Second East Turkestan Republic

1370:

debt" from the Han. The declaration also declared that the Republic would seek to especially establish cordial ties with the Soviets. The ETR later de-emphasized the anti-Han tone in their official proclamations after they were done massacring most of the Han civilians in their area. The massacres against the Han occurred mostly during 1944–45, with the KMT responding in kind by torturing, killing, and mutilating ETR prisoners. In territory controlled by the ETR like Ghulja, various repressive measures were carried out, like barring Han from owning weapons, operating a Soviet-style secret police, and only making Russian and Turkic languages official and not Chinese. While the non-Muslim Tungusic peoples like the Xibe played a large role in helping the rebels by supplying them with crops, the local Muslim Tungan (Hui) in Ili gave either an insignificant and negligible contribution to the rebels or did not assist them at all.

5557: 1479: 137: 1366:

on the 15th. The Soviet Army assisted the Ili Uyghur army in capturing several towns and airbases. Non-communist Russians like White Russians and Russian settlers who had lived in Xinjiang since the 19th century also helped the Soviet Red Army and the Ili Army rebels. They suffered heavy losses. Many leaders of the East Turkestan Republic were Soviet agents or affiliated with the Soviet Union, like Abdulkerim Abbas, Ishaq Beg, Saifuddin Azizi and the White Russians F. Leskin, A. Polinov, and Glimkin. When the rebels ran into trouble taking the vital Airambek airfield from the Chinese, Soviet military forces directly intervened to help mortar the Airambek and reduce the Chinese stronghold.

666: 130: 1463: 153: 1636: 2515:, arrived at Ghulja on 17 August 1949 to negotiate with the Three Districts leadership about the districts' future. Deng sent a secret telegram to Mao about the Three Districts forces the following day. He listed these forces as including about 14,000 troops, armed mostly with German weapons, heavy artillery, 120 military trucks and artillery-towing vehicles, and around 6,000 cavalry horses. Soviet military personnel were present in the Army and serviced fourteen airplanes, which were used as bombers. On 20 December 1949, the National Army was incorporated into the PLA as its Xinjiang 5th Army Corps. 5605: 1625: 5548: 5592: 36: 1524:. This ended overt Soviet support for the East Turkestan Republic. The Kuomintang's central government of China reached a negotiated settlement with the leaders of the ETR in June 1946. On 27 June 1946, the Interim Government of the ETR passed Resolution 324 to transform the Interim Government of the ETR into the Ili District Council of Xinjiang Province and dissolve the ETR (the resolution used 'East Turkestan' to denote Xinjiang Province). The new council was not a government, and the Three Districts were respectively and directly led by the newly founded 1357:

stand and watch while you, our brethren in religion ... still bear the bloody grievance of subjection to the black politics of the oppressor Government of the savage Chinese? Certainly our God would not be satisfied. We will not throw down our arms until we have made you free from the five bloody fingers of the Chinese oppressors' power, nor until the very roots of the Chinese oppressors' government have dried and died away from the face of the earth of East Turkestan, which we have inherited as our native land from our fathers and our grandfathers.

1498: 5573: 5497: 1832:(interim leader of the Three Districts when Ehmetjan Qasim was not in Ili, and a member of Communist Party of Soviet Union) about the "tragic death of devoted revolutionaries, including Ehmetjan Qasim, in airplane crash near Lake Baikal en route to Beijing." In accordance with instructions from Moscow, Saifuddin Azizi kept the news secret from the population of the Three Districts and it was unreported by Beijing for several months until December 1949, when Saifuddin Azizi departed to Moscow to join Mao Zedong's delegation to sign the 5528: 5510: 5487: 2524:

debts to the Soviet Union. As the region had not yet industrialised, the authorities turned to confiscating Han Chinese property, imposing heavy taxes, issuing deficit bonds and paper currency, collecting donations, and levying fines for unpaid and forced labour as sources of income. The ETR government justified its expropriation of Han Chinese property by issuing a resolution (its ninth) which argued that the Han Chinese had stolen the wealth of the indigenous populace through the "tyranny of the Han Chinese government".

1323:(Yining) Police Department Liu Bin-Di sent telegram to Dihua asking for immediate help: " Situation around Nilka 尼勒克镇 is catastrophic, on the battle of October 03 we suffered heavy losses, rebels captured many weapons and spread their actions south of Kash River 喀什河, our troops in Karasu 喀拉苏乡 and other adjacent villages are under siege, local population is joining bandits and increasing their strength, trucks with troops sent from Yining to Nilka delivered many wounded soldiers on return trip. On the head of bandits are 424: 399: 1311:(KMT) officer and was sent by officials in Dihua to subdue the Hi area (Ili region) and crush the Turkic Muslims, who were prepared to overthrow Chinese rule. His mission failed because his troops arrived too late. Several Turkic cavalry units armed by the Soviets crossed into China in the direction of Kuldja. In November 1944 Liu was killed by Uyghur and Kazakh rebels backed by the Soviet Union. This started the Ili Rebellion, with the Uyghur Ili rebel army fighting against Republic of China forces. 5477: 5539: 3227: 4221: 4240: 2684:, the Soviet Union supported Uyghur nationalist propaganda and Uyghur separatist movements against China. Soviet historians claimed that the Uyghur native land was Xinjiang and Uyghur nationalism was promoted by Soviet versions of Turcological history. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union supported the publication of works which glorified the Second East Turkestan Republic and the Ili Rebellion against China in its anti-China propaganda war. 1405:

the INA with ammunition and Russian-style uniforms, and Soviet troops directly helped the INA troops fight against the Chinese forces. The INA uniforms and flags all had insignia with the Russian acronym for "East Turkestan Republic", VTR in Cyrillic (Vostochnaya Turkestanskaya Respublika). Thousands of Soviet troops assisted Turkic rebels in fighting the Chinese army. In October 1945 suspected Soviet planes attacked Chinese positions.

1447:, was sent with his Muslim cavalry to Dihua by the Kuomintang in 1945 to protect it from the Uyghur rebels from Ili. In 1945, the Tungan (Hui) 5th and 42nd Cavalry were sent from Qinghai to Xinjiang where they reinforced the KMT Second Army, composed of four divisions. Their combined forces made for 100,000 Hui and Han troops serving under KMT command in 1945. It was reported the Soviets were eager to "liquidate" Ma Bufang. General 3597:, p. 275: "Ahmatjan Kasimi and other representatives of the Ili, Tarbagatay, and Altay districts who opposed Sabri's succession as provincial governor left Urumqi in August 1947 and returned to Ghulja to form their own political organization known as the 'Three Districts Economic Commission,' which sought to autonomously govern the Three Districts region; this marked the collapse of the Xinjiang Province Coalition Government." 1251:, Sheng attempted to reassert control over Xinjiang and turned to the Soviet Union for support again. He arrested a number of Kuomintang cadres in Dihua and sent a letter to Stalin offering to "incorporate Xinjiang into the Soviet Union as its 18th Soviet Socialistic Republic." Sheng Shicai asked Stalin for the post of ruler of the new Soviet Republic. Stalin refused to deal with Sheng and forwarded the confidential letter to 1606:(one of the Seven Districts. Riots in Turfan started in July 1947). On 12 August 1947, Ehmetjan Qasim (the vice-chairman of the Coalition Government and the leader of the Three Districts) left Dihua and returned to Ili. Soon afterwards, all the representatives in the Coalition Government from the Three Districts side returned to Ili. The Three Districts leaders then established the 1897:, who was among the few who knew what actually happened to the First delegation of the Three Districts in August in the Soviet Union. On 20 December 1949 the East Turkestan National Army joined PLA as its 5th Army. The province's final status was instituted in 1955, when it was reorganised into an autonomous region for the 13 nationalities of Xinjiang ( 3304: 3258: 1429:. The Soviet-backed insurgents destroyed Tajik and Kyrgyz crops and moved aggressively against the Tajiks and Kyrgyz of China. The Chinese beat back the Soviet-supported rebellion in Sarikol from August 1945 – 1946, defeating the siege of the "tribesman" around Yarkand when they had rebelled in Nanchiang around Sarikol, and killing Red Army officers. 3952: 1864:, who personally interrogated the Three Districts leaders, then ordered their execution. This was allegedly done in accordance with a deal between Stalin and Mao Zedong. The remaining important figures of the Three Districts, including Saifuddin Azizi (who led the second delegation of the Three Districts, which participated in 2677:. The Soviet Union used comparable methods and tactics in both Xinjiang and Iran upon establishing the Kurdish Republic of Mahabad and Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. The American ambassador to the Soviet Union sent a telegram to Washington DC noting the similarity of the situations in Iranian Azerbaijan and in Xinjiang. 4972:. Vol. 8 of British Documents on Foreign Affairs—reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: From 1946 Through 1950. Asia 1946, British Documents on Foreign Affairs—reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: From 1946 Through 1950. Asia 1946. University Publications of America. 3407: 1365:

on 7 November 1944 and rapidly took over parts of the city, massacring KMT troops, however, the rebels encountered fierce resistance from KMT forces holed up in the power and central police stations and did not take them until the 13th. The creation of the "East Turkestan Republic" (ETR) was declared

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The Turkestan Islamic Government is organized: praise be to Allah for his manifold blessings! Allah be praised! The aid of Allah has given us the heroism to overthrow the government of the oppressor Chinese. But even if we have set ourselves free, can it be pleasing in the sight of our God if we only

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of Xinjiang had close cultural, political, and economic ties with Russia and then the Soviet Union. Many of them were educated in the Soviet Union and a community of Russian settlers lived in the region. As a result, many of the Turkic rebels fled to the Soviet Union and obtained Soviet assistance in

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units and soldiers belonging to Ma Bufang moved into Xinjiang to take control of the province. Ma Bufang helped the Kuomintang build roads linking Qinghai and Xinjiang, which helped both of them bring Xinjiang under their influence. Sheng was appointed the head of the Kuomintang branch in Xinjiang in

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to Sheng Shicai's regime. The draft was signed by Sheng Shicai on 16 May 1935, without consultation or approval by the Central Government of China. After Soviet intervention in 1937 and quelling of both Tungan and Uyghur rebels on the South of Xinjiang with liquidation of the 36th Tungan Division and

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was dependent on the Soviet Union for military support and trade. Soviet troops entered Xinjiang twice, in 1934 and 1937, for limited periods of time to give direct military support to Sheng Shicai's regime. After suppressing the 36th Division General Ma Chung-yin in 1934 and the withdrawal of Soviet

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the 1944 Precepts stipulated that the Uyghur language would serve as the republic's official language; in the 1945 Precepts this provision is again stricken from the text, and replaced with a proposal that the Interim Government of the East Turkestan Republic would grant "special support" to Islam,

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The National Army enlisted 25,000 to 30,000 troops. In accordance with the peace agreement with Chiang Kai-shek signed on 6 June 1946, this number was reduced to 11,000 to 12,000 troops and restricted to stations in only the Three Districts (Ili, Tarbagatay and Altay) of northern Xinjiang. National

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On 21 May 1947, the central government appointed Masud Sabri as the new chairman, and Isa Yusuf Alptekin the secretary-general of the Coalition Government. This was fiercely opposed by the Three Districts side, but supported by the Seven Districts side. Masud Sabri was close to conservatives in the

1531:

On 1 July 1946, the Coalition Government of Xinjiang Province was established in Dihua. This government was constituted by three sides: the central government of China, the Three Districts, and the Uyghur-inhabited, anti-revolutionary Seven Districts (at the time, Xinjiang Province was divided into

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of the Three Districts, entered southern Xinjiang, thus establishing control over all ten districts of Xinjiang Province. Earlier, on a single day, on 26 September 1949, 100,000 Kuomintang Army troops in the province switched their allegiance from Kuomintang to the Chinese Communist Party together

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Much of the Ili army and equipment originated from the Soviet Union. The Ili rebel army pushed the Chinese forces across the plains and reached Kashgar, Kaghlik and Yarkand. However, the Uyghurs in the oases gave no support to the Soviet-backed rebels and, as a result, the Chinese army was able to

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The East Turkestan National Army, which was established on 8 April 1945 as the military arm of the ETR, was led by the Kyrgyz Ishaq Beg and the White Russians Polinov and Leskin, and all three were pro-Soviet and had a history of military service with Soviet-associated forces. The Soviets supplied

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Following Sheng Shicai's departure from Xinjiang, the new Kuomintang administration had increasing trouble maintaining law and order. On 16 September 1944, troops that had been sent to Gongha county, a majority Kazakh region, were unable to contain a group of rioters. By 3 October, the rioters had

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defected to the Kuomintang in 1947, the Kazakh cavalry regiment of National Army also defected to Osman Batur. The motorized part of Army consisted of an Artillery Division, which included twelve cannons, two armoured vehicles, and two tanks. National aviation forces included forty-two airplanes,

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However, as the domestic and international situation changed, and the contradiction in the Coalition Government deepened, the Coalition Government was on the verge of collapse in 1947. During 1946 and 1947, the Kuomintang actively supported some local leaders opposing the Three Districts. By this

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The ETR government's 1946 national budget indicated that its largest source of revenue was trade with the Soviet Union. The largest export was oil from the Maytag oil fields; livestock and other goods were also exported by locals. The ETR had exorbitant military expenditures and incurred massive

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The rebels engaged in massacres of Han Chinese civilians, especially targeting people affiliated with the KMT and Sheng Shicai. In the "Ghulja Declaration" issued on 5 January 1945, the East Turkestan Republic proclaimed that it would "sweep away the Han Chinese", threatening to extract a "blood

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American telegrams reported that the Soviet secret police threatened to assassinate Muslim leaders from Ining and put pressure on them to flee to "inner China" via Dihua, White Russians grew fearful of Muslim mobs as they chanted, "We freed ourselves from the yellow men, now we must destroy the

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As the Soviet Red Army and Uyghur Ili Army advanced with Soviet air support against poorly prepared Chinese forces, they almost reached Dihua; however, the Chinese military created rings of defences around the area, sending Chinese Muslim cavalry to halt the advance of the Turkic Muslim rebels.

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districts of northern Xinjiang. Aided by the Soviet Union, and supported by several Xinjiang exiles trained in the Soviet Union, the rebels quickly established control over the three districts, capturing Ghulja in November. The ethnic Chinese population of the region was reduced by massacre and

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separate pro-Soviet area with its own currency and military forces. At the beginning, all the three sides of the Coalition Government placed their hopes in it. The Three Districts side discussed with the Coalition Government and the Seven Districts the union of the economy, finance, transport,

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and the ETR government was reformed as the Ili District Council, although the region retained its political independence. The appointment of a pro-Chinese Uyghur official as head of the Coalition Government led to its collapse in August 1947, when the former ETR leaders withdrew in protest and

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The ETR had a total population of 705,168 people at the end of 1944. Kazakhs made up 52.1% of the population, or 367,204 people, while Uyghurs made up 25.3% of the population, or 178,527 people. Altay District had the highest percentage of Kazakhs at 84.6%, while Ili District had the highest

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employed countermeasures in Xinjiang to prevent the conservative, traditionalist religious Uyghurs in the oases in southern Xinjiang from defecting to the pro-Soviet, pro-Russian ETR Uyghurs in Ili in northern Xinjiang. The KMT allowed three anti-Soviet, pan-Turkic nationalist Uyghurs,

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1943 and allowed Kuomintang cadres into the province. To forge his ties with Kuomintang, on 17 September 1942 Sheng arrested a number of Chinese communists sent to Xinjiang by the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party in 1938 and executed them in 1943. Among the executed was

2458:. A few Kuomintang forces in Sariqol survived and fled to India during the rebel attack. The original base of the rebellion was situated on the mountainous Pamir village of Tagarma, near the Soviet border. On 15 September 1945, Tashkurgan rebels took Igiz-Yar fortress on the road to 1532:

ten districts, and the Seven Districts were treated as a unit in the Coalition Government). In the 25 members of the Committee of the Coalition Government, there were seven from the central government, eight from the Three Districts, and ten from the Seven Districts. The communist

4994: 3132: 2478:, important towns controlling communications between Xinjiang, Tibet and India. On 11 January 1946, the Kuomintang Army counter-attacked the Yarkand military zone, bringing reinforcements from Aksu Region. The counter-attackers repelled Tashkurgan rebels from the outskirts of 1327:, Fatikh, Akbar, Kurban, Baichurin and others, number of rebels is over 1,500. They are all mounted on horses. City of Yining is in danger, we arrested 200 suspects in the city as a precaution. Additional troops from Urumchi are in immediate necessity.". During October, the 4631:

Khakimbaev A. A., 'Nekotorye Osobennosti Natsional'no-Osvoboditel'nogo Dvizheniya Narodov Sin'tszyana v 30-kh i 40-kh godakh XX veka' , in Materially Mezhdunarodnoi Konferentsii po Problemam Istorii Kitaya v Noveishchee Vremya, Aprel' 1977, Problemy Kitaya (Moscow, 1978)

3328:

British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print. From 1946 through 1950. Asia 1949. Burma, India, Pakistan, Ceylon, Indonesia, The Philippines and South-East Asia and the Far East (general), january 1949– december

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on 31 January 1945; all of them were damaged during the battle for the base. Some of these aircraft were repaired and put into service by Soviet military personnel in ETR. These airplanes participated in the battle between Ili rebels and the Kuomintang for

1836:

with Stalin and to retrieve the bodies of the Three Districts leaders (their already unrecognisable bodies were delivered from the Soviet Union in April 1950) and when the People's Liberation Army had already secured most of the former Xinjiang Province.

3008:

M.Kutlukov " About the nature of national-liberation movement of the peoples of Xinjiang in 1944–1949 years ". Article in the Collection of works of aspirants, issue 5, page 257. Publishing House of Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan SSR, Tashkent,

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By the end of 1945, Tashkurgan rebels had attacked Kashgar and Yarkand districts. On 2 January 1946, while the Preliminary Peace Agreement was signed in Dihua between Ili rebels and Kuomintang representatives under Soviet mediation, rebels took

1234:. By 1943 Sheng Shicai switched his allegiance to the Kuomintang after major Soviet defeats at the hands of the Germans in World War II, all Soviet Red Army military forces and technicians residing in the province were expelled, and the ROC 4663:

Kutlukov, M., 'Natsionlal'no-Osvoboditel'noe Dvizhenie 1944–1949 gg. v Sin'tszyane kak Sostavnaya Chast' Kitaiskoi Narodnoi Revolyutsii', , in Sbornik Pabot Aspirantov, Otdelenie Obshchestvennykh Hauk, AN UzbSSR, Bypusk 2 (Tashkent, 1958)

1381:, which included mostly Uighur, Kazakh and White Russian soldiers (around 60,000 troops, armed and trained by the Soviet Union, strengthened with regular Red Army units, that included up to 500 officers and 2,000 soldiers), and a group of 5024:

Rakhimov, T. R. 'Mesto Bostochno-Turkestanskoi Respubliki (VTR) v Natsional'no-Osvoboditel'noi Bor'be Narodov Kitaya' , A paper presented at 2-ya Nauchnaya Konferentsiya po Problemam Istorii Kitaya v Noveishchee Vremya, (Moscow, 1977),

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on Ili rebels' leadership, which agreed to follow orders from Moscow to begin peace talks with Kuomintang. Moscow ordered the National Army to cease fire on all frontiers. First peace talks between Ili rebels and Kuomintang followed

4909:'Natsionlal'no-Osvoboditel'noe Dvizhenie Narodov Sin'tszyana kak Sostavnaya Chast' * Obshchekitaiskoi Revolyutsii (1944–1949 gody)', , in Trudi: Instituta Istorii, Arkheologii i Etnografii, Tom 15 (Alma-Ata, 1962) pp. 68–102. 4048:

M. Kutlukov "Democratic movement of the people of Southern Xinjiang (Kashgaria) in 1945–1947 years", Article in Collection of works of aspirants, page 107, Publishing House of Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan SSR, Tashkent,

1872:, which proclaimed the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949), agreed to incorporate the Three Districts into Xinjiang Province and accept important positions within the administration. However, some Kazakhs led by 3148:"Wireless to THE NEW YORK TIMES 1945, "Sinkiang Truce Follows Bombings Of Chinese in 'Far West' Revolt; Chungking General Negotiates With Moslem Kazakhs—Red-Star Planes Are Traced to Earlier Soviet Supply in Area" p. 2" 1195:. This placed Xinjiang under virtually full political and economic control of the Soviet Union, making it part of China in name only. Sheng Shicai recalled in his memoir, "Red Failure in Sinkiang," published by the 1974:

to write and publish pan-Turkic nationalist propaganda in order to incite the Turkic peoples against the Soviets, angering them. Anti-Soviet sentiment was espoused by Isa while pro-Soviet sentiment was espoused by

152: 2628:). It was published in four languages – Uyghur, Russian, Kazakh, and Chinese – and began circulation on 17 November 1944, five days after the ETR was founded. The Tatar polyglot 4660:

Kotov, K. F., Mestnaya Natsional'nya Avtonomiya v Kitaiskoi Narodnoi Respublike—Na Primere Sin'tszyansko-Uigurskoi Avtonomoi Oblasti, , (Moscow, Gosudarstvennoe Izdatel'stvo Yuridichekoi Literaturi, 1959).

1563:, who broke with the other rebels when their pro-Soviet orientation became clear. In the Coalition Government, there were several important anti-revolutionary Uyghurs appointed by the Kuomintang, such as 1555:

postal-service systems of the ten districts in Xinjiang again. They discussed the army reorganization of the Three Districts, too. The Three Districts had withdrawn their army from the Seven Districts.

1377:, recognised use of native languages, friendly relations with the Soviet Union, and opposition to Chinese immigration into Xinjiang. The military forces available to the rebellion were the newly formed 5386:

Yakovlev, A. G., 'K Voprosy o Natsional'no-Osvoboditel'nom Dvizhenii Norodov Sin'tzyana v 1944–1949', , in Uchenie Zapiski Instituta Voctokovedeniia Kitaiskii Spornik vol.xi, (1955) pp. 155–188.

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Perkins, E. Ralph, ed. (1947). "Unsuccessful attempts to resolve political problems in Sinkiang; extent of Soviet aid and encouragement to rebel groups in Sinkiang; border incident at Peitashan".

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The pan-Turkist 3 Effendis (Üch Äpändi), Aisa Alptekin, Memtimin Bughra and Masud Sabri were anti-Soviet Uyghur leaders. The Second East Turkestan Republic attacked them as Kuomintang "puppets".

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and the other Turkic peoples of Xinjiang to gain freedom and independence that should not be lost. So, the Three Districts delegation was offered to continue negotiations in Moscow directly with

4237: 4727: 2937: 2407:'s speech on China State Radio, offering "to peacefully resolve Xinjiang crisis" with the rebels. These peace talks were mediated by the Soviet Union and started in Dihua on 14 October 1945. 1389:(around 20,000 horsemen). The Kazakhs expanded to the north, while the INA expanded to the south. By September 1945, the Kuomintang Army and the INA occupied positions on either side of the 3914: 1607: 5111:

Saviskii, A. P. 'Sin'tszyan kak Platsdarm Inostrannoi Interventsii v Srednei Azii', , (Abstract of Dissertation in the Academy of Science, the Uzbekistan SSR), (AN UzbSSR, Tashkent, 1955).

4945:. Vol. 2 of British Documents on Foreign Affairs—reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: From 1946 Through 1950. Asia 1946. University Publications of America. 3155: 1979:. In 1949, according to Abdurahim Amin, violence broke out at Xinjiang College in Dihua between supporters of the Soviets and supporters of Turkey following the screening of a film on the 3680: 5922: 4762: 3369: 1619: 929: 4969:

British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: French Indo-China, China, Japan, Korea and Siam, January 1949 – December 1949

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General conscription of all races, except the Chinese, into the National Army was enforced in Ili District. Over 60,000 soldiers were in the Ili army according to General Sung.

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On 26 November 1940, Sheng Shicai concluded an agreement granting the Soviet Union additional concessions in the province of Xinjiang for fifty years, including areas bordering

5144:"Sinkiang Truce Follows Bombings Of Chinese in 'Far West' Revolt; Chungking General Negotiates With Moslem Kazakhs—Red-Star Planes Are Traced to Earlier Soviet Supply in Area" 5389:

Wang, David D. Under the Soviet shadow: the Yining Incident: ethnic conflicts and international rivalry in Xinjiang, 1944–1949. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1999.

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A ceasefire was declared in 1946, with the East Turkestan Republic in control of the Three Districts and the Chinese in control of the rest of Xinjiang, including Dihua.

1451:, another Hui Ma Clique officer and nephew of Ma Bufang, commanded the First Cavalry Division in Xinjiang under the KMT, which was formerly the Gansu Fifth Cavalry Army. 1075:

In late 1949, most of the ETR's former leaders died in a plane crash in the Soviet Union, while en route to attend talks in Beijing. Before the end of 1950, the Chinese

5383:'The USSR and the Establishment of the Eastern Turkestan Republic in Xinjiang', Journal of Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica, vol.25 (1996) pp. 337–378. 2711:

living in Xinjiang and Kadeer recalled that many Uyghurs thought Russian culture was "more advanced" than that of the Uyghurs and they "respected" the Russians a lot.

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troops in 1935, the Soviet Union sent a commission to Xinjiang to draw up a plan for reconstruction of the province, led by Stalin's brother-in-law, Deputy Chief of

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Only a few hundred of the originally 7,000 Tashkurgan rebel force survived. The survivors retreated to the mountainous Pamir base in Qosrap (village in present-day

5918: 5251:

Wang, D., 'The Xinjiang Question of the 1940s: the Story behind the Sino-Soviet Treaty of August 1945', Asian Studies Review, vol. 21, no.1 (1997) pp. 83–105.

4879:

Mingulov, N. N., 'Narody Sin'tszyana v Bop'be za Ustanovlenue Harodnoi Demokratii 1944–1949 gg.', , (Abstract of Dissertation in Moscow National University, 1956).

1297:, was Soviet-educated and described as "Stalin's man" and as a "communist-minded progressive". Qasim Russified his surname to "Kasimov" and became a member of the 2419:

region. This obvious mistake of Ili rebels allowed the Kuomintang to deploy 70,000 troops from 1946 to 1947 into Southern Xinjiang and quell the rebellion in the

3288: 3274: 17: 4815: 6010: 1586:, was considered for appointment in 1947 as Governor of Xinjiang. But finally, according to Zhang Zhizhong's recommendation, the position was given instead to 1547:(chairman of the Coalition Government of Xinjiang Province), who implemented pro-minority policies to placate the minority population in the Three Districts. 4934:. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1947. Vol. VII. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office. pp. 546–587. Documents 450–495. 1865: 1722: 6005: 5186: 4773: 2909: 1520:

In August 1945, China signed a Treaty of Friendship and Alliance granting the Soviet Union a range of concessions that the United States promised at the

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6th Uyghur Division, the Soviet Government did not withdraw all Soviet troops. A regiment of soldiers from the Ministry of Internal Affairs remained in

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Allen S. Whiting and General Sheng Shih-ts'ai " Sinkiang: Pawn or Pivot? " Michigan State University Press, 1958, East Lansing, Michigan, page 143

3147: 1255:. As a result, the Kuomintang removed him from the province in August 1944 and appointed him to a low-level post in the Ministry of Forestry in 1602:

of the Kuomintang and undid all of Zhang Zhizhong's pro-minority reforms, which set off revolts and riots among the Uyghurs in the oases like

5980: 987: 3741: 2871: 5985: 5778: 4942:

British Documents on Foreign Affairs—reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Far Eastern affairs, July–December 1946

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British Documents on Foreign Affairs—reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Far Eastern affairs, July–December 1946

1059:(ROC) led to the cessation of aid. In June 1946, following peace negotiations between the leaders of the ETR and representatives from the 5449: 4113:

a crescent moon and star design in the color green, symbolizing Islam, was adopted for the national flag of the East Turkestan Republic."

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in northern Xinjiang to support a rebellion against Kuomintang rule in the province in order to reassert Soviet influence in the region.

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opposed the Second East Turkestan Republic and the Ili Rebellion because it was backed by the Soviets and Stalin. The former ETR leader

5724: 5567: 3432: 1590:, a pro-Kuomintang, anti-Soviet Uyghur. Ehmetjan Qasim strongly opposed Masud Sabri becoming governor and demanded that Masud Sabri be 1109: 1072:

established the Three Districts Economic Commission to continue governing the three districts independently from the rest of Xinjiang.

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After the establishment of the Coalition Government, in effect, little changed in the Three Districts. The Three Districts remained a

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Vasiliy Borisov, where they were told to cooperate with the CCP. Negotiations between Three Districts and Soviet representatives in

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supported Ehmetjan) to agree to incorporate the Three Districts into the future Chinese communist state, supposedly in 1951. The

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As there were too many difficulties, Zhang Zhizhong, the chairman of the Coalition Government, decided to escape from Xinjiang.

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The National Army of the Second East Turkestan Republic was formed on 8 April 1945, and originally consisted of six regiments:

6015: 5627: 5504: 5417: 5341: 5320: 5293: 5040: 4894: 4849: 4686: 4651: 4616: 4547: 4495: 4437: 4361: 4341: 4287: 3946: 3866: 3796: 3769: 3337: 3187: 705: 157:

Territorial extent of the Second East Turkestan Republic (red), encompassing the three districts of Ili, Tarbagatay and Altay

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was proclaimed two years earlier, on 1 October 1949. Ehmetjan regarded the current situation as a historic opportunity for

1127: 1113: 1036: 905: 417: 404: 4556:

Hasiotis, A. C. Jr. Soviet Political, Economic and Military Involvement in Sinkiang from 1928 to 1949 (NY, Garland, 1987).

2450:

fortress, killing Kuomintang troops. The rebels took Kuomintang troops by surprise as they celebrated the capitulation of

5990: 5514: 5210: 4926: 2001:

later apologized to Ibrahim and admitted that his opposition to the East Turkestan Republic was the correct thing to do.

1298: 701: 2438:

and the Sariqoli Tajik Karavan Shah captured all the border posts near the Afghan, Soviet and Indian borders (Su-Bashi,

2720: 4667:

Lattimore, O., Pivot of Asia: Sinkiang and the Inner Asian Frontiers of China (Boston, Little, Brown & Co., 1950).

1079:(PLA) had captured most of the area of the former ETR, which ceased to function. The entire region became part of the 5995: 5266: 5234: 5166: 5126: 4977: 4950: 4873: 4823: 4707: 4589: 4522: 4410: 4316: 4137: 3464: 3401: 3298: 3268: 3237: 2700: 2670: 1980: 1877: 1725:

later that year. The leaders of the Three Districts traveled to the Soviet Union on 22 August by automobiles through

1131: 1060: 1056: 980: 280: 79: 57: 2982: 1478: 50: 6000: 1833: 1805: 1336: 1088: 1040: 733: 5181:

Taipov, Z. T., V Bor'be za Svobodu , (Moscow, Glavnaya Redaktsiya Vostochnoi Literaturi Izdatel'stvo Nauka, 1974).

4913: 3365: 5907: 5442: 3936: 1841: 954: 4457: 2797: 2781:

Under the Soviet Shadow: The Yining Incident; Ethnic Conflicts and International Rivalry in Xinjiang, 1944–1949.

1610:

to govern the region independently from the rest of Xinjiang, marking the collapse of the Coalition Government.

5518: 5368: 5258:

Under the Soviet shadow: the Yining Incident: ethnic conflicts and international rivalry in Xinjiang, 1944–1949

3727: 2462:, while another group of rebels simultaneously took Oitagh, Bostan-Terek and Tashmalik on the road to Kashgar. 728: 557: 5194: 4796: 2916: 136: 5947: 5744: 2740: 1758: 1121: 1025: 916: 879: 571: 665: 5936: 5672: 5587: 2752: 2312: 1378: 1248: 1215:. Sheng Shicai was informed of this intended result by Soviet representatives in Dihua Bakulin and Karpov. 1211:, prepared by Stalin and seventeen articles long, would have resulted in Xinjiang sharing the same fate as 973: 645: 1594:

and that prisoners be released from Kuomintang jails as some of his demands to agreeing to visit Nanjing.

1462: 5595: 5500: 2502: 1667: 1235: 1076: 884: 1457: 5435: 1575:. These three Uyghurs returned to Xinjiang with Zhang Zhizhong in 1945, when the negotiations started. 824: 781: 1293:. The pro-Soviet Uyghur who later became leader of the revolt and the Second East Turkestan Republic, 2390:. During the battle, one more Kuomintang airplane was captured, detachments of National Army reached 950: 4864:

Millward, James A. and Tursun, Nabijan. "Political History and Strategies of Control, 1884–1978" in

5686: 5682: 3913:. Studies on Xinjiang Historical Sources in 17–20th Centuries. Tokyo: The Toyo Bunko. p. 260. 1816:. On 3 September, the Soviet Union informed the Chinese government that the plane had crashed near 1737:

continued for three days and were difficult because of the unwillingness of Three Districts leader

868: 758: 753: 501: 44: 4728:"Between Rhetoric and Reality: Nationalist China's Tibetan Agenda during the Second World War (1)" 4540:

Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949

5932: 5734: 5710: 5694: 5642: 5551: 5542: 3659: 3630: 2604:

percentage of Uyghurs at 35.1% (Kazakhs still made up a plurality of Ili's population at 44.7%).

1687: 763: 538: 4774:"Nationalists, Muslim Warlords, and the "Great Northwestern Development" in Pre-Communist China" 3655: 3626: 1678:, threatening Kuomintang administration in Xinjiang. The Kuomintang Xinjiang provincial leaders 6025: 5811: 5807: 5491: 2695:'s father served with pro-Soviet Uyghur rebels under the Second East Turkestan Republic in the 2451: 1635: 1591: 1374: 1196: 1161: 748: 143: 61: 3856: 3454: 3177: 1285:

creating the Sinkiang Turkic People's Liberation Committee (STPNLC) in 1943 to revolt against

5821: 4207: 4192: 3738: 2755:, which incorporation into USSR was under way in 1944, as the 17th Soviet Socialist Republic. 2501:). The National Army was inactive in Kashgar and Aksu from 1946 to 1949 until the arrival of 487: 4262: 3428: 1880:, which replaced Xinjiang Province in 1955. First People's Liberation Army units arrived at 5547: 4124: 2411:

Army detachments were also withdrawn from Southern Xinjiang, leaving the strategic city of

2361:

Later, Sibo and Mongol battalions were upgraded to regiments. When Kazakh irregulars under

1967: 1860:'s stables, having been arrested upon arrival in Moscow by the Head of MGB Colonel General 1793: 1754: 1628:

Ehmetjan Qasim, Chairman of the Xinjiang Democratic League of Peace Safeguarding, in 1948,

1624: 1564: 1219: 789: 2819:

The Xinjiang question of the 1940s: the story behind the Sino-Soviet treaty of August 1945

8: 5845: 5774: 5591: 5564: 3717: 2674: 2467: 1888:, and quickly established control in northern Xinjiang, then, together with units of the 1105: 805: 654: 1690:(CCP) side in September 1949. By the end of 1949, some Kuomintang officials had fled to 1497: 5714: 5652: 4005: 1971: 1876:

continued their resistance until 1954. Saifuddin then became the first chairman of the

1821: 1568: 1426: 1148: 1044: 216: 3938:

Struggle by the Pen: The Uyghur Discourse of Nation and National Interest, c.1900–1949

2699:(Three Province Rebellion) in 1944–1946, using Soviet assistance and aid to fight the 2640:

The flag of the Second East Turkestan Republic was a green field charged with a white

1230:

in December 1941, the Soviet Union became a less attractive patron for Sheng than the

5911: 5900: 5876: 5858: 5764: 5706: 5702: 5690: 5576: 5572: 5496: 5458: 5413: 5364: 5337: 5316: 5289: 5262: 5162: 5122: 5036: 4973: 4946: 4890: 4869: 4845: 4788: 4703: 4682: 4647: 4612: 4585: 4543: 4518: 4491: 4433: 4406: 4357: 4337: 4312: 4293: 4283: 4133: 4009: 3997: 3974: 3942: 3862: 3792: 3765: 3460: 3397: 3333: 3294: 3264: 3233: 3183: 2708: 2681: 2657: 2641: 2431: 2394:

north of Dihua, which caused panic in the city. Government offices were evacuated to

1994: 1889: 1785: 1750: 1458:

Formation of the Coalition Government of Xinjiang Province and dissolution of the ETR

945: 713: 3607: 5890: 5886: 5835: 5698: 5560: 4739: 4308:

The Ili Rebellion: the Moslem challenge to Chinese authority in Xinjiang, 1944–1949

3989: 3907:

Kamalov, Ablet (2010). Millward, James A.; Shinmen, Yasushi; Sugawara, Jun (eds.).

2050: 1849: 1781: 1742: 1647: 1521: 1505: 1486: 1340: 1087:(PRC). Most of the area controlled by the ETR later fell under the jurisdiction of 1048: 874: 828: 810: 800: 594: 524: 212: 1262:

In 1944, the Soviets took advantage of discontent among the Turkic peoples of the

5825: 5584: 5580: 5403: 5358: 5331: 5310: 5283: 5256: 5156: 5116: 5075: 5057: 5030: 4967: 4940: 4884: 4839: 4766: 4697: 4672: 4637: 4606: 4579: 4561: 4512: 4481: 4427: 4400: 4351: 4306: 4277: 4244: 4225: 3993: 3812: 3786: 3745: 3724: 3614: 3326: 2704: 2663: 2491: 2487: 2471: 2459: 2447: 2435: 2427: 2420: 2404: 2395: 2277: 1998: 1861: 1829: 1639: 1490: 1417:

poured into Xinjiang from Qinghai to combat the Soviet and Turkic Uyghur forces.

1373:

The demands of the rebels included termination of Chinese rule, equality for all

1252: 1009: 911: 853: 842: 695: 465: 190: 166: 110: 3910:

Uyghur Memoir literature in Central Asia on Eastern Turkistan Republic (1944–49)

1020:(East Turkestan), which existed from 1944 to 1946. It is often described as the 4787:(1). Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program: 115–135. 4723: 2479: 2412: 2398:. An offensive on Xinjiang's capital was cancelled due to direct pressure from 2264: 1976: 1934: 1894: 1797: 1777: 1738: 1683: 1675: 1655: 1544: 1533: 1501: 1482: 1471: 1467: 1294: 1169: 838: 795: 615: 201: 5315:. Translated by Fletcher, Carissa. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press. 5218: 1348:

expulsion. According to United States consular officials, the Islamic scholar

5969: 5789: 4816:"Ethnic Minorities in the Soviet Military implications for the decades ahead" 4792: 4297: 4001: 2696: 2692: 2483: 2475: 2380: 2339: 1946: 1918: 1910: 1906: 1898: 1762: 1448: 1422: 1414: 1328: 1290: 1281: 1275: 1223: 1222:, the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, and the entry of the 1200: 1117: 1032: 858: 820: 314: 5333:

China's War on Terrorism: Counter-Insurgency, Politics and Internal Security

5476: 5395:

Clouds over Tianshan: essays on social disturbance in Xinjiang in the 1940s

2744: 2629: 2443: 2391: 2189: 2131: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1390: 1227: 1160:

beginning in October 1937, in order to prevent a possible offensive by the

1139: 1135: 1052: 1013: 718: 601: 292: 170: 3133:

Potter 1945, "Red Troops Reported Aiding Sinkiang Rebels Fight China" p. 2

1536:, the leader of the Three Districts, became the Provincial Vice Chairman. 5662: 4743: 3762:

The Tragedy of Liberation: A History of the Chinese Revolution, 1945–1957

2498: 2362: 2345: 2026: 1963: 1942: 1938: 1902: 1873: 1817: 1691: 1659: 1643: 1587: 1579: 1572: 1560: 1540: 1539:

As the establishment of the Coalition Government, the unpopular governor

1513: 1386: 1362: 1349: 1324: 1263: 1068: 834: 815: 240: 2386:

This battle resulted in the capture of both KMT bases and oil fields in

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Clubb, O. E., China and Russia: The 'Great Game'. (NY, Columbia, 1971).

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that existed from 1940 to 1956 years, also Sheng Shicai considered the

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Dilemmas of victory: the early years of the People's Republic of China

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Dilemmas of Victory: The Early Years of the People's Republic of China

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Brown, Jeremy; Pickowicz, Paul; Pickowicz, Professor Paul G. (2007).

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China's Post-Jiang Leadership Succession: Problems and Perspectives

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The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat

3908: 2387: 1852:) revealed that the five leaders were killed on Stalin's orders in 1801: 1734: 1699: 1551: 1394: 1181: 1173: 1165: 1080: 1017: 934: 848: 738: 300: 3566: 3564: 1543:(chairman of the Government of Xinjiang Province) was replaced by 2416: 2376: 2333: 1869: 1809: 1789: 1770: 1746: 1726: 1671: 1440: 1421:

expel them. The Ili rebels then butchered livestock belonging to

1382: 1344: 1151:, which resulted in a Soviet five-year loan of five million gold 1144: 1028:(1933–1934), but "second" was never a part of its official name. 690: 5412:] (in Chinese). Publishing House of Minority Nationalities. 4563:

Journal of the Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Volumes 4–5

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Burhan S., Xinjiang wushi nian , (Beijing, Wenshi ziliao, 1984).

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while also guaranteeing the "freedom to follow other religions".

1856:

on 27 August 1949, after a three-day imprisonment in the former

1466:

Coalition government representatives in 1946 including Chairman

5532: 5527: 5509: 5486: 4636:

Khisamov, Nurmukhammet Shagvaleevich; Abuziarov, R. G. (2002).

4088: 3693: 3561: 2439: 2399: 2371: 2351: 1885: 1853: 1825: 1813: 1766: 1730: 1721:

invited the leaders of the Three Districts to take part in the

1714: 1710: 1629: 1603: 1509: 1332: 1320: 1212: 743: 685: 180: 5141: 4608:

Dragon Fighter: One Woman's Epic Struggle for Peace with China

2689:

Dragon Fighter: One Woman's Epic Struggle for Peace with China

1796:

and accompanying officers of the Three Districts, boarded the

5610: 3532: 3530: 2831:

The CIA's First Atomic Spy and His Secret Expedition to Lhasa

1695: 1620:

Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China

1613: 1316: 1192: 1188: 1152: 1084: 1247:. In the summer of 1944, following the German defeat on the 1184:

mines and trade terms highly favorable to the Soviet Union.

5073: 3576: 2666: 2142:

Assistant Director of the Supervisory Committee (initially)

1857: 1820:

en route to Beijing, killing all on board. On the same day

1157: 3891: 3889: 3854: 3527: 3429:"Ammentorp 2000–2009, "Generals from China Ma Chengxiang"" 2010:

Interim Government Council of the East Turkestan Republic

5059:

Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society, Volumes 36-38

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Chinese Communist Power and Policy in Xinjiang, 1949–1977

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Revolutionary History of the Three Districts of Xinjiang

5312:

The East Turkestan Independence Movement, 1930s to 1940s

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Preston, Paul; Partridge, Michael; Best, Antony (2003).

4939:

Preston, Paul; Partridge, Michael; Best, Antony (2000).

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Nationalism, Democracy and National Integration in China

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Best, Antony; Partridge, Michael; Preston, Paul (2003).

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Meehan, Lieutenant Colonel Dallace L. (May–June 1980).

4052: 3886: 3452: 2841: 2839: 4126:

The Eagle of Tengri Tagh: The Life of Abdulkerim Abbas

1559:

time, these opposition figures included Kazakh leader

5077:

Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society, Volume 36

4644:

Tuqay's creativity in the context of Eurasian culture

4429:

Xinjiang and China's Rise in Central Asia – A History

4146: 3836: 3542: 3484: 3346: 3196: 3142: 3140: 3114: 3090: 3075: 3063: 3051: 3036: 3024: 3012: 2963: 2892: 2890: 2851: 1709:

to negotiate with the Three Districts' leadership in

620: 606: 4965: 4938: 4679:

The History and Current Situation of Xinjiang, China

4382:"ON SOVIET-CHINA BORDER, THE THAW IS JUST A TRICKLE" 4279:

Situating the Uyghurs Between China and Central Asia

3324: 2836: 2426:

This rebellion had broken on 19 August 1945, in the

1893:

with the Chairman of Xinjiang Provincial Government

1884:

on 20 October 1949 on Soviet airplanes, provided by

1705:

On 17 August 1949, the Chinese Communist Party sent

506: 492: 5094:"Russians Back Revolution in Province Inside China" 4889:(illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. 4844:(illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. 4064: 3503: 1741:(whose strategy was opposed by two other delegates- 1702:, but most crossed over or surrendered to the CCP. 1686:led the KMT government and army's defection to the 3848: 3232:. University Publications of America. 1999-05-07. 3137: 2887: 2494:back under Chinese control by the summer of 1946. 1866:Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference 1723:Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference 1528:along with the other seven districts in Xinjiang. 4639:Творчество Тукая в контексте евразийской культуры 4635: 4094: 3646:(Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1979), p. 30. 3515: 2984:Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs 1982, p. 299 2662:The Soviet Union set up similar puppet-states in 2612:The official newspaper of the ETR government was 2434:. Rebels led by the Uyghur Sadiq Khan Khoja from 1409:Thousands of Chinese Muslim troops under General 5967: 4076: 2975: 2707:. Kadeer and her family were close friends with 1470:(front row fifth from right) and Vice-chairman 1319:, the county seat. On 4 October 1944, Chief of 5288:(illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. 4696:Liew, Leong H.; Wang, Shaoguang, eds. (2004). 4604: 4349: 4260: 3290:Preston & Partridge & Best 2003, p. 25 1952: 6011:States and territories disestablished in 1946 5443: 5142:Wireless to THE NEW YORK TIMES (1945-10-22). 5114: 4560:Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs (1982). 3934: 2106:Vice Minister of Military Affairs (initially) 1055:, but the Soviets' wartime alliance with the 981: 930:Xinjiang Province, People's Republic of China 576: 562: 543: 529: 5779:Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists 5282:Wang, Gungwu; Zheng, Yongnian, eds. (2008). 5056:Royal Central Asian Society, London (1949). 4882: 4605:Kadeer, Rebiya; Cavelius, Alexandra (2009). 3293:. University Publications of America. 2000. 3260:China Political Reports 1911–1960: 1946–1948 1401:, while the Kuomintang held the Dihua area. 1172:. In exchange, concessions were granted for 349:• Collapse of the Coalition Government 102: 27:1944–1946 unrecognized state in Central Asia 5261:. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press. 5118:Eric Shipton: The Six Mountain-Travel Books 5028: 4581:China political reports 1911–1960, Volume 8 4275: 4203: 4188: 3861:. Harvard University Press. pp. 188–. 1352:declared a "Turkestan Islamic Government": 6006:States and territories established in 1944 5450: 5436: 5357:Wong, John; Zheng, Yongnian, eds. (2002). 4841:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang 3928: 2786: 1614:Takeover by the People's Republic of China 1110:Islamization and Turkification of Xinjiang 988: 974: 151: 5356: 5281: 4331: 3366:"1949, "The Sydney Morning Herald " p. 4" 2045:Vice President of the Interim Government 1526:Coalition Government of Xinjiang Province 1065:Coalition Government of Xinjiang Province 338:Coalition Government of Xinjiang Province 80:Learn how and when to remove this message 5235:"Kazakhstan and China: A Two-Way Street" 5211:"Kazakhstan and China: A Two-Way Street" 5187:"China and Kazakhstan: A Two-Way Street" 4334:The Uyghurs: Strangers in Their Own Land 3759: 3389: 2749:Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic 2242:Minister of Internal Affairs (initially) 2061:Minister of Internal Affairs (initially) 1634: 1623: 1496: 1477: 1461: 43:This article includes a list of general 5232: 5208: 5184: 4924: 4883:James, Andrew; Scobell, Andrew (2013). 4455: 4350:Brown, Jeremy; Pickowicz, Paul (2007). 4176: 4036: 3906: 3895: 3656:Accident description for CCCP-L1844 3627:Accident description for CCCP-L1844 3582: 3570: 3536: 3277:on 2014-07-06 – via Google Books. 3246:on 2014-07-06 – via Google Books. 3214: 3182:. 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Kales Press. 4379: 4122: 3972: 3855:Jeremy Brown; Paul Pickowicz (2007). 3784: 3739:The quest for an eighth Turkic nation 2794:"The Soviets in Xinjiang (1911–1949)" 1385:Karai tribesmen under the command of 5981:East Turkestan independence movement 5392: 5308: 5254: 5091: 5074:Royal Central Asian Society (1949). 4483:Contemporary China – An Introduction 4398: 4106: 4070: 4058: 3813:"Sinkiang and Sino-Soviet Relations" 3594: 3509: 3390:Wang, David D.; Wang, Dewei (1999). 2896: 2877: 2860: 2654:East Turkestan independence movement 2592: 2293: 2034:President of the Interim Government 1776:On 25 August, the eleven delegates, 1114:Xinjiang Province, Republic of China 906:Xinjiang Province, Republic of China 418:Xinjiang Province, Republic of China 405:Xinjiang Province, Republic of China 29: 5986:Former countries in Chinese history 5158:Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland 5115:Shipton, Eric; Perrin, Jim (1997). 4999:The Sun (1837–1988) – Baltimore, Md 4866:Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland 4771: 4722: 4458:"The Soviets in Xinjiang 1911–1949" 3788:Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland 2081:Chief Justice of the Supreme Court 1608:Three Districts Economic Commission 1299:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 545:Vostochno-Turkestanskaya Respublika 103: 24: 18:East Turkestan Republic (1944–1949) 5401: 4670: 4123:Azizi, Saifuddin (December 1987). 4082: 3785:Starr, S. Frederick (2004-03-15). 3753: 3555: 3521: 3497: 3456:Brown & Pickowicz 2007, p. 191 2721:East Turkistan Government in Exile 2537:Ethnic breakdown of the ETR (1944) 2184:Chief Judge of Military Tribunals 1280:Many of the Turkic peoples of the 623:Tung Tʻu-chüeh-si-tʻan Kung-he-kuo 49:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 6037: 5155:Starr, S. Frederick, ed. (2004). 5029:Todd, J.; Raschke, Diana (2010). 5007:"Radio war aims at China Moslems" 4781:China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly 4276:Bellér-Hann, Ildikó, ed. (2007). 1878:Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 1812:, but the flight was diverted to 1203:pressured him to sign the secret 1134:, was under the influence of the 1081:Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 1051:. It was initially backed by the 941:Production and Construction Corps 531:Восточно-Туркестанская Республика 5919:ROC Government retreat to Taiwan 5603: 5590: 5571: 5555: 5546: 5537: 5526: 5508: 5495: 5485: 5475: 3988:(2). Taylor & Francis: 213. 3257:Jarman, Robert L. (2001-05-07). 2687:According to her autobiography, 1834:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship 1658:in July 1952 after quelling the 1089:Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture 935:Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 776:Medieval and early modern period 664: 422: 397: 135: 128: 34: 6021:1946 disestablishments in China 5908:Yangtze River Crossing campaign 5233:Tinibai, Kenjali (2010-05-27). 5209:Tinibai, Kenjali (2010-05-28). 5185:Tinibai, Kenjali (2010-05-28). 5092:RYAN, WILLIAM L. (1969-01-02). 4578:Jarman, Robert L., ed. (2001). 4231: 4212: 4197: 4182: 4170: 4116: 4100: 4042: 4030: 4019:from the original on 2015-11-19 3966: 3955:from the original on 2016-05-27 3917:from the original on 2018-09-19 3900: 3875:from the original on 2017-01-09 3825:from the original on 2011-06-05 3805: 3778: 3732: 3711: 3686: 3674: 3665: 3662:. Retrieved on 22 January 2016. 3649: 3636: 3633:. Retrieved on 22 January 2016. 3620: 3600: 3588: 3473:from the original on 2017-01-09 3446: 3435:from the original on 2014-03-18 3421: 3410:from the original on 2014-07-06 3383: 3372:from the original on 2016-04-27 3358: 3318: 3307:from the original on 2014-07-06 3281: 3250: 3220: 3208: 3169: 3158:from the original on 2018-07-23 3126: 3002: 2991:from the original on 2011-12-13 2940:from the original on 2013-05-09 2926: 2800:from the original on 2008-10-23 2733: 2527: 2067:Political Commissar of the ETNA 1842:dissolution of the Soviet Union 1516:in Nanjing on 24 November 1946. 1493:in Nanjing on 22 November 1946. 955:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 204:(majority; official, 1945–1946) 4261:Ammentorp, Steen (2000–2009). 3728:Birkbeck, University of London 2902: 2823: 2811: 2773: 2671:Azerbaijan People's Government 2222:Commander-in-Chief of the ETNA 2208:Minister of Nomadic Pasturing 2173:Minister of Religious Affairs 1662:Kazakh insurgency in Xinjiang. 1474:(front row fourth from right). 1022:Second East Turkestan Republic 621: 607: 577: 563: 507: 493: 13: 1: 5948:Kuomintang Islamic insurgency 5923:PRC incorporation of Xinjiang 5515:Constitutional ROC Government 5080:. Royal Central Asian Society 5062:. Royal Central Asian Society 5013:. UPI. 1981-09-22. p. 11 4993:Potter, Philip (1945-10-22). 4538:Forbes, Andrew D. W. (1986). 4380:Burns, John F. (1983-07-06). 4336:, Columbia University Press, 4095:Khisamov & Abuziarov 2002 3179:The Six Mountain-travel Books 2762: 2272:Minister of Internal Affairs 2004: 1122:First East Turkestan Republic 1099: 1026:First East Turkestan Republic 1024:to differentiate it from the 494:Sherqiy Türkistan Jumhuriyiti 326:• Independence declared 144:Flags flown upon independence 6016:1944 establishments in China 5976:China–Soviet Union relations 5937:Wanshan Archipelago Campaign 5673:Chinese Communist Revolution 4837: 4695: 4425: 4356:. Harvard University Press. 3994:10.1080/14631369.2010.510877 3935:Ondřej Klimeš (2015-01-08). 3694:"Accueil | Sciences Po CERI" 3459:. Harvard University Press. 3396:. Chinese University Press. 2767: 2626:Revolutionary East Turkestan 2313:East Turkestan National Army 2225:Minister of Military Affairs 2148:Deputy Commander of the ETNA 2145:Minister of Military Affairs 2112:Minister of Internal Affairs 2109:Minister of Military Affairs 1379:East Turkestan National Army 1269: 508:Шәрқий Түркистан Җумхурийити 471:شەرقىي تۈركىستان جۇمھۇرىيىتى 104:شەرقىي تۈركىستان جۇمھۇرىيىتى 7: 5533:Republic of China on Taiwan 5501:National Revolutionary Army 5469:Principal belligerents and 5193:. p. 1. Archived from 4886:China's Search for Security 4838:Millward, James A. (2007). 4732:Canadian Journal of History 4646:] (in Russian). Fiker. 4566:. King Abdulaziz University 4426:Clarke, Michael E. (2011). 4332:Bovingdon, Gardner (2010), 2714: 2306: 1953:Local opposition to the ETR 1236:National Revolutionary Army 922:2nd East Turkestan Republic 917:1st East Turkestan Republic 544: 10: 6042: 5991:Former socialist republics 5745:Fujian People's Government 5611:People's Republic of China 5121:. The Mountaineers Books. 4253: 2829:Into Tibet: Thomas Laird. 2651: 2622:Inqlawiy Sherkiy Turkistan 2518: 2482:, recaptured the towns of 2310: 2245:Chief of Staff of the ETNA 1759:People's Republic of China 1617: 1273: 1103: 1094: 1085:People's Republic of China 5618: 5465: 5330:Wayne, Martin I. (2007). 4918:The Sydney Morning Herald 2753:People's Republic of Tuva 2647: 2590: 2585: 2577: 2572: 2564: 2559: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2505:(PLA) units in Xinjiang. 2490:and Guma and brought the 2289: 1329:Three Districts Rebellion 951:Xinjiang internment camps 634: 614: 608:Dōng Tūjuésītǎn Gònghéguó 600: 593: 588: 584: 570: 556: 551: 537: 530: 523: 518: 500: 486: 481: 477: 470: 464: 459: 455: 450: 438: 376: 366: 361: 357: 347: 334: 324: 311: 307: 287: 276: 272: 262: 258: 250: 246: 234: 230: 222: 208: 197: 186: 176: 162: 150: 125: 120: 96: 5996:20th century in Xinjiang 5596:People's Liberation Army 5404: 4920:. 1949-10-02. p. 4. 4772:Lin, Hsiao-ting (2007). 4702:. Taylor & Francis. 4673: 4638: 4511:Dillon, Michael (2003). 4480:Dillon, Michael (2008). 4432:. Taylor & Francis. 3941:. BRILL. pp. 241–. 3760:Dikötter, Frank (2013). 3617:Accessed 8 November 2010 3573:, pp. 554, 556–557. 2863:, pp. 145–146: "... 2726: 2607: 2503:People's Liberation Army 2321:Suidun infantry regiment 2126:Minister of Agriculture 1808:, officially heading to 1668:People's Liberation Army 1209:Agreement of Concessions 1205:Agreement of Concessions 1077:People's Liberation Army 759:Eastern Turkic Khaganate 754:Western Turkic Khaganate 558:Traditional Chinese 336:• Formation of the 6001:Soviet satellite states 5735:Chinese Soviet Republic 5711:Autumn Harvest Uprising 5393:Wang, David D. (1999). 5309:Wang, Ke (2020-03-15). 5255:Wang, David D. (1999). 4671:Li, Sheng, ed. (2003). 3973:Clark, William (2011). 3660:Aviation Safety Network 3631:Aviation Safety Network 2635: 2330:Ghulja reserve regiment 1688:Chinese Communist Party 1413:and his nephew General 1002:East Turkestan Republic 764:Second Turkic Khaganate 572:Simplified Chinese 451:East Turkestan Republic 98:East Turkestan Republic 64:more precise citations. 5933:Hainan Island campaign 5812:Double Tenth Agreement 5808:Chongqing Negotiations 5725:Encirclement campaigns 5402:Xu, Yuqi, ed. (1998). 5191:Bloomberg Businessweek 5098:The Lewiston Daily Sun 4456:Dickens, Mark (1990). 4305:Benson, Linda (1990). 4282:. Ashgate Publishing. 4243:21 August 2016 at the 4224:21 August 2016 at the 3176:Shipton, Eric (1997). 2614:Azat Sherkiy Turkistan 2285:Minister of Education 2197:Minister of Education 2064:Minister of Propaganda 1663: 1632: 1517: 1494: 1475: 1359: 1197:University of Michigan 1162:Imperial Japanese Army 1035:in three districts of 749:First Turkic Khaganate 5822:Jiaochangkou Incident 4820:Air University Review 4765:1 August 2020 at the 2739:Besides the original 2511:, a special envoy of 2167:Abulimiti Ali Halipa 2097:Rahimjan Sabir Ghaji 1844:in 1991, some former 1674:, the capital of the 1638: 1627: 1500: 1481: 1465: 1361:The rebels assaulted 1354: 1104:Further information: 193:(official, 1944–1945) 187:Common languages 5363:. World Scientific. 5011:The Montreal Gazette 4744:10.3138/cjh.37.3.485 4584:. Archive Editions. 3723:14 July 2014 at the 3642:Donald H. McMillen, 3613:7 April 2013 at the 3585:, pp. 557, 580. 3263:. Archive Editions. 2709:White Russian exiles 2296:, pp. 150–151; 2162:Minister of Finance 1968:Muhammad Amin Bughra 1794:Dalelkhan Sugirbayev 1769:before departure to 1666:In August 1949, the 1565:Muhammad Amin Bughra 1220:Operation Barbarossa 1138:. The local warlord 1130:, a Province of the 1031:It emerged from the 1008:) was a short-lived 368:• 1944 estimate 313:• Start of the 5775:Second United Front 5695:Nanjing–Wuhan split 5643:Sun–Joffe Manifesto 5492:National Government 5397:. Copenhagen: NIAS. 4928:The Far East: China 4462:OXUS COMMUNICATIONS 4399:Chen, Jack (1977). 4109:, p. 148: "... 4061:, pp. 269–270. 3744:13 May 2011 at the 3558:, pp. 171–174. 3539:, pp. 548–549. 3500:, pp. 204–206. 2675:Republic of Mahabad 2669:in the form of the 2618:Free East Turkestan 2446:, Bulunqul), and a 2383:in September 1945. 2011: 1824:sent a telegram to 1331:broke out south of 1106:History of Xinjiang 1067:was established in 1057:Republic of China's 849:Ming ruled Kara Del 806:Kara-Khanid Khanate 5715:Guangzhou Uprising 5653:First United Front 5239:Transitions Online 5148:The New York Times 4402:The Sinkiang story 4386:The New York Times 4204:Bellér-Hann (2007) 4189:Bellér-Hann (2007) 4167:, p. 261-263. 3152:The New York Times 3111:, p. 185-186. 2960:, p. 172-173. 2910:"Lin 2007, p. 130" 2075:Mahmautjan Mahsum 2009: 1981:Russo-Turkish wars 1972:Isa Yusuf Alptekin 1664: 1633: 1569:Isa Yusuf Alptekin 1518: 1495: 1476: 1427:Tajiks of Xinjiang 1149:Alexander Svanidze 1126:From 1934 to 1941 782:Tang Protectorates 277:Independence 217:interim government 5963: 5962: 5958: 5957: 5953: 5952: 5877:Liaoshen campaign 5859:Yu Zisan Incident 5826:Peiping rape case 5795: 5794: 5707:Nanchang uprising 5703:Little Long March 5691:Shanghai massacre 5481:Nationalist Party 5459:Chinese Civil War 5419:978-7-105-03219-8 5343:978-1-134-10623-3 5322:978-962-996-769-7 5295:978-0-203-93226-1 5042:978-0-313-36540-9 4896:978-0-231-51164-3 4851:978-0-231-13924-3 4726:(December 2002). 4688:978-7-228-08237-7 4664:pp. 261–304. 4653:978-5-93091-044-5 4632:pp. 113–118. 4618:978-0-9798456-1-1 4549:978-0-521-25514-1 4497:978-1-134-29054-3 4439:978-1-136-82706-8 4363:978-0-674-02616-2 4343:978-0-231-51941-0 4289:978-0-7546-7041-4 3975:"Ibrahim's story" 3948:978-90-04-28809-6 3868:978-0-674-02616-2 3798:978-0-7656-3192-3 3771:978-1-62040-347-1 3393:Wang 1999, p. 373 3339:978-1-55655-768-2 3189:978-0-89886-539-4 2747:, there was 16th 2703:government under 2701:Republic of China 2682:Sino-Soviet split 2658:Xinjiang conflict 2642:star and crescent 2620:), later renamed 2599: 2598: 2492:Tashkurgan Region 2432:Taghdumbash Pamir 2304: 2303: 2213:Piotr Alexandrov 1749:, while Generals 1304:Liu Bin-Di was a 1145:Soviet State Bank 1132:Republic of China 1061:Republic of China 1037:Xinjiang Province 998: 997: 946:Xinjiang conflict 714:Kingdom of Khotan 638: 637: 630: 629: 595:Standard Mandarin 514: 513: 446: 445: 434: 433: 430: 429: 410: 409: 281:Republic of China 264:• 1944–1946 236:• 1944–1946 90: 89: 82: 16:(Redirected from 6033: 5891:Pingjin campaign 5887:Huaihai campaign 5836:Marshall Mission 5801: 5800: 5687:Shanghai Commune 5683:Nanking incident 5636: 5635: 5621: 5620: 5609: 5607: 5606: 5594: 5575: 5559: 5550: 5541: 5531: 5530: 5519:ROC Armed Forces 5513: 5512: 5499: 5490: 5489: 5479: 5452: 5445: 5438: 5429: 5428: 5423: 5398: 5380: 5378: 5377: 5353: 5351: 5350: 5326: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5278: 5276: 5275: 5248: 5246: 5245: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5217:. 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Wang. 2778: 2774: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2759: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2717: 2705:Chiang Kai-shek 2664:Pahlavi-dynasty 2660: 2652:Main articles: 2650: 2638: 2610: 2601: 2600: 2583: 2570: 2557: 2530: 2521: 2444:Mintaka Qarawul 2421:Pamir Mountains 2405:Chiang Kai-shek 2327:Kensai regiment 2324:Ghulja regiment 2315: 2309: 2300:, p. 259. 2278:Saifuddin Azizi 2248: 2228: 2151: 2115: 2070: 2007: 1999:Saifuddin Azizi 1955: 1862:Viktor Abakumov 1830:Saifuddin Azizi 1646:(father of 6th 1640:Saifuddin Azizi 1622: 1616: 1491:Chiang Kai-shek 1460: 1278: 1272: 1253:Chiang Kai-shek 1124: 1102: 1097: 1010:satellite state 994: 965: 964: 912:Xinjiang clique 901: 893: 892: 885:Qing reconquest 854:Dzungar Khanate 777: 769: 768: 706:Chief Officials 696:Western Regions 676: 656: 649: 622: 423: 398: 369: 350: 340: 327: 320:7 November 1944 317: 291: 283: 268:Hakim Beg Khoja 265: 237: 167:Satellite state 158: 146: 141: 140: 133: 116: 108: 101: 99: 86: 75: 69: 66: 56:Please help to 55: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 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181. 3035: 3033:, p. 180. 3023: 3021:, p. 178. 3011: 3001: 2974: 2972:, p. 174. 2962: 2950: 2925: 2922:on 2010-09-23. 2901: 2899:, p. 265. 2886: 2870: 2850: 2848:, p. 176. 2835: 2822: 2810: 2785: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2723: 2716: 2713: 2649: 2646: 2637: 2634: 2609: 2606: 2597: 2596: 2595:, p. 265. 2588: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2520: 2517: 2366:captured at a 2356: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2311:Main article: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2287: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2265:Ehmetjan Qasim 2261: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2250: 2249: 2247: 2246: 2243: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2227: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2210: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2202:Ubulhari Tora 2199: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2175: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2164: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2156:Anwar Musabay 2153: 2152: 2150: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2116: 2114: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2094: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2086:Jani Yoldaxup 2083: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2072: 2071: 2069: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2047: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2036: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2006: 2003: 1995:Ibrahim Muti'i 1954: 1951: 1895:Burhan Shahidi 1798:Ilyushin Il-12 1778:Ehmetjan Qasim 1739:Ehmetjan Qasim 1684:Burhan Shahidi 1676:Gansu Province 1656:Burhan Shahidi 1618:Main article: 1615: 1612: 1545:Zhang Zhizhong 1534:Ehmetjan Qasim 1502:Ehmetjan Qasim 1483:Ehmetjan Qasim 1472:Ehmetjan Qasim 1468:Zhang Zhizhong 1459: 1456: 1434:Chinese Muslim 1295:Ehmetjan Qasim 1274:Main article: 1271: 1268: 1199:in 1958, that 1170:Inner Mongolia 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1069:Dihua (Ürümqi) 996: 995: 993: 992: 985: 978: 970: 967: 966: 963: 962: 961: 960: 959: 958: 943: 932: 927: 926: 925: 919: 914: 902: 899: 898: 895: 894: 891: 890: 889: 888: 882: 877: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 832: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 796:Tibetan Empire 793: 778: 775: 774: 771: 770: 767: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 710: 709: 693: 688: 683: 677: 675:Ancient period 674: 673: 670: 669: 661: 660: 651: 650: 643: 636: 635: 632: 631: 628: 627: 618: 612: 611: 604: 598: 597: 591: 590: 589:Transcriptions 582: 581: 574: 568: 567: 560: 554: 553: 549: 548: 541: 535: 534: 527: 521: 520: 516: 515: 512: 511: 504: 498: 497: 490: 484: 483: 482:Transcriptions 475: 474: 468: 462: 461: 457: 456: 453: 452: 444: 443: 440: 436: 435: 432: 431: 428: 427: 420: 411: 408: 407: 402: 390: 389: 384: 374: 373: 370: 367: 364: 363: 359: 358: 355: 354: 353:12 August 1947 351: 348: 345: 344: 341: 335: 332: 331: 328: 325: 322: 321: 318: 312: 309: 308: 305: 304: 289: 288:Historical era 285: 284: 278: 274: 273: 270: 269: 266: 263: 260: 259: 256: 255: 252: 251:Vice President 248: 247: 244: 243: 238: 235: 232: 231: 228: 227: 224: 220: 219: 210: 206: 205: 199: 195: 194: 188: 184: 183: 178: 174: 173: 164: 160: 159: 156: 148: 147: 142: 134: 127: 126: 123: 122: 118: 117: 100: 97: 88: 87: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6038: 6027: 6026:Ili Rebellion 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5949: 5946: 5943: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5914: 5909: 5905: 5903: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5892: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5878: 5874: 5872: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5860: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5837: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5827: 5823: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5813: 5809: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5798: 5791: 5790:Dixie Mission 5788: 5785: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5766: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5746: 5743: 5740: 5739: 5736: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5719: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5674: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5654: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5644: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5633: 5632: 5629: 5626: 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Routledge. 5335: 5334: 5328: 5324: 5318: 5314: 5313: 5307: 5297: 5291: 5287: 5286: 5280: 5270: 5268:962-201-831-9 5264: 5260: 5259: 5253: 5250: 5240: 5236: 5231: 5221:on 2014-05-13 5220: 5216: 5212: 5207: 5197:on 2011-04-16 5196: 5192: 5188: 5183: 5180: 5170: 5168:0-7656-1318-2 5164: 5160: 5159: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5140: 5130: 5128:0-89886-539-5 5124: 5120: 5119: 5113: 5110: 5099: 5095: 5090: 5079: 5078: 5072: 5061: 5060: 5054: 5044: 5038: 5034: 5033: 5027: 5023: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4981: 4979:1-55655-768-X 4975: 4971: 4970: 4964: 4954: 4952:1-55655-768-X 4948: 4944: 4943: 4937: 4930: 4929: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4908: 4898: 4892: 4888: 4887: 4881: 4878: 4875: 4874:0-7656-1318-2 4871: 4867: 4863: 4853: 4847: 4843: 4842: 4836: 4826:on 2014-05-13 4825: 4821: 4817: 4812: 4802:on 2010-09-23 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4770: 4768: 4764: 4761: 4750:on 2013-05-09 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4711: 4709:0-203-40429-7 4705: 4701: 4700: 4694: 4690: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4669: 4666: 4662: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4634: 4630: 4620: 4614: 4610: 4609: 4603: 4593: 4591:1-85207-930-4 4587: 4583: 4582: 4576: 4565: 4564: 4558: 4555: 4551: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4526: 4524:1-134-36096-7 4520: 4517:. Routledge. 4516: 4515: 4509: 4499: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4484: 4478: 4468:on 2000-08-24 4467: 4463: 4459: 4454: 4451: 4441: 4435: 4431: 4430: 4424: 4414: 4412:0-02-524640-2 4408: 4405:. Macmillan. 4404: 4403: 4397: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4375: 4365: 4359: 4355: 4354: 4348: 4345: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4320: 4318:0-87332-509-5 4314: 4310: 4309: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4285: 4281: 4280: 4274: 4264: 4259: 4258: 4246: 4242: 4239: 4234: 4227: 4223: 4220: 4215: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4179:, p. 550 4178: 4173: 4166: 4161: 4154: 4149: 4141: 4139:9787503400254 4135: 4128: 4127: 4119: 4108: 4103: 4097:, p. 59. 4096: 4091: 4085:, p. 42. 4084: 4079: 4072: 4067: 4060: 4055: 4045: 4039:, p. 571 4038: 4033: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3976: 3969: 3954: 3950: 3944: 3940: 3939: 3931: 3916: 3912: 3911: 3903: 3897: 3892: 3890: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3860: 3859: 3851: 3844: 3839: 3821: 3814: 3808: 3800: 3794: 3790: 3789: 3781: 3773: 3767: 3763: 3756: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3740: 3735: 3729: 3726: 3722: 3719: 3714: 3699: 3698:sciencespo.fr 3695: 3689: 3682: 3677: 3668: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3645: 3639: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3616: 3612: 3609: 3608:"历史资料：新疆和平解放" 3603: 3596: 3591: 3584: 3579: 3572: 3567: 3565: 3557: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3538: 3533: 3531: 3523: 3518: 3511: 3506: 3499: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3472: 3468: 3466:9780674026162 3462: 3458: 3457: 3449: 3434: 3430: 3424: 3409: 3405: 3403:9789622018310 3399: 3395: 3394: 3386: 3371: 3367: 3361: 3354: 3349: 3341: 3335: 3331: 3330: 3321: 3306: 3302: 3300:9781556557682 3296: 3292: 3291: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3270:9781852079307 3266: 3262: 3261: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3239:9781556557682 3235: 3231: 3230: 3223: 3217:, p. 576 3216: 3211: 3204: 3199: 3191: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3172: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3143: 3141: 3134: 3129: 3122: 3117: 3110: 3105: 3098: 3093: 3086: 3081: 3079: 3071: 3066: 3059: 3054: 3047: 3042: 3040: 3032: 3027: 3020: 3015: 3005: 2990: 2986: 2985: 2978: 2971: 2966: 2959: 2954: 2939: 2935: 2929: 2918: 2911: 2905: 2898: 2893: 2891: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2862: 2857: 2855: 2847: 2842: 2840: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2799: 2795: 2789: 2782: 2776: 2772: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2736: 2732: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2697:Ili Rebellion 2694: 2693:Rebiya Kadeer 2690: 2685: 2683: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2659: 2655: 2645: 2643: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2605: 2594: 2589: 2580: 2576: 2567: 2563: 2554: 2550: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2525: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2452:Japanese Army 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2408: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2299: 2295: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2262: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2251: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2180: 2178:Abdulla Heni 2177: 2176: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1988: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1890:National Army 1887: 1883: 1882:Dihua airport 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1717:in Chinese). 1716: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1556: 1553: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1535: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1515: 1512:, the son of 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1449:Ma Chengxiang 1446: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1418: 1416: 1415:Ma Chengxiang 1412: 1406: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1375:nationalities 1371: 1367: 1364: 1358: 1353: 1351: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1291:Ili Rebellion 1288: 1283: 1277: 1276:Ili Rebellion 1267: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1249:Eastern Front 1246: 1243:, brother of 1242: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1224:United States 1221: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1207:in 1940. The 1206: 1202: 1201:Joseph Stalin 1198: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1123: 1119: 1118:Xinjiang Wars 1115: 1111: 1107: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1033:Ili Rebellion 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 991: 986: 984: 979: 977: 972: 971: 969: 968: 956: 952: 949: 948: 947: 944: 942: 938: 937: 936: 933: 931: 928: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 909: 908: 907: 904: 903: 900:Modern period 897: 896: 886: 883: 881: 880:Dungan Revolt 878: 876: 872: 871: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 859:Kumul Khanate 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 844: 840: 836: 833: 830: 826: 822: 821:Mongol Empire 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 791: 787: 783: 780: 779: 773: 772: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 734:Western Liang 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 707: 703: 699: 698: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 678: 672: 671: 667: 663: 662: 659: 653: 652: 647: 642: 641: 633: 619: 617: 613: 605: 603: 599: 596: 592: 587: 583: 575: 573: 569: 561: 559: 555: 550: 546: 542: 540: 536: 528: 526: 522: 517: 505: 503: 499: 491: 489: 485: 480: 476: 469: 467: 463: 458: 454: 449: 441: 439:Today part of 437: 421: 419: 416: 415: 412: 406: 403: 396: 395: 392: 391: 388: 385: 383: 380: 379: 375: 371: 365: 360: 356: 352: 346: 342: 339: 333: 329: 323: 319: 316: 315:Ili Rebellion 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 275: 271: 267: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 242: 239: 233: 229: 225: 221: 218: 214: 211: 207: 203: 200: 196: 192: 189: 185: 182: 179: 175: 172: 168: 165: 161: 154: 149: 145: 138: 131: 124: 119: 112: 95: 92: 84: 81: 73: 63: 59: 53: 52: 46: 41: 32: 31: 19: 5912: 5901: 5870: 5847: 5699:715 Incident 5536: 5409: 5394: 5374:. Retrieved 5359: 5347:. Retrieved 5332: 5311: 5299:. Retrieved 5284: 5272:. Retrieved 5257: 5242:. Retrieved 5238: 5223:. Retrieved 5219:the original 5214: 5199:. Retrieved 5195:the original 5190: 5172:. Retrieved 5157: 5150:. p. 2. 5147: 5132:. Retrieved 5117: 5102:. Retrieved 5097: 5082:. Retrieved 5076: 5064:. Retrieved 5058: 5046:. Retrieved 5035:. ABC-CLIO. 5031: 5015:. Retrieved 5010: 5001:. p. 2. 4998: 4983:. Retrieved 4968: 4956:. Retrieved 4941: 4927: 4917: 4900:. Retrieved 4885: 4865: 4855:. Retrieved 4840: 4828:. Retrieved 4824:the original 4819: 4804:. Retrieved 4797:the original 4784: 4780: 4752:. Retrieved 4748:the original 4735: 4731: 4713:. Retrieved 4698: 4678: 4643: 4622:. Retrieved 4607: 4595:. Retrieved 4580: 4568:. Retrieved 4562: 4539: 4528:. Retrieved 4513: 4501:. Retrieved 4482: 4470:. Retrieved 4466:the original 4461: 4443:. Retrieved 4428: 4416:. Retrieved 4401: 4389:. Retrieved 4385: 4367:. Retrieved 4352: 4333: 4322:. Retrieved 4307: 4278: 4266:. Retrieved 4233: 4214: 4199: 4184: 4172: 4160: 4148: 4125: 4118: 4102: 4090: 4078: 4066: 4054: 4044: 4032: 4021:. Retrieved 3985: 3981: 3968: 3957:. Retrieved 3937: 3930: 3919:. Retrieved 3909: 3902: 3877:. Retrieved 3857: 3850: 3838: 3827:. Retrieved 3807: 3787: 3780: 3761: 3755: 3749:Taipei Times 3748: 3734: 3713: 3702:. Retrieved 3697: 3688: 3676: 3667: 3651: 3643: 3638: 3622: 3602: 3590: 3583:Perkins 1947 3578: 3571:Perkins 1947 3537:Perkins 1947 3517: 3505: 3475:. Retrieved 3455: 3448: 3437:. Retrieved 3423: 3412:. Retrieved 3392: 3385: 3374:. Retrieved 3360: 3348: 3327: 3320: 3309:. Retrieved 3289: 3283: 3275:the original 3259: 3252: 3244:the original 3228: 3222: 3210: 3198: 3178: 3171: 3160:. Retrieved 3151: 3128: 3116: 3104: 3092: 3065: 3053: 3026: 3014: 3004: 2993:. Retrieved 2983: 2977: 2965: 2953: 2942:. Retrieved 2928: 2917:the original 2904: 2873: 2830: 2825: 2818: 2817:David Wang. 2813: 2802:. Retrieved 2788: 2783:p. 406. 2780: 2775: 2745:Soviet Union 2741:15 Republics 2735: 2688: 2686: 2679: 2661: 2639: 2630:Habib Yunich 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2611: 2602: 2528:Demographics 2522: 2507: 2496: 2464: 2425: 2409: 2392:Manasi River 2385: 2370:air base in 2360: 2357: 2316: 2290: 2190:Habib Yunich 2132:Zunun Taipov 2021:Position(s) 1992: 1989: 1985: 1956: 1839: 1775: 1704: 1665: 1596: 1577: 1557: 1549: 1538: 1530: 1519: 1453: 1431: 1419: 1407: 1403: 1391:Manasi River 1372: 1368: 1360: 1355: 1313: 1303: 1279: 1261: 1228:World War II 1217: 1208: 1204: 1186: 1140:Sheng Shicai 1136:Soviet Union 1125: 1074: 1053:Soviet Union 1030: 1021: 1016:in northern 1014:Soviet Union 1005: 1001: 999: 921: 719:Former Liang 602:Hanyu Pinyin 552:Chinese name 539:Romanization 519:Russian name 502:Siril Yëziqi 488:Latin Yëziqi 387:Succeeded by 386: 381: 343:27 June 1946 296: 293:World War II 171:Soviet Union 91: 76: 70:January 2024 67: 48: 5663:Canton Coup 5100:. p. 3 4238:Kadeer 2009 4219:Kadeer 2009 4165:Forbes 1986 4153:Forbes 1986 3843:Forbes 1986 3700:(in French) 3353:Forbes 1986 3203:Forbes 1986 3121:Forbes 1986 3109:Forbes 1986 3097:Forbes 1986 3085:Forbes 1986 3070:Forbes 1986 3058:Forbes 1986 3046:Forbes 1986 3031:Forbes 1986 3019:Forbes 1986 2970:Forbes 1986 2958:Forbes 1986 2880:, pp. 2846:Forbes 1986 2833:p. 25. 2499:Akto County 2460:Yangihissar 2363:Osman Batur 2298:Forbes 1986 2027:Elihan Tore 1964:Masud Sabri 1903:Han Chinese 1874:Osman Batur 1818:Lake Baikal 1692:Afghanistan 1660:Ospan Batyr 1644:Xi Zhongxun 1588:Masud Sabri 1580:Bai Chongxi 1573:Masud Sabri 1561:Osman Batur 1541:Wu Zhongxin 1514:Sun Yat-sen 1439:warlord of 1387:Osman Batur 1350:Elihan Töre 1063:(ROC), the 835:Moghulistan 816:Qara Khitai 729:Later Liang 655:History of 460:Uyghur name 382:Preceded by 241:Elihan Tore 62:introducing 5970:Categories 5846:Operation 5755:Long March 5376:2014-03-10 5370:981270650X 5349:2014-03-10 5301:2014-03-09 5274:2011-04-04 5244:2014-05-12 5225:2014-05-12 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