolving

4654: 4343: 3891: 3634:

As a result of Stalin's lack of trust in the loyalty of particular ethnicities, groups such as the

3619:

were the official reasons for the deportations. Individual circumstances of those spending time in

3150: 3057: 2641: 2507: 2302: 2274: 1929: 1700: 1398: 1000: 928: 548: 538: 508: 133: 9109:

The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 5: The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture 1931–1933

8494: 7801: 7331:

The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 5: The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture 1931–1933

5969:

Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949

4213:

of 1936–1938. According to Rogovin, 80-90% of the members of the Central Committee elected at the

4193:

have criticized the focus on the upper levels of society and the use of Cold War concepts such as

3787:

According to several Western historians, Stalinist agricultural policies were a key factor in the

3339: 824: 14522: 13988: 13921: 13845: 13818: 13639: 13243: 13132: 12999: 12866: 12255: 12250: 11065: 4870:, with 51% regarding him as a positive figure and 70% saying his reign was good for the country. 4681: 4638: 4594: 4590: 4394: 4363: 4106: 3759: 3561:, spent twenty five years in Stalin's prisons and concentrations camps after the purges in 1937. 3255: 3169:

which suggested he took a more critical and ambivalent attitude towards his cult of personality.

2865: 2571: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1587: 1413: 1366: 861: 621: 591: 324: 12132:

Gill, Graeme. 2019. "Stalinism and Executive Power: Formal and Informal Contours of Stalinism."

10753: 8363: 4891:

concurring that their country "will always have need of a leader like Stalin". A 2013 survey by

4858:

poll, 34% of respondents (up from 28% in 2007) say that leading the Soviet people to victory in

3918:

in 1921—a move that enabled Stalin to get rid of his rivals easily after Lenin's death and cite

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and said, "We never had such plans and intentions" and "The export of revolution is nonsense".

2461: 1954: 1173: 1088: 943: 606: 246: 12277: 12039: 10474: 9368: 9055:

Stalin's peasants : resistance and survival in the Russian village after collectivization

7844: 5785: 1118: 15352: 15321: 14293: 13852: 13835: 13618: 13163: 13152: 13086: 12666: 12387: 12075:

Mass Political Culture Under Stalinism: Popular Discussion of the Soviet Constitution of 1936

12020:

The Political Thought of Joseph Stalin, A Study in Twentieth-century Revolutionary Patriotism

11004: 9107: 9103: 9099: 8838: 8237: 8070:

Bringing Stalin Back In: Memory Politics and the Creation of a Useable Past in Putin's Russia

7911: 7512: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7161:

The Political Thought of Joseph Stalin: A Study in Twentieth Century Revolutionary Patriotism

6001: 5857:. Information Bulletin of the Embassy of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. p. 76. 5211: 4814: 4750: 4570: 4414: 4272: 4144: 4123:, Warsaw, March 1956, first edition of the Secret Speech, published for the inner use in the 3938: 3454: 2804:

with Communist leanings, invited Soviet intervention and allowed Stalinist rule to extend to

2764: 2534:, a Soviet politician and associate of Stalin, reportedly declared: "Let's replace Long Live 2477: 2369: 1974: 1597: 1233: 851: 841: 686: 616: 586: 148: 10227: 9630: 8659: 7875: 6701: 4077:

also views the Stalinist period as a counterrevolution in Soviet cultural life that revived

1143: 231: 15083: 14946: 14766: 14564: 14278: 13993: 13570: 13498: 13439: 13350: 13305: 12982: 12483: 12464: 6789:"Stalin, Falsifier in Chief: E. H. Carr and the Perils of Historical Research Introduction" 5015: 4981: 4817:

narrative that Stalin and Hitler were twin evils, equating communism's evils with those of

4577:

rather than Trotskyists, while some ultimately abandoned socialism altogether and embraced

4554: 4528: 4105:

was replaced by a hasty version of planning with unrealistic targets, bureaucractic waste,

4054: 3985: 3819: 3616: 3263: 3095: 3033: 2914: 2869: 2755:" as the implementation of socialism reduces class distinction. But Stalin argued that the 2645: 2618: 2515: 2373: 2330: 2258: 1668: 1592: 1562: 1293: 933: 794: 786: 376: 181: 113: 20: 15170: 10476:

Joseph Stalin: An Annotated Bibliography of English-Language Periodical Literature to 2005

2456:, which, under state supervision, assisted in developing the basis of the industry of the 1258: 286: 8: 15310: 15039: 14844: 14773: 14581: 14430: 14308: 14230: 14203: 14129: 14039: 13857: 13772: 13578: 13562: 13546: 13315: 13270: 13238: 13024: 12617: 12607: 12538: 12163:

Mishler, Paul C. 2018. "Is the Term 'Stalinism' Valid and Useful for Marxist Analysis?."

12114: 11144: 8850: 8249: 6685: 4909: 4863: 4520: 4482:. Trotsky also opposed the policy of forced collectivisation under Stalin and favoured a 4438: 4418: 4335: 4223: 3813: 3720: 3450: 3317: 3285: 3235: 2539: 2353: 2345: 2091: 2081: 1617: 1602: 1343: 1303: 1010: 893: 671: 651: 576: 448: 206: 11564:

Stalin's Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village After Collectivization

8285: 4164:, Stalin was jubilant over Lenin's death while "publicly putting on the mask of grief". 3550: 3320:" who conducted "counter-revolutionary, right-Trotskyite plotting and spying activities" 3114:, a cult of Stalin had materialised. From 1929 until 1953, there was a proliferation of 2590:

ideals it stemmed from. After a political struggle that culminated in the defeat of the

1268: 15367: 15342: 15177: 15088: 14405: 14318: 14208: 14198: 13602: 13530: 13522: 13481: 13454: 13449: 13186: 13139: 12931: 12824: 12716: 12575: 12110:

Understanding Stalinism: The 'Orwellian Discrepancy' and the 'Rational Choice Dictator'

11937: 11849: 11841: 11558: 11024: 10208: 10080: 9502: 8651: 8355: 8316: 8266: 8022: 7881: 7850: 7113: 7078: 6855: 6636: 6611:(September 1, 2001). "The Consequences of Political Dictatorship for Russian Science". 6550: 6542: 6336: 4935: 4867: 4770: 4688: 4544: 4487: 4362:, abandoned it and, to a greater or lesser degree, adopted Khrushchev's positions. The 4190: 3894:

cite a variety of contributory factors, such as that Lenin, not Stalin, introduced the

3743: 3476:

got rid of? No one." In addition, Stalin dispatched a contingent of NKVD operatives to

3231: 3193: 3166: 3062: 2953: 2633: 2598:"), Stalinism was free to shape policy without opposition, ushering in an era of harsh 2555: 2453: 2449: 2306: 1622: 1582: 1458: 1183: 836: 656: 381: 291: 216: 211: 186: 103: 47: 7282: 4569:

blocs equally. By the mid-20th century, Shachtman and many of his associates, such as

3189: 3165:. Yet, other scholars have drawn on primary accounts from Stalin's associates such as 1158: 226: 15382: 15285: 15225: 15004: 14790: 14486: 14288: 14273: 14215: 14094: 13796: 13786: 13649: 13280: 13081: 13004: 12721: 12565: 12488: 12459: 12211: 12191:

Nikiforov, S. A., et al. "Cultural revolution of Stalinism in its regional context."

11984: 11873: 11866: 11853: 11810: 11786: 11780: 11762: 11729: 11698: 11677: 11656: 11635: 11611: 11589: 11568: 11544: 11523: 11502: 11464: 11438: 11419: 11400: 11346: 11119: 11046: 10975: 10956: 10927: 10902: 10877: 10852: 10825: 10801: 10733: 10706: 10679: 10652: 10625: 10525: 10480: 10448: 10421: 10394: 10368: 10364:

Stalin's Last Generation: Soviet Post-War Youth and the Emergence of Mature Socialism

10341: 10314: 10287: 10260: 10233: 10200: 10159: 10123: 10098: 10013: 9967: 9940: 9891: 9864: 9837: 9790: 9763: 9733: 9708: 9683: 9658: 9608: 9581: 9554: 9527: 9494: 9465: 9438: 9372: 9361: 9316: 9256: 9152: 9113: 9069: 9059: 9023: 8999: 8972: 8947: 8887: 8876: 8842: 8769: 8718: 8691: 8607: 8580: 8553: 8526: 8473: 8446: 8419: 8395: 8387: 8320: 8308: 8241: 8175: 8104: 8074: 8047: 8014: 7948: 7915: 7885: 7854: 7826: 7760: 7699: 7645: 7618: 7591: 7516: 7488: 7444: 7381: 7335: 7246: 7219: 7192: 7165: 7138: 7103: 7068: 7034: 7007: 6980: 6953: 6907: 6880: 6847: 6808: 6767: 6740: 6713: 6702: 6659: 6628: 6575: 6554: 6534: 6493: 6466: 6439: 6412: 6385: 6358: 6340: 6328: 6320: 6277: 6250: 6223: 6196: 6166: 6139: 6112: 6085: 6058: 6007: 5973: 5902: 5875: 5815: 5778: 5723: 5511: 5427: 5398: 5370: 5339: 5310: 5273: 5245: 5217: 5187: 5160: 5133: 5106: 5076: 5049: 4896: 4776: 4730: 4695: 4642: 4398: 4367: 4327: 4299: 4268: 4136: 4091: 4078: 4041: 3958: 3927: 3919: 3862: 3751: 3736: 3696: 3659: 3538: 3530: 3523: 3473: 3173: 3099: 2987: 2873: 2780: 2768: 2626: 2603: 2441: 2349: 1572: 1478: 1263: 1208: 1128: 1108: 1025: 938: 878: 856: 676: 408: 266: 191: 138: 12896: 11585:

Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s

8655: 8629:"The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1934" 8359: 8154: 8122: 8043:

Stalin and War, 1918–1953: Patterns of Repression, Mobilization, and External Threat

6640: 6489:

The Lady Tasting Tea: How Statistics Revolutionized Science in the Twentieth Century

4649:

became victims of Stalinist terror. Repressive measures were also enforced upon the

4536: 4334:

But after Stalin died in 1953, Khrushchev repudiated his policies and condemned his

3398:

was entrusted with carrying out some of the high-profile executions in this period.

2538:

with Long Live Stalinism!" Stalin dismissed this as excessive and contributing to a

1083: 201: 15412: 13874: 13764: 13594: 13586: 13404: 13362: 13336: 13225: 13096: 13076: 13049: 12809: 12570: 12053: 11861: 11833: 11603: 11395: 11263: 11016: 10951: 10192: 10090: 9309: 9142: 8917: 8859: 8816: 8643: 8347: 8300: 8258: 8217: 8137: 8006: 7940: 7741: 7371: 7286: 6839: 6800: 6620: 6526: 6310: 5265: 4942: 4711: 4662: 4586: 4574: 4479: 4387: 4347: 4037: 3942: 3899: 3844: 3779:

claimed, and the Soviet-style industrialization was "an anti-innovative dead-end."

3755: 3658:

to 1953, around 1.5 to 1.7 million perished in the gulag system. In February 1956,

3500: 3425: 3362: 3111: 3044: 2967: 2877: 2841: 2791: 2787:

of the Stalin-era Soviet Union, accusing it of being bureaucratic and calling it a

2760: 2740: 2732: 2719: 2595: 2591: 2531: 2405: 2338: 2240: 2197: 2173: 2128: 1552: 1333: 1313: 1168: 1163: 1148: 819: 814: 723: 711: 581: 468: 458: 301: 256: 241: 83: 12287: 10337:

Stalinism Revisited: The Establishment of Communist Regimes in East-Central Europe

8786: 7932: 6804: 4665:

parties as miseducated, which he said helped to block the development of Marxism.

4061:. Conversely, Stalin's regime reversed Lenin's policies on social matters such as 3858:

A poster of the Stalinist era with the inscription "The whole world will be ours!"

15197: 14410: 14362: 14268: 13899: 13884: 13803: 13768: 13538: 13330: 13248: 13044: 12973: 12804: 12649: 12639: 12428: 12027:

Revisioning Stalin and Stalinism: Complexities, Contradictions, and Controversies

11932: 11922: 11692: 11671: 11650: 11629: 11583: 11562: 11538: 11517: 11496: 11478: 11342: 11301: 11284: 11258: 11204: 10846: 10819: 10646: 10153: 10084: 10007: 9757: 9652: 9174: 9015: 8991: 8413: 8242:"The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930–45" 8158: 7944: 6569: 6487: 6190: 6106: 5834: 5505: 5207: 5004: 4626: 4578: 4515:—that is, a non-capitalist state in which exploitation is controlled by a ruling 4478:" employed by Stalin and contrasted most directly with Stalinism on the issue of 4459: 4422: 4284: 4206: 4194: 4062: 4058: 3993: 3915: 3870: 3775: 3770: 3747: 3728: 3724: 3534: 3488:

in which tens of thousands were executed as "Japanese spies", as Mongolian ruler

3294: 3158: 3107: 2983: 2825: 2772: 2599: 2334: 2318: 2254: 2185: 2153: 2133: 1495: 1193: 1153: 1138: 1133: 955: 950: 913: 888: 735: 691: 478: 423: 306: 261: 236: 196: 63: 11020: 8010: 6315: 6298: 2920:

A policy of ideological repression impacted various disciplinary fields such as

1253: 15217: 15145: 14425: 14415: 14032: 13662: 13654: 13459: 13384: 13300: 13260: 12819: 12814: 12756: 12149:

Kuzio, Taras. 2017. "Stalinism and Russian and Ukrainian national identities."

12001: 11754: 11719: 11631:

Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered, 1933–1938

11390: 8093: 7688: 5390: 4994: 4851: 4785:

The Mortal Danger: Misconceptions about Soviet Russia and the Threat to America

4766: 4754: 4722: 4673: 4509: 4351: 4311: 4280: 4227: 4161: 4160:

fields had "undoubtedly" weakened the nation. According to Stalin's secretary,

4149: 4086: 4025: 4013: 3848: 3831: 3780: 3763: 3628: 3417: 3395: 3381: 3313: 3303: 3247: 3239: 3106:

In the aftermath of the succession struggle, in which Stalin had defeated both

3090: 2971: 2837: 2723: 2649: 2610: 2559: 2457: 2397: 2148: 2101: 2050: 1288: 1273: 1223: 1188: 1103: 1093: 1068: 923: 601: 296: 251: 118: 11804: 11182: 11115:

Creating German Communism, 1890–1990: From Popular Protests to Socialist State

11043:

Cultivating the Masses: Modern State Practices and Soviet Socialism, 1914–1939

10120:

Was There an Alternative? 1923–1927: Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years

8820: 8647: 8351: 8304: 8262: 8141: 7117: 7097: 7082: 7060: 5395:

Religion in Europe at the End of the Second Millennium: A Sociological Profile

4012:

to present the notion of ideological continuity and reinforce the position of

3433:

were removed from the texts and photographs as though they had never existed.

15336: 15078: 14017: 13909: 13554: 13514: 13310: 13203: 13198: 13054: 12977: 12943: 12706: 12701: 12587: 12334: 12103: 11958: 11800: 11625: 11498:

Popular Opinion in Stalin's Russia: Terror, Propaganda and Dissent, 1934–1941

11460: 10204: 10094: 10076: 9498: 9156: 8951: 8921: 8018: 7822: 7436: 7403: 7385: 6851: 6812: 6608: 6538: 6324: 5922: 5711: 5540: 4989:

Stalinisme : la politique soviétique pendant la deuxième guerre mondiale

4970: 4877: 4855: 4837: 4825: 4622: 4540: 4339: 4210: 4201: 4169: 4082: 3981: 3954: 3950: 3866: 3835: 3716: 3639: 3542: 3458: 3413: 3373: 3366: 3037: 2885: 2736: 2483: 2445: 2416:, have blamed Stalinist policies, particularly collectivization, for causing 2365: 2270: 1607: 1348: 1323: 1283: 1248: 1198: 1073: 1030: 982: 903: 611: 401: 221: 176: 123: 108: 36: 12109: 10568: 10181:"The Blackmail of the Single Alternative: Bukharin, Trotsky and Perestrojka" 9073: 8495:"Young monks lead revival of Buddhism in Mongolia after years of repression" 6432:

Avron, Arnon; Dershowitz, Nachum; Rabinovich, Alexander (February 8, 2008).

3930:, exclaimed: "We stand for organized terror—this should be frankly stated." 3401:

Many military leaders were convicted of treason, and a large-scale purge of

3349:

In the 1930s, Stalin became increasingly worried about Leningrad party head

1228: 14961: 14782: 14176: 13926: 13894: 13813: 13610: 13506: 13325: 13066: 12851: 12761: 12622: 11972:

The total art of Stalinism: Avant-Garde, aesthetic dictatorship, and beyond

11905: 11452: 10143: 9827: 8863: 8312: 7412: 6632: 6332: 4859: 4842:

In modern Russia, public opinion of Stalin and the former Soviet Union has

4810: 4805: 4566: 4562: 4532: 4524: 4483: 4466: 4455: 4307: 4288: 4001: 3968:.Trotsky also argued that he and Lenin had intended to lift the ban on the 3946: 3746:, the scholarly consensus was that Stalin appropriated the position of the 3604: 3465: 3350: 3115: 2797: 2776: 2715: 2614: 2437: 2294: 2262: 2123: 1772: 1712: 1505: 1483: 1308: 1218: 1123: 967: 433: 413: 271: 11837: 11673:

Practicing Stalinism: Bolsheviks, Boyars, and the Persistence of Tradition

11140:"In Russia, nostalgia for Soviet Union and positive feelings about Stalin" 10954:, and the gigantic empire was gifted with a network of working camps, the 6192:

A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev

6000:

Rudelson, Justin Jon; Rudelson, Justin Ben-Adam; Ben-Adam, Justin (1997).

3961:

and recruitment of 50-100 ordinary workers into the party's lower organs.

14824: 14786: 14778: 14400: 14384: 14298: 14240: 14061: 14054: 13981: 13869: 13829: 13343: 13169: 12856: 11372: 10150:, another product of his political manoeuvring against the Bukharinists." 9053: 8100: 7695: 7476: 7472: 6828:"Stalin's Falsification of History: The Case of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty" 5237: 4715: 4699: 4589:

that resembled Shachtman's in some respects but retained a commitment to

4493: 4410: 4324:

Short Course on the History of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

4303: 4205:

violated party tradition, ignored opponents' proposals, and expelled the

3997: 3879: 3818:

Stalin considered the political and economic system under his rule to be

3732: 3635: 3392: 3358: 3343: 3211: 3131: 2990:

was imposed in artistic production and other creative industries such as

2925: 2861: 2812:, imprisoning, torturing, and killing about 100,000 people, many of them 2809: 2784: 2771:, and the state must be powerful enough to defeat them. For this reason, 2393: 2357: 2326: 2290: 2116: 2106: 1767: 1747: 1567: 1557: 1473: 1328: 1238: 1213: 1178: 1113: 972: 666: 631: 396: 281: 276: 158: 11845: 10212: 10180: 9147: 7376: 4176:

and bring other parties such as the Mensheviks into political legality.

3386: 3376:, were held, but the procedures were replicated throughout the country. 2644:

by the autumn of 1924, a theory standing in sharp contrast to Trotsky's

2551: 2180: 730: 14814: 14099: 14071: 14049: 13959: 13320: 12968: 12654: 12533: 12206: 10196: 9506: 9486: 8903: 6546: 6514: 4873: 4847: 4707: 4582: 4558: 4434: 4405:

remained committed, at least theoretically, to its brand of Stalinism (

4378: 4177: 4172:

stressed the Bolsheviks' initial efforts to form a government with the

4098: 4009: 3973: 3895: 3874: 3712: 3612: 3511: 3223: 3198: 3146: 2976: 2961: 2945: 2808:

province in the 1930s. In 1937, Sheng conducted a purge similar to the

2673: 2381: 2285:, working to fund revolutionary activities, before eventually becoming 2027: 2012: 1542: 1338: 1298: 1078: 661: 528: 453: 14145: 13763: 12125:

Edele, Mark. 2020. "New perspectives on Stalinism?: A conclusion." in

11028: 10229:

Caught Between Roosevelt & Stalin: America's Ambassadors to Moscow

9175:"1917 Russian Revolution: The gay community's brief window of freedom" 9135:"Natural Disaster and Human Actions in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1933" 8270: 8026: 7994: 7877:

Stalin's Terror: High Politics and Mass Repression in the Soviet Union

7846:

Stalin's Terror: High Politics and Mass Repression in the Soviet Union

7364:"Natural Disaster and Human Actions in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1933" 6859: 6827: 6408:

Stalin and the Scientists: A History of Triumph and Tragedy, 1905–1953

6381:

Stalin and the Scientists: A History of Triumph and Tragedy, 1905–1953

5307:

Worker Resistance Under Stalin: Class and Revolution on the Shop Floor

5069:

Baratieri, Daniela; Edele, Mark; Finaldi, Giuseppe (October 8, 2013).

3627:, the entire population of five of the small highland peoples and the 15034: 15029: 14851: 14744: 14022: 13954: 13949: 13904: 13889: 13791: 12948: 12839: 12634: 12085: 9786:

After the Vote Was Won: The Later Achievements of Fifteen Suffragists

8883: 8222: 8205: 7504: 7000:

Nicholas, Sian; O'Malley, Tom; Williams, Kevin (September 13, 2013).

6973:

Nicholas, Sian; O'Malley, Tom; Williams, Kevin (September 13, 2013).

6946:

Nicholas, Sian; O'Malley, Tom; Williams, Kevin (September 13, 2013).

6624: 4738: 4505: 4501: 4292: 4110: 4095: 3923: 3854: 3792: 3683: 3519: 3048: 2957: 2941: 2853: 2788: 2728: 2699: 2694:

Despite this, by the autumn of 1924, Stalin's notion of socialism in

2676: 2661: 2637: 2587: 2428: 2421: 2111: 2096: 1243: 1005: 438: 12044:

Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism

6530: 5871:

Autopsy for an Empire: The Seven Leaders who Built the Soviet Regime

4310:

attitudes within the Soviet Union. According to Marxist philosopher

2763:) must become stronger before it can wither away. In Stalin's view, 2578:

Some historians view Stalinism as a reflection of the ideologies of

15024: 14569: 14303: 14263: 13964: 13879: 12891: 12602: 11917:

Origins of Stalinism: From Leninist Revolution to Stalinist Society

11363: 10899:

Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years

10874:

Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years

10622:

Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years

10035:"Revolution Besieged. The Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly)" 9705:

Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years

9201:"When Soviet Women Won the Right to Abortion (For the Second Time)" 6843: 4975: 4406: 4231: 4153: 4070: 4066: 4005: 3957:, and proposing party reforms including the democratization of the 3827: 3663: 3643: 3493: 3446: 3442: 3412:

also targeted "national contingents" (foreign ethnicities) such as

3402: 3316:'s January 1940 letter to Stalin asking permission to execute 346 " 3140: 2949: 2921: 2805: 2751:

Traditional communist thought holds that the state will gradually "

2707: 2579: 2566: 2535: 2503: 2278: 2017: 1500: 1318: 1020: 1015: 636: 428: 11369:

Hitler's War on Russia: The Story of the German Defeat in the East

3406:

the last of Stalin's opponents among the former Party leadership.

14916: 14420: 14124: 14044: 12627: 12452: 12447: 7873: 7842: 6932: 6219:

Stalin's Captive: Nikolaus Riehl and the Soviet Race for the Bomb

5780:

The Soviet Experiment: Russia, the USSR, and the Successor States

4888: 4703: 4634: 4102: 3823: 3701: 3651: 3421: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3029: 2937: 2929: 2813: 2801: 2711: 2669: 2657: 2583: 1909: 1854: 1203: 1050: 12303: 7096:

Pisch, Anita (2016). "The rise of the Stalin personality cult".

6162:

Stalinist Genetics: The Constitutional Rhetoric of T. D. Lysenko

4765:

Memorial to the victims of political repression in the USSR, in

3061:(1942) in which Stalin was glorified as a central figure to the 2502:

from 1922 to his death on 5 March 1953. It was a development of

2277:

between 1944 and 1953. Stalin had previously made a career as a

14066: 14003: 13969: 13916: 12065:

National Academy of Managerial Staff of Culture and Arts Herald

10147: 7291:

Purify and Destroy: The Political Uses of Massacre and Genocide

6184: 6182: 5094: 5092: 4818: 4382: 3492:

closely followed Stalin's lead. Stalin had ordered for 100,000

3011:

History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)

2999: 2665: 2653: 2417: 2282: 1035: 646: 12193:

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology

11341:

An exact number of negative votes is unknown. In his memoirs,

11205:"Joseph Stalin: Why so many Russians like the Soviet dictator" 9607:. Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Prentice Hall. p. 162. 6040:] (4th ed.). Moscow: Gospolitizdat. pp. 236–237. 5507:

Russia Under Soviet Rule: Twenty Years of Bolshevik Experiment

4691:, draw parallels between Stalinism and the economic policy of 3369:

was extended to adolescents as young as 12 years old in 1935.

2424:. Other historians and scholars disagree on Stalinism's role. 2400:

campaign. Stalinism was also marked by militant atheism, mass

2192: 718: 32: 14839: 14717: 14009: 12846: 12156:

Lewin, Moshe. 2017. "The social background of Stalinism." in

11224:"Russian Support for Stalin Surges to Record High, Poll Says" 11045:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 6–10. 9434:

A people's tragedy : a history of the Russian Revolution

8908:

Golfo Alexopoulos. 'Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag'

6571:

The Perversion Of Knowledge: The True Story Of Soviet Science

5286: 4949: 4714:

saw Stalinism as having transformed Soviet Bolshevism into a

4677: 4516: 4462:

which advocated for an alternative set of policies to Stalin.

4315: 4252: 3611:

that profoundly affected the ethnic map of the Soviet Union.

3470: 3185: 3015: 2991: 2975:

death of Stalin in 1953. Due to the ideological influence of

2389: 2361: 1680: 641: 12346:

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

12281: 10472: 9291:"Lenin: Individual and Politics in the October Revolution". 8807:

Conquest, Robert (1997). "Victims of Stalinism: A Comment".

7003:

Reconstructing the Past: History in the Mass Media 1890–2005

6999: 6976:

Reconstructing the Past: History in the Mass Media 1890–2005

6972: 6949:

Reconstructing the Past: History in the Mass Media 1890–2005

6945: 6273:

From Newspeak to Cyberspeak: A History of Soviet Cybernetics

6179: 6003:

Oasis Identities: Uyghur Nationalism Along China's Silk Road

5694: 5692: 5089: 4490:

with greater tolerance for the rights of Soviet Ukrainians.

3318:

enemies of the Communist Party and of the Soviet authorities

16:

Political and economic policies implemented by Joseph Stalin

14951: 14727: 11824:

Peters, Benjamin (2012). "Normalizing Soviet Cybernetics".

9783:

Adams, Katherine H.; Keene, Michael L. (January 10, 2014).

8748: 8746: 8731: 8439:

Kotkin, Stephen; Elleman, Bruce Allen (February 12, 2015).

7909:

The Voices of the Dead: Stalin's Great Terror in the 1930s.

7538: 7099:

The personality cult of Stalin in Soviet posters, 1929–1953

7065:

The Personality Cult of Stalin in Soviet Posters, 1929–1953

6515:"Science and Politics in the U.S.S.R.: The Genetics Debate" 4692: 4124: 3546: 3515: 3496: 3430: 3216:

Case of the Anti-Soviet "Bloc of Rightists and Trotskyites"

2995: 1732: 1717: 1690: 866: 11761:(1st ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. 10924:

Trotsky's future. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds)

9933:

Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich; Khrushchev, Serge_ (2004).

9813:

Lenin's Plan for Building Socialism in the USSR, 1917–1925

9033: 8714:

On the Eve: The Jews of Europe Before the Second World War

8466:

Dashpu̇rėv, Danzankhorloogiĭn; Soni, Sharad Kumar (1992).

3727:. Lenin implemented the NEP to ensure the survival of the 2609:

From 1917 to 1924, though often appearing united, Stalin,

14936: 14756: 12297: 11302:"Georgia divided over Stalin 'local hero' status in Gori" 11278:

The Stalin Puzzle: Deciphering Post-Soviet Public Opinion

10444:

Marxism and the Philosophy of Science: A Critical History

10417:

Marxism and the Philosophy of Science: A Critical History

9253:

Women and Russia: Feminist Writings from the Soviet Union

9139:

The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies

8603:

Russia's International Relations in the Twentieth Century

8185: 7805: 7368:

The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies

6431: 5689: 5591: 5553: 3192:

violence against the people during the implementation of

12383:

Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War

12352:

Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union

11608:

Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe

10596:"I - The Strategy of Imperialism and Modern Revisionism" 10283:

Visual Histories of Occupation: A Transcultural Dialogue

9751: 9749: 8743: 7658: 6704:

Science in the Contemporary World : An Encyclopedia

5999: 5784:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 5615: 5613: 4381:

famously declared that Stalin was 70% good and 30% bad.

4244:

Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin

4209:

from the party on falsified charges, culminating in the

3615:, resistance to Soviet rule, and collaboration with the 3220:

Case of the Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization

2819: 11068:. Marxists.org, 28 August 1937. Retrieved 12 July 2013. 10705:. New Haven : Yale University Press. p. 161. 9732:(Reprinted ed.). Penguin books. pp. 111–112. 7782: 7567: 7565: 7550: 7526: 5485: 5473: 5216:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 7–9. 4531:

must be spread all over the globe's working class, the

4366:

chose to split from the Soviet Union, resulting in the

3822:, which he considered the only legitimate successor of 3441:, with some significant killing and burial sites being 13415:

List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin

12294:

Joseph Stalin: National hero or cold-blooded murderer?

8837: 7670: 7587:

The Anatomy of Terror: Political Violence under Stalin

5572: 4298:

Several scholars have derided Stalinism for fostering

3499:

in Mongolia to be liquidated but the political leader

2482:

Stalinism is used to describe the period during which

12129:(Manchester University Press, 2020) pp. 270–281. 11868:

Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1928–1941

10794:"The Theory of Bureaucratic Collectivism: A Critique" 10146:” foreign policy and his connivance in the advent of 10086:

Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared

9746: 7770: 7454: 5670: 5651: 5632: 5610: 5068: 3002:

were subject to extreme levels of political control.

2427:

Officially designed to accelerate development toward

2248: 12862:

Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization

11169:"A Past That Divides: Russia's New Official History" 11096:"Communism may be dead, but clearly not dead enough" 9932: 9816:. Novosti Press Agency Publishing House. p. 48. 7819:

The Forsaken: An American Tragedy in Stalin's Russia

7562: 7509:

Genocide: Its Political Use in the Twentieth Century

7308:"Worldwide Recognition of the Holodomor as Genocide" 6929:

A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924

6438:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 2. 6111:. Stanford University Press. pp. 1–15, 90–120. 4616:—Trotsky's writings on Stalinism and fascism in 1933 3336:

Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

12100:

Historia provinciae–the journal of regional history

11806:

The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia

10764: 10675:

Trotsky, Trotskyism and the Transition to Socialism

8787:"Soviet Transit, Camp, and Deportation Death Rates" 8336:"Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33 Revisited" 8120: 5965: 2672:. On the contrary, these countries had returned to 499:

Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)

13147:Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia 12221:Zawadzka, Anna. 2019. "Stalinism the Polish Way." 11865: 10057: 9826: 9629: 9360: 7976:"Certainty, Probability, and Stalin's Great Purge" 7939:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–9, 1985, 7874:McLoughlin, Barry; McDermott, Kevin, eds. (2002). 7843:McLoughlin, Barry; McDermott, Kevin, eds. (2002). 6032:Rosenthal, Mark M.; Iudin, Pavel F., eds. (1954). 5777: 3912:ban on factions within the Russian Communist Party 3869:view of the Lenin–Stalin relationship (during the 2767:elements will attempt to derail the transition to 11979:Journal of Educational Media, Memory, and Society 10972:Nightmare in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective 10340:. Central European University Press. p. 29. 10232:. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 6, 271. 10045: 9550:Molotov and Soviet Government: Sovnarkom, 1930–41 9451: 9226:"Letters to the Editor on the Draft Abortion Law" 8283: 7481:Stalinism and Nazism: Dictatorships in Comparison 7185:Davies, Sarah; Harris, James (October 14, 2014). 6658:. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. 5045:Stalinism and Nazism: Dictatorships in Comparison 4447:Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence 4197:, which have obscured the reality of the system. 3980:as soon as the economic and social conditions of 3545:, and the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification ( 15334: 15025:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences 11929:(40th anniversary ed.). Oxford University Press. 10075: 9437:. New York, NY : Viking. pp. 796–801. 9098: 8806: 8172:Communism: A History (Modern Library Chronicles) 7320: 6708:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 6603: 6601: 6355:The Development of Sociology in the Soviet Union 5972:. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 151. 5837:. 1961. "The General Secretary." Pp. 221–29 in 5716:The End of the European Era: 1890 to the Present 5426:. Princeton University Press. pp. 308–310. 5242:The Stalin Cult: A Study in the Alchemy of Power 4899:expressing "a positive attitude" toward Stalin. 3102:poster featuring an enlarged Stalin with workers 2689:Bukharin on Stalin's theoretical position, 1928. 2317:, and subordination of the interests of foreign 13255:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 12058:Stalinism: essays in historical interpretation. 11964:The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia 11435:The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life 11246: 11244: 11066:"Leon Trotsky: Stalinism and Bolshevism (1937)" 9911: 9909: 9907: 9682:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 19, 20. 8626: 8549:The End of the Spanish Civil War: Alicante 1939 8333: 8206:"Recent Writing on Stalin's Gulag: An Overview" 7441:The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia 7215:The Oxford Handbook of Postwar European History 7054: 7052: 7050: 6906:. Pickle Partners Publishing. pp. vii-89. 6879:. Pickle Partners Publishing. pp. vii-89. 6081:Stalin and the Literary Intelligentsia, 1928–39 5180:Gill, Graeme; Gill, Graeme J. (July 18, 2002). 4680:Museum in Moscow, founded in 2001 by historian 4641:. Rogovin further noted that 16 members of the 4326:, which became the official history. Historian 4291:character of Stalinism and its suppression of " 4248:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union 2794:rather than a form of revolutionary communism. 2530:came into prominence during the mid-1930s when 12006:Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a civilization 11895:Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union 11759:Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism As a Civilization 10467:Pierre du Bois, "Stalin – Genesis of a Myth," 9332: 8599: 8465: 7746:Stalinism: Essays in Historical Interpretation 7242:Encyclopedia of Modern Political Thought (set) 6411:. Open Road + Grove/Atlantic. pp. 1–528. 6384:. Open Road + Grove/Atlantic. pp. 1–528. 6031: 5048:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 88–89. 4915:Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union 4809:articles in 2002 and 2006, British journalist 3877:Stalin had distorted the Leninism of the wise 3603:Shortly before, during, and immediately after 3480:, established a Mongolian version of the NKVD 2586:, but some argue that it is separate from the 14161: 13749: 12830:Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour 12732:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism 12593:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance 12319: 11005:"Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments" 10754:"Leon Trotsky: Problem of the Ukraine (1939)" 9657:. University of Michigan Press. p. 136. 9484: 8438: 8098:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. 7995:"Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments" 7693:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. 6598: 6458: 6222:. Chemical Heritage Foundation. p. 199. 6195:. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 166. 5898:Stalin. Vol II, Waiting for Hitler, 1928–1941 5748:"The fake photographs that predate Photoshop" 5564:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMontefiore2007 ( 5450:The Holodomor: Genocide and National Identity 5183:The Origins of the Stalinist Political System 5042:Kershaw, Ian; Lewin, Moshe (April 28, 1997). 4413:. Despite their initial cooperation against " 3906:and established the autocratic system in the 2217: 1985:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 755: 79:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism 12170:Musiał, Filip. 2019. "Stalinism in Poland." 11536: 11515: 11241: 10921: 10469:Survey. A Journal of East & West Studies 9989:"Top 10 lies about the Bolshevik Revolution" 9904: 9830:; Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. (April 15, 2008). 9600: 9009: 8600:Kocho-Williams, Alastair (January 4, 2013). 7184: 7047: 6459:Gregory, Paul R.; Stuart, Robert C. (1974). 5710: 5156:The Oxford Companion to Comparative Politics 5041: 4425:, whom Hoxha had also previously denounced. 3322:Middle: Stalin's handwriting: "за" (support) 12790:1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi 12195:9.11 (2018): 1229–1241' impact on schooling 11581: 11557: 11537:Davies, Sarah; Harris, James, eds. (2014). 11516:Davies, Sarah; Harris, James, eds. (2005). 11118:. Princeton University Press. p. 280. 10926:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 238. 10259:. Cambridge University Press. p. 402. 9051: 8933: 8710: 7933:"Introduction: the Great Purges as history" 7137:. Cambridge University Press. p. 111. 7026: 6249:. Princeton University Press. p. 149. 6158: 5417: 5338:. Princeton University Press. p. 307. 5329: 4480:party democratization and bureaucratization 3807: 3666:, and Volga Germans were allowed to return 3380:of the legal code, which listed prohibited 2440:, which converted many small villages into 14168: 14154: 13756: 13742: 13216:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR 12326: 12312: 12264:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR 11775: 11540:Stalin's World: Dictating the Soviet Order 11289:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 10773:"Stalin, Communists, and Fatal Statistics" 10702:Leon Trotsky : a revolutionary's life 10698: 10390:Critical Companion to Contemporary Marxism 10334:Tismaneanu, Vladimir (November 10, 2009). 10333: 9915: 9782: 9730:The Bolshevik revolution 1917–1923. Vol. 1 9303: 8236: 8203: 7788: 7188:Stalin's World: Dictating the Soviet Order 6216:Riehl, Nikolaus; Seitz, Frederick (1996). 6215: 6077: 5867: 5698: 5583:sfn error: no target: CITEREFService2004 ( 5559: 5447:Sawicky, Nicholas D. (December 20, 2013). 5369:. Harvard University Press. pp. 3–6. 5357: 5355: 5186:. Cambridge University Press. p. 14. 5125: 3575:Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union 3252:Case of the Union of Liberation of Belarus 2436:collectivization of agriculture and rapid 2333:at the time. After Stalin's death and the 2224: 2210: 1384:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR 762: 748: 342:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR 12800:National delimitation in the Soviet Union 12772:Backwardness brings on beatings by others 12025:Ryan, James, and Susan Grant, eds. 2020. 11655:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 11634:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 11602: 11522:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 11501:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 11389: 10725: 10471:28#1 (1984) pp. 166–181. See abstract in 10393:. BRILL. December 31, 2007. p. 339. 9810:Ugri͡umov, Aleksandr Leontʹevich (1976). 9809: 9627: 9573: 9457: 9146: 8964: 8683: 8579:. Harvard University Press. p. 212. 8545: 8221: 8191: 7614:Stalin and Stalinism: Revised 3rd Edition 7460: 7375: 7130: 6656:Lysenko and The Tragedy of Soviet Science 6462:Soviet Economic Structure and Performance 6314: 6303:The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 6269: 6138:. Harvard University Press. p. 181. 6057:. Harvard University Press. p. 307. 5901:. London : Allen Lane. p. 125. 5850: 5681:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSandle1999 ( 5662:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSandle1999 ( 5643:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSandle1999 ( 5624:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSandle1999 ( 5602:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSandle1999 ( 5503: 5264: 5206: 5098: 4930:Foreign interventions by the Soviet Union 3372:After that, several trials, known as the 1940:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 544:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 12742:Great Construction Projects of Communism 11477: 11432: 11413: 11221: 11040: 10671: 10648:The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia 10155:The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia 9959: 9580:. New York, Vintage Books. p. 135. 9523:The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia 9487:"We Are Starting to Learn about Trotsky" 9250: 8752: 8486: 8040:Shearer, David R. (September 11, 2023). 7664: 7610: 7556: 7544: 7532: 7432: 7430: 7030:The Shortest History of the Soviet Union 7027:Fitzpatrick, Sheila (February 6, 2023). 6567: 6485: 6242: 6189:Zubok, Vladislav M. (February 1, 2009). 6104: 5179: 5126:Montefiore, Simon Sebag (May 27, 2010). 5072:Totalitarian Dictatorship: New Histories 4760: 4672: 4668: 4450: 4262: 4251: 4185:as an alternative democratic structure. 4115: 3902:, and that Lenin developed the infamous 3853: 3695: 3205: 3145: 3094: 2565: 2550: 31: 14175: 13158:Alleged 19 August 1939 speech 11451: 10974:. Oxford University Press. p. 50. 10896: 10871: 10848:The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany 10844: 10644: 10619: 10473:David R. Egan; Melinda A. Egan (2007). 10440: 10413: 10367:. Oxford University Press. p. 94. 10313:. Harvard University Press. p. 3. 10306: 10253:Creveld, Martin van (August 26, 1999). 10252: 10151: 10117: 9883: 9856: 9755: 9702: 9577:The prophet unarmed: Trotsky, 1921–1929 9519: 9485:Danilov, Victor; Porter, Cathy (1990). 8766:Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR, 1937–1949 8737: 8576:Comrades!: A History of World Communism 8572: 8327: 8073:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 7. 8039: 7753:Planning Group on Comparative Communist 7611:Mccauley, Martin (September 13, 2013). 7131:Saxonberg, Steven (February 14, 2013). 6899: 6872: 6787:Suny, Ronald Grigor (January 2, 2022). 6270:Gerovitch, Slava (September 17, 2004). 6243:Harrison, Selig S. (December 8, 2015). 6131: 6050: 5868:Volkogonov, Dmitriĭ Antonovich (1998). 5851:Vyshinsky, Andrey Yanuaryevich (1950). 5578: 5446: 5389: 5367:Comrades!: A History of World Communism 5361: 5352: 5304: 5236: 5152: 5105:. Oxford University Press. p. ix. 3571:Population transfer in the Soviet Union 3179: 2474:History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953) 2392:. The most notorious examples were the 2289:. Stalinism included the creation of a 1965:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party 15335: 14194:Index of Soviet Union–related articles 13193:Dialectical and Historical Materialism 12300:Teach (resources for school teachers). 11860: 11823: 11753: 11742: 11718: 11491: 11166: 10851:. Pathfinder Press. pp. 555–556. 10651:. Yale University Press. p. 195. 10645:Daniels, Robert V. (October 1, 2008). 10609:– via Marxists Internet Archive. 10280:Taylor, Jeremy E. (January 28, 2021). 10279: 10158:. Yale University Press. p. 396. 10152:Daniels, Robert V. (October 1, 2008). 10005: 9916:Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich (1956). 9836:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 197. 9677: 9546: 9526:. Yale University Press. p. 438. 9520:Daniels, Robert V. (October 1, 2008). 9352: 9132: 9112:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. xiv. 9039: 8934:Fitzpatrick, Sheila (April 22, 2010). 8492: 8472:. South Asian Publishers. p. 44. 8469:Reign of Terror in Mongolia, 1920–1990 8411: 8066: 7992: 7973: 7903: 7901: 7676: 7637: 7583: 7361: 7334:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. xiv. 7238: 7191:. Yale University Press. p. 134. 6825: 6699: 6653: 6607: 6512: 6347: 6296: 6027: 5894: 5676: 5657: 5638: 5619: 5597: 5491: 5479: 5424:A Dictionary of 20th Century Communism 5336:A Dictionary of 20th Century Communism 5292: 4787:, anti-communist and Soviet dissident 4585:independently developed a critique of 4409:) for decades under the leadership of 4403:People's Socialist Republic of Albania 4373: 4121:O kulcie jednostki i jego następstwach 3583:Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush 3068: 2739:, Stalin articulated his rejection of 2046:All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) 1372:Dialectical and Historical Materialism 1041:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 337:Dialectical and Historical Materialism 14149: 13737: 12307: 11953:Debates on Stalinism: An introduction 11799: 11746:Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929–1941 11725:Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928 11669: 11648: 11624: 11111: 10969: 10817: 10770: 10729:The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky 10672:Beilharz, Peter (November 19, 2019). 10593: 10361:Fürst, Juliane (September 30, 2010). 10360: 9986: 9960:Kuromiya, Hiroaki (August 16, 2013). 9650: 9461:The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky 9430: 9421:, University of Michigan Press, 2005. 9358: 9255:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publisher. 9058:. New York: Oxford University Press. 8968:The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky 8687:The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky 8552:. Pen and Sword History. p. 81. 8546:Whitehead, Jonathan (April 4, 2024). 8518: 8046:. Taylor & Francis. p. vii. 7776: 7751:American Council of Learned Societies 7571: 7427: 7402: 7211: 7095: 7058: 6926: 6759: 6732: 6188: 6159:Stanchevici, Dmitri (March 2, 2017). 5811:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union 5807: 5742: 4961:Mass killings under communist regimes 4687:Some historians and writers, such as 3692:Industrialization in the Soviet Union 2820:Ideological repression and censorship 2574:celebrating Stalin's birthday in 1949 2546: 2490:of the Soviet Union while serving as 2433:industrialization in the Soviet Union 2325:, which Stalinism deemed the leading 2287:General Secretary of the Soviet Union 1548:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 1469:Industrialization in the Soviet Union 1404:Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung 872:Intensification of the class struggle 13276:22nd Congress of the Communist Party 13234:20th Congress of the Communist Party 12677:19th Congress of the Communist Party 12514:18th Congress of the Communist Party 12479:17th Congress of the Communist Party 12151:Communist and Post-Communist Studies 11955:(Manchester University Press, 2020). 11690: 11676:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 11543:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 10726:Deutscher, Isaac (January 5, 2015). 10441:Sheehan, Helena (January 23, 2018). 10414:Sheehan, Helena (January 23, 2018). 10286:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 239. 10225: 10063: 10051: 9884:Daniels, Robert V. (November 2002). 9857:Daniels, Robert V. (November 2002). 9727: 9458:Deutscher, Isaac (January 5, 2015). 9367:. Random House Publishing. pp. 9278:Three Whys of the Russian Revolution 8965:Deutscher, Isaac (January 5, 2015). 8684:Deutscher, Isaac (January 5, 2015). 8519:Sakwa, Richard (November 12, 2012). 8067:Nelson, Todd H. (October 16, 2019). 7641:Iron Curtain: From Stage to Cold War 7638:Wright, Patrick (October 28, 2009). 6786: 6678: 6404: 6377: 5775: 4046:assassination attempts against Lenin 3680:Collectivization in the Soviet Union 2979:, crop yields in the USSR declined. 2746: 2372:" sympathies. This resulted in mass 1990:Sandinista National Liberation Front 1464:Collectivization in the Soviet Union 504:All-Union Communist Party Bolsheviks 474:20th Congress of the Communist Party 13210:Marxism and Problems of Linguistics 12434:Anti-religious campaign (1921–1928) 11588:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 11567:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 11375:. Delhi: B.I. Publications. p. 195. 11252:Poll Finds Stalin's Popularity High 11077:Milne, Seumas (12 September 2002). 10948:Bildung. Alles, was man wissen muss 10897:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021). 10872:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021). 10824:. Mehring Books. pp. 172–173. 10620:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021). 10226:Dunn, Dennis J. (January 1, 1998). 10178: 10122:. Mehring Books. pp. 494–495. 9887:The End of the Communist Revolution 9860:The End of the Communist Revolution 9703:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021). 9393:The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police 9333:Anne Applebaum (October 14, 2014). 9230:Seventeen Moments in Soviet History 8717:. Simon and Schuster. p. 395. 7898: 7800:Tzouliadis, Tim. August 2, 2008.) " 7392:from the original on June 12, 2017. 7239:Claeys, Gregory (August 20, 2013). 7157: 6299:"The Peril of Politicizing Science" 6165:. Taylor & Francis. p. 9. 5874:. Simon and Schuster. p. 125. 4069:, rights of sexual minorities, and 3623:were not examined. After the brief 3587:Deportation of the Meskhetian Turks 3075:Joseph Stalin's cult of personality 2830:Stalinist repressions in Azerbaijan 2500:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 2323:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 1945:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 13: 13357:Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism 13176:The History of the Communist Party 12995:Soviet offensive plans controversy 12960:Ideological repression in science 12504:1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang 12207:Children, Childhood, and Stalinism 12034:Stalinism and Soviet legal culture 11888: 11728:. New York: Penguin Random House. 11652:Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives 11371:(first Indian ed.), translated by 11094:Milne, Seumas (16 February 2006). 9163:from the original on 12 June 2017. 6903:The Stalin School of Falsification 6900:Trotsky, Leon (January 13, 2019). 6876:The Stalin School of Falsification 6873:Trotsky, Leon (January 13, 2019). 6647: 6561: 6135:Russia, the Roots of Confrontation 5808:Sakwa, Richard (August 17, 2005). 4925:Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism 4443:The Stalin School of Falsification 3926:struggle against opponents in the 3910:. They also note that Lenin put a 3673: 3342:to execution after trials held by 3228:1937 mass execution of Belarusians 3051:of history as seen with the films 3025:The Stalin School of Falsification 2384:, executions, and imprisonment in 2144:State ideology of the Soviet Union 1377:The History of the Communist Party 330:The History of the Communist Party 14: 15424: 13395:Generalissimo of the Soviet Union 13126:Marxism and the National Question 12333: 12271: 12008:. University of California Press. 11989:Stalinism: The Essential Readings 11910:Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives 11782:Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar 11749:. New York: Penguin Random House. 11487:. New York: Penguin Random House. 11312:from the original on 19 July 2018 11222:Arkhipov, Ilya (April 16, 2019). 11112:Weitz, Eric D. (April 13, 2021). 11003:Ellman, Michael (November 2002). 10800:. London: Bookmarks pp. 333–353. 10566: 10501:Politics, Religion & Ideology 10256:The Rise and Decline of the State 10032: 9939:. Penn State Press. p. 156. 9707:. Mehring Books. pp. 13–14. 9275: 8711:Wasserstein, Bernard (May 2012). 8442:Mongolia in the Twentieth Century 7802:Nightmare in the workers paradise 7717:"Newseum: The Commissar Vanishes" 7158:Ree, Erik van (August 27, 2003). 6760:Jones, Derek (December 1, 2001). 6733:Jones, Derek (December 1, 2001). 6465:. Harper & Row. p. 324. 6405:Ings, Simon (February 21, 2017). 6378:Ings, Simon (February 21, 2017). 6297:Krylov, Anna I. (June 10, 2021). 6246:India: The Most Dangerous Decades 5940: 4831: 4593:. Similarly, American Trotskyist 3990:Vice-chairman of the Soviet Union 3762:along with the priority focus on 3591:Deportation of the Crimean Tatars 3549:) leadership in Catalonia (e.g., 3506:Under Stalinist influence in the 2834:Stalinist repressions in Mongolia 2698:was initially considered next to 2311:intensification of class conflict 2077:Criticism of communist party rule 1409:President Ho Chi Minh's Testament 847:Commanding heights of the economy 15317: 15316: 15304: 13718: 13717: 13035:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 12499:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 11927:The Great Terror: A Reassessment 11356: 11294: 11270: 11215: 11197: 11175: 11160: 11132: 11105: 11088: 11071: 11059: 11034: 10997: 10988: 10963: 10940: 10915: 10890: 10865: 10838: 10811: 10786: 10746: 10719: 10692: 10665: 10638: 10613: 10587: 10560: 10535: 10519: 10506: 10493: 10479:. Scarecrow Press. p. 157. 10461: 10434: 10407: 10381: 10354: 10327: 10300: 10273: 10246: 10219: 10172: 10136: 10111: 10069: 10026: 10012:. Pathfinder. pp. 307–347. 9999: 9987:Grant, Alex (November 1, 2017). 9980: 9953: 9926: 9877: 9850: 9820: 9803: 9776: 9762:. Merlin Press. pp. 1–348. 9721: 9696: 9671: 9644: 9621: 9594: 9567: 9540: 9513: 9478: 9424: 9411: 9398: 9385: 9326: 9284: 9269: 9244: 9218: 9193: 9167: 9126: 9092: 9080: 9045: 9020:Reflections on a Ravaged Century 8985: 8958: 8927: 8897: 8870: 8831: 8800: 8779: 8758: 8704: 8677: 8620: 8593: 8566: 8539: 8512: 8493:Thomas, Natalie (June 4, 2018). 8459: 8432: 8405: 8381: 8277: 8230: 8197: 8164: 8148: 8114: 8087: 8060: 8033: 7986: 7967: 7925: 7867: 7836: 7811: 7794: 7735: 7709: 7682: 7631: 6763:Censorship: A World Encyclopedia 6736:Censorship: A World Encyclopedia 6679:Wade, Nicholas (June 17, 2016). 6132:Daniels, Robert Vincent (1985). 6078:Kemp-Welch, A. (July 27, 2016). 4966:Political views of Joseph Stalin 4956:Human rights in the Soviet Union 4791:argues that the use of the term 3798: 3735:, 1914–1917, and the subsequent 3700:Starved peasants on a street in 3302: 3293: 3284: 2191: 2179: 2167: 1970:Lao People's Revolutionary Party 1394:Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism 1379:of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks) 793: 729: 717: 705: 347:Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism 332:of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks) 62: 39:, after whom Stalinism is named. 13420:Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin 12556:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 12546:Occupation of the Baltic states 11362:The scale of Stalin's purge of 11335: 10876:. Mehring Books. pp. 1–2. 9604:Russia in the twentieth century 9547:Watson, Derek (July 27, 2016). 8522:Soviet Politics: In Perspective 7604: 7584:Harris, James (July 11, 2013). 7577: 7498: 7466: 7396: 7355: 7314: 7300: 7276: 7259: 7232: 7205: 7178: 7151: 7124: 7089: 7020: 6993: 6966: 6939: 6920: 6893: 6866: 6819: 6780: 6753: 6726: 6693: 6681:"The Scourge of Soviet Science" 6672: 6506: 6492:. Macmillan. pp. 147–149. 6479: 6452: 6425: 6398: 6371: 6290: 6263: 6236: 6209: 6152: 6125: 6098: 6071: 6044: 6020: 5993: 5959: 5934: 5915: 5888: 5861: 5844: 5828: 5801: 5792: 5769: 5736: 5718:(6th ed.). New York City: 5704: 5534: 5497: 5440: 5411: 5383: 5323: 5298: 5272:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 54. 5270:A Dictionary of Marxist Thought 4920:Cybernetics in the Soviet Union 4866:, reached a record high in the 3933:Opponents of this view include 3885:dissolution of the Soviet Union 3873:and later) was that the overly 3715:as Russia turned away from the 3625:Nazi occupation of the Caucasus 3607:, Stalin conducted a series of 3564: 3328:'s decision is signed by Stalin 3087:The Battle of Stalingrad (film) 3032:, and suppressed texts such as 2307:collectivization of agriculture 963:Theory of the productive forces 15378:Eponymous political ideologies 12233:Studia Litteraria et Historica 12223:Studia Litteraria et Historica 12048:University of California Press 12029:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020). 11948:(Yale University Press, 2020). 11872:. W. W. Norton & Company. 11809:. W. W. Norton & Company. 10922:Brotherstone, Terence (1992). 10901:. Mehring Books. p. 380. 10624:. Mehring Books. p. 431. 10600:Imperialism and the Revolution 10089:. Cambridge University Press. 9406:Leninism and Western Socialism 9087:"Genocide in the 20th century" 8210:Crime, Histoire & Sociétés 7102:. ANU Press. pp. 87–190. 7033:. Pan Macmillan. p. 116. 6357:, Taylor & Francis, 1974, 6038:Short Philosophical Dictionary 5258: 5230: 5200: 5173: 5146: 5119: 5062: 5035: 4519:that, although not owning the 4256:Stalin statue in front of the 4174:Left Socialist Revolutionaries 4022:Left Socialist Revolutionaries 3731:following seven years of war ( 3353:'s growing popularity. At the 3260:Estonian Operation of the NKVD 2982:Orthodoxy was enforced in the 2906:Short Philosophical Dictionary 2731:around 1929. Bukharin and the 2606:regardless of the human cost. 2562:with Stalin in the early 1920s 2448:contracts with major American 1389:A Critique of Soviet Economics 534:Communist Party of New Zealand 524:Italian Marxist–Leninist Party 1: 14857:Political abuse of psychiatry 14649:Congress of People's Deputies 13261:Gomulka thaw (Polish October) 13072:1946–1947 Soviet famine 12645:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 11998:. Cambridge University Press. 11938:Stalin: A Political Biography 10771:Faria, MA (January 8, 2012). 10678:. Routledge. pp. 1–206. 10543:"Mao's Evaluations of Stalin" 9890:. Routledge. pp. 90–92. 9863:. Routledge. pp. 90–94. 9833:A Companion to Gender History 9728:Carr, Edward Hallett (1977). 8971:. Verso Books. p. 1141. 8690:. Verso Books. p. 1443. 8418:. Monsudar Pub. p. 322. 8412:Baabar, Bat-Ėrdėniĭn (1999). 7164:. Routledge. pp. 1–384. 7006:. Routledge. pp. 42–43. 6979:. Routledge. pp. 42–43. 6952:. Routledge. pp. 42–43. 6805:10.1080/09546545.2022.2065740 6276:. MIT Press. pp. 41–42. 6006:. Columbia University Press. 5839:Stalin, A Political Biography 5465:– via Digital Commons. 5213:Stalin: A Political Biography 5102:Stalin: A Political Biography 5023: 4854:efforts. According to a 2015 4813:wrote that the impact of the 4769:, made of a boulder from the 4428: 4360:Socialist Republic of Romania 3791:; some scholars believe that 3464:Stalin personally signed 357 3276:Finnish Operation of the NKVD 3268:Latvian Operation of the NKVD 3194:agricultural collectivization 830:Soviet-type economic planning 810:Administrative-command system 15393:Politics of the Soviet Union 14120:Social dominance orientation 13410:1956 Georgian demonstrations 11941:(2nd edition). Oxford House. 11582:Fitzpatrick, Sheila (2000). 10732:. Verso Books. p. 637. 10447:. Verso Books. p. 230. 10420:. Verso Books. p. 230. 9936:Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev 9651:Lewin, Moshe (May 4, 2005). 9632:Trotsky: The Prophet Unarmed 9601:Dziewanowski, M. K. (2003). 9464:. Verso Books. p. 528. 9052:Fitzpatrick, Sheila (1994). 8121:Rosefielde, Stephen (1996). 7945:10.1017/cbo9780511572616.002 6486:Salsburg, David (May 2002). 6108:Einstein and Soviet Ideology 6105:Vucinich, Alexander (2001). 5966:Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). 5943:"The Abolition of the State" 5714:; Large, David Clay (2008). 5550:. Retrieved 4 February 2020. 5309:. Harvard University Press. 5075:. Routledge. pp. 1–50. 5028: 4036:, participated in sabotage, 3898:with its hostage-taking and 3595:Deportation of the Karachays 3559:Communist Party of Palestine 3244:Polish Operation of the NKVD 2882:Blacklisting (Soviet policy) 2521: 2261:policies implemented in the 1935:Communist Party of Kampuchea 1578:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 909:Proletarian internationalism 444:Chinese Communist Revolution 7: 15373:Economy of the Soviet Union 15020:Academy of Medical Sciences 14135:List of totalitarian states 14115:Right-wing authoritarianism 13425:Stalin Monument in Budapest 13092:Night of the Murdered Poets 13010:Allegations of antisemitism 12747:Engineers of the human soul 12494:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 12470:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 12160:(Routledge, 2017. 111–136). 11085:. Retrieved 7 October 2020. 11021:10.1080/0966813022000017177 10699:Rubenstein, Joshua (2011). 8392:Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy 8011:10.1080/0966813022000017177 7937:Origins of the Great Purges 7644:. OUP Oxford. p. 342. 7218:. OUP Oxford. p. 465. 7212:Stone, Dan (May 17, 2012). 6766:. Routledge. p. 2083. 6739:. Routledge. p. 2083. 6568:Birstein, Vadim J. (2013). 6316:10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01475 4902: 4486:, gradual approach towards 4152:and leading figures in the 4081:, the Tsarist programme of 3621:German-occupied territories 3508:Mongolian People's Republic 3410:Mass operations of the NKVD 3083:The Unforgettable Year 1919 2858:Night of the Murdered Poets 2412:. Some historians, such as 2249: 1960:Indochinese Communist Party 978:Wars of national liberation 464:Death and funeral of Stalin 144:Soviet socialist patriotism 10: 15429: 14110:Left-wing authoritarianism 13945:Authoritarian conservatism 13465:Stalin Bloc – For the USSR 13435:Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori 12583:Soviet atomic bomb project 12278:"Stalin Reference Archive" 12267:. Foreign Languages Press. 11892: 11484:Stalin: Breaker of Nations 11457:Hitler: A Study in Tyranny 11414:Boobbyer, Phillip (2000). 11382: 11102:. Retrieved 18 April 2020. 10970:Fried, Richard M. (1991). 10821:In Defense of Leon Trotsky 10808:. Retrieved 23 April 2020. 10798:State Capitalism in Russia 10796:. In Cliff, Tony (1988) . 9789:. McFarland. p. 109. 9251:Mamonova, Tatyana (1984). 8913:American Historical Review 8445:. Routledge. p. 112. 8284:Wheatcroft, S. G. (2000). 7590:. OUP Oxford. p. 15. 7485:Cambridge University Press 7271:Twenty-First Century Books 6826:Bailey, Sydney D. (1955). 6513:Wrinch, Pamela N. (1951). 6034:Kratkii filosofskii slovar 5814:. Routledge. p. 165. 5720:W. W. Norton & Company 4835: 4513:degenerated workers' state 4432: 4356:German Democratic Republic 4271:, United States president 4258:Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori 4241: 3811: 3789:Soviet famine of 1930–1933 3706:Soviet famine of 1932–1933 3688:Kazakh famine of 1930–1933 3677: 3599:Deportation of the Kalmyks 3579:Deportation of the Balkars 3568: 3209: 3072: 2846:Anti-cosmopolitan campaign 2823: 2779:. Other leftists, such as 2714:to the intellectual left; 2471: 2467: 2402:anti-religious persecution 2380:, including mass arrests, 2087:Marxist schools of thought 1980:Party of Labour of Albania 1950:Communist Party of Vietnam 559:Stalin Bloc — For the USSR 514:Communist Party of Germany 419:Soviet atomic bomb project 25:Stalinism (disambiguation) 18: 15298: 15242: 15216: 15136: 15059: 15050: 14995: 14902: 14865: 14805: 14708: 14670: 14590: 14452: 14443: 14393: 14341: 14332: 14184: 14087: 13937: 13809:Counterintelligence state 13779: 13713: 13630: 13491: 13473: 13445:Places named after Stalin 13430:Stalin Monument in Prague 13377: 13289: 13224: 13110: 12954:Repressions in Azerbaijan 12780: 12689: 12672:1950 legislative election 12598:1946 legislative election 12509:1937 legislative election 12421: 12370: 12361: 12341: 12282:Marxists Internet Archive 12205:Winkler, Martina. 2017. " 11994:Hoffmann, David L. 2018. 11912:(2nd ed.). Fontana Press. 11826:Information & Culture 11437:. Frank Cass Publishers. 10514:Soviet Studies in History 10185:Studies in Soviet Thought 10118:Rogovin, Vadim Z (2021). 9966:. Routledge. p. 60. 9628:Deutscher, Isaac (1959). 9574:Deutscher, Isaac (1965). 8821:10.1080/09668139708412501 8648:10.1080/09668130500199392 8606:. Routledge. p. 60. 8525:. Routledge. p. 43. 8352:10.1080/09668130701291899 8305:10.1080/09668130050143860 8263:10.1080/09668139608412415 8142:10.1080/09668139608412393 7907:Kuromiya, Hiroaki. 2007. 7617:. Routledge. p. 49. 7408:"The Future Did Not Work" 7295:Columbia University Press 7245:. CQ Press. p. 162. 6654:Soĭfer, Valeriĭ. (1994). 6084:. Springer. p. 222. 5397:. Routledge. p. 89. 5305:Rossman, Jeffrey (2005). 5244:. Yale University Press. 5099:Deutscher, Isaac (1967). 4735:Russian famine of 1921–22 4637:after the signing of the 4550:bureaucratic collectivism 4237: 4024:. According to historian 3978:Socialist Revolutionaries 3079:The Fall of Berlin (film) 2775:influenced by Stalin are 2621:(e.g., he considered the 2602:that worked toward rapid 2244: 519:Communist Party of Greece 14105:Inverted totalitarianism 13977:Authoritarian capitalism 13266:Soviet Nonconformist Art 13182:1936 Soviet Constitution 12835:Soviet famine of 1932–33 12795:1907 Tiflis bank robbery 12767:Transformation of nature 12752:1936 Soviet Constitution 12712:Socialism in One Country 12551:German–Soviet Axis talks 12290:. Spartacus Educational. 12284:. Retrieved 11 May 2005. 12108:Barnett, Vincent. 2006. 12073:Velikanova, Olga. 2018. 11991:. John Wiley & Sons. 11944:Dobrenko, Evgeny. 2020. 11743:Kotkin, Stephen (2017). 11691:Gill, Graeme J. (1998). 11433:Brackman, Roman (2001). 11328: 11079:"The battle for history" 11041:Hoffmann, David (2011). 11011:. Taylor & Francis. 10307:Service, Robert (2005). 10179:Day, Richard B. (1990). 10095:10.1017/CBO9780511802652 10009:Democracy and Revolution 9756:Liebman, Marcel (1985). 9553:. Springer. p. 25. 9133:Tauger, Mark B. (2001). 8627:Ellman, Michael (2005). 8573:Service, Robert (2007). 8334:Ellman, Michael (2007). 7993:Ellman, Michael (2002). 7362:Tauger, Mark B. (2001). 7265:Zuehlke, Jeffrey. 2006. 6700:Swedin, Eric G. (2005). 6353:Elizabeth Ann Weinberg, 6051:Service, Robert (2005). 5895:Kotkin, Stephen (2017). 5159:. OUP USA. p. 414. 5010:Socialism in one country 4844:improved in recent years 4798:Stalinism and Bolshevism 4710:into a form of fascism. 4344:Twentieth Party Congress 4065:, legal restrictions on 3808:Relationship to Leninism 3006:Historical falsification 2642:socialism in one country 2508:Socialism in One Country 2360:, better-off peasants (" 2303:socialism in one country 1930:Communist Party of India 929:Socialism in one country 884:Marxist–Leninist atheism 549:National Bolshevik Party 539:Romanian Communist Party 509:Albanian Party of Labour 154:Transformation of nature 134:Socialism in one country 15403:Totalitarian ideologies 15311:Soviet Union portal 13989:Authoritarian socialism 13390:Iosif Stalin locomotive 13133:Foundations of Leninism 13119:Anarchism or Socialism? 13000:Hitler Youth Conspiracy 12867:NKVD prisoner massacres 12519:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 12408:Death and state funeral 12261:Stalin, Joseph (1951). 12256:Foreign Languages Press 12251:Foundations of Leninism 12248:Stalin, Joseph. 1975. 12202:71.6 (2019): 1013–1035. 12032:Sharlet, Robert. 2017. 12011:McCauley, Martin. 2019 11951:Edele, Mark, ed. 2020. 11915:Campeanu, Pavel. 2016. 11777:Montefiore, Simon Sebag 11670:Getty, J. Arch (2013). 11649:Getty, J. Arch (1993). 10006:Novack, George (1971). 9678:Broue., Pierre (1992). 9431:Figes, Orlando (1997). 9359:Pipes, Richard (2001). 7980:McNair Scholars Journal 7817:Tzouliadis, Tim. 2008. 6927:Figes, Orlando (1997). 6613:Nature Reviews Genetics 6574:. Perseus Books Group. 5928:Encyclopædia Britannica 5546:Encyclopædia Britannica 5504:De Basily, N. (2017) . 4876:, a sociologist at the 4824:According to historian 4682:Anton Antonov-Ovseyenko 4591:revolutionary communism 4523:and not constituting a 4488:agricultural production 4395:Chinese Communist Party 4393:Taking the side of the 4364:Chinese Communist Party 4267:British prime minister 4183:Congress of the Soviets 3742:According to historian 3272:Stalin's shooting lists 3256:NKVD prisoner massacres 2866:Wrecking (Soviet Union) 2572:Chinese Communist Party 2275:Soviet satellite states 2257:means of governing and 2139:State ideology of China 2065:under communist regimes 2063:Crimes against humanity 2023:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 1995:Workers' Party of Korea 1925:Communist Party of Cuba 1920:Chinese Communist Party 1588:Portuguese Colonial War 1414:The Governance of China 1367:Foundations of Leninism 914:Protracted people's war 862:Dialectical materialism 622:Authoritarian socialism 592:Stalin and antisemitism 325:Foundations of Leninism 15203:Stalinist architecture 14957:Science and technology 14867:Ideological repression 14795:Soviet Airborne Forces 14733:Destruction battalions 13598:(second father-in-law) 12852:Murder of Sergey Kirov 12727:Stalinist architecture 12613:Turkish Straits crisis 12136:71.6 (2019): 994–1012. 11697:. Palgrave Macmillan. 10845:Trotsky, Leon (1971). 9419:Lenin's Last Testament 9335:"Understanding Stalin" 8996:Marxism Beyond Marxism 8940:London Review of Books 8922:10.1093/ahr/123.3.1049 8864:10.1080/09668139999056 8839:Wheatcroft, Stephen G. 8826:surely 'high' figures. 8170:Pipes, Richard (2003) 7974:Homkes, Brett (2004). 7757:Transaction Publishers 5295:, p. 71, 81, 307. 5153:Krieger, Joel (2013). 5000:Stalinist architecture 4789:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 4773: 4684: 4647:German Communist Party 4613: 4498:Stalinist Soviet Union 4471:Robert Vincent Daniels 4463: 4458:was the leader of the 4276: 4260: 4219:Seventeenth Congresses 4141:cult of the individual 4135:", delivered in 1956, 4128: 4075:Robert Vincent Daniels 4071:protective legislation 4059:equal rights for women 3945:historians, including 3935:revisionist historians 3859: 3708: 3555:Joseph Berger-Barzilai 3490:Khorloogiin Choibalsan 3382:anti-Soviet activities 3154: 3103: 2901: 2850:Industrial Party Trial 2783:, have criticized the 2686: 2575: 2563: 1955:French Communist Party 1865:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1174:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 1089:Khorloogiin Choibalsan 607:Stalinist architecture 247:Khorloogiin Choibalsan 40: 23:. For other uses, see 14985:List of metro systems 14538:Collective leadership 13853:Dominant-party system 13619:William Wesley Peters 13164:Falsifiers of History 13087:Rootless cosmopolitan 12393:Rule as Soviet leader 12167:82.4 (2018): 555–567. 12165:Science & Society 12153:50.4 (2017): 289–302. 12018:Ree, Erik Van. 2002. 11838:10.1353/lac.2012.0009 11519:Stalin: A New History 11257:20 March 2017 at the 10946:Schwanitz, Dietrich. 10818:North, David (2010). 10594:Hoxha, Enver (1979). 10503:12.4 (2011): 391–411. 9993:In Defence of Marxism 9654:Lenin's Last Struggle 9293:Modern History Review 8155:Comment on Wheatcroft 7912:Yale University Press 7513:Yale University Press 7059:Pisch, Anita (2016). 6367:Google Print, pp. 8–9 5776:Suny, Ronald (1998). 5132:. Orion. p. 15. 4764: 4676: 4669:Other interpretations 4621:Trotskyist historian 4608: 4571:Social Democrats, USA 4454: 4346:in 1956, instituting 4273:Franklin D. Roosevelt 4266: 4255: 4145:collective leadership 4119: 4094:that featured former 3857: 3812:Further information: 3699: 3455:Stephen G. Wheatcroft 3206:Purges and executions 3149: 3098: 2904:"Cybernetics" in the 2894: 2890:Korets–Landau leaflet 2765:counter-revolutionary 2682: 2569: 2554: 2478:Rise of Joseph Stalin 2472:Further information: 2370:counter-revolutionary 2364:"), and those of the 2346:enemies of the people 2305:(until 1939), forced 1975:Nepal Communist Party 1598:Nicaraguan Revolution 1234:Mengistu Haile Mariam 852:Democratic centralism 842:Collective leadership 682:Soviet–Albanian split 617:Anti-Soviet agitation 587:Rise of Joseph Stalin 35: 14947:Net material product 14890:Censorship of images 14807:Political repression 14767:Soviet Border Troops 14700:First Deputy Premier 14284:1965 economic reform 14279:Soviet space program 13640:Stalin's house, Gori 13571:Yevgeny Dzhugashvili 13499:Besarion Jughashvili 13440:Batumi Stalin Museum 13351:Nineteen Eighty-Four 13102:Censorship of images 12781:Crimes, repressions, 12484:1931 Menshevik Trial 12465:First five-year plan 12143:36.1 (2017): 55–72. 12141:Central Asian Survey 12127:Debates on Stalinism 12082:Stalin and Stalinism 12040:Tismăneanu, Vladimir 12013:Stalin and Stalinism 11970:Groys, Boris. 2014. 11283:2 April 2017 at the 11167:Kolesnikov, Andrei. 10792:Cliff, Tony (1948). 10567:Hoxha, Enver Halil. 10528:, "The Stalin Cult' 9759:Leninism Under Lenin 9363:Communism: A History 8665:on February 27, 2009 8394:. New York. p. 210. 6793:Revolutionary Russia 6030:, p. 150. From 5240:(January 17, 2012). 5016:The Stalinist Legacy 4555:orthodox Trotskyists 4529:Bolshevik Revolution 4079:patriotic propaganda 3723:(NEP) and adopted a 3670:to their homelands. 3557:, co-founder of the 3503:resisted the order. 3264:Metro-Vickers Affair 3180:Class-based violence 3058:Defence of Tsaritsyn 3036:. British historian 2915:theory of relativity 2870:1931 Menshevik Trial 2646:permanent revolution 2619:capitalist countries 2516:permanent revolution 2350:political dissidents 2331:communist revolution 2198:Socialism portal 2174:Communism portal 1593:Black power movement 1563:Non-Aligned Movement 934:Socialist patriotism 724:Socialism portal 712:Communism portal 627:Comparison to Nazism 377:First five-year plan 182:Yemelyan Yaroslavsky 15015:Academy of Sciences 14830:Population transfer 14774:Soviet Armed Forces 14637:Congress of Soviets 14618:Presidium/Politburo 14582:Soviet anti-Zionism 14431:West Siberian Plain 14309:Revolutions of 1989 14246:Great Patriotic War 14231:New Economic Policy 14040:Ecoauthoritarianism 13858:Illiberal democracy 13632:Stalin's residences 13579:Galina Dzhugashvili 13563:Svetlana Alliluyeva 13547:Nadezhda Alliluyeva 13474:Cultural depictions 13316:Anti-Stalinist left 13271:Shvernik Commission 13239:Pospelov Commission 13015:Population transfer 12990:1941 Red Army purge 12964:Suppressed research 12618:First Indochina War 12561:Great Patriotic War 12539:Moscow Peace Treaty 12403:Cult of personality 12200:Europe-Asia Studies 12182:Post-Soviet Affairs 12134:Europe-Asia Studies 12115:Europe-Asia Studies 12093:Scholarly articles 11981:13.1 (2021): 13–32. 11559:Fitzpatrick, Sheila 11145:Pew Research Center 11009:Europe-Asia Studies 10532:(2013) 75#4 p. 909. 10516:28.3 (1989): 41–68. 10310:Stalin: A Biography 10081:Fitzpatrick, Sheila 9181:. November 10, 2017 9148:10.5195/CBP.2001.89 9104:Wheatcroft, Stephen 8851:Europe-Asia Studies 8809:Europe-Asia Studies 8740:, pp. 904–906. 8636:Europe-Asia Studies 8415:History of Mongolia 8369:on October 14, 2007 8340:Europe-Asia Studies 8293:Europe-Asia Studies 8250:Europe-Asia Studies 8204:Keep, John (1997). 8130:Europe-Asia Studies 7999:Europe-Asia Studies 7547:, pp. 205–206. 7377:10.5195/CBP.2001.89 7326:Wheatcroft, Stephen 7310:. October 18, 2019. 7067:. ANU Press: 1–48. 6686:Wall Street Journal 6054:Stalin: A Biography 5746:(August 29, 2012). 5600:, pp. 208–209. 5457:on February 6, 2021 4910:Anti-Stalinist left 4864:Great Patriotic War 4521:means of production 4439:Anti-Stalinist Left 4419:Sino-Albanian split 4374:Maoism and Hoxhaism 4336:cult of personality 4051:universal education 3914:and introduced the 3814:Leninism after 1924 3750:on such matters as 3721:New Economic Policy 3522:groups, during the 3355:1934 Party Congress 3236:1941 Red Army Purge 3069:Cult of personality 2759:(as opposed to the 2540:cult of personality 2450:private enterprises 2410:forced deportations 2376:of such people and 2354:Soviet nationalists 2348:"), which included 2315:cult of personality 2186:Politics portal 2092:National Bolshevism 2082:Cult of personality 1618:Revolutions of 1989 1613:Naxalite insurgency 1603:Cultural Revolution 1489:Great Patriotic War 1344:Wojciech Jaruzelski 1304:Nur Muhammad Taraki 1011:Ho Chi Minh Thought 736:Politics portal 672:Sino-Albanian split 652:National Bolshevism 577:Anti-Stalinist left 449:First Indochina War 207:Sergo Ordzhonikidze 94:Cult of personality 15408:Types of socialism 14660:Military Collegium 14528:Capital punishment 14406:Caucasus Mountains 14319:Post-Soviet states 14199:Russian Revolution 13603:Alexander Svanidze 13531:Konstantin Kuzakov 13523:Yakov Dzhugashvili 13482:Apocalypse: Stalin 13455:Stalin Peace Prize 13450:State Stalin Prize 13153:"Ten Blows" speech 13140:Dizzy with Success 13050:Operation "Priboi" 13030:Operation "Lentil" 12983:1937 Soviet Census 12662:Sino-Soviet Treaty 12576:Potsdam Conference 12529:Invasion of Poland 12174:9.2 (2019): 9–23. 12080:Wood, Alan. 2004. 12036:(Routledge, 2017). 12022:. RoutledgeCurzon. 12015:(Routledge, 2019). 11985:Hoffmann, David L. 11367:Carell, P. 1974. 10197:10.1007/BF00818977 9042:, p. 724–725. 8877:Rosefielde, Steven 8388:Volkogonov, Dmitri 7882:Palgrave Macmillan 7851:Palgrave Macmillan 6832:The Russian Review 4936:Everyday Stalinism 4893:Tbilisi University 4885:Carnegie Endowment 4774: 4771:Solovetsky Islands 4743:British government 4721:British historian 4689:Dietrich Schwanitz 4685: 4639:German-Soviet pact 4545:mode of production 4464: 4277: 4261: 4200:Russian historian 4191:Sheila Fitzpatrick 4129: 3970:opposition parties 3922:, who, during the 3860: 3744:Sheila Fitzpatrick 3709: 3642:, Crimean Tatars, 3537:, Rudolf Klement, 3484:, and unleashed a 3232:Vinnytsia massacre 3184:Stalin blamed the 3155: 3137:Great Patrotic War 3104: 3063:October Revolution 3053:First Cavalry Army 2954:mathematical logic 2781:anarcho-communists 2634:October Revolution 2623:U.S. working class 2576: 2564: 2547:Stalinist policies 2454:Ford Motor Company 2368:who demonstrated " 1623:Nepalese Civil War 1583:Great Leap Forward 1511:Chinese Revolution 1184:Kaysone Phomvihane 899:People's democracy 837:Collective farming 657:National communism 292:Vladimir Kryuchkov 217:Vyacheslav Molotov 212:Valerian Kuybyshev 187:Kliment Voroshilov 41: 15330: 15329: 15294: 15293: 15286:Hammer and sickle 15228:and their groups 15226:Soviet dissidents 15005:Communist Academy 14922:Economic planning 14898: 14897: 14791:Soviet Air Forces 14710:Security services 14630:General Secretary 14613:Central Committee 14555:Political parties 14487:Brezhnev Doctrine 14482:Foreign relations 14439: 14438: 14380:Autonomous okrugs 14294:Soviet–Afghan War 14274:Sino-Soviet split 14216:Russian Civil War 14143: 14142: 14095:Democracy indices 13787:Absolute monarchy 13731: 13730: 13688:Kholodnaya Rechka 13385:Iosif Stalin tank 13306:Lenin's Testament 13281:Era of Stagnation 13082:Mingrelian Affair 13060:Forced settlement 13045:Operation "North" 13005:Soviet war crimes 12783:and controversies 12722:Socialist realism 12685: 12684: 12667:Tito–Stalin split 12566:Tehran Conference 12489:Spanish Civil War 12460:Chinese Civil War 12077:(Springer, 2018). 12054:Tucker, Robert C. 11996:The Stalinist Era 11879:978-0-393-30869-3 11862:Tucker, Robert C. 11816:978-0-393-02030-4 11801:Overy, Richard J. 11792:978-1-4000-4230-2 11768:978-0-520-20823-0 11735:978-0-14-312786-4 11704:978-0-312-17764-5 11683:978-0-300-16929-4 11662:978-0-521-44670-9 11641:978-0-521-33570-6 11617:978-1-4000-4005-6 11604:Gellately, Robert 11595:978-0-19-505001-1 11574:978-0-19-510459-2 11550:978-0-300-18281-1 11529:978-1-139-44663-1 11508:978-0-521-56676-6 11470:978-0-14-013564-0 11444:978-0-7146-5050-0 11425:978-0-415-18298-0 11406:978-0-7679-0056-0 11347:Nikita Khrushchev 11211:. April 18, 2019. 11125:978-0-691-22812-9 11052:978-0-8014-4629-0 10981:978-0-19-504361-7 10957:Gulag Archipelago 10952:industrial slaves 10933:978-0-7486-0317-6 10908:978-1-893638-97-6 10883:978-1-893638-97-6 10858:978-0-87348-136-6 10831:978-1-893638-05-1 10739:978-1-78168-721-5 10712:978-0-300-13724-8 10685:978-1-00-070651-2 10658:978-0-300-13493-3 10631:978-1-893638-97-6 10526:David L. Hoffmann 10486:978-0-8108-6671-3 10454:978-1-78663-428-3 10427:978-1-78663-428-3 10400:978-90-474-2360-7 10374:978-0-19-957506-0 10347:978-963-386-678-8 10320:978-0-674-01697-2 10293:978-1-350-14220-6 10266:978-0-521-65629-0 10239:978-0-8131-7074-9 10165:978-0-300-13493-3 10129:978-1-893638-96-9 10104:978-0-521-72397-8 10019:978-0-87348-192-2 9973:978-1-317-86780-7 9946:978-0-271-02861-3 9897:978-1-134-92607-7 9870:978-1-134-92607-7 9843:978-0-470-69282-0 9796:978-0-7864-5647-5 9769:978-0-85036-261-9 9739:978-0-14-020749-1 9714:978-1-893638-97-6 9689:978-0-7486-0317-6 9664:978-0-472-03052-1 9614:978-0-13-097852-3 9587:978-0-394-70747-1 9560:978-1-349-24848-3 9533:978-0-300-13493-3 9471:978-1-78168-721-5 9444:978-0-670-85916-0 9378:978-0-8129-6864-4 9315:, Anchor, (1997) 9299:(1): 16–19. 1990. 9232:. August 31, 2015 9119:978-0-230-27397-9 8978:978-1-78168-721-5 8724:978-1-4165-9427-7 8697:978-1-78168-721-5 8613:978-1-136-15747-9 8586:978-0-674-02530-1 8559:978-1-399-06395-1 8532:978-1-134-90996-4 8479:978-1-881318-15-6 8452:978-1-317-46010-7 8425:978-99929-0-038-3 8238:Wheatcroft, S. G. 8080:978-1-4985-9153-9 8053:978-1-00-095544-6 7954:978-0-521-25921-7 7891:978-1-4039-0119-4 7860:978-1-4039-0119-4 7742:Tucker, Robert C. 7651:978-0-19-162284-7 7624:978-1-317-86369-4 7597:978-0-19-965566-3 7341:978-0-230-27397-9 7252:978-1-5063-0836-4 7225:978-0-19-956098-1 7198:978-0-300-18281-1 7171:978-1-135-78604-5 7144:978-1-107-02388-8 7109:978-1-76046-062-4 7074:978-1-76046-062-4 7040:978-93-90742-78-3 7013:978-1-317-99684-2 6986:978-1-317-99684-2 6959:978-1-317-99684-2 6913:978-1-78912-348-7 6886:978-1-78912-348-7 6773:978-1-136-79864-1 6746:978-1-136-79864-1 6719:978-1-85109-524-7 6665:978-0-8135-2087-2 6609:Soyfer, Valery N. 6581:978-0-7867-5186-0 6499:978-0-8050-7134-4 6472:978-0-06-042509-8 6445:978-3-540-78126-4 6418:978-0-8021-8986-8 6391:978-0-8021-8986-8 6309:(22): 5371–5376. 6283:978-0-262-57225-5 6256:978-1-4008-7780-5 6229:978-0-8412-3310-2 6202:978-0-8078-9905-2 6172:978-1-351-86445-9 6145:978-0-674-77966-2 6118:978-0-8047-4209-2 6091:978-1-349-21447-1 6064:978-0-674-01697-2 6013:978-0-231-10786-0 5979:978-0-521-25514-1 5908:978-0-7139-9945-7 5881:978-0-684-83420-7 5821:978-1-134-80602-7 5729:978-0-393-93040-5 5517:978-1-351-61717-8 5433:978-0-691-15429-9 5404:978-0-7658-0821-9 5376:978-0-674-04699-3 5345:978-0-691-15429-9 5279:978-0-631-18082-1 5266:Bottomore, Thomas 5251:978-0-300-16952-2 5223:978-0-19-500273-7 5193:978-0-521-52936-5 5166:978-0-19-973859-5 5139:978-0-297-86384-7 5112:978-0-14-020757-6 5082:978-1-135-04396-4 5055:978-0-521-56521-9 4982:Stalin's Peasants 4777:David L. Hoffmann 4727:common occurrence 4643:Central Committee 4476:violent uprooting 4399:Sino-Soviet split 4368:Sino-Soviet split 4328:David L. Hoffmann 4300:anti-intellectual 4269:Winston Churchill 4137:Nikita Khrushchev 4092:economic planning 4085:and traditional, 4040:with the deposed 4034:Soviet government 4014:counter-communism 3986:Lenin's Testament 3966:General Secretary 3959:Central Committee 3928:Russian Civil War 3920:Felix Dzerzhinsky 3863:Dmitri Volkogonov 3752:industrialisation 3660:Nikita Khrushchev 3539:Alexander Kutepov 3531:Yevhen Konovalets 3524:Spanish Civil War 3474:Ivan the Terrible 3340:Gulag labor camps 3174:Nikita Khrushchev 3163:Lenin's embalming 3151:Stalin's monument 3100:Soviet Azerbaijan 3034:Lenin's Testament 2988:Socialist realism 2874:Pavlovian session 2773:communist regimes 2757:proletarian state 2747:Proletarian state 2704:Politburo members 2627:labor aristocracy 2625:"bourgeoisified" 2604:industrialization 2558:intended to show 2496:Central Committee 2492:General Secretary 2462:state enterprises 2442:industrial cities 2319:communist parties 2299:industrialization 2234: 2233: 1573:Sino-Soviet split 1479:Spanish Civil War 1399:Guerrilla Warfare 1361:Theoretical works 1279:Władysław Gomułka 1259:Nicolae Ceaușescu 1209:Nikos Zachariadis 1129:Nikita Khrushchev 1109:Palmiro Togliatti 879:Labor aristocracy 857:Dialectical logic 772: 771: 687:Tito–Stalin split 677:Sino–Soviet split 409:Spanish Civil War 392:Industrialisation 319:Theoretical works 287:Nicolae Ceauşescu 267:Nikos Zachariadis 192:William Z. Foster 139:Socialist realism 15420: 15388:Marxism–Leninism 15363:Authoritarianism 15358:Anti-revisionism 15320: 15319: 15309: 15308: 15307: 15057: 15056: 14965: 14820:Collectivization 14565:Marxism–Leninism 14450: 14449: 14339: 14338: 14170: 14163: 14156: 14147: 14146: 13994:Marxism–Leninism 13875:Managerial state 13758: 13751: 13744: 13735: 13734: 13721: 13720: 13623: 13615: 13607: 13606:(brother-in-law) 13599: 13595:Sergei Alliluyev 13591: 13587:Joseph Alliluyev 13583: 13575: 13567: 13559: 13551: 13543: 13535: 13527: 13519: 13511: 13503: 13405:Pantheon, Moscow 13363:The Soviet Story 13337:Darkness at Noon 13226:De-Stalinization 13077:Leningrad Affair 12810:Decossackization 12608:1946 Iran crisis 12571:Yalta Conference 12443:Collectivization 12368: 12367: 12328: 12321: 12314: 12305: 12304: 12235:8 (2019): 1–17. 11933:Deutscher, Isaac 11923:Conquest, Robert 11883: 11871: 11857: 11820: 11796: 11772: 11750: 11739: 11715: 11713: 11711: 11687: 11666: 11645: 11621: 11599: 11578: 11554: 11533: 11512: 11488: 11479:Conquest, Robert 11474: 11448: 11429: 11410: 11396:Gulag: A History 11376: 11360: 11354: 11339: 11322: 11321: 11319: 11317: 11308:. 5 March 2013. 11298: 11292: 11274: 11268: 11264:The Moscow Times 11248: 11239: 11238: 11236: 11234: 11219: 11213: 11212: 11201: 11195: 11194: 11192: 11190: 11179: 11173: 11172: 11164: 11158: 11157: 11155: 11153: 11136: 11130: 11129: 11109: 11103: 11092: 11086: 11075: 11069: 11063: 11057: 11056: 11038: 11032: 11015:(7): 1152–1172. 11001: 10995: 10992: 10986: 10985: 10967: 10961: 10944: 10938: 10937: 10919: 10913: 10912: 10894: 10888: 10887: 10869: 10863: 10862: 10842: 10836: 10835: 10815: 10809: 10790: 10784: 10783: 10781: 10779: 10768: 10762: 10761: 10758:www.marxists.org 10750: 10744: 10743: 10723: 10717: 10716: 10696: 10690: 10689: 10669: 10663: 10662: 10642: 10636: 10635: 10617: 10611: 10610: 10608: 10606: 10591: 10585: 10584: 10582: 10580: 10573:From Marx to Mao 10564: 10558: 10557: 10555: 10553: 10539: 10533: 10523: 10517: 10510: 10504: 10497: 10491: 10490: 10465: 10459: 10458: 10438: 10432: 10431: 10411: 10405: 10404: 10385: 10379: 10378: 10358: 10352: 10351: 10331: 10325: 10324: 10304: 10298: 10297: 10277: 10271: 10270: 10250: 10244: 10243: 10223: 10217: 10216: 10191:(1/3): 159–188. 10176: 10170: 10169: 10140: 10134: 10133: 10115: 10109: 10108: 10073: 10067: 10061: 10055: 10049: 10043: 10042: 10039:www.marxists.org 10030: 10024: 10023: 10003: 9997: 9996: 9984: 9978: 9977: 9957: 9951: 9950: 9930: 9924: 9923: 9922:. pp. 1–65. 9913: 9902: 9901: 9881: 9875: 9874: 9854: 9848: 9847: 9828:Meade, Teresa A. 9824: 9818: 9817: 9807: 9801: 9800: 9780: 9774: 9773: 9753: 9744: 9743: 9725: 9719: 9718: 9700: 9694: 9693: 9675: 9669: 9668: 9648: 9642: 9641: 9635: 9625: 9619: 9618: 9598: 9592: 9591: 9571: 9565: 9564: 9544: 9538: 9537: 9517: 9511: 9510: 9491:History Workshop 9482: 9476: 9475: 9455: 9449: 9448: 9428: 9422: 9415: 9409: 9402: 9396: 9391:George Leggett, 9389: 9383: 9382: 9366: 9356: 9350: 9349: 9347: 9345: 9330: 9324: 9310:Edvard Radzinsky 9307: 9301: 9300: 9288: 9282: 9281: 9280:. pp. 83–4. 9276:Pipes, Richard. 9273: 9267: 9266: 9248: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9237: 9222: 9216: 9215: 9213: 9211: 9197: 9191: 9190: 9188: 9186: 9171: 9165: 9164: 9150: 9130: 9124: 9123: 9096: 9090: 9089:. History Place. 9084: 9078: 9077: 9049: 9043: 9037: 9031: 9022:(2000). p. 101. 9013: 9007: 8989: 8983: 8982: 8962: 8956: 8955: 8931: 8925: 8916:123(3):1049–51. 8901: 8895: 8874: 8868: 8867: 8847: 8835: 8829: 8828: 8815:(7): 1317–1319. 8804: 8798: 8797: 8795: 8793: 8783: 8777: 8762: 8756: 8750: 8741: 8735: 8729: 8728: 8708: 8702: 8701: 8681: 8675: 8674: 8672: 8670: 8664: 8658:. Archived from 8633: 8624: 8618: 8617: 8597: 8591: 8590: 8570: 8564: 8563: 8543: 8537: 8536: 8516: 8510: 8509: 8507: 8505: 8490: 8484: 8483: 8463: 8457: 8456: 8436: 8430: 8429: 8409: 8403: 8385: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8368: 8362:. Archived from 8331: 8325: 8324: 8290: 8281: 8275: 8274: 8246: 8234: 8228: 8227: 8225: 8223:10.4000/chs.1014 8201: 8195: 8189: 8183: 8168: 8162: 8152: 8146: 8145: 8127: 8118: 8112: 8091: 8085: 8084: 8064: 8058: 8057: 8037: 8031: 8030: 8005:(7): 1151–1172. 7990: 7984: 7983: 7971: 7965: 7964: 7963: 7961: 7929: 7923: 7905: 7896: 7895: 7871: 7865: 7864: 7840: 7834: 7815: 7809: 7798: 7792: 7786: 7780: 7774: 7768: 7739: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7728: 7723:on June 11, 2008 7719:. Archived from 7713: 7707: 7686: 7680: 7674: 7668: 7662: 7656: 7655: 7635: 7629: 7628: 7608: 7602: 7601: 7581: 7575: 7569: 7560: 7554: 7548: 7542: 7536: 7530: 7524: 7502: 7496: 7470: 7464: 7458: 7452: 7434: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7420: 7400: 7394: 7393: 7379: 7359: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7348: 7318: 7312: 7311: 7304: 7298: 7283:Sémelin, Jacques 7280: 7274: 7263: 7257: 7256: 7236: 7230: 7229: 7209: 7203: 7202: 7182: 7176: 7175: 7155: 7149: 7148: 7128: 7122: 7121: 7093: 7087: 7086: 7056: 7045: 7044: 7024: 7018: 7017: 6997: 6991: 6990: 6970: 6964: 6963: 6943: 6937: 6936: 6924: 6918: 6917: 6897: 6891: 6890: 6870: 6864: 6863: 6823: 6817: 6816: 6784: 6778: 6777: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6730: 6724: 6723: 6707: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6651: 6645: 6644: 6625:10.1038/35088598 6605: 6596: 6595: 6590: 6588: 6565: 6559: 6558: 6510: 6504: 6503: 6483: 6477: 6476: 6456: 6450: 6449: 6429: 6423: 6422: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6375: 6369: 6351: 6345: 6344: 6318: 6294: 6288: 6287: 6267: 6261: 6260: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6186: 6177: 6176: 6156: 6150: 6149: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6102: 6096: 6095: 6075: 6069: 6068: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6024: 6018: 6017: 5997: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5963: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5947: 5938: 5932: 5919: 5913: 5912: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5848: 5842: 5835:Deutscher, Isaac 5832: 5826: 5825: 5805: 5799: 5796: 5790: 5789: 5783: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5760: 5758: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5708: 5702: 5696: 5687: 5686: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5636: 5630: 5629: 5617: 5608: 5607: 5595: 5589: 5588: 5576: 5570: 5569: 5557: 5551: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5526: 5524: 5501: 5495: 5494:, p. 70-79. 5489: 5483: 5482:, p. 70-71. 5477: 5471: 5470: 5464: 5462: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5387: 5381: 5380: 5359: 5350: 5349: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5302: 5296: 5290: 5284: 5283: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5208:Deutscher, Isaac 5204: 5198: 5197: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5096: 5087: 5086: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5039: 4943:Leningrad Affair 4733:, including the 4712:Benito Mussolini 4659:Polish Communist 4617: 4587:state capitalism 4575:social democrats 4573:, identified as 4388:anti-revisionism 4348:de-Stalinization 4287:highlighted the 4032:against the new 4008:, Stalinism and 3943:dissident Soviet 3900:internment camps 3845:Edvard Radzinsky 3820:Marxism–Leninism 3756:collectivisation 3617:invading Germans 3551:Andréu Nin Pérez 3501:Peljidiin Genden 3426:Great Depression 3363:Grigory Zinoviev 3306: 3297: 3288: 3112:Right Opposition 2968:Pseudoscientific 2909: 2878:Law of Spikelets 2792:social democracy 2741:world revolution 2733:Right Opposition 2729:autocratic ruler 2690: 2532:Lazar Kaganovich 2406:ethnic cleansing 2339:de-Stalinization 2321:to those of the 2301:, the theory of 2259:Marxist–Leninist 2252: 2246: 2226: 2219: 2212: 2196: 2195: 2184: 2183: 2172: 2171: 2170: 2129:State capitalism 1553:De-Stalinization 1334:Gennady Zyuganov 1314:Rohana Wijeweera 1169:Klement Gottwald 1164:Valko Chervenkov 1149:Lazar Kaganovich 825:Central planning 820:Anti-revisionism 815:Anti-imperialism 797: 787:Marxism–Leninism 774: 773: 764: 757: 750: 734: 733: 722: 721: 710: 709: 708: 582:De-Stalinization 554:The Other Russia 469:De-Stalinization 387:Collectivisation 302:Gennady Zyuganov 257:Valko Chervenkov 242:Lazar Kaganovich 114:Marxism–Leninism 89:Collectivization 84:Anti-revisionism 66: 43: 42: 21:Marxism–Leninism 15428: 15427: 15423: 15422: 15421: 15419: 15418: 15417: 15398:Totalitarianism 15348:Anti-capitalism 15333: 15332: 15331: 15326: 15305: 15303: 15290: 15238: 15212: 15132: 15046: 14991: 14963: 14937:Internet domain 14932:Five-year plans 14894: 14861: 14801: 14704: 14666: 14598:Communist Party 14586: 14545:Passport system 14435: 14411:European Russia 14389: 14328: 14269:Khrushchev Thaw 14248:(World War II) 14226:Creation treaty 14180: 14174: 14144: 14139: 14083: 13933: 13900:Socialist state 13885:One-party state 13804:Communist state 13775: 13762: 13732: 13727: 13709: 13705:Stalin's bunker 13655:Room at Kremlin 13645:Tiflis Seminary 13626: 13621: 13613: 13605: 13597: 13589: 13582:(granddaughter) 13581: 13573: 13565: 13557: 13549: 13541: 13539:Artyom Sergeyev 13533: 13525: 13517: 13509: 13501: 13487: 13469: 13373: 13331:True Communists 13294: 13292: 13285: 13249:Khrushchev Thaw 13220: 13187:Stalin's poetry 13106: 12974:Japhetic theory 12912:Medvedev Forest 12805:Georgian Affair 12782: 12776: 12737:Five-year plans 12681: 12650:Berlin Blockade 12640:Greek Civil War 12429:August Uprising 12417: 12398:Political views 12363: 12357: 12337: 12332: 12288:"Joseph Stalin" 12274: 12243:Primary sources 12225:8 (2019): 1–6. 12002:Kotkin, Stephen 11897: 11891: 11889:Further reading 11886: 11880: 11817: 11793: 11769: 11755:Kotkin, Stephen 11736: 11720:Kotkin, Stephen 11709: 11707: 11705: 11684: 11663: 11642: 11618: 11596: 11575: 11551: 11530: 11509: 11471: 11445: 11426: 11407: 11391:Applebaum, Anne 11385: 11380: 11379: 11361: 11357: 11343:Anastas Mikoyan 11340: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11325: 11315: 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June 29, 2017 11138: 11137: 11133: 11126: 11110: 11106: 11093: 11089: 11076: 11072: 11064: 11060: 11053: 11039: 11035: 11002: 10998: 10993: 10989: 10982: 10968: 10964: 10945: 10941: 10934: 10920: 10916: 10909: 10895: 10891: 10884: 10870: 10866: 10859: 10843: 10839: 10832: 10816: 10812: 10791: 10787: 10777: 10775: 10769: 10765: 10752: 10751: 10747: 10740: 10724: 10720: 10713: 10697: 10693: 10686: 10670: 10666: 10659: 10643: 10639: 10632: 10618: 10614: 10604: 10602: 10592: 10588: 10578: 10576: 10565: 10561: 10551: 10549: 10541: 10540: 10536: 10524: 10520: 10511: 10507: 10498: 10494: 10487: 10466: 10462: 10455: 10439: 10435: 10428: 10412: 10408: 10401: 10387: 10386: 10382: 10375: 10359: 10355: 10348: 10332: 10328: 10321: 10305: 10301: 10294: 10278: 10274: 10267: 10251: 10247: 10240: 10224: 10220: 10177: 10173: 10166: 10141: 10137: 10130: 10116: 10112: 10105: 10074: 10070: 10062: 10058: 10050: 10046: 10031: 10027: 10020: 10004: 10000: 9985: 9981: 9974: 9958: 9954: 9947: 9931: 9927: 9914: 9905: 9898: 9882: 9878: 9871: 9855: 9851: 9844: 9825: 9821: 9808: 9804: 9797: 9781: 9777: 9770: 9754: 9747: 9740: 9726: 9722: 9715: 9701: 9697: 9690: 9676: 9672: 9665: 9649: 9645: 9626: 9622: 9615: 9599: 9595: 9588: 9572: 9568: 9561: 9545: 9541: 9534: 9518: 9514: 9493:(29): 136–146. 9483: 9479: 9472: 9456: 9452: 9445: 9429: 9425: 9416: 9412: 9403: 9399: 9390: 9386: 9379: 9357: 9353: 9343: 9341: 9331: 9327: 9308: 9304: 9290: 9289: 9285: 9274: 9270: 9263: 9249: 9245: 9235: 9233: 9224: 9223: 9219: 9209: 9207: 9199: 9198: 9194: 9184: 9182: 9173: 9172: 9168: 9131: 9127: 9120: 9097: 9093: 9085: 9081: 9066: 9050: 9046: 9038: 9034: 9016:Robert Conquest 9014: 9010: 8998:(1996). p. 43. 8992:Fredric Jameson 8990: 8986: 8979: 8963: 8959: 8932: 8928: 8902: 8898: 8875: 8871: 8845: 8836: 8832: 8805: 8801: 8791: 8789: 8785: 8784: 8780: 8763: 8759: 8751: 8744: 8736: 8732: 8725: 8709: 8705: 8698: 8682: 8678: 8668: 8666: 8662: 8631: 8625: 8621: 8614: 8598: 8594: 8587: 8571: 8567: 8560: 8544: 8540: 8533: 8517: 8513: 8503: 8501: 8491: 8487: 8480: 8464: 8460: 8453: 8437: 8433: 8426: 8410: 8406: 8386: 8382: 8372: 8370: 8366: 8332: 8328: 8288: 8282: 8278: 8244: 8235: 8231: 8202: 8198: 8190: 8186: 8169: 8165: 8159:Robert Conquest 8153: 8149: 8125: 8119: 8115: 8094:Snyder, Timothy 8092: 8088: 8081: 8065: 8061: 8054: 8038: 8034: 7991: 7987: 7972: 7968: 7959: 7957: 7955: 7931: 7930: 7926: 7906: 7899: 7892: 7872: 7868: 7861: 7853:. p. 141. 7841: 7837: 7816: 7812: 7799: 7795: 7789:Montefiore 2004 7787: 7783: 7775: 7771: 7740: 7736: 7726: 7724: 7715: 7714: 7710: 7689:Snyder, Timothy 7687: 7683: 7675: 7671: 7663: 7659: 7652: 7636: 7632: 7625: 7609: 7605: 7598: 7582: 7578: 7570: 7563: 7555: 7551: 7543: 7539: 7531: 7527: 7503: 7499: 7471: 7467: 7459: 7455: 7435: 7428: 7418: 7416: 7401: 7397: 7360: 7356: 7346: 7344: 7342: 7319: 7315: 7306: 7305: 7301: 7287:Stanley Hoffman 7281: 7277: 7264: 7260: 7253: 7237: 7233: 7226: 7210: 7206: 7199: 7183: 7179: 7172: 7156: 7152: 7145: 7129: 7125: 7110: 7094: 7090: 7075: 7057: 7048: 7041: 7025: 7021: 7014: 6998: 6994: 6987: 6971: 6967: 6960: 6944: 6940: 6925: 6921: 6914: 6898: 6894: 6887: 6871: 6867: 6824: 6820: 6785: 6781: 6774: 6758: 6754: 6747: 6731: 6727: 6720: 6698: 6694: 6677: 6673: 6666: 6652: 6648: 6606: 6599: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6566: 6562: 6531:10.2307/2008893 6511: 6507: 6500: 6484: 6480: 6473: 6457: 6453: 6446: 6430: 6426: 6419: 6403: 6399: 6392: 6376: 6372: 6352: 6348: 6295: 6291: 6284: 6268: 6264: 6257: 6241: 6237: 6230: 6214: 6210: 6203: 6187: 6180: 6173: 6157: 6153: 6146: 6130: 6126: 6119: 6103: 6099: 6092: 6076: 6072: 6065: 6049: 6045: 6025: 6021: 6014: 5998: 5994: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5964: 5960: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5939: 5935: 5920: 5916: 5909: 5893: 5889: 5882: 5866: 5862: 5849: 5845: 5833: 5829: 5822: 5806: 5802: 5797: 5793: 5774: 5770: 5756: 5754: 5744:Jones, Jonathan 5741: 5737: 5730: 5722:. p. 213. 5709: 5705: 5699:Montefiore 2004 5697: 5690: 5680: 5675: 5671: 5661: 5656: 5652: 5642: 5637: 5633: 5623: 5618: 5611: 5601: 5596: 5592: 5582: 5577: 5573: 5563: 5560:Montefiore 2007 5558: 5554: 5539: 5535: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5502: 5498: 5490: 5486: 5478: 5474: 5460: 5458: 5445: 5441: 5434: 5422:, eds. (2012). 5420:Service, Robert 5416: 5412: 5405: 5391:Greeley, Andrew 5388: 5384: 5377: 5363:Service, Robert 5360: 5353: 5346: 5334:, eds. (2012). 5332:Service, Robert 5328: 5324: 5317: 5303: 5299: 5291: 5287: 5280: 5263: 5259: 5252: 5235: 5231: 5224: 5205: 5201: 5194: 5178: 5174: 5167: 5151: 5147: 5140: 5124: 5120: 5113: 5097: 5090: 5083: 5067: 5063: 5056: 5040: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5005:State socialism 4905: 4868:post-Soviet era 4840: 4834: 4741:to that of the 4731:Russian history 4696:Peter the Great 4671: 4627:Left Opposition 4619: 4615: 4581:. In the U.K., 4579:neoconservatism 4561:opposed to the 4496:argue that the 4460:Left Opposition 4449: 4433:Main articles: 4431: 4423:Josip Broz Tito 4376: 4318:'s philosophy. 4295:inspiration". 4285:Isaac Deutscher 4250: 4242:Main articles: 4240: 4195:totalitarianism 4063:sexual equality 3994:Isaac Deutscher 3984:had improved. 3916:one-party state 3908:Communist Party 3871:Khrushchev Thaw 3816: 3810: 3801: 3776:Robert Conquest 3771:Fredric Jameson 3748:Left Opposition 3729:socialist state 3725:planned economy 3694: 3678:Main articles: 3676: 3674:Economic policy 3601: 3569:Main articles: 3567: 3535:Ignace Poretsky 3334:As head of the 3332: 3331: 3330: 3329: 3323: 3321: 3309: 3308: 3307: 3299: 3298: 3290: 3289: 3278: 3210:Main articles: 3208: 3182: 3159:Isaac Deutscher 3093: 3073:Main articles: 3071: 2984:cultural sphere 2911: 2903: 2892: 2826:August Uprising 2824:Main articles: 2822: 2761:bourgeois state 2749: 2692: 2688: 2600:totalitarianism 2570:Members of the 2549: 2524: 2480: 2470: 2431:, the need for 2388:camps known as 2335:Khrushchev Thaw 2230: 2190: 2178: 2168: 2166: 2159: 2158: 2154:Totalitarianism 2134:State socialism 2064: 2041: 2033: 2032: 2008: 2000: 1999: 1905: 1897: 1896: 1636: 1628: 1627: 1496:Greek Civil War 1427: 1419: 1418: 1378: 1362: 1354: 1353: 1294:Mathieu Kérékou 1194:Leonid Brezhnev 1159:Bolesław Bierut 1154:Georgi Dimitrov 1139:Josip Broz Tito 1134:Walter Ulbricht 1064: 1056: 1055: 996: 988: 987: 889:One-party state 874:under socialism 873: 805: 768: 728: 716: 706: 704: 697: 696: 692:Totalitarianism 572: 564: 563: 494: 486: 485: 479:Khrushchev Thaw 424:Greek Civil War 360: 352: 351: 331: 320: 312: 311: 307:Aleksandr Dugin 262:Georgy Malenkov 237:Walter Ulbricht 227:Bolesław Bierut 197:Georgi Dimitrov 172: 164: 163: 99:Five-year plans 74: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 15426: 15416: 15415: 15410: 15405: 15400: 15395: 15390: 15385: 15380: 15375: 15370: 15365: 15360: 15355: 15350: 15345: 15328: 15327: 15325: 15324: 15314: 15299: 15296: 15295: 15292: 15291: 15289: 15288: 15283: 15282: 15281: 15271: 15270: 15269: 15259: 15258: 15257: 15246: 15244: 15240: 15239: 15237: 15236: 15235: 15234: 15222: 15220: 15214: 15213: 15211: 15210: 15205: 15200: 15195: 15190: 15185: 15180: 15175: 15174: 15173: 15163: 15158: 15153: 15148: 15142: 15140: 15134: 15133: 15131: 15130: 15125: 15120: 15119: 15118: 15113: 15103: 15098: 15093: 15092: 15091: 15086: 15081: 15071: 15066: 15060: 15054: 15048: 15047: 15045: 15044: 15043: 15042: 15032: 15027: 15022: 15017: 15012: 15007: 15001: 14999: 14993: 14992: 14990: 14989: 14988: 14987: 14982: 14980:Rail transport 14977: 14975:Railway system 14967: 14959: 14954: 14949: 14944: 14939: 14934: 14929: 14924: 14919: 14914: 14908: 14906: 14900: 14899: 14896: 14895: 14893: 14892: 14887: 14882: 14877: 14871: 14869: 14863: 14862: 14860: 14859: 14854: 14849: 14848: 14847: 14837: 14832: 14827: 14822: 14817: 14811: 14809: 14803: 14802: 14800: 14799: 14798: 14797: 14771: 14770: 14769: 14764: 14754: 14749: 14748: 14747: 14737: 14736: 14735: 14725: 14720: 14714: 14712: 14706: 14705: 14703: 14702: 14697: 14695:Deputy Premier 14692: 14687: 14686: 14685: 14678:Heads of state 14674: 14672: 14668: 14667: 14665: 14664: 14663: 14662: 14652: 14646: 14643:Supreme Soviet 14640: 14634: 14633: 14632: 14627: 14626: 14625: 14620: 14610: 14605: 14594: 14592: 14588: 14587: 14585: 14584: 14579: 14578: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14560:State ideology 14557: 14552: 14547: 14542: 14541: 14540: 14530: 14525: 14520: 14519: 14518: 14508: 14507: 14506: 14496: 14491: 14490: 14489: 14479: 14474: 14473: 14472: 14467: 14456: 14454: 14447: 14441: 14440: 14437: 14436: 14434: 14433: 14428: 14426:Ural Mountains 14423: 14418: 14416:North Caucasus 14413: 14408: 14403: 14397: 14395: 14391: 14390: 14388: 14387: 14382: 14377: 14376: 14375: 14365: 14360: 14359: 14358: 14347: 14345: 14336: 14330: 14329: 14327: 14326: 14321: 14316: 14311: 14306: 14301: 14296: 14291: 14286: 14281: 14276: 14271: 14266: 14261: 14260: 14259: 14254: 14243: 14238: 14233: 14228: 14223: 14218: 14213: 14212: 14211: 14206: 14196: 14190: 14188: 14182: 14181: 14173: 14172: 14165: 14158: 14150: 14141: 14140: 14138: 14137: 14132: 14127: 14122: 14117: 14112: 14107: 14102: 14097: 14091: 14089: 14085: 14084: 14082: 14081: 14076: 14075: 14074: 14064: 14059: 14058: 14057: 14052: 14042: 14037: 14036: 14035: 14030: 14020: 14015: 14014: 14013: 14006: 14001: 13996: 13986: 13985: 13984: 13974: 13973: 13972: 13967: 13962: 13957: 13952: 13941: 13939: 13935: 13934: 13932: 13931: 13930: 13929: 13924: 13914: 13913: 13912: 13902: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13877: 13872: 13867: 13866: 13865: 13855: 13850: 13849: 13848: 13843: 13838: 13833: 13826: 13824:Constitutional 13821: 13811: 13806: 13801: 13800: 13799: 13789: 13783: 13781: 13777: 13776: 13761: 13760: 13753: 13746: 13738: 13729: 13728: 13726: 13725: 13714: 13711: 13710: 13708: 13707: 13702: 13701: 13700: 13695: 13690: 13685: 13680: 13675: 13670: 13665: 13657: 13652: 13647: 13642: 13636: 13634: 13628: 13627: 13625: 13624: 13616: 13608: 13600: 13592: 13584: 13576: 13568: 13560: 13552: 13544: 13536: 13528: 13520: 13512: 13504: 13495: 13493: 13489: 13488: 13486: 13485: 13477: 13475: 13471: 13470: 13468: 13467: 13462: 13460:Stalin Society 13457: 13452: 13447: 13442: 13437: 13432: 13427: 13422: 13417: 13412: 13407: 13402: 13400:Stalin statues 13397: 13392: 13387: 13381: 13379: 13375: 13374: 13372: 13371: 13366: 13359: 13354: 13347: 13340: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13301:Stalin Epigram 13297: 13295: 13290: 13287: 13286: 13284: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13251: 13246: 13244:Rehabilitation 13241: 13236: 13230: 13228: 13222: 13221: 13219: 13218: 13213: 13206: 13201: 13196: 13189: 13184: 13179: 13172: 13167: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13143: 13136: 13129: 13122: 13114: 13112: 13108: 13107: 13105: 13104: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13084: 13079: 13074: 13069: 13064: 13063: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13032: 13022: 13012: 13007: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12986: 12985: 12980: 12971: 12966: 12958: 12957: 12956: 12951: 12946: 12941: 12940: 12939: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12874: 12864: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12843: 12842: 12832: 12827: 12822: 12820:Wittorf affair 12817: 12815:Dekulakization 12812: 12807: 12802: 12797: 12792: 12786: 12784: 12778: 12777: 12775: 12774: 12769: 12764: 12759: 12757:New Soviet man 12754: 12749: 12744: 12739: 12734: 12729: 12724: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12693: 12691: 12687: 12686: 12683: 12682: 12680: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12658: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12631: 12630: 12620: 12615: 12610: 12600: 12595: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12579: 12578: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12542: 12541: 12531: 12521: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12456: 12455: 12450: 12440: 12431: 12425: 12423: 12419: 12418: 12416: 12415: 12410: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12374: 12372: 12365: 12359: 12358: 12356: 12355: 12349: 12342: 12339: 12338: 12331: 12330: 12323: 12316: 12308: 12302: 12301: 12291: 12285: 12273: 12272:External links 12270: 12269: 12268: 12259: 12240: 12239: 12229: 12219: 12203: 12196: 12189: 12178: 12168: 12161: 12154: 12147: 12137: 12130: 12123: 12106: 12090: 12089: 12078: 12071: 12061: 12051: 12037: 12030: 12023: 12016: 12009: 11999: 11992: 11982: 11975: 11974:. Verso Books. 11968: 11959:Figes, Orlando 11956: 11949: 11946:Late Stalinism 11942: 11930: 11920: 11913: 11893:Main article: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11884: 11878: 11858: 11832:(2): 145–175. 11821: 11815: 11797: 11791: 11773: 11767: 11751: 11740: 11734: 11716: 11703: 11688: 11682: 11667: 11661: 11646: 11640: 11626:Getty, J. Arch 11622: 11616: 11600: 11594: 11579: 11573: 11555: 11549: 11534: 11528: 11513: 11507: 11489: 11475: 11469: 11449: 11443: 11430: 11424: 11416:The Stalin Era 11411: 11405: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11378: 11377: 11355: 11333: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11324: 11323: 11293: 11269: 11240: 11214: 11196: 11174: 11159: 11131: 11124: 11104: 11087: 11070: 11058: 11051: 11033: 10996: 10987: 10980: 10962: 10939: 10932: 10914: 10907: 10889: 10882: 10864: 10857: 10837: 10830: 10810: 10785: 10763: 10745: 10738: 10718: 10711: 10691: 10684: 10664: 10657: 10637: 10630: 10612: 10586: 10569:"The Titoites" 10559: 10534: 10518: 10505: 10492: 10485: 10460: 10453: 10433: 10426: 10406: 10399: 10380: 10373: 10353: 10346: 10326: 10319: 10299: 10292: 10272: 10265: 10245: 10238: 10218: 10171: 10164: 10135: 10128: 10110: 10103: 10077:Geyer, Michael 10068: 10056: 10044: 10025: 10018: 9998: 9979: 9972: 9952: 9945: 9925: 9903: 9896: 9876: 9869: 9849: 9842: 9819: 9802: 9795: 9775: 9768: 9745: 9738: 9720: 9713: 9695: 9688: 9670: 9663: 9643: 9620: 9613: 9593: 9586: 9566: 9559: 9539: 9532: 9512: 9477: 9470: 9450: 9443: 9423: 9410: 9408:, Verso, 1981. 9404:Roy Medvedev, 9397: 9384: 9377: 9351: 9325: 9302: 9283: 9268: 9261: 9243: 9217: 9192: 9166: 9141:(1506): 1–65. 9125: 9118: 9100:Davies, Robert 9091: 9079: 9064: 9044: 9032: 9008: 8984: 8977: 8957: 8926: 8896: 8881:Red Holocaust. 8869: 8858:(2): 315–345. 8830: 8799: 8778: 8757: 8755:, p. 130. 8742: 8730: 8723: 8703: 8696: 8676: 8619: 8612: 8592: 8585: 8565: 8558: 8538: 8531: 8511: 8485: 8478: 8458: 8451: 8431: 8424: 8404: 8380: 8326: 8299:(6): 1143–59. 8276: 8257:(8): 1319–53. 8229: 8196: 8194:, p. 584. 8192:Applebaum 2003 8184: 8163: 8147: 8113: 8086: 8079: 8059: 8052: 8032: 7985: 7966: 7953: 7924: 7897: 7890: 7866: 7859: 7835: 7810: 7793: 7781: 7779:, p. 338. 7769: 7734: 7708: 7681: 7679:, p. 456. 7669: 7667:, p. 160. 7657: 7650: 7630: 7623: 7603: 7596: 7576: 7574:, p. 182. 7561: 7559:, p. 207. 7549: 7537: 7535:, p. 204. 7525: 7497: 7465: 7461:Gellately 2007 7453: 7437:Figes, Orlando 7426: 7404:Getty, J. Arch 7395: 7370:(1506): 1–65. 7354: 7340: 7322:Davies, Robert 7313: 7299: 7275: 7258: 7251: 7231: 7224: 7204: 7197: 7177: 7170: 7150: 7143: 7123: 7118:j.ctt1q1crzp.8 7108: 7088: 7083:j.ctt1q1crzp.6 7073: 7061:"Introduction" 7046: 7039: 7019: 7012: 6992: 6985: 6965: 6958: 6938: 6935:. p. 802. 6919: 6912: 6892: 6885: 6865: 6844:10.2307/126074 6818: 6779: 6772: 6752: 6745: 6725: 6718: 6692: 6671: 6664: 6646: 6619:(9): 723–729. 6597: 6580: 6560: 6525:(4): 486–519. 6519:World Politics 6505: 6498: 6478: 6471: 6451: 6444: 6424: 6417: 6397: 6390: 6370: 6346: 6289: 6282: 6262: 6255: 6235: 6228: 6208: 6201: 6178: 6171: 6151: 6144: 6124: 6117: 6097: 6090: 6070: 6063: 6043: 6019: 6012: 5992: 5978: 5958: 5941:Price, Wayne. 5933: 5914: 5907: 5887: 5880: 5860: 5843: 5827: 5820: 5800: 5791: 5768: 5735: 5728: 5712:Gilbert, Felix 5703: 5701:, p. 164. 5688: 5679:, p. 210. 5669: 5660:, p. 211. 5650: 5641:, p. 261. 5631: 5622:, p. 209. 5609: 5590: 5581:, p. 357. 5571: 5562:, p. 352. 5552: 5533: 5516: 5496: 5484: 5472: 5439: 5432: 5410: 5403: 5393:, ed. (2009). 5382: 5375: 5351: 5344: 5322: 5315: 5297: 5285: 5278: 5257: 5250: 5229: 5222: 5199: 5192: 5172: 5165: 5145: 5138: 5118: 5111: 5088: 5081: 5061: 5054: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5019: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4995:Stalin Society 4992: 4985: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4946: 4939: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4852:militarisation 4836:Main article: 4833: 4832:Public opinion 4830: 4767:St. Petersburg 4723:Michael Ellman 4670: 4667: 4607: 4537:Ramón Mercader 4510:bureaucratized 4430: 4427: 4375: 4372: 4352:liberalization 4312:Helena Sheehan 4281:historiography 4239: 4236: 4228:foreign policy 4162:Boris Bazhanov 4150:Old Bolsheviks 4087:military ranks 4026:Marcel Liebman 3941:and otherwise 3890:Proponents of 3849:Stephen Kotkin 3840:Robert Service 3832:historiography 3809: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3781:Stephen Kotkin 3764:heavy industry 3717:mixed-economic 3675: 3672: 3636:Soviet Koreans 3629:Crimean Tatars 3566: 3563: 3459:Sovietological 3418:ethnic Germans 3396:Vasili Blokhin 3314:Lavrenty Beria 3311: 3310: 3301: 3300: 3292: 3291: 3283: 3282: 3281: 3280: 3279: 3248:Katyn massacre 3240:Leningrad case 3207: 3204: 3181: 3178: 3091:The Third Blow 3070: 3067: 2972:Trofim Lysenko 2893: 2838:Dekulakization 2821: 2818: 2769:full communism 2748: 2745: 2681: 2650:Russian Empire 2611:Vladimir Lenin 2596:Right Tendency 2594:(the "Party's 2560:Vladimir Lenin 2556:Modified photo 2548: 2545: 2523: 2520: 2469: 2466: 2458:Soviet economy 2414:Robert Service 2398:Dekulakization 2378:their families 2337:, a period of 2327:vanguard party 2232: 2231: 2229: 2228: 2221: 2214: 2206: 2203: 2202: 2201: 2200: 2188: 2176: 2161: 2160: 2157: 2156: 2151: 2149:Third-Worldism 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2120: 2119: 2109: 2104: 2102:Post-communism 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2073: 2072: 2060: 2059: 2058: 2051:Anti-communism 2048: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2035: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2009: 2007:Related topics 2006: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1857: 1852: 1851: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1696:Czechoslovakia 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1374: 1369: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1289:Thomas Sankara 1286: 1281: 1276: 1274:Erich Honecker 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1224:Agostinho Neto 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1189:Khalid Bakdash 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1119:Võ Nguyên Giáp 1116: 1111: 1106: 1104:Maurice Thorez 1101: 1096: 1094:Ehmetjan Qasim 1091: 1086: 1084:Ernst Thälmann 1081: 1076: 1071: 1069:Vladimir Lenin 1065: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 997: 994: 993: 990: 989: 986: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 959: 958: 948: 947: 946: 941: 931: 926: 924:Social fascism 921: 919:Self-criticism 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 833: 832: 822: 817: 812: 806: 803: 802: 799: 798: 790: 789: 783: 782: 770: 769: 767: 766: 759: 752: 744: 741: 740: 739: 738: 726: 714: 699: 698: 695: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 602:Stalin Society 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 573: 571:Related topics 570: 569: 566: 565: 562: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 495: 492: 491: 488: 487: 484: 483: 482: 481: 476: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 405: 404: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 373: 372: 361: 358: 357: 354: 353: 350: 349: 344: 339: 334: 327: 321: 318: 317: 314: 313: 310: 309: 304: 299: 297:Nina Andreyeva 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 252:Andrei Zhdanov 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 202:Ernst Thälmann 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 173: 170: 169: 166: 165: 162: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 129:Self-criticism 126: 121: 119:New Soviet man 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 75: 72: 71: 68: 67: 59: 58: 52: 51: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15425: 15414: 15411: 15409: 15406: 15404: 15401: 15399: 15396: 15394: 15391: 15389: 15386: 15384: 15381: 15379: 15376: 15374: 15371: 15369: 15366: 15364: 15361: 15359: 15356: 15354: 15351: 15349: 15346: 15344: 15341: 15340: 15338: 15323: 15315: 15313: 15312: 15301: 15300: 15297: 15287: 15284: 15280: 15277: 15276: 15275: 15272: 15268: 15265: 15264: 15263: 15260: 15256: 15253: 15252: 15251: 15248: 15247: 15245: 15241: 15233: 15230: 15229: 15227: 15224: 15223: 15221: 15219: 15215: 15209: 15206: 15204: 15201: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15183:Printed media 15181: 15179: 15176: 15172: 15169: 15168: 15167: 15164: 15162: 15159: 15157: 15154: 15152: 15149: 15147: 15144: 15143: 15141: 15139: 15135: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15121: 15117: 15116:Cyrillisation 15114: 15112: 15109: 15108: 15107: 15104: 15102: 15099: 15097: 15094: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15084:Working class 15082: 15080: 15079:Soviet people 15077: 15076: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15061: 15058: 15055: 15053: 15049: 15041: 15038: 15037: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15003: 15002: 15000: 14998: 14994: 14986: 14983: 14981: 14978: 14976: 14973: 14972: 14971: 14968: 14966: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14953: 14950: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14935: 14933: 14930: 14928: 14927:Energy policy 14925: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14910: 14909: 14907: 14905: 14901: 14891: 14888: 14886: 14883: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14873: 14872: 14870: 14868: 14864: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14846: 14843: 14842: 14841: 14838: 14836: 14833: 14831: 14828: 14826: 14823: 14821: 14818: 14816: 14813: 14812: 14810: 14808: 14804: 14796: 14792: 14788: 14784: 14780: 14777: 14776: 14775: 14772: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14760: 14759: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14746: 14743: 14742: 14741: 14738: 14734: 14731: 14730: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14715: 14713: 14711: 14707: 14701: 14698: 14696: 14693: 14691: 14688: 14684: 14681: 14680: 14679: 14676: 14675: 14673: 14669: 14661: 14658: 14657: 14656: 14655:Supreme Court 14653: 14650: 14647: 14644: 14641: 14638: 14635: 14631: 14628: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14615: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14601: 14600: 14599: 14596: 14595: 14593: 14589: 14583: 14580: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14563: 14562: 14561: 14558: 14556: 14553: 14551: 14548: 14546: 14543: 14539: 14536: 14535: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14521: 14517: 14514: 14513: 14512: 14509: 14505: 14502: 14501: 14500: 14497: 14495: 14492: 14488: 14485: 14484: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14471: 14468: 14466: 14463: 14462: 14461: 14458: 14457: 14455: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14442: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14398: 14396: 14392: 14386: 14383: 14381: 14378: 14374: 14371: 14370: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14357: 14354: 14353: 14352: 14349: 14348: 14346: 14344: 14340: 14337: 14335: 14331: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14292: 14290: 14287: 14285: 14282: 14280: 14277: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14267: 14265: 14262: 14258: 14257:The Holocaust 14255: 14253: 14250: 14249: 14247: 14244: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14234: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14222: 14219: 14217: 14214: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14201: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14192: 14191: 14189: 14187: 14183: 14178: 14171: 14166: 14164: 14159: 14157: 14152: 14151: 14148: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14121: 14118: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14092: 14090: 14086: 14080: 14079:Shōwa Statism 14077: 14073: 14070: 14069: 14068: 14065: 14063: 14060: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14047: 14046: 14043: 14041: 14038: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14026: 14025: 14024: 14021: 14019: 14018:Caesaropapism 14016: 14012: 14011: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13991: 13990: 13987: 13983: 13980: 13979: 13978: 13975: 13971: 13968: 13966: 13963: 13961: 13958: 13956: 13953: 13951: 13948: 13947: 13946: 13943: 13942: 13940: 13936: 13928: 13925: 13923: 13920: 13919: 13918: 13915: 13911: 13910:Islamic state 13908: 13907: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13864: 13861: 13860: 13859: 13856: 13854: 13851: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13837: 13834: 13832: 13831: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13816: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13805: 13802: 13798: 13795: 13794: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13784: 13782: 13778: 13774: 13770: 13766: 13765:Authoritarian 13759: 13754: 13752: 13747: 13745: 13740: 13739: 13736: 13724: 13716: 13715: 13712: 13706: 13703: 13699: 13696: 13694: 13691: 13689: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13679: 13678:Semyonovskoye 13676: 13674: 13671: 13669: 13666: 13664: 13661: 13660: 13658: 13656: 13653: 13651: 13648: 13646: 13643: 13641: 13638: 13637: 13635: 13633: 13629: 13620: 13617: 13612: 13609: 13604: 13601: 13596: 13593: 13588: 13585: 13580: 13577: 13572: 13569: 13564: 13561: 13556: 13555:Vasily Stalin 13553: 13550:(second wife) 13548: 13545: 13542:(adopted son) 13540: 13537: 13532: 13529: 13524: 13521: 13516: 13515:Kato Svanidze 13513: 13508: 13505: 13500: 13497: 13496: 13494: 13490: 13484: 13483: 13479: 13478: 13476: 13472: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13448: 13446: 13443: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13428: 13426: 13423: 13421: 13418: 13416: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13398: 13396: 13393: 13391: 13388: 13386: 13383: 13382: 13380: 13376: 13370: 13367: 13365: 13364: 13360: 13358: 13355: 13353: 13352: 13348: 13346: 13345: 13341: 13339: 13338: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13311:Ryutin Affair 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13298: 13296: 13291:Criticism and 13288: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13256: 13252: 13250: 13247: 13245: 13242: 13240: 13237: 13235: 13232: 13231: 13229: 13227: 13223: 13217: 13214: 13211: 13207: 13205: 13204:Order No. 270 13202: 13200: 13199:Order No. 227 13197: 13195: 13194: 13190: 13188: 13185: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13177: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13165: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13148: 13144: 13141: 13137: 13134: 13130: 13127: 13123: 13120: 13116: 13115: 13113: 13109: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13097:Doctors' plot 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13055:Nazino affair 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13027: 13026: 13023: 13020: 13019:German–Soviet 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12984: 12981: 12979: 12978:Slavists case 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12961: 12959: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12945: 12944:Moscow Trials 12942: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12869: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12859: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12841: 12838: 12837: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12787: 12785: 12779: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12707:Korenizatsiya 12705: 12703: 12702:Neo-Stalinism 12700: 12698: 12695: 12694: 12692: 12688: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12629: 12626: 12625: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12605: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12588:Ili Rebellion 12586: 12584: 12581: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12540: 12537: 12536: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12526: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12445: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12426: 12424: 12420: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12375: 12373: 12369: 12366: 12360: 12353: 12350: 12347: 12344: 12343: 12340: 12336: 12335:Joseph Stalin 12329: 12324: 12322: 12317: 12315: 12310: 12309: 12306: 12299: 12295: 12292: 12289: 12286: 12283: 12279: 12276: 12275: 12266: 12265: 12260: 12257: 12253: 12252: 12247: 12246: 12245: 12244: 12238: 12234: 12230: 12228: 12224: 12220: 12218:(3), 628–637. 12217: 12214: 12213: 12208: 12204: 12201: 12197: 12194: 12190: 12187: 12183: 12179: 12177: 12173: 12169: 12166: 12162: 12159: 12155: 12152: 12148: 12146: 12142: 12138: 12135: 12131: 12128: 12124: 12122:(3), 457–466. 12121: 12117: 12116: 12111: 12107: 12105: 12101: 12097: 12096: 12095: 12094: 12087: 12083: 12079: 12076: 12072: 12070: 12066: 12062: 12059: 12055: 12052: 12049: 12045: 12041: 12038: 12035: 12031: 12028: 12024: 12021: 12017: 12014: 12010: 12007: 12003: 12000: 11997: 11993: 11990: 11986: 11983: 11980: 11976: 11973: 11969: 11966: 11965: 11960: 11957: 11954: 11950: 11947: 11943: 11940: 11939: 11934: 11931: 11928: 11924: 11921: 11918: 11914: 11911: 11907: 11906:Bullock, Alan 11904: 11903: 11902: 11901: 11896: 11881: 11875: 11870: 11869: 11863: 11859: 11855: 11851: 11847: 11843: 11839: 11835: 11831: 11827: 11822: 11818: 11812: 11808: 11807: 11802: 11798: 11794: 11788: 11784: 11783: 11778: 11774: 11770: 11764: 11760: 11756: 11752: 11748: 11747: 11741: 11737: 11731: 11727: 11726: 11721: 11717: 11706: 11700: 11696: 11695: 11689: 11685: 11679: 11675: 11674: 11668: 11664: 11658: 11654: 11653: 11647: 11643: 11637: 11633: 11632: 11627: 11623: 11619: 11613: 11609: 11605: 11601: 11597: 11591: 11587: 11586: 11580: 11576: 11570: 11566: 11565: 11560: 11556: 11552: 11546: 11542: 11541: 11535: 11531: 11525: 11521: 11520: 11514: 11510: 11504: 11500: 11499: 11494: 11493:Davies, Sarah 11490: 11486: 11485: 11480: 11476: 11472: 11466: 11462: 11461:Penguin Books 11458: 11454: 11453:Bullock, Alan 11450: 11446: 11440: 11436: 11431: 11427: 11421: 11418:. Routledge. 11417: 11412: 11408: 11402: 11399:. Doubleday. 11398: 11397: 11392: 11388: 11387: 11374: 11370: 11365: 11359: 11352: 11351:Secret Speech 11348: 11344: 11338: 11334: 11311: 11307: 11303: 11297: 11290: 11286: 11282: 11279: 11273: 11266: 11265: 11260: 11256: 11253: 11247: 11245: 11229: 11225: 11218: 11210: 11206: 11200: 11184: 11178: 11170: 11163: 11147: 11146: 11141: 11135: 11127: 11121: 11117: 11116: 11108: 11101: 11097: 11091: 11084: 11080: 11074: 11067: 11062: 11054: 11048: 11044: 11037: 11030: 11026: 11022: 11018: 11014: 11010: 11006: 11000: 10991: 10983: 10977: 10973: 10966: 10959: 10958: 10953: 10949: 10943: 10935: 10929: 10925: 10918: 10910: 10904: 10900: 10893: 10885: 10879: 10875: 10868: 10860: 10854: 10850: 10849: 10841: 10833: 10827: 10823: 10822: 10814: 10807: 10806:9780906224441 10803: 10799: 10795: 10789: 10774: 10767: 10759: 10755: 10749: 10741: 10735: 10731: 10730: 10722: 10714: 10708: 10704: 10703: 10695: 10687: 10681: 10677: 10676: 10668: 10660: 10654: 10650: 10649: 10641: 10633: 10627: 10623: 10616: 10601: 10597: 10590: 10575:. p. 501 10574: 10570: 10563: 10548: 10544: 10538: 10531: 10530:The Historian 10527: 10522: 10515: 10509: 10502: 10496: 10488: 10482: 10478: 10477: 10470: 10464: 10456: 10450: 10446: 10445: 10437: 10429: 10423: 10419: 10418: 10410: 10402: 10396: 10392: 10391: 10384: 10376: 10370: 10366: 10365: 10357: 10349: 10343: 10339: 10338: 10330: 10322: 10316: 10312: 10311: 10303: 10295: 10289: 10285: 10284: 10276: 10268: 10262: 10258: 10257: 10249: 10241: 10235: 10231: 10230: 10222: 10214: 10210: 10206: 10202: 10198: 10194: 10190: 10186: 10182: 10175: 10167: 10161: 10157: 10156: 10149: 10145: 10139: 10131: 10125: 10121: 10114: 10106: 10100: 10096: 10092: 10088: 10087: 10082: 10078: 10072: 10065: 10060: 10053: 10048: 10040: 10036: 10033:Cliff, Tony. 10029: 10021: 10015: 10011: 10010: 10002: 9994: 9990: 9983: 9975: 9969: 9965: 9964: 9956: 9948: 9942: 9938: 9937: 9929: 9921: 9920: 9912: 9910: 9908: 9899: 9893: 9889: 9888: 9880: 9872: 9866: 9862: 9861: 9853: 9845: 9839: 9835: 9834: 9829: 9823: 9815: 9814: 9806: 9798: 9792: 9788: 9787: 9779: 9771: 9765: 9761: 9760: 9752: 9750: 9741: 9735: 9731: 9724: 9716: 9710: 9706: 9699: 9691: 9685: 9681: 9674: 9666: 9660: 9656: 9655: 9647: 9639: 9634: 9633: 9624: 9616: 9610: 9606: 9605: 9597: 9589: 9583: 9579: 9578: 9570: 9562: 9556: 9552: 9551: 9543: 9535: 9529: 9525: 9524: 9516: 9508: 9504: 9500: 9496: 9492: 9488: 9481: 9473: 9467: 9463: 9462: 9454: 9446: 9440: 9436: 9435: 9427: 9420: 9417:Moshe Lewin, 9414: 9407: 9401: 9394: 9388: 9380: 9374: 9370: 9365: 9364: 9355: 9340: 9336: 9329: 9322: 9321:0-385-47954-9 9318: 9314: 9311: 9306: 9298: 9294: 9287: 9279: 9272: 9264: 9262:0-631-13889-7 9258: 9254: 9247: 9231: 9227: 9221: 9206: 9202: 9196: 9180: 9176: 9170: 9162: 9158: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9129: 9121: 9115: 9111: 9110: 9105: 9101: 9095: 9088: 9083: 9075: 9071: 9067: 9065:0-19-506982-X 9061: 9057: 9056: 9048: 9041: 9036: 9029: 9028:0-393-04818-7 9025: 9021: 9017: 9012: 9005: 9004:0-415-91442-6 9001: 8997: 8993: 8988: 8980: 8974: 8970: 8969: 8961: 8953: 8949: 8945: 8941: 8937: 8936:"The Old Man" 8930: 8923: 8919: 8915: 8914: 8909: 8905: 8900: 8893: 8892:0-415-77757-7 8889: 8885: 8882: 8878: 8873: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8853: 8852: 8844: 8840: 8834: 8827: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8803: 8788: 8782: 8775: 8774:0-313-30921-3 8771: 8767: 8761: 8754: 8753:Boobbyer 2000 8749: 8747: 8739: 8734: 8726: 8720: 8716: 8715: 8707: 8699: 8693: 8689: 8688: 8680: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8630: 8623: 8615: 8609: 8605: 8604: 8596: 8588: 8582: 8578: 8577: 8569: 8561: 8555: 8551: 8550: 8542: 8534: 8528: 8524: 8523: 8515: 8500: 8496: 8489: 8481: 8475: 8471: 8470: 8462: 8454: 8448: 8444: 8443: 8435: 8427: 8421: 8417: 8416: 8408: 8401: 8400:0-7615-0718-3 8397: 8393: 8389: 8384: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8346:(4): 663–93. 8345: 8341: 8337: 8330: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8287: 8280: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8251: 8243: 8239: 8233: 8224: 8219: 8216:(2): 91–112. 8215: 8211: 8207: 8200: 8193: 8188: 8181: 8180:0-8129-6864-6 8177: 8173: 8167: 8160: 8156: 8151: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8124: 8117: 8110: 8109:0-465-00239-0 8106: 8102: 8099: 8095: 8090: 8082: 8076: 8072: 8071: 8063: 8055: 8049: 8045: 8044: 8036: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7989: 7981: 7977: 7970: 7956: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7928: 7921: 7920:0-300-12389-2 7917: 7913: 7910: 7904: 7902: 7893: 7887: 7884:. p. 6. 7883: 7879: 7878: 7870: 7862: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7847: 7839: 7832: 7831:1-59420-168-4 7828: 7824: 7823:Penguin Press 7820: 7814: 7807: 7803: 7797: 7790: 7785: 7778: 7773: 7766: 7765:0-7658-0483-2 7762: 7758: 7754: 7752: 7747: 7743: 7738: 7722: 7718: 7712: 7705: 7704:0-465-00239-0 7701: 7697: 7694: 7690: 7685: 7678: 7673: 7666: 7665:Boobbyer 2000 7661: 7653: 7647: 7643: 7642: 7634: 7626: 7620: 7616: 7615: 7607: 7599: 7593: 7589: 7588: 7580: 7573: 7568: 7566: 7558: 7557:Brackman 2001 7553: 7546: 7545:Brackman 2001 7541: 7534: 7533:Brackman 2001 7529: 7522: 7521:0-300-03120-3 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7501: 7494: 7493:0-521-56521-9 7490: 7486: 7483:. Cambridge: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7469: 7462: 7457: 7450: 7449:0-8050-7461-9 7446: 7442: 7438: 7433: 7431: 7419:September 20, 7415: 7414: 7409: 7405: 7399: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7358: 7347:September 20, 7343: 7337: 7333: 7332: 7327: 7323: 7317: 7309: 7303: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7279: 7272: 7268: 7267:Joseph Stalin 7262: 7254: 7248: 7244: 7243: 7235: 7227: 7221: 7217: 7216: 7208: 7200: 7194: 7190: 7189: 7181: 7173: 7167: 7163: 7162: 7154: 7146: 7140: 7136: 7135: 7127: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7105: 7101: 7100: 7092: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7042: 7036: 7032: 7031: 7023: 7015: 7009: 7005: 7004: 6996: 6988: 6982: 6978: 6977: 6969: 6961: 6955: 6951: 6950: 6942: 6934: 6930: 6923: 6915: 6909: 6905: 6904: 6896: 6888: 6882: 6878: 6877: 6869: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6822: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6783: 6775: 6769: 6765: 6764: 6756: 6748: 6742: 6738: 6737: 6729: 6721: 6715: 6711: 6706: 6705: 6696: 6688: 6687: 6682: 6675: 6667: 6661: 6657: 6650: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6604: 6602: 6594: 6583: 6577: 6573: 6572: 6564: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6509: 6501: 6495: 6491: 6490: 6482: 6474: 6468: 6464: 6463: 6455: 6447: 6441: 6437: 6436: 6428: 6420: 6414: 6410: 6409: 6401: 6393: 6387: 6383: 6382: 6374: 6368: 6364: 6363:0-7100-7876-5 6360: 6356: 6350: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6293: 6285: 6279: 6275: 6274: 6266: 6258: 6252: 6248: 6247: 6239: 6231: 6225: 6221: 6220: 6212: 6204: 6198: 6194: 6193: 6185: 6183: 6174: 6168: 6164: 6163: 6155: 6147: 6141: 6137: 6136: 6128: 6120: 6114: 6110: 6109: 6101: 6093: 6087: 6083: 6082: 6074: 6066: 6060: 6056: 6055: 6047: 6039: 6035: 6029: 6023: 6015: 6009: 6005: 6004: 5996: 5981: 5975: 5971: 5970: 5962: 5944: 5937: 5930: 5929: 5924: 5918: 5910: 5904: 5900: 5899: 5891: 5883: 5877: 5873: 5872: 5864: 5856: 5855: 5847: 5840: 5836: 5831: 5823: 5817: 5813: 5812: 5804: 5795: 5787: 5782: 5781: 5772: 5765: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5739: 5731: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5707: 5700: 5695: 5693: 5684: 5678: 5673: 5665: 5659: 5654: 5646: 5640: 5635: 5627: 5621: 5616: 5614: 5605: 5599: 5594: 5586: 5580: 5575: 5567: 5561: 5556: 5549: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5530: 5519: 5513: 5509: 5508: 5500: 5493: 5488: 5481: 5476: 5469: 5456: 5452: 5451: 5443: 5435: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5418:Pons, Silvo; 5414: 5406: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5386: 5378: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5358: 5356: 5347: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5330:Pons, Silvo; 5326: 5318: 5316:0-674-01926-1 5312: 5308: 5301: 5294: 5289: 5281: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5261: 5253: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5233: 5225: 5219: 5215: 5214: 5209: 5203: 5195: 5189: 5185: 5184: 5176: 5168: 5162: 5158: 5157: 5149: 5141: 5135: 5131: 5130: 5122: 5114: 5108: 5104: 5103: 5095: 5093: 5084: 5078: 5074: 5073: 5065: 5057: 5051: 5047: 5046: 5038: 5034: 5018: 5017: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4984: 4983: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4971:Soviet Empire 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4951: 4947: 4945: 4944: 4940: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4900: 4898: 4895:found 45% of 4894: 4890: 4887:found 38% of 4886: 4881: 4879: 4878:Levada Center 4875: 4871: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4856:Levada Center 4853: 4849: 4845: 4839: 4838:Neo-Stalinism 4829: 4827: 4826:Eric D. Weitz 4822: 4820: 4816: 4815:post–Cold War 4812: 4808: 4807: 4801: 4799: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4781: 4778: 4772: 4768: 4763: 4759: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4719: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4690: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4666: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4623:Vadim Rogovin 4618: 4612: 4606: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4541:Max Shachtman 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4472: 4468: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4426: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4391: 4389: 4384: 4380: 4371: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4350:and relative 4349: 4345: 4341: 4340:Secret Speech 4337: 4332: 4329: 4325: 4319: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4245: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4211:Moscow Trials 4208: 4203: 4202:Vadim Rogovin 4198: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4170:George Novack 4165: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4133:Secret Speech 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4097: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4083:Russification 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3982:Soviet Russia 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3960: 3956: 3955:foreign trade 3952: 3951:Orlando Figes 3948: 3944: 3940: 3939:post–Cold War 3936: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3886: 3882: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3867:de-Stalinized 3864: 3856: 3852: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3836:Richard Pipes 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3815: 3805: 3799:Social issues 3796: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3765: 3761: 3760:consumer base 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3655: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3640:Volga Germans 3637: 3632: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3543:Evgeny Miller 3540: 3536: 3532: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3434: 3432: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3404: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3390: 3389: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3374:Moscow Trials 3370: 3368: 3367:death penalty 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3327: 3319: 3315: 3305: 3296: 3287: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3203: 3201: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3188:for inciting 3187: 3177: 3175: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3049:mythologizing 3046: 3045:Stalin prizes 3041: 3039: 3038:Orlando Figes 3035: 3031: 3027: 3026: 3022:In his book, 3020: 3017: 3013: 3012: 3007: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2978: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2900: 2898: 2891: 2887: 2886:Shakhty Trial 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2842:Doctors' plot 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2817: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2737:Roy W. Howard 2734: 2730: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2696:Soviet Russia 2691: 2685: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2573: 2568: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2519: 2517: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2484:Joseph Stalin 2479: 2475: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2446:joint-venture 2443: 2439: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2366:working class 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2293:totalitarian 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2271:Joseph Stalin 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2242: 2238: 2227: 2222: 2220: 2215: 2213: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2175: 2165: 2164: 2163: 2162: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2118: 2115: 2114: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2070:Mass killings 2068: 2067: 2066: 2061: 2057: 2056:Mass killings 2054: 2053: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2037: 2036: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2010: 2004: 2003: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1904:Organizations 1901: 1900: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1632: 1631: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1608:Prague Spring 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1423: 1422: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1358: 1357: 1350: 1349:Todor Zhivkov 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1324:Harry Pollitt 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1284:Samora Machel 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1249:Hardial Bains 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1199:Deng Xiaoping 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1144:Mátyás Rákosi 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1074:Joseph Stalin 1072: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1060: 1059: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1031:Khrushchevism 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 998: 992: 991: 984: 983:Unified power 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 957: 954: 953: 952: 949: 945: 942: 940: 937: 936: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 904:Popular front 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 831: 828: 827: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 807: 801: 800: 796: 792: 791: 788: 785: 784: 780: 776: 775: 765: 760: 758: 753: 751: 746: 745: 743: 742: 737: 732: 727: 725: 720: 715: 713: 703: 702: 701: 700: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 612:Neo-Stalinism 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 574: 568: 567: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 496: 490: 489: 480: 477: 475: 472: 471: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 459:Doctors' plot 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 403: 402:Moscow trials 400: 399: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 371: 368: 367: 366: 363: 362: 356: 355: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 328: 326: 323: 322: 316: 315: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 232:Mátyás Rákosi 230: 228: 225: 223: 222:Harry Pollitt 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 177:Joseph Stalin 175: 174: 168: 167: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 124:Popular front 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 109:Korenizatsiia 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 76: 70: 69: 65: 61: 60: 57: 54: 53: 49: 45: 44: 38: 37:Joseph Stalin 34: 30: 26: 22: 15353:Anti-fascism 15302: 15074:Demographics 15064:Antisemitism 14917:Central Bank 14835:Forced labor 14783:Spetsnaz GRU 14603:organisation 14574: 14511:Human rights 14460:Constitution 14343:Subdivisions 14235: 14221:Russian SFSR 14177:Soviet Union 14008: 13998: 13922:Majoritarian 13895:Police state 13863:Totalitarian 13828: 13814:Dictatorship 13769:totalitarian 13622:(son-in-law) 13614:(son-in-law) 13611:Yuri Zhdanov 13518:(first wife) 13507:Keke Geladze 13480: 13369:Antisemitism 13361: 13349: 13342: 13335: 13326:Kremlin Plot 13253: 13191: 13175: 13162: 13067:Tax on trees 13025:Deportations 12762:Stakhanovite 12696: 12623:Eastern Bloc 12524:World War II 12477: / 12364:and politics 12263: 12249: 12242: 12241: 12232: 12222: 12215: 12210: 12199: 12192: 12185: 12181: 12171: 12164: 12157: 12150: 12140: 12133: 12126: 12119: 12113: 12102:3.1 (2019). 12099: 12092: 12091: 12081: 12074: 12064: 12057: 12056:, ed. 2017. 12043: 12033: 12026: 12019: 12012: 12005: 11995: 11988: 11978: 11971: 11962: 11952: 11945: 11936: 11926: 11919:. Routledge. 11916: 11909: 11899: 11898: 11867: 11829: 11825: 11805: 11781: 11758: 11744: 11723: 11708:. Retrieved 11693: 11672: 11651: 11630: 11607: 11584: 11563: 11539: 11518: 11497: 11482: 11456: 11434: 11415: 11394: 11368: 11358: 11337: 11314:. Retrieved 11305: 11296: 11272: 11262: 11231:. Retrieved 11227: 11217: 11208: 11199: 11189:February 12, 11187:. Retrieved 11177: 11162: 11150:. Retrieved 11143: 11134: 11114: 11107: 11100:The Guardian 11099: 11090: 11083:The Guardian 11082: 11073: 11061: 11042: 11036: 11012: 11008: 10999: 10990: 10971: 10965: 10955: 10947: 10942: 10923: 10917: 10898: 10892: 10873: 10867: 10847: 10840: 10820: 10813: 10797: 10788: 10778:September 5, 10776:. Retrieved 10766: 10757: 10748: 10728: 10721: 10701: 10694: 10674: 10667: 10647: 10640: 10621: 10615: 10603:. Retrieved 10599: 10589: 10577:. Retrieved 10572: 10562: 10550:. Retrieved 10546: 10537: 10529: 10521: 10513: 10508: 10500: 10495: 10475: 10468: 10463: 10443: 10436: 10416: 10409: 10389: 10383: 10363: 10356: 10336: 10329: 10309: 10302: 10282: 10275: 10255: 10248: 10228: 10221: 10188: 10184: 10174: 10154: 10144:third period 10138: 10119: 10113: 10085: 10071: 10066:, p. 1. 10059: 10047: 10038: 10028: 10008: 10001: 9992: 9982: 9962: 9955: 9935: 9928: 9918: 9886: 9879: 9859: 9852: 9832: 9822: 9812: 9805: 9785: 9778: 9758: 9729: 9723: 9704: 9698: 9679: 9673: 9653: 9646: 9631: 9623: 9603: 9596: 9576: 9569: 9549: 9542: 9522: 9515: 9490: 9480: 9460: 9453: 9433: 9426: 9418: 9413: 9405: 9400: 9392: 9387: 9362: 9354: 9342:. Retrieved 9339:The Atlantic 9338: 9328: 9312: 9305: 9296: 9292: 9286: 9277: 9271: 9252: 9246: 9234:. Retrieved 9229: 9220: 9208:. Retrieved 9204: 9195: 9183:. Retrieved 9178: 9169: 9138: 9128: 9108: 9094: 9082: 9054: 9047: 9035: 9019: 9011: 8995: 8987: 8967: 8960: 8943: 8939: 8929: 8911: 8910:" (review). 8899: 8880: 8872: 8855: 8849: 8833: 8824: 8812: 8808: 8802: 8790:. Retrieved 8781: 8765: 8764:Pohl, Otto, 8760: 8738:Bullock 1962 8733: 8713: 8706: 8686: 8679: 8667:. Retrieved 8660:the original 8639: 8635: 8622: 8602: 8595: 8575: 8568: 8548: 8541: 8521: 8514: 8502:. Retrieved 8498: 8488: 8468: 8461: 8441: 8434: 8414: 8407: 8391: 8383: 8371:. Retrieved 8364:the original 8343: 8339: 8329: 8296: 8292: 8279: 8254: 8248: 8232: 8213: 8209: 8199: 8187: 8171: 8166: 8150: 8133: 8129: 8116: 8097: 8089: 8069: 8062: 8042: 8035: 8002: 7998: 7988: 7979: 7969: 7958:, retrieved 7936: 7927: 7908: 7876: 7869: 7845: 7838: 7818: 7813: 7796: 7784: 7772: 7749: 7745: 7737: 7725:. Retrieved 7721:the original 7711: 7692: 7684: 7672: 7660: 7640: 7633: 7613: 7606: 7586: 7579: 7552: 7540: 7528: 7508: 7500: 7480: 7473:Kershaw, Ian 7468: 7456: 7440: 7417:. Retrieved 7413:The Atlantic 7411: 7398: 7367: 7357: 7345:. Retrieved 7330: 7316: 7302: 7293:. New York: 7290: 7278: 7266: 7261: 7241: 7234: 7214: 7207: 7187: 7180: 7160: 7153: 7133: 7126: 7098: 7091: 7064: 7029: 7022: 7002: 6995: 6975: 6968: 6948: 6941: 6928: 6922: 6902: 6895: 6875: 6868: 6838:(1): 24–35. 6835: 6831: 6821: 6799:(1): 11–14. 6796: 6792: 6782: 6762: 6755: 6735: 6728: 6703: 6695: 6684: 6674: 6655: 6649: 6616: 6612: 6592: 6585:. Retrieved 6570: 6563: 6522: 6518: 6508: 6488: 6481: 6461: 6454: 6434: 6427: 6407: 6400: 6380: 6373: 6354: 6349: 6306: 6302: 6292: 6272: 6265: 6245: 6238: 6218: 6211: 6191: 6161: 6154: 6134: 6127: 6107: 6100: 6080: 6073: 6053: 6046: 6037: 6033: 6022: 6002: 5995: 5985:December 31, 5983:. Retrieved 5968: 5961: 5949:. Retrieved 5936: 5926: 5917: 5897: 5890: 5870: 5863: 5853: 5846: 5838: 5830: 5810: 5803: 5794: 5779: 5771: 5762: 5755:. 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Historian 4038:collaborated 4030:took up arms 4018: 4002:Pierre Broue 3972:such as the 3963: 3947:Roy Medvedev 3932: 3889: 3878: 3861: 3817: 3802: 3786: 3769: 3741: 3710: 3667: 3656: 3633: 3609:deportations 3605:World War II 3602: 3565:Deportations 3528: 3518:faction and 3505: 3486:bloody purge 3481: 3466:proscription 3463: 3435: 3408: 3400: 3387: 3371: 3351:Sergei Kirov 3348: 3344:NKVD troikas 3333: 3197: 3183: 3171: 3156: 3116:architecture 3105: 3056: 3052: 3042: 3023: 3021: 3010: 3004: 2981: 2970:theories of 2966: 2919: 2912: 2905: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2800:, a Chinese 2798:Sheng Shicai 2796: 2777:totalitarian 2750: 2706:, including 2693: 2687: 2683: 2631: 2615:Leon Trotsky 2608: 2592:Bukharinists 2577: 2527: 2525: 2512: 2481: 2452:such as the 2438:urbanization 2426: 2420:such as the 2386:forced labor 2343: 2295:police state 2269:by dictator 2267:1927 to 1953 2265:(USSR) from 2263:Soviet Union 2255:totalitarian 2236: 2235: 2124:Second World 1838:Turkmenistan 1773:Soviet Union 1713:East Germany 1536:2002–present 1506:Eastern Bloc 1484:World War II 1432:Soviet Union 1309:Alfonso Cano 1264:Gustáv Husák 1254:Sanzō Nosaka 1219:Fidel Castro 1124:Earl Browder 1045: 968:Third Period 434:Eastern Bloc 414:World War II 365:Soviet Union 272:Edward Ochab 149:Stakhanovite 55: 29: 15178:Phraseology 15123:Prohibition 15111:Linguistics 15096:Drug policy 15089:1989 census 15010:Cybernetics 14912:Agriculture 14825:Great Purge 14787:Soviet Navy 14779:Soviet Army 14651:(1989–1991) 14645:(1938–1991) 14639:(1922–1936) 14623:Secretariat 14494:Gun control 14401:Caspian Sea 14385:Closed city 14314:Dissolution 14299:Perestroika 14241:Great Purge 14062:Imperialism 14028:Enlightened 13982:Pinochetism 13870:Mafia state 13841:Proletarian 13830:Dictablanda 13378:Remembrance 13344:Animal Farm 13170:Stalin Note 12857:Great Purge 12825:Great Break 12717:Great Break 12438:(1928–1941) 12354:(1946–1953) 12348:(1922–1952) 12188:(1), 37–65. 12084:(2nd ed.). 10605:January 14, 10579:January 14, 9636:. pp. 9205:jacobin.com 9040:Kotkin 2014 8904:Healey, Dan 8101:Basic Books 7960:December 2, 7696:Basic Books 7677:Tucker 1992 7477:Moshe Lewin 6028:Peters 2012 5677:Sandle 1999 5658:Sandle 1999 5639:Sandle 1999 5620:Sandle 1999 5598:Sandle 1999 5541:"Communism" 5523:November 3, 5492:Kotkin 1997 5480:Kotkin 1997 5293:Kotkin 1997 4700:red fascism 4595:David North 4494:Trotskyists 4415:revisionism 4411:Enver Hoxha 4304:antisemitic 4279:In Western 4107:bottlenecks 3998:Moshe Lewin 3733:World War I 3704:during the 3664:Meskhetians 3439:mass graves 3393:executioner 3359:Lev Kamenev 3324:Right: the 3212:Great Purge 3190:reactionary 3132:iconography 3055:(1941) and 2998:along with 2934:linguistics 2926:cybernetics 2897:Cybernetics 2862:UPTI Affair 2810:Great Purge 2785:party-state 2753:wither away 2464:took over. 2394:Great Purge 2382:show trials 2358:bourgeoisie 2107:Red fascism 1768:South Yemen 1748:North Korea 1641:Afghanistan 1568:Vietnam War 1558:Warsaw Pact 1474:Great Purge 1459:Great Break 1329:Harpal Brar 1269:János Kádár 1239:Kim Il Sung 1214:Che Guevara 1179:Enver Hoxha 1114:Ho Chi Minh 973:Vanguardism 894:Partiinost' 667:Red fascism 632:Great Purge 397:Great Purge 382:Great Break 282:Kim Il Sung 277:Enver Hoxha 159:Vanguardism 104:Great Break 15337:Categories 15218:Opposition 15208:Television 15188:Propaganda 15161:Literature 15035:Naukograds 15030:Sharashkas 14964:(currency) 14942:Inventions 14885:Censorship 14815:Red Terror 14499:Government 14373:Autonomous 14356:Autonomous 14289:Stagnation 14252:Evacuation 14100:Deep state 13960:Khomeinism 13938:Ideologies 13880:Ochlocracy 13846:Right-wing 13819:Benevolent 13773:government 13693:Lake Ritsa 13673:Uspenskoye 13590:(grandson) 13574:(grandson) 13566:(daughter) 13321:Trotskyism 13293:opposition 12969:Lysenkoism 12655:Korean War 12534:Winter War 12422:Chronology 12413:Death toll 12378:Early life 12067:1 (2018). 12060:Routledge. 11967:. Picador. 11710:October 1, 8642:(6): 826. 8136:(6): 959. 7777:Overy 2004 7755:Studies). 7572:Overy 2004 7505:Kuper, Leo 6026:Quoted in 5841:(2nd ed.). 5757:August 27, 5461:October 6, 5024:References 4874:Lev Gudkov 4848:patriotism 4753:) and the 4708:Bolshevism 4657:and other 4599:stagnation 4583:Tony Cliff 4567:capitalist 4559:Third Camp 4553:, whereby 4435:Trotskyism 4429:Trotskyism 4379:Mao Zedong 4207:Opposition 4178:Tony Cliff 4158:scientific 4099:economists 4055:healthcare 4044:, or made 4010:Trotskyism 3974:Mensheviks 3904:Article 58 3896:Red Terror 3892:continuity 3875:autocratic 3713:Great Turn 3648:Kazakhstan 3613:Separatism 3512:Trotskyist 3378:Article 58 3224:Sandarmokh 3199:classicide 2977:Lysenkoism 2962:statistics 2946:psychology 2674:capitalist 2632:All other 2374:repression 2028:Trotskyism 2013:Bolshevism 1880:Montenegro 1860:Yugoslavia 1848:Uzbekistan 1833:Tajikistan 1808:Kyrgyzstan 1803:Kazakhstan 1783:Azerbaijan 1743:Mozambique 1635:By country 1543:Korean War 1339:Xi Jinping 1299:Siad Barre 1229:Lúcio Lara 1079:Mao Zedong 662:Patriotism 597:Stalin era 529:CARC Party 454:Korean War 15368:Communism 15343:Stalinism 15279:Republics 15267:Republics 15255:Republics 15106:Languages 14970:Transport 14852:Holodomor 14745:Militsiya 14683:President 14575:Stalinism 14477:Elections 14351:Republics 14334:Geography 14324:Nostalgia 14236:Stalinism 14130:Strongman 14023:Despotism 13999:Stalinism 13955:Francoism 13950:Chiangism 13905:Theocracy 13890:Oligarchy 13792:Autocracy 13771:forms of 13683:New Athos 12949:Hotel Lux 12932:Vinnytsia 12887:Chortkiv 12877:Berezwecz 12872:Berezhany 12840:Holodomor 12697:Stalinism 12635:Cominform 12371:Overviews 12158:Stalinism 12086:Routledge 11854:144363003 11785:. Knopf. 11694:Stalinism 11610:. Knopf. 11228:Bloomberg 10552:August 3, 10205:0039-3797 10064:Gill 1998 10052:Gill 1998 9499:0309-2984 9157:2163-839X 8952:0260-9592 8906:. 2018. " 8884:Routledge 8321:205667754 8174:, p. 67. 8019:0966-8136 7495:. p. 300. 7386:2163-839X 6852:0036-0341 6813:0954-6545 6555:146284128 6539:0043-8871 6341:235392946 6325:1948-7185 5923:Stalinism 5029:Citations 4897:Georgians 4889:Armenians 4793:Stalinism 4739:Holodomor 4718:fascism. 4663:Stalinist 4651:Hungarian 4631:Bulgarian 4603:breakdown 4506:communist 4502:socialist 4484:voluntary 4293:socialist 4234:matters. 4224:economics 4111:shortages 4096:Menshevik 3937:and many 3924:Bolshevik 3793:Holodomor 3737:Civil War 3684:Holodomor 3520:anarchist 3326:Politburo 3153:in Prague 2958:economics 2942:sociology 2854:Sharashka 2789:reformist 2702:by other 2700:blasphemy 2677:bourgeois 2662:Lithuania 2652:―such as 2638:Bolshevik 2588:socialist 2528:Stalinism 2526:The term 2522:Etymology 2429:communism 2422:Holodomor 2253:) is the 2250:Stalinizm 2245:Сталинизм 2237:Stalinism 2112:Red Scare 2097:New class 1915:Comintern 1875:Macedonia 1818:Lithuania 1665:Cambodia 1531:1989–2002 1526:1976–1989 1521:1949–1976 1452:1982–1991 1447:1964–1982 1442:1953–1964 1437:1927–1953 1244:Chin Peng 1099:José Díaz 1046:Stalinism 1006:Guevarism 1001:Castroism 956:Socialist 439:Cominform 370:1927–1953 56:Stalinism 15383:Leninism 15322:Category 14875:Religion 14762:Chairmen 14608:Congress 14570:Leninism 14550:Propiska 14445:Politics 14304:Glasnost 14264:Cold War 14204:February 14088:See also 13965:Putinism 13836:Military 13723:Category 13663:Kuntsevo 13510:(mother) 13502:(father) 12937:Zolochiv 12922:Valozhyn 12892:Kurapaty 12690:Concepts 12603:Cold War 12042:. 2003. 12004:. 1997. 11961:. 2008. 11935:. 1967. 11925:. 2008. 11908:. 1998. 11864:(1992). 11846:43737425 11803:(2004). 11779:(2004). 11757:(1997). 11722:(2014). 11628:(1987). 11606:(2007). 11561:(1996). 11495:(1997). 11481:(1991). 11455:(1962). 11393:(2003). 11373:E. 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