84:
1810:
2075:
33:
2595:
2481:
inability to control and properly ensure compliance of traditional laws overseas, so they granted to Native
Americans specific protections not even Spaniards had, such as the prohibition of enslaving them even in the case of crime or war. These extra protections were an attempt to avoid the proliferation of irregular claims to slavery.
2658:
program supports this view regarding abuses in
Hispaniola. The program cites the decline of the Taíno population of Hispaniola in 1492 to 1514 as an example of genocide and notes that the indigenous population declined from a population between 100,000 and 1,000,000 to only 32,000 a decline of 68% to
2480:
When the news of the abuse of the institution reached Spain, the New Laws were passed to regulate and gradually abolish the system in
America, as well as to reiterate the prohibition of enslaving Native Americans. By the time the new laws were passed, in 1542, the Spanish crown had acknowledged their
2040:
relationship, in which military protection was traded for certain tributes or specific work. It was especially prevalent among military orders that were entrusted with the protection of frontier areas. The king usually intervened directly or indirectly in the bond, by guaranteeing the fairness of the
2663:
contends that enslavement in gold and silver mines was the primary reason why the Native
American population of Hispaniola dropped so significantly, as the conditions that native peoples were subjected to under enslavement, from forced relocation to hours of hard labour, contributed to the spread of
3314:
Bartolomé de Las Casas, who arrived in the New World in 1502, averred that greed was the reason
Christians "murdered on such a vast scale", killing "anyone and everyone who has shown the slightest sign of resistance", and subjecting "all males to the harshest and most iniquitous and brutal slavery
2196:
was essential to the
Spanish crown's sustaining its control over North, Central and South America in the first decades after the colonization. It was the first major organizational law instituted on the continent, which was affected by war, widespread epidemics caused by Eurasian diseases, and
2692:, Cook wrote, "There were too few Spaniards to have killed the millions who were reported to have died in the first century after Old and New World contact" and instead suggests the near total decimation of the indigenous population of Hispaniola as mostly having been caused by diseases like
1887:, the Spanish Crown granted a person a specified number of natives from a specific community but did not dictate which individuals in the community would have to provide their labour. Indigenous leaders were charged with mobilising the assessed tribute and labour. In turn,
2559:
did not include the attribution of land to anyone, rather only the allotment of native workers. But they were directly allotted to the Crown, who, through a local Crown official, would assign them to work for settlers for a set period of time, usually several weeks. The
3315:
that man has ever devised for oppressing his fellow-men, treating them, in fact, worse than animals". Reséndez, Andrés. The Other
Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America (Kindle Locations 338–341). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Kindle Edition.
1582:
2779:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 138: «The encomienda in its early heyday granted a lifetime monopoly on the utilization of temporary Indian labor in a given area to one Spaniard, the encomendero. The succeeding repartimiento »
2242:
declared Native
Americans as subjects to the Crown, and so, as Castilians and legal equals to Spanish Castilians. This implied that enslaving them was illegal except under very specific conditions. It also allowed the establishment of
2288:
families were restricted to holding the grant for two generations. When the Crown attempted to implement the policy in Peru, shortly after the 1535 Spanish conquest, Spanish recipients rebelled against the Crown, killing the viceroy,
2634:
system. He described slavery as "cultural genocide par excellence" noting "it is the most effective and thorough method of destroying culture, of desocializing human beings". Economic historian
Timothy J. Yeager argued the
2023:
system traveled to
America with the implantation of Castilian law in Spanish territories. The system was created in the Middle Ages and was pivotal to allow for the repopulation and protection of frontier land during the
2347:
under his leadership. Although expecting Spanish protection from warring tribes, the islanders sought to join the Spanish forces. They helped the Spaniards deal with their ignorance of the surrounding environment.
2833:
las Leyes Nuevas dadas en Barcelona el 20 de noviembre de 1542 abolieron la fa-cultad de proveer nuevas encomiendas en las Indias, y mandaron incorporar en la Corona las existentes a la muerte de sus poseedores
1811:
2300:
decided against implementing the reform, citing local circumstances and the potential for a similar conqueror rebellion. To the crown he said, "I obey crown authority but do not comply with this order." The
1577:
2684:
and the Spanish conquest and settlement of the Americas typically involve arguments like those of Noble David Cook, wherein scholars posit that accusations of genocide are a continuation of the
2639:
was deadlier than conventional slavery because of an individual labourer's life being disposable in the face of simply being replaced with a labourer from the same plot of land.
3703:
3110:
6353:
3337:
Suárez Romero. LA SITUACIÓN JURÍDICA DEL INDIO DURANTE LA CONQUISTA ESPAÑOLA EN AMÉRICA. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE DERECHO DE MÉXICO TOMO LXVIII, Núm.270 (Enero-Abril 2018)
2056:; native lands were to remain in the possession of their communities. This right was formally protected by the crown of Castile because the rights of administration in the
2028:. This system originated in the Catholic south of Spain to extract labour and tribute from Muslims (Moors) before they were exiled in 1492 after the Moorish defeat in the
3532:
3433:
1703:
1824:
with the labour of conquered non-Christian peoples. In theory, the conquerors provided the labourers with benefits, including military protection and education. The
2589:
2565:
3293:
3203:
3164:
1567:
1098:
5483:
2355:
to be returned to the crown after two generations was frequently overlooked, as the colonists did not want to give up the labour or power. According to the
1452:
824:
561:
4492:
1188:
829:
5503:
4418:
6421:
3544:
Yeager, Timothy J. (December 1995). "Encomienda or Slavery? The Spanish Crown's Choice of Labour Organization in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America".
2450:
system. The Laws of Burgos and the New Laws of the Indies failed in the face of colonial opposition and, in fact, the New Laws were postponed in the
2630:) considered Spain's abuses of the native population of the Americas to constitute cultural and even outright genocide, including the abuses of the
2344:
521:
2201:
system was devised to meet the needs of the early agricultural economies in the Caribbean. Later it was adopted to the mining economy of Peru and
5968:
5463:
2946:
1976:
ruled the free vassals of the crown through existing community hierarchies, and the natives remained in their settlements with their families.
876:
3794:
Austin, Shawn Michael (2015). "Guaraní kinship and the encomienda community in colonial Paraguay, sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries".
6550:
6535:
6520:
6426:
5513:
4026:
Yeager, Timothy J. (1995). "Encomienda or Slavery? The Spanish Crown's Choice of Labour Organization in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America".
5118:
4476:
1946:
system. In many cases natives were forced to do hard labour and subjected to extreme punishment and death if they resisted. However, Queen
1572:
1422:
2438:
underwent a profound conversion after seeing the abuse of the native people. He dedicated his life to writing and lobbying to abolish the
6530:
3611:
3043:
2999:
2888:
2100:, were usually conquerors who received these grants of labour by virtue of participation in a successful conquest. Later, some receiving
903:
3681:
2735:
2710:
1649:
401:
3533:
https://www.ushmm.org/confront-genocide/speakers-and-events/all-speakers-and-events/raphael-lemkin-history-of-genocide-and-colonialism
1954:
from 1512 onwards attempted to regulate the interactions between the settlers and natives. Both natives and Spaniards appealed to the
6465:
3711:
2651:
as a genocidal system which "had driven many millions of native peoples in Central and South America to early and agonizing deaths".
851:
3347:
6333:
5437:
4115:
1968:
have often been characterized by the geographical displacement of the enslaved and breakup of communities and family units, but in
1622:
1442:
615:
3101:
2395:
named Valenzuela murdered a group of Native American leaders who had agreed to meet for peace talks in full confidence. The Taíno
5417:
1780:
6515:
886:
304:
4555:
1950:
forbade slavery of the native population and deemed the indigenous to be "free vassals of the crown". Various versions of the
6191:
4302:
3903:
3837:
3761:
2980:
2882:
2367:, there is evidence that the indigenous were well aware of the distinction between indigenous communities held by individual
1464:
1141:
913:
51:
in 1553. These laws, passed in 1542, gave certain rights to indigenous peoples and protected them against abuses. Drawing by
5153:
5022:
4649:
4645:
3767:
3443:
3242:
6286:
6281:
5649:
5055:
4698:
4151:
2132:
1833:
1656:
1617:
1260:
2276:
system did not grant people land, but it indirectly aided in the settlers' acquisition of land. As initially defined, the
6348:
5468:
1852:
as a grant to a particular individual. In the conquest era of the early sixteenth century, the grants were considered a
1698:
1335:
995:
846:
642:
551:
4337:
6115:
5432:
5368:
5090:
5070:
4545:
4277:
4240:
4009:
3986:
3734:
3675:
3605:
3503:
3287:
3236:
3197:
3158:
1718:
1412:
1166:
6480:
5584:
6181:
6090:
5488:
5032:
4585:
4215:
3929:
3277:
3187:
3148:
3088:
2819:
2406:, realizing the seriousness of the Taíno revolt, changed the laws governing the treatment of people labouring in the
2123:
expedition, calling them "conquerors". The latter were incorporated into Cortes' contingent. Himmerich designated as
1540:
1417:
841:
610:
477:
2185:
to her daughter by her second husband. Vassal Inca rulers appointed after the conquest also sought and were granted
6381:
5065:
4549:
4327:
1671:
881:
866:
812:
497:
487:
482:
311:
167:
5757:
5692:
2484:
The liberation of thousands of Native Americans held in bondage throughout the Spanish empire by the new viceroy,
2442:
system, which he thought systematically enslaved the native people of the New World. Las Casas participated in an
1387:
6318:
6110:
5897:
5697:
5246:
5181:
4767:
4669:
2412:
1666:
1437:
243:
6236:
5752:
5196:
5080:
6338:
6276:
6075:
5493:
5206:
5186:
5158:
5075:
5050:
4910:
4718:
4625:
4565:
4532:
4087:
3829:
2531:
was abolished in 1782. In the rest of Chile it was abolished in 1789, and in the whole Spanish empire in 1791.
1136:
1124:
704:
516:
162:
36:
6301:
6130:
5887:
3997:
52:
6453:
6431:
6386:
6328:
6306:
6120:
5892:
5574:
5363:
5348:
4433:
4297:
4250:
3368:
2403:
1708:
1491:
352:
5682:
2458:, the first viceroy of Peru, tried to enforce the New Laws, which provided for the gradual abolition of the
2280:
and his heirs expected to hold these grants in perpetuity. After a major Crown reform in 1542, known as the
6540:
6525:
6323:
6291:
5822:
5687:
5123:
4503:
4312:
4108:
2803:
1713:
1557:
1427:
1088:
856:
836:
396:
364:
6311:
5644:
3636:
83:
6296:
6196:
5827:
5279:
5211:
4180:
3382:
2052:
did not own the land on which the natives lived. The system did not entail any direct land tenure by the
1773:
1723:
1447:
1365:
492:
273:
93:
17:
5747:
5654:
2108:(Mexico) were not conquerors themselves but were sufficiently well connected that they received grants.
6231:
5594:
5241:
5128:
5040:
5012:
4639:
4609:
4414:
4245:
3962:
3879:
2524:
2061:
1632:
1484:
1469:
1360:
556:
226:
5614:
5569:
2388:
system was the subject of controversy in Spain and its territories almost from its start. In 1510, an
6510:
6150:
6100:
5958:
5857:
5353:
5226:
5191:
5143:
5045:
4657:
4541:
4230:
4200:
4195:
3667:
2942:
2115:
of early colonial Mexico, Robert Himmerich y Valencia divides conquerors into those who were part of
1728:
1627:
1158:
1146:
736:
709:
214:
4775:
2435:
2326:
of Santiago heard rumors of a 15,000-man army planning to stage a rebellion. Upon hearing this, the
2251:
bond was a right reserved to full subjects to the crown. In 1503, the crown began to formally grant
6095:
5978:
5938:
5877:
5872:
5812:
5231:
5221:
5007:
4710:
4621:
4322:
3047:
2689:
2181:
in perpetuity by Hernán Cortés. Leonor Moctezuma married in succession two Spaniards, and left the
1508:
1377:
930:
719:
204:
105:
6475:
5554:
4787:
4307:
384:
6145:
6003:
5847:
5787:
5737:
5639:
5236:
5201:
5148:
4783:
4653:
4617:
4347:
4220:
4205:
4101:
3597:
3495:
2416:
was eventually disrupted in four to five years. The crown also actively prosecuted abuses of the
2320:
became very corrupt and harsh. In the neighborhood of La Concepción, north of Santo Domingo, the
2146:, which is the right to extract labour and tribute from natives who were under Spanish rule. The
2120:
1817:
1693:
1432:
1382:
1310:
1083:
861:
805:
788:
219:
5338:
2799:
2119:' original expedition, calling them "first conquerors", and those who were members of the later
6545:
6436:
6008:
5943:
5447:
5333:
5216:
5176:
4820:
4613:
4272:
4262:
4078:
2568:
and mining activities were replaced by agricultural activities in the seventeenth century, the
2485:
2455:
2290:
1935:
1766:
1735:
1240:
981:
893:
741:
465:
431:
426:
5579:
3591:
2996:
2872:
6505:
5882:
5292:
5113:
5002:
4941:
4869:
4779:
4480:
4160:
3661:
3414:[The Indigenous Rebellion of 1712: The Tributaries of Chiloé Against the Encomienda]
2239:
1947:
1602:
1457:
1370:
1355:
1037:
1025:
771:
756:
541:
316:
238:
209:
6416:
5817:
5604:
5564:
5523:
4497:
3411:
2572:, or large landed estates in which labourers were directly employed by the hacienda owners (
2516:
6391:
6060:
6023:
6013:
5953:
5852:
5832:
5727:
5539:
5358:
4235:
4225:
3657:
3457:
2730:
2685:
2660:
2640:
2305:
system was ended legally in 1720, when the crown attempted to abolish the institution. The
1927:
1740:
1644:
1607:
1535:
1479:
1348:
1305:
1119:
1049:
724:
504:
406:
290:
197:
5917:
5707:
5629:
2576:), arose because land ownership became more profitable than acquisition of forced labour.
2155:
1939:
8:
6460:
6216:
6201:
6085:
6065:
6018:
5998:
5802:
5797:
5742:
5712:
5478:
5103:
5060:
5017:
4946:
4915:
4686:
4665:
4631:
4537:
4507:
4438:
4282:
4255:
4155:
2720:
2451:
1837:
1228:
1208:
1093:
1078:
947:
918:
908:
798:
746:
714:
511:
369:
337:
332:
285:
142:
44:
6206:
5907:
2272:
had a native chief responsible for keeping track of the labourers in his community. The
6221:
6211:
6186:
6140:
6105:
5963:
5672:
5549:
5422:
4920:
4900:
4560:
4448:
4175:
4051:
4043:
3975:
3868:
3811:
3569:
3561:
2600:
2297:
2116:
2078:
1951:
1857:
1474:
1320:
1295:
1285:
1250:
1245:
1213:
1178:
1171:
1112:
1105:
962:
781:
776:
766:
536:
389:
347:
342:
295:
263:
253:
190:
5544:
5473:
3965:, "Encomienda and Hacienda: The Evolution of the Great Estate in the Spanish Indies,"
411:
357:
6401:
6343:
6176:
5948:
5922:
5912:
5902:
5837:
5792:
5722:
5702:
5677:
5624:
5599:
4864:
4391:
4332:
4287:
4146:
4055:
4005:
3982:
3925:
3909:
3899:
3833:
3815:
3757:
3730:
3671:
3601:
3573:
3499:
3483:
3362:
3283:
3232:
3193:
3154:
3084:
2976:
2878:
2815:
2443:
2074:
1562:
1280:
1275:
1218:
1203:
1183:
1005:
1000:
935:
898:
731:
697:
526:
379:
268:
147:
4422:
2755:
2585:
2488:, on his journey to Peru, led to his eventual murder and armed conflict between the
6033:
6028:
5993:
5973:
5732:
5609:
5508:
5412:
4874:
4714:
4035:
3949:
3938:"Encomienda, Hacienda, and Corregimiento in Spanish America: A Structural Analysis"
3860:
3803:
3553:
2807:
2740:
2725:
2655:
2174:
1900:
1804:
1752:
1330:
1325:
1315:
1290:
1255:
1223:
1193:
1066:
1054:
1032:
1010:
957:
793:
761:
63:
6411:
4443:
3807:
3326:
Bartolome de las Casas in history: toward an understanding of the man and his work
2696:. He argues that the Spanish unwittingly carried these diseases to the New World.
2410:. Conceding to Las Casas's viewpoint, the peace treaty between the Taínos and the
2255:
to conquistadors and officials as rewards for service to the crown. The system of
6476:
Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
6226:
6166:
6080:
5988:
5862:
5842:
5807:
5589:
5559:
5498:
5108:
5098:
4994:
4879:
4771:
4728:
4488:
4396:
4267:
3751:
3226:
3076:
3003:
2706:
2032:. It was a method of rewarding soldiers and moneymen who defeated the Moors. The
1845:
1661:
1552:
1547:
1300:
1270:
1265:
988:
952:
751:
669:
374:
120:
6135:
4064:
De Encomienda y Propiedad Territorial en Algunas Regiones de la América Española
3531:
Raphael Lemkin's History of Genocide and Colonialism, Holocaust Memorial Museum
6070:
5983:
5867:
5619:
5442:
5427:
5328:
5302:
5287:
5168:
4763:
4757:
4661:
4428:
4342:
4292:
4170:
4124:
3587:
3279:
Columbus and Las Casas: the conquest and Christianization of America, 1492–1566
2644:
2623:
2421:
2259:
was aided by the crown's organizing the indigenous into small harbors known as
2209:
lasted from the beginning of the sixteenth century to the seventeenth century.
1955:
1912:
1745:
1639:
531:
172:
130:
4575:
4039:
3954:
3937:
3557:
3412:"La rebelión indígena de 1712: los tributarios de Chiloé contra la encomienda"
2218:
1879:
Encomiendas devolved from their original Iberian form into a form of communal
32:
6499:
5634:
4484:
4401:
4210:
3487:
3438:
2789:
2612:
2547:
2360:
1931:
1873:
1683:
1612:
1059:
1042:
817:
647:
637:
421:
71:
3913:
3266:
Ediciones del Instituto Indigenista Interamericano, Mexico 1947, pp. 250–254
6406:
6396:
6125:
5664:
5518:
5343:
4859:
4635:
4317:
4165:
2715:
2665:
1821:
1688:
1525:
1501:
1407:
1400:
1131:
659:
632:
595:
573:
460:
177:
157:
135:
125:
115:
110:
100:
5717:
2811:
940:
5307:
5133:
4702:
4580:
3890:
Guitar, Lynne (1997). "Encomienda System". In Junius P. Rodriguez (ed.).
3704:"The new book 'The Other Slavery' will make you rethink American history"
2609:
2564:
was an attempt "to reduce the abuses of forced labour". As the number of
2508:
phenomenon lasted only a few decades. However, in Peru and New Spain the
2169:
and conqueror Juan Jaramillo, received income from her deceased father's
2166:
2029:
2002:
1896:
1829:
1530:
1518:
871:
674:
664:
622:
436:
5297:
2793:
2551:
system throughout Spanish America after mid-sixteenth century. Like the
2048:
system in Spanish America differed from the Peninsular institution. The
6171:
4905:
4047:
3872:
3848:
3663:
The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America
3565:
2745:
2399:
2389:
2363:(indigenous manuscripts) with native pictorials and alphabetic text in
2343:
laid havoc to the countryside before an army of about 3,090 routed the
2322:
2261:
2202:
2151:
2131:
in New Spain, men who had resided in the Caribbean region prior to the
2008:
1678:
679:
546:
2446:, where he pushed for the enactment of the New Laws and an end to the
5138:
4895:
4795:
4570:
4472:
4406:
3849:"Simpson's the Encomienda in New Spain and Recent Encomienda Studies"
2340:
2105:
2086:
2057:
2037:
1969:
1908:
923:
588:
450:
3864:
2226:
to gain ownership of large expanses of land, many of which (such as
605:
5312:
4190:
3895:
2693:
2627:
2569:
2475:
2425:
2281:
1865:
1853:
1513:
1071:
1015:
967:
627:
472:
327:
233:
48:
6470:
6441:
4951:
4936:
4093:
2750:
2364:
2332:
2177:
and her younger sister, Leonor Moctezuma, were granted extensive
2013:
1916:
1880:
1496:
578:
258:
75:
3727:
The Divide: A Brief Guide to Global Inequality and its Solutions
2795:
El servicio personal de los indios en la Nueva España: 1521–1550
2504:
In most of the Spanish domains acquired in the 16th century the
5407:
4961:
4956:
4733:
2672:
workers died every six months from forced labour in the mines.
2669:
2594:
2402:
rebelled against the Spaniards between 1519 and 1533. In 1538,
2227:
1904:
1841:
1198:
1020:
600:
583:
445:
280:
248:
2492:
and the Spanish crown which ended with the execution of those
2216:
in the Philippines, where he made grants to the local nobles (
2012:
were given the right to extract tribute from Muslims or other
6448:
4722:
4386:
3224:
3185:
3146:
3081:
Ambivalent Conquests: Maya and Spaniard in Yucatán, 1517–1570
2466:
were unwilling to comply with them and revolted against him.
2265:, with the intent of establishing new towns and populations.
1920:
455:
441:
416:
4020:
The Encomienda in New Spain: The Beginning of Spanish Mexico
2675:
4791:
4706:
3482:
322:
152:
4684:
3228:
De Orbe Novo, the Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera
3189:
De Orbe Novo, the Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera
3150:
De Orbe Novo, the Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera
3109:. Quezon City: Journal of Asian Studies. pp. 27–32.
2848:, vol. 4, p. 254. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
2680:
Skepticism towards accusations of genocide linked to the
2212:
Philip II enacted a law on 11 June 1594 to establish the
3328:. (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University, 1971), 364–365.
2590:
Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas
3041:
2041:
agreement and intervening militarily in case of abuse.
1832:, and it was applied on a much larger scale during the
1828:
was first established in Spain following the Christian
3753:
Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492–1650
4439:
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
2973:
A History of Modern Latin America 1800 to the Present
2945:. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 September 2008.
2158:, the third governor of the Spanish colony, in 1502.
1868:
of 1542, the encomienda ended upon the death of the
1860:, held in perpetuity by the grant holder, called the
3522:(Sixth ed.). W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 280.
1938:. Bobadilla was succeeded by a royal governor, Fray
1453:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
4088:
Spain's American Colonies and the Encomienda System
3103:
The encomienda in early Philippine colonial history
2545:system was generally replaced by the crown-managed
4002:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
3974:
3637:"Hispaniola | Case Study: Colonial Genocides"
3422:(in Spanish) (1). Chillán: El Departamento: 73–86.
3275:
2846:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
2664:disease. For example, according to anthropologist
3593:American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World
3518:Tindall, George Brown & David E. Shi (1984).
2127:(old settlers) a group of undetermined number of
6497:
3749:
3019:, Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991 p. 178
2615:which was part of a lawsuit against the Spanish
2579:
2161:Some women and some indigenous elites were also
2016:in areas that they had conquered and resettled.
1923:, wheat, pork, and other agricultural products.
1568:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
4983:
3135:Antonio de Mendoza, First Viceroy of New Spain,
3977:Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700
2874:Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion
4628:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
4109:
3889:
3756:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 9–14.
3490:; Silva, Fernando; Estelle, Patricio (1974).
2788:
2230:) continue to be owned by affluent families.
1774:
4303:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
3892:The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery
3826:The Conquerors of the New Kingdom of Granada
3630:
3628:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
1573:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
3886:. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1964.
3846:
3695:
3639:. Genocide Studies Program. Yale University
3464:(in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile
3282:. University Press of America. p. 44.
2877:. Vol. 1. Abc-Clio, LLC. p. 184.
4116:
4102:
3823:
3476:
3442:(in Spanish). 29 July 2007. Archived from
3426:
3383:"La encomienda en hispanoamérica colonial"
3350:. Archived from the original on 2020-11-25
3348:"Blasco Núñez Vela – Cronología histórica"
3044:"A History of the Mexican-American People"
2844:Noble, David Cook. "Nicolás de Ovando" in
2736:Historiography of Colonial Spanish America
1781:
1767:
6422:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
3972:
3953:
3625:
3405:
3403:
2975:. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 388.
2928:
2870:
2688:. Writing about the Black Legend and the
2676:Skepticism toward accusations of genocide
1903:, to protect them from warring tribes or
6427:Colonial universities in the Philippines
4004:(2nd ed.). Gale. pp. 107–108.
3922:The Encomenderos of New Spain, 1521–1555
3743:
3656:
3586:
3099:
3017:The Encomenderos of New Spain, 1521–1555
2593:
2379:
2150:system was established on the island of
2073:
1578:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1443:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1423:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
31:
5418:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
3995:
3894:. Vol. 1, A–K. Santa Barbara, CA:
3853:The Hispanic American Historical Review
3042:Samora, Julian; Patricia Vandel Simon.
2966:
2964:
2711:Spanish-controlled colonial Philippines
2469:
2374:
14:
6498:
6371:
4025:
3793:
3724:
3718:
3701:
3543:
3409:
3400:
2864:
2351:As noted, the change of requiring the
2336:involved and had most of them hanged.
2081:, conqueror of the Aztecs and premier
2060:belonged to this crown and not to the
1856:on the labour of particular groups of
6370:
6266:
6265:
5389:
5267:
4982:
4841:
4809:
4746:
4683:
4598:
4521:
4461:
4375:
4364:
4136:
4135:
4097:
3935:
3924:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
3920:Himmerich y Valencia, Robert (1991).
3770:from the original on 29 November 2016
3750:Noble David Cook (13 February 1998).
3296:from the original on 25 November 2020
3206:from the original on 25 November 2020
3167:from the original on 25 November 2020
2970:
1803:
1465:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1142:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
27:Spanish labour system in its colonies
6551:History of labour relations in Chile
6536:Captaincy General of the Philippines
6521:Spanish colonization of the Americas
4699:Captaincy General of the Philippines
4191:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
3634:
2961:
2949:from the original on 21 January 2019
2910:The Early History of Greater Mexico,
2859:The Early History of Greater Mexico,
2775:James Lockhart and Stuart Schwartz,
2431:The priest of Hispaniola and former
2309:were then required to pay remaining
2138:In the New World, the Crown granted
2133:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
1840:. Conquered peoples were considered
1834:Spanish colonization of the Americas
1657:Slave marriages in the United States
1261:Human trafficking in the Middle East
6402:Indochristian painting in New Spain
4522:
3967:Hispanic American Historical Review
3942:Hispanic American Historical Review
3137:Durham: Duke University Press 1972.
2709:, a similar forced labor system in
2523:had been abusive enough to unleash
2165:. Maria Jaramillo, the daughter of
996:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
24:
6531:History of the Spanish West Indies
5369:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
4842:
4123:
3786:
3225:Pietro Martire D'Anghiera (2009).
3186:Pietro Martire D'Anghiera (2009).
3147:Pietro Martire D'Anghiera (2009).
2499:
2197:resulting turmoil. Initially, the
2036:established a system similar to a
1895:natives were given instruction in
1650:last survivors of American slavery
25:
6562:
4599:
4462:
4343:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
4071:
3981:. University of Minnesota Press.
3824:Avellaneda, Jose Ignacio (1995).
3245:from the original on 31 July 2020
611:Field slaves in the United States
478:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
6454:Criollos in the colonial society
6382:Spanish missions in the Americas
5504:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
2792:(1984). "1. Evolución general".
2534:
2512:institution lasted much longer.
2233:
2173:. Two of Moctezuma's daughters,
1911:against Spaniards, and maintain
488:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
483:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
312:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
82:
6481:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649
4365:
4090:. ThoughtCo. September 10, 2018
4028:The Journal of Economic History
3847:Chamberlain, Robert S. (1954).
3684:from the original on 2020-11-25
3650:
3614:from the original on 2020-11-25
3580:
3546:The Journal of Economic History
3537:
3525:
3512:
3450:
3434:"La rebelión huilliche de 1712"
3375:
3340:
3331:
3318:
3308:
3269:
3257:
3218:
3179:
3140:
3127:
3116:from the original on 2013-10-02
3093:
3070:
3067:Himmerich y Valencia (1991), 27
3061:
3035:
3022:
3009:
2989:
2891:from the original on 2016-09-19
2067:
1438:Committee of Experts on Slavery
989:East, Southeast, and South Asia
4810:
4533:Captaincy General of Guatemala
4241:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
4018:Simpson, Leslie Byrd Simpson,
3830:University of New Mexico Press
3796:Colonial Latin American Review
3729:. Windmill Books. p. 70.
2923:The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule,
2915:
2902:
2851:
2838:
2782:
2769:
1137:Slave raiding in Easter Island
13:
1:
6516:Slavery in the Spanish Empire
6432:General Archive of the Indies
5693:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
5364:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
5349:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
4298:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
4251:War of the Spanish Succession
4216:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
3884:The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule
3808:10.1080/10609164.2016.1150039
3702:Trever, David (13 May 2016).
3231:. BiblioBazaar. p. 132.
3192:. BiblioBazaar. p. 143.
3153:. BiblioBazaar. p. 121.
3100:Anderson, Dr. Eric A (1976).
3028:Himmerich y Valencia (1991),
3015:Robert Himmerich y Valencia,
2871:Rodriguez, Junius P. (2007).
2762:
2580:Deaths, disease, and genocide
2519:in southern Chile, where the
2371:and those held by the Crown.
1942:, who established the formal
5390:
4504:Captaincy General of Yucatan
4434:Union with Holy Roman Empire
4413:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
4328:German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
3520:America: A Narrative History
2804:El Colegio Nacional (Mexico)
1992:stems from the Spanish verb
1428:Temporary Slavery Commission
1089:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
7:
5268:
4984:Administrative subdivisions
4181:War of the League of Cognac
4066:. Mexico City: Aurrúa 1940.
3973:McAlister, Lyle N. (1984).
3276:David M. Traboulay (1994).
2699:
2359:, one of many colonial-era
1448:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
493:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
53:Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala
10:
6567:
5698:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
5683:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
5585:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
4747:
4483:), Western United States (
4376:
4246:Portuguese Restoration War
3996:Ramirez, Susan E. (2008).
2583:
2473:
2313:labourers for their work.
2092:The first grantees of the
1979:
1872:, and was replaced by the
1633:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1470:Anti-Slavery International
1235:North Africa and West Asia
6466:Slavery in Spanish Empire
6377:
6366:
6272:
6261:
6159:
6053:
6046:
5931:
5780:
5773:
5766:
5753:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
5663:
5532:
5494:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
5456:
5400:
5396:
5385:
5354:Barcelona Trading Company
5321:
5278:
5274:
5263:
5167:
5119:New Andalusia (1501–1513)
5089:
5031:
4993:
4989:
4978:
4929:
4888:
4852:
4848:
4837:
4816:
4753:
4694:
4626:Venezuela, part of Guyana
4605:
4528:
4479:, Central United States (
4468:
4382:
4371:
4360:
4211:Bruneian–Spanish conflict
4196:Expulsion of the Moriscos
4142:
4131:
4040:10.1017/S0022050700042182
3955:10.1215/00182168-51.3.431
3668:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
3558:10.1017/S0022050700042182
3367:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2339:Later, a chieftain named
1729:Emancipation Proclamation
1401:Opposition and resistance
1159:Sex trafficking in Europe
1147:Blackbirding in Polynesia
710:Trans-Saharan slave trade
37:Francisco Hernández Girón
6407:Quito painting tradition
6397:Cusco painting tradition
5758:García López de Cárdenas
5748:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
5655:Felipe González de Ahedo
5575:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
4152:Conquest of the Americas
3936:Keith, Robert G (1971).
3410:Urbina, Rodolfo (1990).
3389:(in Spanish). 2020-08-26
2690:conquest of the Americas
1891:were to ensure that the
1509:Compensated emancipation
720:Indian Ocean slave trade
6192:Comuneros (New Granada)
5969:Balearic Islands (1558)
5688:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
5615:Ruy López de Villalobos
5570:Miguel López de Legazpi
5484:García de Toledo Osorio
4348:Western Sahara conflict
4338:Independence of Morocco
4278:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
4221:Piracy in the Caribbean
4206:French Wars of Religion
4083:Encyclopædia Britannica
3598:Oxford University Press
3496:Editorial Universitaria
1919:in the form of metals,
1915:. The natives provided
1848:. The Crown awarded an
1433:1926 Slavery Convention
1189:Germany in World War II
806:North and South America
328:Contract of manumission
6437:Colonial Spanish Horse
6111:Colonia del Sacramento
5334:Spanish treasure fleet
4911:Royal Decree of Graces
3725:Hickel, Jason (2018).
2620:
2436:Bartolomé de las Casas
2426:New Laws of the Indies
2089:
1936:Francisco de Bobadilla
1934:had him replaced with
1801:Spanish pronunciation:
914:British Virgin Islands
466:Circassian slave trade
432:Safavid imperial harem
427:Ottoman Imperial Harem
56:
5595:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
5555:Juan Sebastián Elcano
4870:Council of the Indies
4231:Spanish–Moro conflict
4201:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
4161:Treaty of Tordesillas
2997:The Encomienda System
2812:10.2307/j.ctv26d9fg.5
2597:
2380:Initial controversies
2240:Isabella I of Castile
2077:
2006:institution in which
1958:for relief under the
1948:Isabella I of Castile
1820:system that rewarded
1805:[eŋkoˈmjenda]
1153:Europe and North Asia
1113:Australia and Oceania
813:Pre-Columbian America
385:Slave raid of Suðuroy
317:Slavery in al-Andalus
239:Black Sea slave trade
168:21st-century jihadism
35:
6392:Mesoamerican Codices
6116:Comuneros (Paraguay)
5954:Siege of Castelnuovo
5540:Christopher Columbus
5359:Consulate of the Sea
5339:Casa de Contratación
4930:Titles and positions
4323:Spanish–American War
4313:Liberal constitution
4156:Asia and the Pacific
3898:. pp. 250–251.
2908:Ida Altman, et al.,
2861:Pearson, 2003, p. 47
2857:Ida Altman, et al.,
2800:El Colegio de México
2731:Gregorio de San Juan
2686:Spanish Black Legend
2659:over 96%. Historian
2641:University of Hawaii
2626:(coiner of the term
2613:pictorial manuscript
2608:, is a 16th-century
2604:: also known as the
2470:The New Laws of 1542
2420:system, through the
2375:Reform and abolition
2111:In his study of the
1996:, "to entrust". The
1928:Christopher Columbus
1926:With the ousting of
1864:; starting from the
1608:Indentured servitude
1536:Underground Railroad
1336:United Arab Emirates
725:Zanzibar slave trade
692:By country or region
505:Atlantic slave trade
407:Ma malakat aymanukum
291:Venetian slave trade
6541:Spanish Puerto Rico
6526:Spanish West Indies
6121:Cartagena de Indias
5743:Diego de Mazariegos
5713:Pere Fages i Beleta
5580:Sebastián de Ocampo
5061:Provincias Internas
5033:Captaincies General
4947:Municipal president
4916:School of Salamanca
4687:Spanish East Indies
4666:Misiones Orientales
4538:Spanish West Indies
4502:, Central America (
4449:Pyrénées-Orientales
4402:Union with Portugal
4293:Napoleonic invasion
4273:War of Jenkins' Ear
3635:Schimmer, Russell.
3446:on 3 December 2013.
3387:Revista de historia
2777:Early Latin America
2721:Encomiendas in Peru
2452:Viceroyalty of Peru
2296:In Mexico, viceroy
2125:pobladores antiguos
1838:Spanish East Indies
1694:Slave Route Project
825:Americas indigenous
715:Red Sea slave trade
705:Contemporary Africa
568:Topics and practice
338:Crimean slave trade
333:Bukhara slave trade
286:Genoese slave trade
163:Contemporary Africa
143:Forced prostitution
45:Viceroyalty of Peru
6417:Academia Antártica
6372:Other civil topics
5738:Pánfilo de Narváez
5640:Sebastián Vizcaíno
5605:Andrés de Urdaneta
5565:Juan Ponce de León
5550:Ferdinand Magellan
5524:Bernardo de Gálvez
5423:Indian auxiliaries
4921:Trial of residence
4901:Laws of the Indies
4685:Asia and Oceania (
4546:Dominican Republic
3588:Stannard, David E.
3484:Villalobos, Sergio
3002:2005-12-18 at the
2995:Scott, Meredith, "
2912:Pearson, 2003, 143
2654:Yale University's
2621:
2606:Codex Tepetlaoztoc
2601:Codex Kingsborough
2517:Chiloé Archipelago
2424:(1512–13) and the
2298:Antonio de Mendoza
2090:
1952:Laws of the Indies
1858:indigenous peoples
1475:Blockade of Africa
782:Somali slave trade
698:Sub-Saharan Africa
390:Turkish Abductions
348:Khivan slave trade
343:Khazar slave trade
296:Balkan slave trade
254:Prague slave trade
57:
47:who protested the
6493:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6362:
6361:
6267:Spanish conquests
6257:
6256:
6253:
6252:
6249:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6042:
6041:
5723:Pedro de Alvarado
5708:Gaspar de Portolà
5703:Pedro de Valdivia
5678:Francisco Pizarro
5630:Nicolás de Ovando
5625:Alonso de Ercilla
5600:Alonso de Salazar
5433:Ships of the line
5381:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5259:
5258:
5255:
5254:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4833:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4805:
4804:
4762:Northern Africa (
4758:Equatorial Guinea
4742:
4741:
4679:
4678:
4594:
4593:
4517:
4516:
4508:Spanish Caribbean
4481:Spanish Louisiana
4457:
4456:
4392:Crown of Castille
4356:
4355:
4333:Spanish Civil War
4308:Adams–Onís Treaty
4288:Nootka Convention
4236:Thirty Years' War
4226:Eighty Years' War
4147:Catholic Monarchs
4137:Timeline–immersed
3905:978-0-87436-885-7
3839:978-0-8263-1612-7
3763:978-0-521-62730-6
3708:Los Angeles Times
3492:Historia De Chile
3420:Tiempo y espacio
3133:Arthur S. Aiton,
2982:978-1-118-77248-5
2884:978-0-313-33272-2
2741:Jesuit reductions
2486:Blasco Núñez Vela
2456:Blasco Núñez Vela
2404:Emperor Charles V
2291:Blasco Núñez Vela
2222:). They used the
2156:Nicolás de Ovando
2062:Catholic monarchs
2000:was based on the
1940:Nicolás de Ovando
1791:
1790:
1741:Freedmen's Bureau
1563:Third Servile War
1558:International law
1125:Human trafficking
887:Human trafficking
562:Thirteen colonies
380:Sack of Baltimore
148:Human trafficking
16:(Redirected from
6558:
6511:Slavery in Spain
6368:
6367:
6334:Chibchan Nations
6263:
6262:
6232:Santiago de Cuba
6091:Guadalupe Island
6051:
6050:
5778:
5777:
5771:
5770:
5733:Diego de Almagro
5610:Antonio de Ulloa
5514:Ambrosio Spinola
5509:Pedro de Zubiaur
5479:Alfonso d'Avalos
5469:Antonio de Leyva
5413:Army of Flanders
5398:
5397:
5387:
5386:
5276:
5275:
5265:
5264:
4991:
4990:
4980:
4979:
4850:
4849:
4839:
4838:
4807:
4806:
4780:Peñón of Algiers
4744:
4743:
4681:
4680:
4596:
4595:
4519:
4518:
4501:
4459:
4458:
4373:
4372:
4362:
4361:
4283:Seven Years' War
4256:Queen Anne's War
4133:
4132:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4095:
4094:
4062:Zavala, Silvio.
4059:
4015:
3992:
3980:
3969:49, no. 3 (1969)
3959:
3957:
3917:
3876:
3843:
3819:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3710:. Archived from
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3658:Reséndez, Andrés
3654:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3632:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3523:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3417:
3407:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3366:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3329:
3322:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3144:
3138:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3115:
3108:
3097:
3091:
3077:Clendinnen, Inga
3074:
3068:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3050:on April 2, 2009
3046:. Archived from
3039:
3033:
3030:The Encomenderos
3026:
3020:
3013:
3007:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2968:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2939:
2926:
2921:Charles Gibson,
2919:
2913:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2868:
2862:
2855:
2849:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2828:
2786:
2780:
2773:
2726:History of Cusco
2656:genocide studies
2619:for mistreatment
2566:natives declined
2525:a revolt in 1712
2444:important debate
2175:Isabel Moctezuma
1901:Spanish language
1816:) was a Spanish
1815:
1814:
1813:
1807:
1802:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1753:Emancipation Day
1586:
1553:Slave Trade Acts
244:Byzantine Empire
86:
59:
58:
21:
6566:
6565:
6561:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6556:
6555:
6496:
6495:
6494:
6485:
6461:Old inquisition
6373:
6358:
6268:
6241:
6197:Trinidad (1797)
6167:La Noche Triste
6155:
6151:San Juan (1797)
6101:San Juan (1595)
6038:
5927:
5767:Notable battles
5762:
5728:Martín de Ursúa
5659:
5590:Alonso de Ojeda
5560:Juan de la Cosa
5545:Pinzón brothers
5528:
5499:John of Austria
5474:Martín de Goiti
5452:
5392:
5373:
5317:
5270:
5251:
5163:
5159:Terra Australis
5154:Río de la Plata
5099:Castilla de Oro
5085:
5027:
5023:Río de la Plata
4985:
4966:
4925:
4884:
4880:Santa Hermandad
4844:
4825:
4821:Terra Australis
4812:
4801:
4768:Spanish Morocco
4749:
4738:
4729:Northern Taiwan
4690:
4675:
4646:Río de la Plata
4601:
4590:
4524:
4523:Central America
4513:
4495:
4464:
4453:
4397:Crown of Aragon
4378:
4367:
4352:
4268:Bourbon Reforms
4138:
4127:
4122:
4074:
4069:
4012:
3989:
3963:Lockhart, James
3906:
3880:Gibson, Charles
3865:10.2307/2509348
3840:
3828:. Albuquerque:
3789:
3787:Further reading
3784:
3783:
3773:
3771:
3764:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3723:
3719:
3700:
3696:
3687:
3685:
3678:
3655:
3651:
3642:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3617:
3615:
3608:
3600:. p. 139.
3585:
3581:
3542:
3538:
3530:
3526:
3517:
3513:
3506:
3498:. p. 237.
3481:
3477:
3467:
3465:
3462:Memoria chilena
3458:"La encomienda"
3456:
3455:
3451:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3392:
3390:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3360:
3359:
3353:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3332:
3324:Benjamin Keen,
3323:
3319:
3313:
3309:
3299:
3297:
3290:
3274:
3270:
3262:
3258:
3248:
3246:
3239:
3223:
3219:
3209:
3207:
3200:
3184:
3180:
3170:
3168:
3161:
3145:
3141:
3132:
3128:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3098:
3094:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3053:
3051:
3040:
3036:
3027:
3023:
3014:
3010:
3004:Wayback Machine
2994:
2990:
2983:
2969:
2962:
2952:
2950:
2941:
2940:
2929:
2925:Stanford, 1964.
2920:
2916:
2907:
2903:
2894:
2892:
2885:
2869:
2865:
2856:
2852:
2843:
2839:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2787:
2783:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2707:Polo y servicio
2702:
2678:
2661:Andrés Reséndez
2592:
2582:
2539:
2502:
2500:Final abolition
2478:
2472:
2382:
2377:
2236:
2096:system, called
2072:
1984:The meaning of
1982:
1956:Real Audiencias
1846:Spanish monarch
1809:
1808:
1800:
1787:
1758:
1757:
1662:Slave narrative
1618:Fugitive slaves
1598:
1590:
1589:
1580:
1548:Slave rebellion
1403:
1393:
1392:
1351:
1341:
1340:
1163:United Kingdom
1099:Yankee princess
693:
685:
684:
412:Avret Pazarları
358:Avret Pazarları
227:Medieval Europe
193:
183:
182:
121:Forced marriage
96:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6564:
6554:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6491:
6490:
6487:
6486:
6484:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6446:
6445:
6444:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6364:
6363:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6315:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6277:Canary Islands
6273:
6270:
6269:
6259:
6258:
6255:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6163:
6161:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6131:Túpac Amaru II
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6076:Bogotá savanna
6073:
6068:
6063:
6057:
6055:
6048:
6044:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5984:Spanish Armada
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5935:
5933:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5878:White Mountain
5875:
5873:Cape Celidonia
5870:
5868:English Armada
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5784:
5782:
5775:
5768:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5669:
5667:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5645:Juan Fernández
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5620:Diego Columbus
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5448:Army of Africa
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5428:Spanish Armada
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5404:
5402:
5394:
5393:
5383:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5329:Manila galleon
5325:
5323:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5284:
5282:
5272:
5271:
5261:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5173:
5171:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5095:
5093:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5037:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
4999:
4997:
4987:
4986:
4976:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4856:
4854:
4846:
4845:
4843:Administration
4835:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4764:Western Sahara
4760:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4662:Banda Oriental
4643:
4629:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4535:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4477:Coastal Alaska
4469:
4466:
4465:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4369:
4368:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4129:
4128:
4125:Spanish Empire
4121:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4085:
4073:
4072:External links
4070:
4068:
4067:
4060:
4034:(4): 842–859.
4023:
4016:
4011:978-0684314433
4010:
3993:
3988:978-0816612161
3987:
3970:
3960:
3948:(3): 431–446.
3933:
3918:
3904:
3887:
3877:
3859:(2): 238–250.
3844:
3838:
3820:
3802:(4): 545–571.
3790:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3762:
3742:
3736:978-1786090034
3735:
3717:
3714:on 2019-06-20.
3694:
3677:978-0547640983
3676:
3670:. p. 17.
3649:
3624:
3607:978-0195085570
3606:
3579:
3552:(4): 842–859.
3536:
3524:
3511:
3505:978-9561111639
3504:
3488:Silva, Osvaldo
3475:
3449:
3425:
3399:
3374:
3339:
3330:
3317:
3307:
3289:978-0819196422
3288:
3268:
3256:
3238:978-1113147608
3237:
3217:
3199:978-1113147608
3198:
3178:
3160:978-1113147608
3159:
3139:
3126:
3092:
3069:
3060:
3034:
3021:
3008:
2988:
2981:
2971:Meade (2016).
2960:
2927:
2914:
2901:
2883:
2863:
2850:
2837:
2820:
2806:. p. 31.
2798:(in Spanish).
2781:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2756:Guaraní people
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2677:
2674:
2647:describes the
2645:David Stannard
2624:Raphael Lemkin
2586:Taíno genocide
2581:
2578:
2538:
2533:
2501:
2498:
2474:Main article:
2471:
2468:
2462:, many of the
2422:Laws of Burgos
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2345:Ciguana people
2235:
2232:
2140:conquistadores
2071:
2066:
1981:
1978:
1913:infrastructure
1907:; to suppress
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1640:List of slaves
1637:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1358:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1184:Dutch Republic
1181:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1116:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1008:
1003:
998:
992:
991:
985:
984:
979:
972:
971:
970:
965:
955:
950:
945:
944:
943:
933:
928:
927:
926:
921:
916:
911:
901:
896:
891:
890:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
834:
833:
832:
822:
821:
820:
809:
808:
802:
801:
796:
791:
786:
785:
784:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
728:
727:
717:
712:
707:
701:
700:
694:
691:
690:
687:
686:
683:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
656:
655:
651:
650:
645:
643:Child soldiers
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
619:
618:
608:
603:
598:
593:
592:
591:
586:
581:
570:
569:
565:
564:
559:
554:
552:Spanish Empire
549:
544:
539:
534:
532:Middle Passage
529:
524:
519:
514:
508:
507:
501:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
469:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
394:
393:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
362:
361:
360:
353:Ottoman Empire
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
314:
308:
307:
301:
300:
299:
298:
288:
283:
278:
277:
276:
271:
266:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
230:
229:
223:
222:
217:
212:
207:
201:
200:
194:
189:
188:
185:
184:
181:
180:
175:
173:Sexual slavery
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
139:
138:
133:
131:Child marriage
128:
118:
113:
108:
106:Child soldiers
103:
97:
92:
91:
88:
87:
79:
78:
68:
67:
39:was a Spanish
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6563:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6546:Unfree labour
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6455:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6447:
6443:
6440:
6439:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6412:Tapada limeña
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6376:
6369:
6365:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6294:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6274:
6271:
6264:
6260:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6158:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6058:
6056:
6052:
6049:
6045:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6004:Montes Claros
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5944:Vienna (1529)
5942:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5779:
5776:
5772:
5769:
5765:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5673:Hernán Cortés
5671:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5665:Conquistadors
5662:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5635:Juan de Ayala
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5531:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5489:Duke of Savoy
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5388:
5384:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5288:Dollar (Peso)
5286:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5266:
5262:
5248:
5247:Santo Domingo
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5166:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5124:New Andalusia
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5088:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5071:Santo Domingo
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4995:Viceroyalties
4992:
4988:
4981:
4977:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4887:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4840:
4836:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4815:
4808:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4752:
4745:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4688:
4682:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4604:
4600:South America
4597:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4520:
4509:
4505:
4499:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4485:Spanish Texas
4482:
4478:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4463:North America
4460:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4444:Franche-Comté
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4374:
4370:
4363:
4359:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4119:
4114:
4112:
4107:
4105:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3979:
3978:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3931:
3930:0-292-72068-8
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3792:
3791:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3755:
3754:
3746:
3738:
3732:
3728:
3721:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3698:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3653:
3638:
3631:
3629:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3583:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3521:
3515:
3507:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3439:El Llanquihue
3435:
3429:
3421:
3413:
3406:
3404:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3370:
3364:
3349:
3343:
3334:
3327:
3321:
3311:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3272:
3265:
3264:Codice Osuna,
3260:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3221:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3182:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3143:
3136:
3130:
3112:
3105:
3104:
3096:
3090:
3089:0-521-37981-4
3086:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3064:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3032:, pp. 195–196
3031:
3025:
3018:
3012:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2992:
2984:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2965:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2924:
2918:
2911:
2905:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2867:
2860:
2854:
2847:
2841:
2834:
2823:
2821:968-12-0253-8
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2790:Silvio Zavala
2785:
2778:
2772:
2768:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2673:
2671:
2668:, a third of
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2562:repartimiento
2558:
2557:repartimiento
2554:
2550:
2549:
2548:repartimiento
2544:
2537:
2536:Repartimiento
2532:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2361:Aztec codices
2358:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2330:captured the
2329:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2234:Establishment
2231:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2117:Hernán Cortés
2114:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2079:Hernán Cortés
2076:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1932:Spanish Crown
1930:in 1500, the
1929:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1874:repartimiento
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1806:
1798:
1797:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1684:Slave catcher
1682:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1613:Forced labour
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1584:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1458:Abolitionists
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1060:comfort women
1058:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1043:Chukri System
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
993:
990:
987:
986:
983:
980:
977:
973:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
942:
939:
938:
937:
934:
932:
931:Latin America
929:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
906:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
888:
885:
883:
882:interregional
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
867:prison labour
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
839:
838:
837:United States
835:
831:
828:
827:
826:
823:
819:
816:
815:
814:
811:
810:
807:
804:
803:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
783:
780:
779:
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748:
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743:
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738:
735:
733:
730:
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723:
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721:
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695:
689:
688:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
653:
652:
649:
648:White slavery
646:
644:
641:
639:
638:Slave raiding
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
617:
614:
613:
612:
609:
607:
606:Corvée labour
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
576:
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572:
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457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
422:Abbasid harem
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
398:
395:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
366:
365:Barbary Coast
363:
359:
356:
355:
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351:
349:
346:
344:
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339:
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334:
331:
329:
326:
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81:
80:
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73:
72:Forced labour
70:
69:
65:
61:
60:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
6506:Encomenderos
6387:Architecture
6282:The Americas
6146:Newfoundland
6136:Túpac Katari
6126:Cuerno Verde
6061:Tenochtitlan
5893:Valenciennes
5650:Luis Fajardo
5519:Blas de Lezo
5464:Duke of Alba
5344:Spanish Road
5182:Buenos Aires
5091:Governorates
4860:Ayuntamiento
4853:Organization
4318:Carlist Wars
4185:
4166:Italian Wars
4082:
4063:
4031:
4027:
4019:
4001:
3998:"Encomienda"
3976:
3966:
3945:
3941:
3921:
3891:
3883:
3856:
3852:
3825:
3799:
3795:
3772:. Retrieved
3752:
3745:
3726:
3720:
3712:the original
3707:
3697:
3686:. Retrieved
3662:
3652:
3641:. Retrieved
3616:. Retrieved
3592:
3582:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3527:
3519:
3514:
3491:
3478:
3466:. Retrieved
3461:
3452:
3444:the original
3437:
3428:
3419:
3391:. Retrieved
3386:
3377:
3352:. Retrieved
3342:
3333:
3325:
3320:
3310:
3298:. Retrieved
3278:
3271:
3263:
3259:
3247:. Retrieved
3227:
3220:
3208:. Retrieved
3188:
3181:
3169:. Retrieved
3149:
3142:
3134:
3129:
3118:. Retrieved
3102:
3095:
3080:
3072:
3063:
3052:. Retrieved
3048:the original
3037:
3029:
3024:
3016:
3011:
2991:
2972:
2951:. Retrieved
2943:"Encomienda"
2922:
2917:
2909:
2904:
2893:. Retrieved
2873:
2866:
2858:
2853:
2845:
2840:
2832:
2825:. Retrieved
2794:
2784:
2776:
2771:
2716:Cargo system
2681:
2679:
2666:Jason Hickel
2653:
2648:
2636:
2631:
2622:
2617:encomenderos
2616:
2610:Mesoamerican
2605:
2599:
2573:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2542:
2540:
2535:
2528:
2520:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2494:encomenderos
2493:
2490:encomenderos
2489:
2483:
2479:
2464:encomenderos
2463:
2459:
2447:
2439:
2432:
2430:
2417:
2411:
2407:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2383:
2369:encomenderos
2368:
2357:Codice Osuna
2356:
2352:
2350:
2338:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2317:
2315:
2310:
2307:encomenderos
2306:
2302:
2295:
2285:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2267:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2247:, since the
2244:
2237:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2170:
2163:encomenderos
2162:
2160:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2137:
2129:encomenderos
2128:
2124:
2113:encomenderos
2112:
2110:
2101:
2098:encomenderos
2097:
2093:
2091:
2082:
2069:Encomenderos
2068:
2064:as a whole.
2053:
2050:encomenderos
2049:
2045:
2043:
2033:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2007:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1973:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1943:
1925:
1892:
1889:encomenderos
1888:
1884:
1878:
1869:
1861:
1849:
1825:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1689:Slave patrol
1526:Freedom suit
1502:Sierra Leone
1492:Colonization
1408:Abolitionism
1388:Baháʼí Faith
1361:Christianity
1311:Saudi Arabia
1167:Penal Labour
1132:Blackbirding
1038:Debt bondage
1026:penal system
975:
852:Contemporary
842:Field slaves
830:U.S. Natives
789:South Africa
660:Galley slave
633:Slave market
623:House slaves
596:Blackbirding
574:Conscription
498:21st century
461:Umm al-walad
305:Muslim world
274:Emancipation
178:Wage slavery
158:Penal labour
136:Wife selling
126:Bride buying
111:Conscription
101:Child Labour
94:Contemporary
40:
29:
6354:Philippines
6319:El Salvador
5939:Capo d'Orso
5823:St. Quentin
5798:Rome (1527)
5457:Strategists
5207:Guadalajara
5134:New Navarre
5129:New Castile
5114:La Luisiana
5066:Puerto Rico
5056:Philippines
5013:New Granada
4703:Philippines
4664:(Uruguay),
4660:(Bolivia),
4610:New Granada
4550:Puerto Rico
4496: [
4366:Territories
4186:Encomiendas
2433:encomendero
2408:encomiendas
2393:encomendero
2353:encomendado
2318:encomiendas
2286:encomendero
2278:encomendero
2262:reducciones
2257:encomiendas
2253:encomiendas
2245:encomiendas
2219:principalía
2187:encomiendas
2183:encomiendas
2179:encomiendas
2171:encomiendas
2144:encomendero
2102:encomiendas
2083:encomendero
2054:encomendero
2030:Granada War
2026:reconquista
2009:adelantados
2003:reconquista
1990:encomendero
1966:Encomiendas
1897:Catholicism
1870:encomendero
1862:encomendero
1830:Reconquista
1704:court cases
1581: [
1531:Slave Power
1519:Manumission
1366:Catholicism
1241:Afghanistan
982:Puerto Rico
894:The Bahamas
872:Slave codes
675:Shanghaiing
665:Impressment
557:Slave Coast
437:Qajar harem
397:Concubinage
370:slave trade
41:encomendero
18:Encomiendas
6500:Categories
6024:Somosierra
6014:Manila Bay
5888:Nördlingen
5828:Gravelines
5308:Columnario
5280:Currencies
5197:Concepción
5169:Audiencias
5144:New Toledo
5109:La Florida
4942:Corregidor
4906:Papal bull
4811:Antarctica
4719:Micronesia
4176:Golden Age
4079:Encomienda
3688:2020-11-10
3643:2023-01-12
3618:2020-11-10
3468:7 February
3393:2021-01-06
3354:2020-09-30
3120:2013-10-29
3083:. (p. 83)
3054:2009-05-18
2953:21 January
2895:2016-03-27
2763:References
2746:Reductions
2682:encomienda
2649:encomienda
2643:historian
2637:encomienda
2632:encomienda
2584:See also:
2574:hacendados
2555:, the new
2553:encomienda
2543:encomienda
2529:encomienda
2521:encomienda
2510:encomienda
2506:encomienda
2496:involved.
2460:encomienda
2448:encomienda
2440:encomienda
2418:encomienda
2400:Enriquillo
2390:Hispaniola
2386:encomienda
2328:adelantado
2323:adelantado
2311:encomienda
2303:encomienda
2274:encomienda
2249:encomienda
2224:encomienda
2214:encomienda
2207:encomienda
2203:Upper Peru
2199:encomienda
2194:encomienda
2152:Hispaniola
2148:encomienda
2094:encomienda
2046:encomienda
2034:encomienda
2021:encomienda
1998:encomienda
1994:encomendar
1986:encomienda
1974:encomienda
1960:encomienda
1944:encomienda
1893:encomienda
1885:encomienda
1850:encomienda
1826:encomienda
1822:conquerors
1796:encomienda
1719:J.Q. Adams
1709:Washington
1679:Slave name
1628:convention
1603:Common law
976:Encomienda
772:Seychelles
757:Mauritania
680:Slave ship
547:Panyarring
542:New France
191:Historical
6329:Nicaragua
6307:Guatemala
6217:Pichincha
6202:Chacabuco
6141:Pensacola
6086:Mataquito
6066:Cajamarca
6047:New World
6019:Trafalgar
5923:Alhucemas
5803:Landriano
5788:Comuneros
5774:Old World
5718:Joan Orpí
5438:Royalists
5212:Guatemala
5139:New Spain
5076:Venezuela
5051:Guatemala
5008:New Spain
5003:Columbian
4896:Exequatur
4796:Cape Juby
4650:Argentina
4473:New Spain
4407:Gibraltar
4171:Habsburgs
4056:155030781
3816:163678212
3574:155030781
2827:13 August
2413:audiencia
2341:Guarionex
2270:reducción
2106:New Spain
2087:New Spain
2058:New World
1970:New Spain
1909:rebellion
1883:. In the
1714:Jefferson
1371:Mormonism
1306:Palestine
1120:Australia
1050:Indonesia
941:Lei Áurea
924:Code Noir
904:Caribbean
877:Treatment
616:Treatment
589:Devshirme
451:Odalisque
269:In Russia
210:Babylonia
198:Antiquity
6339:Colombia
6324:Honduras
6237:Asomante
6222:Ayacucho
6212:Carabobo
6187:Curalaba
5964:Ceresole
5858:Gembloux
5818:Mühlberg
5533:Mariners
5391:Military
5313:Doubloon
5298:Maravedí
5242:Santiago
5149:Paraguay
4875:Germania
4715:Caroline
4670:Malvinas
4654:Paraguay
4614:Colombia
4556:Trinidad
4423:Sardinia
4263:Bourbons
3914:37884790
3896:ABC-CLIO
3768:Archived
3682:Archived
3660:(2016).
3612:Archived
3590:(1993).
3363:cite web
3294:Archived
3243:Archived
3204:Archived
3165:Archived
3111:Archived
3000:Archived
2947:Archived
2889:Archived
2700:See also
2694:smallpox
2628:genocide
2570:hacienda
2476:New Laws
2428:(1542).
2333:caciques
2282:New Laws
2238:In 1501
2014:peasants
1962:system.
1917:tributes
1899:and the
1866:New Laws
1854:monopoly
1836:and the
1746:Iron bit
1736:40 acres
1699:breeding
1514:Freedman
1349:Religion
1209:Portugal
1094:Thailand
1084:Maldives
1079:Malaysia
1072:Kwalliso
1016:Booi Aha
968:Restavek
948:Colombia
919:Trinidad
909:Barbados
799:Zanzibar
747:Ethiopia
628:Saqaliba
522:Database
473:Saqaliba
234:Ancillae
64:a series
62:Part of
49:New Laws
6471:Asiento
6442:Mustang
6302:Yucatán
6297:Chiapas
6177:Tucapel
6009:Passaro
5959:Algiers
5949:Preveza
5918:Tetouan
5913:Vitoria
5903:Bitonto
5843:Antwerp
5838:Lepanto
5793:Bicocca
5269:Economy
5192:Charcas
5187:Caracas
5081:Yucatán
4952:Regidor
4937:Alcalde
4865:Cabildo
4772:Tripoli
4711:Mariana
4658:Charcas
4634:(Peru,
4618:Ecuador
4581:Bonaire
4576:Curazao
4561:Jamaica
4489:Florida
4048:2123819
3873:2509348
3774:18 June
3566:2123819
3300:10 July
3249:10 July
3210:10 July
3171:10 July
2751:Serfdom
2454:. When
2397:cacique
2365:Nahuatl
2121:Narváez
1980:History
1905:pirates
1881:slavery
1844:of the
1842:vassals
1724:Lincoln
1597:Related
1497:Liberia
1383:Judaism
1321:Tunisia
1296:Morocco
1286:Lebanon
1251:Bahrain
1246:Algeria
1214:Romania
1179:Denmark
1172:Slavery
1106:Vietnam
777:Somalia
767:Nigeria
742:Comoros
670:Pirates
579:Ghilman
512:Bristol
402:history
375:pirates
264:History
153:Peonage
76:slavery
43:in the
6449:Castas
6207:Boyacá
6182:Guiana
6172:Iguape
6096:Recife
6034:Mactan
6029:Annual
5994:Rocroi
5989:Leiden
5974:Djerba
5908:Bailén
5863:Ostend
5848:Azores
5443:Legión
5408:Tercio
5401:Armies
5303:Escudo
5232:Panamá
5227:Mexico
5222:Manila
5177:Bogotá
4962:Vecino
4957:Syndic
4788:Béjaïa
4748:Africa
4734:Tidore
4622:Panama
4586:Belize
4493:Mexico
4419:Sicily
4415:Naples
4377:Europe
4054:
4046:
4022:(1950)
4008:
3985:
3928:
3912:
3902:
3871:
3836:
3814:
3760:
3733:
3674:
3604:
3572:
3564:
3502:
3286:
3235:
3196:
3157:
3087:
2979:
2881:
2818:
2670:Arawak
2527:, the
2228:Makati
2205:. The
2167:Marina
2038:feudal
1972:, the
1818:labour
1645:owners
1281:Kuwait
1276:Jordan
1229:Sweden
1219:Russia
1204:Poland
1199:Norway
1021:Laogai
1006:Brunei
1001:Bhutan
963:revolt
936:Brazil
899:Canada
862:partus
847:female
732:Angola
601:Coolie
584:Mamluk
537:Nantes
517:Brazil
446:Cariye
281:Thrall
249:Kholop
215:Greece
6344:Chile
6312:Petén
6287:Aztec
6106:Bahia
6081:Penco
6071:Cusco
5999:Downs
5979:Tunis
5898:Ceuta
5883:Breda
5833:Malta
5813:Tunis
5808:Pavia
5322:Trade
5237:Quito
5202:Cusco
5041:Chile
4776:Tunis
4723:Palau
4640:Chile
4571:Aruba
4566:Haiti
4500:]
4429:Milan
4387:Spain
4052:S2CID
4044:JSTOR
3869:JSTOR
3812:S2CID
3570:S2CID
3562:JSTOR
3416:(PDF)
3114:(PDF)
3107:(PDF)
2268:Each
1921:maize
1672:songs
1667:films
1585:]
1541:songs
1378:Islam
1356:Bible
1331:Yemen
1326:Qatar
1316:Syria
1291:Libya
1256:Egypt
1224:Spain
1194:Malta
1067:Korea
1055:Japan
1033:India
1011:China
958:Haiti
818:Aztec
794:Sudan
762:Niger
654:Naval
527:Dutch
456:Qiyan
442:Jarya
417:Harem
259:Serfs
205:Egypt
6349:Inca
6292:Maya
6227:Guam
6160:Lost
5932:Lost
5853:Mons
5293:Real
5217:Lima
5104:Cuba
5046:Cuba
5018:Perú
4794:and
4792:Ifni
4784:Oran
4707:Guam
4636:Acre
4632:Peru
4542:Cuba
4421:and
4006:ISBN
3983:ISBN
3926:ISBN
3910:OCLC
3900:ISBN
3834:ISBN
3776:2019
3758:ISBN
3731:ISBN
3672:ISBN
3602:ISBN
3500:ISBN
3470:2020
3369:link
3302:2010
3284:ISBN
3251:2010
3233:ISBN
3212:2010
3194:ISBN
3173:2010
3155:ISBN
3085:ISBN
2977:ISBN
2955:2019
2879:ISBN
2829:2022
2816:ISBN
2598:The
2588:and
2541:The
2384:The
2316:The
2192:The
2044:The
2019:The
1988:and
1793:The
1623:laws
1485:U.S.
1480:U.K.
1418:U.S.
1413:U.K.
1301:Oman
1271:Iraq
1266:Iran
953:Cuba
857:maps
752:Mali
737:Chad
323:Baqt
220:Rome
116:Debt
74:and
6054:Won
5781:Won
4889:Law
4786:,
4506:),
4487:),
4036:doi
3950:doi
3861:doi
3804:doi
3554:doi
2808:doi
2515:In
2154:by
2142:as
2104:in
2085:of
6502::
4790:,
4782:,
4778:,
4774:,
4770:,
4766:,
4721:,
4717:,
4713:,
4709:,
4705:,
4668:,
4656:,
4652:,
4638:,
4624:,
4620:,
4616:,
4548:,
4544:,
4498:es
4491:,
4417:,
4154:,
4081:"
4050:.
4042:.
4032:55
4030:.
4000:.
3946:52
3944:.
3940:.
3908:.
3882:,
3867:.
3857:34
3855:.
3851:.
3832:.
3822:*
3810:.
3800:24
3798:.
3766:.
3706:.
3680:.
3666:.
3627:^
3610:.
3596:.
3568:.
3560:.
3550:55
3548:.
3494:.
3486:;
3460:.
3436:.
3418:.
3402:^
3385:.
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