Islam in China - Knowledge

2741:, but in 1949 the Communists put an end to the violence between Tibetans and Muslims, however, new Tibetan-Muslim violence broke out after China engaged in liberalization. Riots broke out between Muslims and Tibetans over incidents such as bones in soups and prices of balloons and Tibetans accused Muslims of being cannibals who cooked humans in their soup and of contaminating food with urine. Tibetans attacked Muslim restaurants. Fires set by Tibetans which burned the apartments and shops of Muslims resulted in Muslim families being killed and wounded in the 2008 mid-March riots. Due to Tibetan violence against Muslims, the traditional Islamic white caps have not been worn by many Muslims. Scarfs were removed and replaced with hairnets by Muslim women in order to hide. Muslims prayed in secret at home when in August 2008 the Tibetans burned the Mosque. The repression of Tibetan separatism by the Chinese government is supported by Hui Muslims. In addition, Chinese-speaking Hui have problems with Tibetan Hui (the Tibetan-speaking 917:, a Muslim foreign trader, stands out in his work to help the Yuan conquer Southern China, the last outpost of Song power. In 1276, Song loyalists launched a resistance against Mongol efforts to take over Fuzhou. The Yuanshih (Yuan dynasty official history) records that Pu Shougeng "abandoned the Song cause and rejected the emperor...by the end of the year, Quanzhou submitted to the Mongols". In abandoning the Song cause, Pu Shougeng mobilized troops from the community of foreign residents, who massacred the Song emperor's relatives and Song loyalists. Pu Shougeng and his troops acted without the help of the Mongol army. Pu Shougeng himself was lavishly rewarded by the Mongols. He was appointed military commissioner for Fujian and Guangdong. 3008:

in history. The intimate interaction that resulted is evident in the legacy of both traditions. In China, Islam influenced technology, sciences, philosophy and the arts. For example, the Chinese adopted much Islamic medical knowledge such as wound healing and urinalysis. However, the Chinese were not the only ones to benefit from the cultural exchanges of the Silk Road. Islam showed many influences from buddhist China in their new techniques in art, especially when humans began to be depicted in paintings which was thought to be forbidden in Islam. In terms of material culture, one finds decorative motifs from central Asian Islamic architecture and calligraphy and the marked halal impact on northern Chinese cuisine.

3259: 2886: 1477: 2752:. Tibetan exiles and foreign scholars alike ignore this and do not talk about sectarian violence between Tibetan Buddhists and Muslims. The majority of Tibetans viewed the wars against Iraq and Afghanistan after 9/11 positively and it had the effect of galvanizing anti-Muslim attitudes among Tibetans and resulted in an anti-Muslim boycott against Muslim owned businesses. Tibetan Buddhists propagate a false libel that Muslims cremate their Imams and use the ashes to convert Tibetans to Islam by making Tibetans inhale the ashes, even though the Tibetans seem to be aware that Muslims practice burial and not cremation since they frequently clash against proposed Muslim cemeteries in their area. 926: 2240:

rape, sterilization, and other abuses. In addition, nearly half a million Muslim children have been separated from their families and placed in boarding schools. During 2019, the camps increasingly transitioned from "reeducation" to forced labor as detainees were forced to work in cotton and textile factories. Outside the camps, the government continued to deploy officials to live with Muslim families and to report on any signs of "extremist" religious behavior. Meanwhile, authorities in Xinjiang and other parts of China have destroyed or damaged thousands of mosques and removed Arabic-language signs from Muslim businesses."

19: 1418: 1734:, the mosques contained dead bodies after the Japanese slaughters. According to Wan Lei, "statistics showed that the Japanese destroyed 220 mosques and killed countless Hui people by April 1941." The Japanese followed a policy of economic oppression which involved the destruction of mosques and Hui communities and made many Hui jobless and homeless. Another policy was one of deliberate humiliation. This included soldiers smearing mosques with pork fat, forcing Hui to butcher pigs to feed the soldiers, and forcing girls to serve as sex slaves. Hui cemeteries were destroyed for military reasons. Many Hui 10766: 48: 2772: 10654: 4150: 564: 9272: 652: 9095: 677:, which comprised a series of extensive inland trade routes that spread all over the Mediterranean to East Asia, was used since 1000 BCE and continued to be used for millennia. For more than half of this long period of time, most of the traders were Muslim and moved towards the East. Not only did these traders bring their goods, they also carried with them their culture and beliefs to East Asia. Islam was one of the many religions that gradually began to spread across the Silk Road during the "7th to the 10th centuries through war, trade and diplomatic exchanges". 2958: 5355: 2311: 1074: 3044: 1924: 1286: 1164: 3171: 2111:(AP) reported in late November 2018 that Uyghur families were required to allow local government officials to live in their homes as "relatives" in a "Pair Up and Become Family" campaign. While the official was living in a home, the residents were closely watched and not allowed to pray or wear religious clothing. Authorities said that the program was voluntary but Muslims who were interviewed by AP expressed concern that refusal to cooperate would lead to serious repercussions. 8343: 8362: 8400: 2658:, the school was named Shuada Suqin Women's Primary School after his wife Ma Suqin who was also involved in its founding. Hui Muslim refugees fled to northwest China from the central plains after the Japanese invasion of China, where they continued to practice women's education and build women's mosque communities, while women's education was not adopted by the local northwestern Hui Muslims and the two different communities continued to differ in this practice. 2432: 989: 12199: 11328: 8514: 8495: 8476: 8457: 12209: 11338: 1392:

Ding nominally pledged allegiance to the Qing and were given ranks as members of the military. When the other Ming loyalists in southern China resumed hostilities, the Qing were forced to withdraw their forces from Gansu to fight them, Milayan and Ding once again took up arms and rebelled against the Qing. The Muslim Ming loyalists were then crushed by the Qing with 100,000 of them, including Milayin, Ding Guodong, and Turumtay killed in battle.

2707:) of being responsible for the moderation of Hui Muslims and the lack of Hui joining jihadist groups in addition to blaming other things for the lack of Hui Jihadists, such as the fact that for more than 300 years Hui and Uyghurs have been enemies of each other, no separatist Islamist organizations among the Hui, the fact that the Hui view China as their home, and the fact that the "infidel Chinese" language is the language of the Hui. 10610: 2996: 2093:

Uyghurs in the same positions, the number of Huí going on Hajj was reported to be expanding in 2014 and Hui women are allowed to wear veils, while Uyghur women are discouraged from wearing them. Uyghurs find it difficult to get passports to go on Hajj. The Xinjiang Muslim Association in China and the Chinese embassy in Malaysia have denied that Uyghurs are banned from fasting, inviting foreigners to come see it for themselves.

1179: 1344: 1822: 4136: 1661:, who immediately proclaimed the equality of the Han, Hui, Manchu, Mongol, and Tibetan peoples. This led to some improvement in relations between these different peoples. The end of dynasty also marked an increase in Sino-foreign interactions. This led to increased contact between Muslim minorities in China and the Islamic states of the Middle East. In 1912, the Chinese Muslim Federation was formed in the capital 553: 10598: 769: 2944:, Chinese Muslims were not allowed to attend the Hajj and only did so through Pakistan, but this policy was reversed in 1979. Chinese Muslims now attend the Hajj in large numbers, typically in organized groups of roughly 10,000 each year, with a record 10,700 Chinese Muslim pilgrims from all over the country making the Hajj in 2007. Over 11,000 from Xinjiang reportedly went to the Hajj in 2019. 1153: 10571: 10552: 3328: 5322: 2725:. Sectarian fighting between Hui sects led to the Jahriyya rebellion in the 1780s and the 1895 revolt. After a hiatus after the People's Republic of China came to power, sectarian in fighting resumed in the 1990s in Ningxia between different sects. Several sects refuse to intermarry with each other. One Sufi sect circulated an anti-Salafi pamphlet in Arabic. 2452: 2483:

the state – which tend to underestimate – or those of the religious institutions themselves – which tend to overestimate. If we include all the population of those designated 'national' minorities with an Islamic heritage in the territory of China, then we can conclude that there are some 20 million Muslims in the People's Republic of China."

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comparisons with Nazi concentration camps. In response to the UN panel's finding of indefinite detention without due process, the Chinese government delegation officially conceded that it was engaging in widespread "resettlement and re-education" and state media described the controls in Xinjiang as "intense", but not permanent.

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He issued a regulation to that effect ... all the Muslims say: "if someone else slaughters we do not eat". Because the poor people are upset by this, from now on, Musuluman Huihui and Zhuhu Huihui, no matter who kills will eat and must cease slaughtering sheep themselves, and cease the rite of circumcision.

2571:(then, part of the Qing Empire) he takes an arbitrary range of 50,000 to 100,000. Summing up, he arrives to the grand total of 4,727,000 to 9,821,000 Muslims throughout the Qing Empire of its last years, i.e. just over 1–2% of the entire country's estimated population of 426,045,305. The 1920 edition of 6029:

Counting up the number of people of traditionally Muslim nationalities who were enumerated in the 1990 census gives a total of 17.6 million, 96% of whom belong to just three nationalities: Hui 8.6 million, Uyghurs 7.2 million, and Kazakhs 1.1 million. Other nationalities that are traditionally Muslim

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Although contacts and previous conquests have occurred before, the Mongol conquest of the greater part of Eurasia in the 13th century permanently brought the extensive cultural traditions of China, central Asia and western Asia into a single empire, albeit one of separate khanates, for the first time

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The Xinjiang re-education camps are officially called "Vocational Education and Training Centers" by the Chinese government. The camps have been operated by the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Regional government since 2014. However, the efforts of the camps strongly intensified after a change of head for

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Riots broke out in March 2008 between Muslims and Tibetans over incidents such as suspected human bones in and deliberate contamination of soups served in Muslim-owned establishments and overpricing of balloons by Muslim vendors. Tibetans attacked Muslim restaurants. Fires set by Tibetans resulted in

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reported that from 2018 to 2020 the repression of non-Uyghur Muslims intensified. Imams have been restricted to practicing within the region their household is registered in. Prior to these restrictions China had hundreds of itinerant Imams. During this period the Chinese government forced nearly all

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area, with no ramifications or consequences from the Muslim rebellions of other areas. Allès wrote "the major Muslim revolts in the mid-19th century which involved the Hui in Shaanxi, Gansu and Yunnan, as well as the Uyghurs in Xinjiang, do not seem to have had any direct effect on this region of the

1399:(1640–1710) served with the Southern Ming loyalists against the Qing. Zhu Yu'ai (the Ming Prince Gui) was accompanied by Hui refugees when he fled from Huguang to the Burmese border in Yunnan and as a mark of their defiance against the Qing and loyalty to the Ming, they changed their surname to Ming. 1125:

Among all the alien peoples only the Hui-hui say "we do not eat Mongol food". "By the aid of heaven we have pacified you; you are our slaves. Yet you do not eat our food or drink. How can this be right?" He thereupon made them eat. "If you slaughter sheep, you will be considered guilty of a crime."

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studied at Al-Azhar University in Egypt along with several other Chinese Muslim students, the first Chinese students in modern times to study in the Middle East. Wang recalled his experience teaching at madrassas in the provinces of Henan (Yu), Hebei (Ji), and Shandong (Lu) which were outside of the

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Other nationalities that are traditionally Muslim include Kyrghyz, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Tatars, Salar, Bonan and Dongxiang. According to SARA there are approximately 36,000 Islamic places of worship, more than 45,000 imams, and 10 Islamic schools in the country. Within the next two decades from 2011, Pew

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estimated "around 40 million people". According to the textbook, "Religions in the Modern World", it states that the "numbers of followers of any one tradition are difficult to estimate and must in China as everywhere else rely on statistics compiled by the largest institutions, either those of

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The majority of Tibetans viewed the wars against Iraq and Afghanistan after 9/11 positively and it had the effect of galvanizing anti-Muslim attitudes among Tibetans and resulted in an anti-Muslim boycott against Muslim owned businesses. Tibetan Buddhists propagate a false libel that Muslims cremate

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In the five years to 2017, a 306% rise in criminal arrests was seen in Xinjiang and the arrests there accounted for 21% of the national total, despite the region contributing just 1.5% of the population. The increase was seen as driven by the government's "Strike Hard" campaign. In 2017, driven by a

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to the throne as emperor. The Muslim Ming loyalists were supported by Hami's Sultan Sa'id Baba and his son Prince Turumtay. The Muslim Ming loyalists were joined by Tibetan and Han peoples in the revolt. After fierce fighting, and negotiations, a peace agreement was agreed in 1649, where Milayan and

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from China to serve as administrators over the Muslim population in Bukhara and Samarqand in Central Asia, using foreigners to curtail the power of the local peoples of both lands. The surname of Li was held by one of Yelu Ahai's staff of Han descent. There were various Han craftsmen. Tangut, Khitan

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The People's Republic, founded in 1949, banned private confessional teaching from the early 1950s to the 1980s, until a more liberal stance allowed religious mosque education to resume and private Muslim schools to open. Moreover, except in Xinjiang for fear of secessionist feelings, the government

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Taking the Mongol Eurasian empire as a point of departure, the ethnogenesis of the Hui, or Sinophone Muslims, can also be charted through the emergence of distinctly Chinese Muslim traditions in architecture, food, epigraphy and Islamic written culture. This multifaceted cultural heritage continues

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said that some estimates indicated that up to 2 million Uyghurs and other Muslims were held in "political camps for indoctrination", in a "no-rights zone". By that time, conditions in Xinjiang had deteriorated so far that they were described by political scientists as "Orwellian" and observers drew

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In 1989, China banned a book titled "Xing Fengsu" ("Sexual Customs") which insulted Islam and placed its authors under arrest after protests in Lanzhou and Beijing by the Hui, during which the police provided protection to the Hui protestors and the government organized public burnings of the book.

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government supported the Chengda Teachers Academy, which helped usher in a new era of Islamic education in China, promoting nationalism and Chinese language among Muslims, and fully incorporating them into the main aspects of Chinese society. The Ministry of Education provided funds to the Chinese

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issued the "International Religious Freedom Annual Report 2020" . The report states that "individuals have been sent to the camps for wearing long beards, refusing alcohol, or other behaviors authorities deem to be signs of "religious extremism". Former detainees report that they suffered torture,

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suggests that China has been successful in keeping countries, notably Muslim majority nations, to be quiet about the camps in Xinjiang due to its diplomatic and economic power, but when countries do decide to criticize the country, they do so in groups in hopes of lessening punishments from China.

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On 31 August 2018, the United Nations committee called on the Chinese government to "end the practice of detention without lawful charge, trial and conviction", to release the detained persons, to provide specifics as to the number of interred individuals and the reasons for their detention and to

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In March 2014, the Chinese media estimated that there were around 300 Chinese Muslims active in ISIS territories. The Chinese government stated in May 2015 that it would not tolerate any form of terrorism and would work to "combat terrorist forces, including ETIM, safeguard global peace, security

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In the past, celebrating at religious functions and going on Hajj to Mecca was encouraged by the Chinese government for Uyghur members of the Communist party. From 1979 to 1989, 350 mosques were built in Turpan. Whereas 30 years later, the government was building "re-education" camps for interning

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For instance, in the early years of Emperor Hongwu's reign in the Ming Dynasty ' His Majesty ordered mosques to be built in Xijing and Nanjing , and in southern Yunnan, Fujian and Guangdong. His Majesty also personally wrote baizizan in praise of the Prophet's virtues'. The Ming Emperor Xuanzong

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diet. Chinese Muslim cuisine adheres strictly to the Islamic dietary rules with mutton and lamb being the predominant ingredient. The advantage of Muslim cuisine in China is that it has inherited the diverse cooking methods of Chinese cuisine for example, braising, roasting, steaming, stewing and

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claiming based on satellite imagery and testimony that hundreds of thousands of Uyghurs and other Muslim minorities are being held without trial in internment camps in Xinjiang. On the other hand, the United States Department of Defense believes that around 1 million to 3 million people have been

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In August 2018, the authorities were vigorously pursuing the suppression of mosques, including their widespread destruction, over Muslim protests. Also at that time, the growing of long beards and the wearing of veils or Islamic robes for Uyghurs, were banned. All vehicle owners were required to

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There are several population estimates. Counting up the number of people of traditionally Muslim nationalities who were enumerated in the 2000 census reported a total of 20.3 million members of Muslim nationalities, of which again 96% belonged to just three groups: Hui 9.8 million, Uyghurs

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were given relative freedom by the Chinese, with no restrictions placed on their religious practices or freedom of worship and being normal citizens in Beijing. In contrast to the freedom granted to Muslims, followers of Tibetan Buddhism and Catholicism suffered from restrictions and censure in

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By 2013, the repression of Uyghurs extended to the disappearance of dissidents and the imposition of life imprisonment sentences on academics who were convicted of promoting social interactions between Uyghurs. Hui Muslims who are employed by the state are allowed to fast during Ramadan unlike

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and found that none saw the recent policies or government as detrimental to their religious lives. Although some foresaw a future of Islam in China much different than what they were used to, they did not seem to worry if it was good or bad as long as they had access to mosques, halal food and

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Since the 1980s, Islamic private schools (Sino-Arabic schools (中阿學校)) have been supported and permitted by the Chinese government in Muslim areas, only specifically excluding Xinjiang from allowing these schools because of separatist sentiment there. After secondary education is completed, Hui

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In the two decades up to 2006, a wide range of Islamic educational opportunities were developed to meet the needs of China's Muslim population. In addition to mosque schools, government Islamic colleges and independent Islamic colleges, more students went overseas to continue their studies at

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Muslims voluntarily limit themselves to one child in China since their Imams preach to them about the benefits of population control, while the number of children Hui in different areas are allowed to have varies between one and three children. Chinese family planning policy allows minorities

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Tensions between Hui Muslims and Uyghurs arise because Hui troops and officials often dominated the Uyghurs in the past, and crushed the Uyghurs' revolts. Xinjiang's Hui population increased by over 520 percent between 1940 and 1982, an average annual growth of 4.4 percent, while the Uyghur

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As in all regions the Chinese Islamic architecture reflects the local architecture resembling temples in its style. However, in western China the mosques resemble those of the middle east, with tall, slender minarets, curvy arches and dome shaped roofs. In northwest China where the Chinese

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On the foothills of Mount Lingshan are the tombs of two of the four companions that Muhammad sent eastwards to preach Islam. Known as the "Holy Tombs", they house the companions Sa-Ke-Zu and Wu-Ko-Shun—their Chinese names, of course. The other two companions went to Guangzhou and Yangzhou.

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claims to represent Chinese Muslims nationwide. At its inaugural meeting on May 11, 1953, in Beijing, representatives from 10 nationalities of the People's Republic of China were in attendance. The association was to be run by 16 Islamic religious leaders charged with making "a correct and

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Hui Muslims from the Central Plains (Zhongyuan) differed in their view of women's education than Hui Muslims from the northwestern provinces, with the Hui from the Central Plains provinces like Henan having a history of women's Mosques and religious schooling for women, while Hui women in

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community sought to suppress reports reaching the international community, fearing damage to the cause of Tibetan autonomy and fueling Hui Muslim support of government repression of Tibetans generally. In addition, Chinese-speaking Hui have problems with Tibetan Hui (the Tibetan speaking

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once issued imperial orders to build a mosque in Nanjing in response to Zheng He's request (Liu Zhi, 1984 reprint: 358–374). Mosques built by imperial decree raised the social position of Islam, and assistance from upper-class Muslims helped to sustain religious sites in certain areas.

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massacred 2,000 to 8,000 Uyghurs, which causes tension as more Hui moved into Kashgar from other parts of China. Some Hui criticize Uyghur separatism and generally do not want to get involved in conflict in other countries. Hui and Uyghur live separately, attending different mosques.

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in 1979, Muslims enjoyed a period of liberalisation. New legislation gave all minorities the freedom to use their own spoken and written languages, to develop their own culture and education and to practice their religion. More Chinese Muslims than ever before were allowed to go on

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and won a decisive victory over the Mongols in Mongolia, effectively ending the Mongol dream to re-conquer China. During the war fighting the Mongols, among the Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang's armies was the Hui Muslim Feng Sheng. Zhu Yuanzhang also wrote a praise of Islam,

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The early Tang dynasty had a cosmopolitan culture, with intensive contacts with Central Asia and significant communities of (originally non-Muslim) Central and Western Asian merchants resident in Chinese cities, which helped the introduction of Islam. The first major

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against the Mongols, whom they defeated in combat. Some Muslim communities had a name in Chinese which meant "barracks" or "thanks", which many Hui Muslims claim comes from the gratitude which Chinese people have towards them for their role in defeating the Mongols.

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On the foothills of Mount Lingshan are the tombs of two of the four companions that Muhammad sent eastwards to preach Islam. Known as the 'Holy Tombs', they house the companions Sa-Ke-Zu and Wu-Ko-Shun. The other two companions went to Guangzhou and Yangzhou. The

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traditional stronghold of Muslim education in northwest China, and where the living conditions were poorer and the students had a much tougher time than the northwestern students. In 1931 China sent five students to study at Al-Azhar in Egypt, among them was

3235:(清真菜) or "pure truth food". Beef and lamb slaughtered according to Islamic rituals is also commonly available in public markets, especially in North China. Such meat is sold by Muslim butchers, who operate independent stalls next to non-Muslim butchers. 3097:, which tends to be as asymmetrical as possible. Like Chinese scroll paintings, the principle underlying the garden's composition is to create enduring flow; to let the patron wander and enjoy the garden without prescription, as in nature herself. The 2182:

the region. Alongside the Uyghurs, other Muslim minorities have also been reported to be held in these re-education camps. As of 2019, 23 nations in the United Nations have signed a letter condemning China for the camps and asking them to close them.

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allowed and sometimes encouraged the founding of private Muslim schools in order to provide education for people who could not attend increasingly expensive state schools or who left them early, for lack of money or lack of satisfactory achievements.

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population only grew at 1.7 percent. This dramatic increase in Hui population led inevitably to significant tensions between the Hui and Uyghur populations. Many Hui Muslim civilians were killed by Uyghur rebellion troops in 1933 known as the

3077:. Mosques in western China incorporate more of the elements seen in mosques in other parts of the world. Western Chinese mosques were more likely to incorporate minarets and domes while eastern Chinese mosques were more likely to look like 7744: 1216:. It was recorded that "His Majesty ordered to have mosques built in Xijing and Nanjing , and in southern Yunnan, Fujian and Guangdong. His Majesty also personally wrote baizizan in praise of the Prophet's virtues." Additionally, the 1328:

in order to drive the Qing out and restore the Ming Prince of Yanchang Zhu Shichuan to the throne as the emperor. The Muslim Ming loyalists were crushed by the Qing with 100,000 of them, including Milayin and Ding Guodong killed.

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butchering, as well as other restrictions. Muslims had to slaughter sheep in secret. Genghis Khan outright called Muslims and Jews "slaves", and demanded that they follow the Mongol method of eating rather than the halal method.

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and Hami (Kumul) as autonomous princes, while the rest of the Uyghurs in Altishahr (the Tarim Basin) were ruled by Begs. Uyghurs from Turpan and Hami were appointed by China as officials to rule over Uyghurs in the Tarim Basin.

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While modern secular historians tend to say that there is no evidence that Waqqas himself ever came to China, they do believe that Muslim diplomats and merchants came to Tang China within a few decades from the beginning of the

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an elevated status over locals including Khitan and Jurchens as part of their governing strategy, thus giving Muslims a heavy influence. Mongols recruited and forcibly relocated hundreds of thousands of Muslim immigrants from

13032: 7783: 3214:, many Chinese restaurants cater to Muslims or the general public but are run by Muslims. In most major cities in China, there are small Islamic restaurants or food stalls typically run by migrants from Western China (e.g., 7932: 8359: 8340: 4397: 9474: 8397: 6030:

include Kyrghyz, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Tatars, Salar, Bonan, and Dongxiang. See Dru C. Gladney, "Islam in China: Accommodation or Separatism?", Paper presented at Symposium on Islam in Southeast Asia and China, Hong Kong, 2002

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many more. Due to China's multicultural background Muslim cuisine retains its own style and characteristics according to regions. Restaurants serving such cuisine are frequented by both Muslim and Han Chinese customers.

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will be forcibly demolished on Friday because it had not received the proper permits before construction. Officials in the town were saying the mosque had not been given proper building permits, because it is built in a

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northwestern provinces were kept in the house. However, in northwestern China reformers started bringing female education in the 1920s. In Linxia, Gansu, a secular school for Hui girls was founded by the Muslim warlord

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In October 2018, the government launched an official anti-halal policy, urging officials to suppress the "pan-halal tendency", seen as an encroachment by religion into secular life and a source of religious extremism.

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and Han peoples took control over gardens and fields from the Muslims. Han people were moved to Central Asian areas like Besh Baliq, Almaliq, and Samarqand by the Mongols where they worked as artisans and farmers.

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said that credible reports had led it to estimate that up to a million Uyghurs and other Muslims were being held in "something that resembles a massive internment camp that is shrouded in secrecy". The U.N.'s

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Muslims have often filled military positions, and many Muslims have joined the Chinese army. Muslims served extensively in the Chinese military, as both officials and soldiers. It was said that the Muslim

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authoritative interpretation" of Islamic creed and canon. Its brief is to compile and spread inspirational speeches and help imams "improve" themselves, and vet sermons made by clerics around the country.

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8.4 million, and Kazakhs 1.25 million. A 2009 study done by the Pew Research Center concluded there are 21,667,000 Muslims in China, accounting for 1.6% of the total population. According to the

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Hui Muslim protestors who violently rioted by vandalizing property during the protests against the book were let off by the Chinese government and went unpunished while Uyghur protestors were imprisoned.

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dishes are more commonly available than in other Chinese restaurants, due to the greater prevalence of these meats in the cuisine of western Chinese regions. Commercially prepared food can be certified

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report quoted an unnamed Chinese official as saying that "Uighurs enjoyed full rights", pointing out that "those deceived by religious extremism ... shall be assisted by resettlement and re-education".

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sect, and they abetted in the Qing massacre of Jahariyya rebels. Zuo relocated the Han from Hezhou as a reward for the Muslims for helping the Qing to kill other Muslim rebels. In 1895, another

874:, Muslims had come to play a major role in the import/export industry. The office of Director General of Shipping was consistently held by a Muslim during this period. In 1070, the Song emperor 12879: 5392: 7816: 7690: 4527:, Madinah: Islamic University of Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah, page 72: "The Prophet was entrusted to Halimah...Her husband was Al-Harith bin Abdul Uzza called Abi Kabshah, from the same tribe" 9669: 913:

It is reported that "in 1080, another group of more than 10,000 Arab men and women are said to have arrived in China on horsebacks to join Sofeier. These people settled in all provinces".

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have built their mosques, there is a combination of east and west. The mosques have flared Chinese-style roofs set in walled courtyards entered through archways with miniature domes and

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There is an ethnic separatist movement among the Uyghur minority, who are a Turkic people with their own language. Uyghur separatists are intent on establishing their own state, which

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In May 2018, news media outlets reported that hundreds of thousands of Muslims were being detained in massive extrajudicial internment camps in western Xinjiang. These were called s

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route, then reached Arabia by sea. Some sources date the introduction of Islam in China to 650 CE, the third sojourn of Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, when he was sent as an official envoy to

8804: 7775: 6707: 1868:, apologies and reparations were made. During that time, the government also constantly accused Muslims and other religious groups of holding "superstitious beliefs" and promoting " 1505: 4389: 9470: 13253: 13022: 3549:, and a number of woman-only mosques have been established. The tradition evolved from earlier Quranic schools for girls, with the oldest, the Wangjia Hutong Women's Mosque in 12849: 7124: 6773: 1954:"). Hui Muslims enjoy freedoms such as practising their religion, building mosques at which their children attend, while Uyghurs in Xinjiang experience more strict controls. 5815: 2010:

mosques in Ningxia and Henan to remove their domes and Arabic script. In 2018 new language restrictions forced hundreds of Arabic schools in Ningxia and Zhengzhou to close.

9393: 5185: 13263: 13208: 12578: 10544:. A 1966 reprint by Paragon Book Reprint is available; written with a strong Christian missionary point of view, but contains valuable first-hand evidence and photographs. 7000: 2134:

In Tibet, the majority of Muslims are Hui people. Hatred between Tibetans and Muslims stems from events during the Muslim warlord Ma Bufang's rule in Qinghai such as the

1406:, the national monuments known as "The Muslim's Loyal Trio" are the tombs of Ming loyalist Muslims who were martyred while fighting in battle against the Qing during the 11793: 11789: 9096:"His brother, Ma Lin, went to Mecca and found common cause with the Muslim modernist movements in the Middle East, in contrast to Ma Fuxiang's Confucian – Google Search" 2236: 8781: 5146: 2665:

donated funds to promote education for Hui Muslims and help build a class of intellectuals among the Hui and promote the Hui role in developing the nation's strength.

2511:(i.e., virtually the entire population of the province at the time) in the range from 1,000,000 (based on the total population number of 1,200,000 in the contemporary 1768:. Before the Sino-Japanese War of 1937, there existed more than a hundred known Muslim periodicals. Thirty journals were published between 1911 and 1937. Although the 605:

Islam has been practiced in China since the 7th century CE. There are an estimated 17–25 million Muslims in China, less than 2 percent of the total population. Though

9069: 8710: 2733:

In Tibet, the majority of Muslims are Hui people. Hatred between Tibetans and Muslims stems from events during the Muslim warlord Ma Bufang's rule in Qinghai such as

8892: 1324:

invaded the Ming dynasty in 1644, Muslim Ming loyalists led by Muslim leaders Milayin, Ding Guodong and Ma Shouying led a revolt in 1646 against the Qing during the

13218: 12550: 12138: 11267: 9841: 2503:. In his book, published in 1910, he produced estimates for each province, based on the reports of missionaries working there, who had counted mosques, talked to 12555: 11785: 4867: 4214: 7358: 11374: 6815: 7981: 5414: 9810: 9327: 8535: 7911: 1232:

to the Indian Ocean from 1405 and 1433. However, during the Ming dynasty, new immigration to China from Muslim countries was restricted in an increasingly

8178: 6973: 5439: 2487:

projects a slowing down of the Muslim population growth in China compared to previous years, with Muslim women in China having a 1.7 fertility rate. Many

2189:

and later, "vocational training centres" by the government, intended for the "rehabilitation and redemption" to combat terrorism and religious extremism.

1856:, there was an uprising among Hui Muslims and became the only large scale ethnic rebellion during the Cultural Revolution. In crushing the rebellion, the 12603: 7713: 7143: 12573: 1995:

said the attack was "payback" for what it characterised as Western colonialism and accusing Charlie Hebdo of trying to incite a clash of civilizations.

13258: 11763: 11754: 7659: 5388: 8208: 4229: 9408: 6924: 11750: 9524: 7806: 1785: 9983: 7682: 13180: 9677: 7279: 6851: 6422: 6234: 3125:

said that Chinese authorities including those in Xinjiang were building and repairing mosques along with creating hundreds of halal restaurants.

1950:"to avoid conflicts with Muslim minorities". This is believed to refer to China's population of 20 million Muslims (to whom pigs are considered " 1845:(1966–1976). Islam, like all religions including traditional Chinese religion, was persecuted by the Red Guards who were encouraged to smash the 1735: 1629: 168: 7027: 1388: 1380: 9559: 9233: 8593: 7595: 4451: 12919: 12638: 11720: 11490: 9497: 8675: 7218: 7625: 7256: 6883: 4896: 7839: 6629: 4563: 8811: 3286:. It can refer to any type of Chinese Islamic calligraphy, but is commonly used to refer to one with thick and tapered effects, much like 1772:

region remained a center of religious activities, many Muslim cultural activities had shifted to Beijing. National organizations like the

793:

merchants, with comparatively well-established, even if somewhat segregated, mercantile Muslim communities existing in the port cities of

13097: 10642: 10485: 8836: 7557: 7535: 6667: 6569: 6465: 5869: 5619: 5507: 3785: 3506: 3132: 9755: 8438: 8419: 8324: 7428: 7391: 5988: 5697: 5546: 5026: 8577: 8558: 5658: 5223: 4917: 1371:(1644–1912) witnessed multiple revolts, with several major revolts headed by Muslim leaders. During the Qing dynasty's conquest of the 8055: 6483: 6263: 12884: 12759: 11367: 7335: 6946: 6205: 1376: 10620: 9954:

Friedrichs, Jörg. "Sino-Muslim relations: the Han, the Hui, and the Uyghurs." Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 37.1 (2017): 55–79

9698: 6765: 6601: 6398: 6744: 3543:

With the exception of China, the world has very few mosques directed by women. Among the Hui, women are allowed to become imams or

592: 5935: 1445:). The rebellion in Yunnan occurred because of repression by Qing officials, resulting in bloody Hui rebellions, most notably the 1081: 13069: 12113: 11242: 8868: 7056: 5181: 2014: 9442: 8714: 7881: 6528: 5153: 2748:

The main Mosque in Lhasa was burned down by Tibetans and Chinese Hui Muslims were violently assaulted by Tibetan rioters in the

976:. At the same time the Mongols imported Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in China, the Mongols also sent ethnic 12247: 11412: 9383: 7933:"Muslim prisoners in China's Xinjiang concentration camps subjected to gang rape and medical experiments, former detainee says" 7186: 4790: 1961:, an average of one mosque for every 530 Muslims, which is higher than the number of churches per Christian person in England. 902:), who was called the "father" of the Muslim community in China. Prior to him, Islam was named by the Tang and Song Chinese as 11635: 10374: 9305: 8031: 7461: 5841: 2986:

Chinese Muslims are also allowed to make the Hajj to Mecca, and more than 45,000 Chinese Muslims have done so in recent years.

2404:(5,000). However, individual members of traditionally Muslim groups may profess other religions or none at all. Additionally, 13248: 11475: 10469: 10403: 10364: 10346: 10328: 10294: 10276: 10258: 10240: 10222: 10204: 10184: 10166: 10104: 10065: 9875: 9787: 9749: 8746: 8644: 8002: 7513: 6563: 6362: 6336: 5906: 5851: 5365: 5332: 5217: 5123: 5090: 5057: 4981: 4685: 3153: 8769: 13213: 12174: 11838: 11360: 11303: 10967: 9644: 9586: 8888: 10614: 9905: 9169: 1903:. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, China feared potential separatist goals of the Muslim majority in Xinjiang. 12809: 702:, Wahab ibn Abu Kabcha and another. It is noted in other accounts that Wahab Abu Kabcha reached Canton by sea in 629 CE. 9833: 9116: 8306: 6509: 5469: 2722: 753:'s reign. Emperor Gaozong, the Tang emperor who is said to have received the envoy then ordered the construction of the 11495: 10423: 9621: 8998: 8969: 8235: 6661: 6091: 5809: 5772: 5734: 5691: 5652: 5613: 5579: 5540: 5501: 5080: 4675: 2909:

during one of the former's voyages to the western ocean between 1401 and 1433. Other Chinese Muslims may have made the

1278:

from Muslims in western countries. They also came up with Taoist-influenced names for Allah different from the typical

10418:. Vol. 5 of International Dictionary of Historic Places (illustrated, annotated ed.). Taylor & Francis. 9131: 5047: 1559:, the Qing armies exterminated only the Muslims who had rebelled and spared Muslims who took no part in the uprising. 12912: 12631: 12088: 11217: 10907: 10684: 10461: 9366: 9282: 9052: 8617: 8158: 8056:"Trump signed a law to punish China for its oppression of the Uighur Muslims. Uighurs say much more needs to be done" 6689: 6352: 6322: 6119:(Hui Muslims of Yunnan). Bangkok: Teak House, 1997; republished Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books, 2011. ASIN: B006GMID5K 6032: 5982: 2139: 1841:

was established in 1949, Muslims, along with all other religions in China, suffered repression especially during the

1816: 1623: 160: 9356: 6795: 3156:, since 2017, Chinese authorities have destroyed or damaged 16,000 mosques in Xinjiang – 65% of the region's total. 3073:, do not replicate many of the features often associated with traditional mosques. Instead, they follow traditional 1979:, Chinese state-run media attacked Charlie Hebdo for publishing the cartoons insulting Muhammad, with the state-run 12375: 10934: 4743:. Vol. 10 of Japan : Its History, Arts and Literature. LONDON AND EDINBURGH: Jack. pp. 149, 150, 151, 152 3635: 3482:

in the early 18th century. The works of Wu Sunqie, Zhang Zhong and Wang Daiyu were also included in the Han Kitab.

3258: 2885: 2037: 1861: 1769: 1104:. Towards the end of the Yuan dynasty, corruption and persecution became so severe that Muslim generals joined the 942:

Asim, is said to have been one of the first Islamic missionaries in China. He was a man who lived in c. 1000 CE in

830: 428: 2622:

Islamic National Salvation Federation for Chinese Muslim's education. The President of the federation was General

705:

The introduction of Islam mainly happened through two routes: from the southeast following an established path to

12699: 12305: 12133: 11262: 10765: 10635: 10602: 9924: 7965: 3152:

and finally stopped the mosque destruction by public demonstrations. According to a September 2020 report by the

2734: 2696: 2618: 2176: 2135: 2087: 1476: 1384: 1325: 10561:, by Christian Literature Society for India, Hartford Seminary Foundation, a publication from 1920, now in the 9335: 8531: 8129: 7903: 4718:. Vol. 9–12 of Trübner's oriental series. BOSTON AND TOKYO: J.B.Millet company. pp. 149, 150, 151, 152 12749: 10689: 9042: 8174: 4476: 4239: 4219: 2248: 1892: 1309:

decreed the building of multiple mosques throughout China in many locations. A Nanjing mosque was built by the

453: 362: 10319:

Bulliet, Richard; Crossley, Pamela; Headrick, Daniel; Hirsch, Steven; Johnson, Lyman; Northrup, David (2005),

7420: 5113: 3478:. Han is Chinese for Chinese and kitab (ketabu in Chinese) is Arabic for book. Liu Zhi wrote his Han Kitab in 2650:

was another one of the students sent to Al-Azhar in 1931, along with Zhang Ziren, Ma Jian, and Lin Zhongming.

1266:

influenced Islam around and before this time, and because of their influence and the lack of proficiency many

946:. The shrine site includes the reputed tomb of the Imam, a mosque, and several related tombs. There is also a 13112: 9777: 7469: 7462:"Close encounters of in Inner-Asian kind: Tibetan–Muslim coexistence and conflict in Tibet, past and present" 3830: 2766: 2528: 2223:

detained and placed in the re-education camps. Some sources quoted in the article say "as far as I know, the

1888: 1838: 1792: 1742: 1727: 1517: 1462: 1446: 1338: 1136: 963: 865: 689: 136: 128: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 10780: 2837:

groups. According to Tong, 21% Yihewani, 10.9% Jahriyya, 7.2% Khuffiya, 1.4% Qadariyya and 0.7% Kubrawiyya.

680:

During the Tang and Song dynasties, Muslims in China worshipped various kinds of "spirits" alongside Allah.

12905: 12764: 12659: 12624: 10902: 10810: 10679: 7651: 5569: 4209: 2966: 2804:. Qīngzhēn (清真) is the Chinese term for certain Islamic institutions. Its literal meaning is "pure truth". 1407: 585: 390: 337: 9943: 8200: 2142:. Violence subsided after 1949 under Communist Party repression but reignited as strictures were relaxed. 829:. It is believed that the profile of Muslims as traders led to the government ignoring Muslims in the 845 609:

Muslims are the most numerous group, the greatest concentration of Muslims reside in northwestern China's

13062: 12814: 12512: 12325: 11746: 10876: 9901:

Called "Master of the Four Religions" due to his knowledge of Islam, Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism.

6912: 3066: 1857: 1777: 1468:

Elisabeth Allès wrote that the relationship between Hui Muslim and Han peoples continued normally in the

1077: 1051: 694:

According to Chinese Muslims' traditional accounts, Islam was first introduced to China in 616–18 by the

31: 9471:"Thousands of Muslims protest China's plans to demolish mosque in rare demonstration against government" 7359:"China sends state spies to live in Uighur Muslim homes and attend private family weddings and funerals" 7078:"Three Muslim Families on Celebrating Ramadan and Connecting with Their Roots Outside of the Arab World" 1433:

The Muslim revolt in the northwest occurred due to violent and bloody infighting between Muslim groups (

12769: 12350: 12240: 11923: 11510: 11405: 11052: 10881: 10738: 10628: 10303: 9999: 9226:"LibGuides: Exhibition: Islam in Asia: Diversity in Past and Present: The Silk Road & Islam Spread" 9212: 8961: 8532:"编导：韩玲 (Director: Han Ling) 摄像：李斌 (Photography: Li Bin) (央视国际 (CCTV international)). 2005年02月24日 16:22" 7588:"LibGuides: Exhibition: Islam in Asia: Diversity in Past and Present: The Silk Road & Islam Spread" 6430: 4603: 4493: 4444:"LibGuides: Exhibition: Islam in Asia: Diversity in Past and Present: The Silk Road & Islam Spread" 3376: 2492:

including Muslims to have up to two children in urban areas and three to four children in rural areas.

2186: 1999:

92% in security spending there that year, an estimated 227,882 criminal arrests were made in Xinjiang.

1773: 1750: 1689: 1587: 1570:. The Qing dynasty enfeoffed (granted freehold property in exchange for pledged service) the rulers of 1465:. The Hui Muslim population of Beijing was unaffected from the Muslim rebels during the Dungan revolt. 1343: 630: 8634: 7001:"Negotiating Muslim and Hui Identities: Mosques, Policies, the Entanglement of Religion and Ethnicity" 6242: 5801:

Charities in the Non-Western World: The Development and Regulation of Indigenous and Islamic Charities

925: 13223: 13203: 13175: 13132: 12169: 11298: 10922: 10917: 10650: 10580:, by James Hastings, John Alexander Selbie, Louis Herbert Gray, a publication from 1916, now in the 10025: 6656:. Compiled by State Dept (U S ) (illustrated ed.). Government Printing Office. pp. 159–60. 4085: 2507:, etc. Broomhall admits the inadequacy of the data for Xinjiang, estimating the Muslim population of 2172: 1015:, a minority in China, gave foreign immigrants, such as Buddhists, Christians, Muslims and Jews from 646: 57: 9016:"Mummy dearest : questions of identity in modern and ancient Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region" 7077: 5278:"On the Historical Background and Ideological Resources of the Confluence of Islam and Confucianism" 5118:(2nd illustrated reprint ed.). Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University. p. 234. 1028:

to help them administer their rapidly expanding empire. The Mongols used Arab, Persian and Buddhist

821:

eras. Around 879, Chinese rebels killed about 120,000–200,000 mostly Arab and Persian foreigners in

13142: 12936: 12593: 12545: 12437: 12432: 12128: 12033: 11855: 11831: 11257: 11162: 10984: 10960: 9225: 8927: 7587: 7102: 7061: 4443: 4365: 4279: 3849: 3600: 3271: 3062: 3038: 2688: 2219: 2041: 1947: 1723: 875: 662: 357: 47: 9865: 8667: 8378: 7214: 1642:(that is, China excluding the regions of Mongolia and Xinjiang). Of these, almost half resided in 1461:, from 1862 to 1877. The Manchu government ordered the execution of several million rebels in the 13288: 13243: 13198: 12869: 11802: 10928: 10835: 10743: 10044:, Praeger publications in Russian history and world communism, vol. 130, New York: Praeger, 7617: 7246: 4888: 4194: 4120: 3310: 3165: 2252: 1986: 1969: 1417: 1213: 1142: 578: 342: 287: 9258: 8805:"Terrorism and Islamic Radicalization in Central Asia A Compendium of Recent Jamestown Analysis" 6619: 4921: 4555: 3407:

There is a long history of Muslim development and participation at the highest level of Chinese

2163:

their Imams and use the ashes to convert Tibetans to Islam by making Tibetans inhale the ashes.

13238: 13055: 13027: 12928: 12864: 12397: 11550: 10733: 6328: 4199: 3704: 3694: 2813: 2771: 2716: 1976: 1050:

in China in the early Yuan period. Muslim scholars were brought to work on calendar making and

967: 699: 695: 377: 10123:. Bangkok: Teak House, 1997; republished Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books, 2011. ASIN: B006GMID5K 10116:(Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1986; republished Bangkok: White Lotus, 2010) 9739: 9726: 8944: 8844: 8435: 8416: 7565: 7543: 7125:"Uighurs in Xinjiang, China celebrate first day of Aidilfitri with prayers, family gatherings" 6651: 6549: 6462: 5866: 5799: 5603: 5491: 18: 12874: 12517: 12233: 12083: 12048: 12003: 11660: 11650: 11455: 11398: 11212: 11177: 11132: 10866: 10728: 10674: 8574: 8555: 8321: 5972: 5959: 5681: 5530: 5207: 5020: 4971: 4234: 4184: 3534: 3364: 3117:. The first mosque was the Great Mosque of Xian or the Xian Mosque, which was created in the 2476:, about 1.8% of the total population in China are Muslims, meaning 25 million. In 2021, 2412:. Muslims live predominantly in the areas that border Central Asia, Tibet and Mongolia, i.e. 2368:(9.8 million in year 2000 census or 48% of the officially tabulated number of Muslims), 2115: 1279: 1199:, Muslims continued to be influential around government circles. Six of Ming dynasty founder 173: 6852:"NGOs note 'staggering' rise in arrests as China cracks down on minorities in Muslim region" 5764: 5726: 5642: 3446:. These traditional Hui martial arts were very distinct from the Turkic styles practiced in 1548:, led by General Dong Fuxiang fought for the Qing dynasty against the foreigners during the 651: 13122: 12844: 12754: 12704: 12664: 12497: 11973: 11968: 11863: 11665: 11555: 11485: 11102: 11097: 10992: 9630: 8244: 7327: 7191: 6888: 6856: 6796:"Why 700 Million People Keep Watching the Chinese New Year Gala, Even Though It's Terrible" 6488: 6271: 6070: 3074: 2901:

It is known that Admiral Zheng He (1371–1435) and his Muslim crews had made the journey to

2647: 1314: 1249: 1156: 1059: 655: 8103: 6049: 5466:"Weichow, Ningsia. Entrance and minaret of mosque. | Historical Photographs of China" 4348: 1606:

during the late Qing dynasty, and likely before then as well. Some even prostrated before

8: 13010: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12684: 12467: 12427: 12407: 12387: 12290: 12153: 12093: 12068: 11983: 11963: 11913: 11883: 11873: 11824: 11725: 11645: 11610: 11595: 11580: 11535: 11470: 11282: 11222: 11197: 11112: 11092: 11042: 11012: 11002: 10953: 10912: 10840: 10820: 10477: 10013: 9702: 7008: 6734: 6594: 6387: 5152:. The Fifty-ninth George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology. p. 12. Archived from 4254: 3287: 3279: 2941: 2749: 2224: 2156: 2104:

could practise their religion, with some expressing more freedom there than in Xinjiang.

2078:

all mosques had effectively transformed all major Islamic houses of worship by May 2024.

2062: 1842: 1765: 1599: 1100:

was also forbidden. Jews were affected by these laws and forbidden by the Mongols to eat

144: 12819: 11776: 6175:"The Chinese Islamic "Goodwill Mission to the Middle East" During the Anti-Japanese War" 6140:"The Chinese Islamic "Goodwill Mission to the Middle East" During the Anti-Japanese War" 4538: 2957: 1761:

Muslims made up the majority of the first cavalry division which was sent by Ma Bufang.

1726:, the Japanese destroyed 220 mosques and killed countless Hui by April 1941. The Hui of 886:

dynasties in the northeast. Later on, these Muslims settled between the Sung capital of

13092: 12999: 12944: 12824: 12739: 12714: 12583: 12402: 12179: 12058: 12053: 11933: 11600: 11308: 11187: 11182: 11062: 10825: 10721: 10510: 10144: 9148: 8074:"U.S. Congress urges Trump administration to get tougher on China's Xinjiang crackdown" 5923: 4952: 4259: 4189: 4164: 3360: 2858: 2846: 2500: 2472: 2451: 2393: 2310: 2288: 2228: 1055: 951: 838: 826: 747: 473: 418: 297: 68: 10357:

Intellectuals in the modern Islamic world: transmission, transformation, communication

9560:"China: Nearly two-thirds of Xinjiang mosques damaged or demolished, new report shows" 9411:[PBNU Confident There Is No Ethnic Violence Of Uyghurs And Xinjiang Muslims]. 8858: 5182:"China's Islamic Communities Generate Local Histories | China Heritage Quarterly" 4973:

The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World

2630:(Tang Ko-san). 40 Sino-Arabic primary schools were founded in Ningxia by its Governor 2155:

minority of Muslims). The main mosque in Lhasa was burned down by Tibetans during the

13107: 12989: 12979: 12964: 12789: 12724: 12694: 12669: 12588: 12535: 12482: 12477: 12452: 12310: 12208: 12123: 12073: 12028: 12008: 11998: 11898: 11700: 11675: 11525: 11520: 11500: 11465: 11450: 11337: 11252: 11202: 11157: 11137: 11127: 11027: 10886: 10871: 10850: 10805: 10706: 10666: 10658: 10536: 10514: 10502: 10465: 10457: 10419: 10399: 10360: 10342: 10324: 10290: 10272: 10254: 10236: 10218: 10200: 10194: 10180: 10162: 10156: 10148: 10100: 10061: 10045: 10029: 9991: 9971: 9938: 9871: 9783: 9745: 9534: 9438: 9362: 9278: 9270: 9254: 9253:

CHINA HERITAGE NEWSLETTER China Heritage Project, The Australian National University

9048: 8994: 8965: 8742: 8640: 8613: 8260:, p. 214 Quote: "No definite information has been received concerning Mongolia". 8154: 8134: 7973: 7937: 7871: 7558:"Full Text: Vocational Education and Training in Xinjiang – Xinhua | English.news.cn" 7509: 7161: 7153: 7037: 6657: 6559: 6484:"Mind your language: how words are weaponised when discussing human rights and China" 6358: 6332: 5978: 5902: 5847: 5805: 5768: 5730: 5687: 5648: 5609: 5575: 5536: 5497: 5361: 5328: 5299: 5213: 5119: 5086: 5053: 4977: 4681: 4556:"LibGuides: Exhibition: Islam in Asia: Diversity in Past and Present: Islam in China" 4472: 4274: 4204: 3875: 3826: 3352: 2478: 2455: 2119: 1900: 1796: 1754: 845: 727: 714: 222: 120: 10233:

Between Mecca and Beijing: modernization and consumption among urban Chinese Muslims

8032:"Concentration camps and forced labor: China's repression of the Uighurs, explained" 7776:"U.N. says it has credible reports that China holds million Uighurs in secret camps" 7745:"Former inmates of China's Muslim 'reeducation' camps tell of brainwashing, torture" 4802: 2075: 1317:, considered as one of the most beautiful, was constructed during the Ming dynasty. 1073: 882:, to settle in Song China in order to create a buffer zone between the Song and the 13157: 13078: 12994: 12969: 12949: 12804: 12799: 12729: 12709: 12507: 12457: 12417: 12370: 12365: 12355: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12315: 12300: 12295: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12098: 12013: 11993: 11878: 11868: 11772: 11685: 11655: 11640: 11625: 11615: 11605: 11570: 11565: 11515: 11460: 11435: 11383: 11227: 11142: 11122: 11007: 10997: 10845: 10815: 10716: 10711: 10494: 10386: 10136: 10084: 10017: 7474: 6598: 6555: 6394: 5289: 4329: 4269: 4244: 4030: 4006: 3709: 3356: 3332: 3122: 3058: 3022: 2918: 2738: 2643: 2459: 2373: 2272: 2108: 1943: 1853: 1271: 1241: 1229: 1204: 1117: 1012: 773: 754: 488: 443: 247: 5758: 5720: 2917:

in the following centuries; however, there is little information on this. General

1968:

Muslims were reported in 2015 to have been featured as hosts and directors on the

13233: 13152: 12974: 12954: 12744: 12734: 12679: 12674: 12598: 12540: 12502: 12492: 12472: 12462: 12447: 12442: 12422: 12392: 12360: 12345: 12320: 12256: 12143: 12078: 12043: 11978: 11958: 11948: 11908: 11893: 11888: 11695: 11690: 11630: 11585: 11545: 11440: 11421: 11272: 11207: 11172: 11107: 11087: 11077: 11037: 11022: 11017: 10530: 10413: 10092: 10088: 9909: 9564: 9189: 9019: 8736: 8607: 8581: 8562: 8518: 8499: 8480: 8461: 8442: 8423: 8404: 8385: 8366: 8347: 8328: 7503: 7363: 7215:"If China Is Anti-Islam, Why Are These Chinese Muslims Enjoying a Faith Revival?" 6712: 6605: 6535: 6516: 6469: 6036: 5873: 5415:"Thousands of Muslims protest against the demolition of the Weizhou Grand Mosque" 4366:"If China Is Anti-Islam, Why Are These Chinese Muslims Enjoying a Faith Revival?" 4289: 4284: 4224: 4179: 4174: 4094: 4089: 3650: 3368: 3219: 3098: 2742: 2405: 2381: 2280: 2206:

investigate the allegations of "racial, ethnic and ethno-religious profiling". A

2199:

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

1951: 1931: 1804: 1731: 1549: 1245: 849: 743: 723: 538: 533: 498: 115: 10498: 10251:

Dilemmas The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity

10140: 9594: 8668:"If China Is Anti-Islam, Why Are These Chinese Muslims Enjoying a Faith Revival" 8636:

Great Britain and Chinese, Russian and Japanese interests in Sinkiang, 1918–1934

7392:"Caught between China and the US, asylum seekers live in limbo in New York City" 6974:"China Targets Muslim Scholars And Writers With Increasingly Harsh Restrictions" 2646:

and they were the first Chinese to study at Al-Azhar. Na Zhong, a descendant of

1923: 852:, marking the end of Tang westward expansion and resulting in Muslim control of 13147: 13137: 13127: 13117: 12959: 12794: 12719: 12487: 12412: 12382: 12184: 12103: 12063: 12038: 12018: 11953: 11928: 11918: 11670: 11620: 11575: 11560: 11540: 11530: 11505: 11445: 11313: 11232: 11192: 11167: 11147: 11082: 11057: 11047: 9902: 9163: 7811: 6920: 6800: 5605:

Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864

5493:

Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759–1864

5147:"The Integration of Religious Minorities in China: The Case of Chinese Muslims" 4320:

Pillsbury, B. L. K. (1981), "Muslim History in China: A 1300-year Chronology",

4169: 4024: 4018: 4000: 3538: 3485:

The Han Kitab was widely read and approved of by later Chinese Muslims such as

3322: 3137: 2823: 2680: 2544: 2409: 2401: 2300: 2193: 1869: 1635: 1310: 1306: 1217: 1200: 1171: 1113: 947: 834: 757:

in Guangzhou in memory of Muhammad, which was the first mosque in the country.

523: 513: 433: 382: 346: 312: 302: 7097: 6690:"Ambassador Liu Xiaoming Holds On-line Press Conference on China–UK Relations" 6650:

Senate (U S ) Committee on Foreign Relations (2005). State Dept (U S ) (ed.).

4333: 3043: 1285: 1163: 13282: 13228: 13102: 12984: 12689: 12202: 12023: 11988: 11943: 11938: 11847: 11680: 11590: 11480: 11331: 11152: 11117: 11072: 11067: 10976: 10830: 10581: 10562: 10506: 10439: 9975: 9538: 9498:"Bulldozing mosques: the latest tactic in China's war against Uighur culture" 9413: 7977: 7157: 7041: 6300: 5465: 5303: 4264: 4249: 3994: 3958: 3822: 3794: 3769: 3724: 3396: 3372: 3283: 3253: 3170: 3047: 3000: 2638: 2524: 2462: 2147: 2123: 1876: 1872:

trends". The government began to relax its policies towards Muslims in 1978.

1552:. They included well known generals like Ma Anliang, Ma Fulu and Ma Fuxiang. 1489: 1364: 981: 805:

on China's southeastern seaboard, as well as in the interior centers such as

367: 22:

Provinces of China by proportion of Muslim population, according to 2010 data

9648: 9190:"Over 11,000 Chinese Muslims from Xinjiang proceed to Saudi Arabia for Hajj" 7165: 6649: 6095: 1657:

The Qing dynasty fell in 1912, and the Republic of China was established by

1252:. This era, sometimes considered the Golden Age of Islam in China, also saw 10696: 9529: 7844: 7304: 7299: 7148: 7082: 6587: 4155: 4141: 4115: 4081: 3987: 3945: 3799: 3679: 3514: 3475: 3471: 3392: 3195: 3191: 3149: 3118: 3070: 3026: 2822:. A notable feature of some Muslim communities in China is the presence of 2785: 2496: 2397: 2389: 2360:'s 55 officially recognized minority peoples, ten groups are predominantly 2314: 2296: 2284: 2244: 1991: 1896: 1865: 1758: 1685: 1639: 1583: 1545: 1509: 1497: 1372: 1368: 1356: 1348: 1321: 1275: 1263: 1233: 1196: 1109: 1097: 1088: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1008: 899: 883: 871: 818: 568: 557: 508: 503: 10540: 10049: 10033: 9995: 6708:"China Cables: One mosque for every 530 Muslims in Xinjiang, says Beijing" 5924:"Notes on some joking relationships between Hui and Han villages in Henan" 4046:, (馬新貽), official and a military general of the late Qing dynasty in China 12212: 11341: 10476:

ALLÈS, ÉLISABETH; CHÉRIF-CHEBBI, LEÏLA; HALFON, CONSTANCE-HÉLÈNE (2003).

10453: 9015: 7284: 7280:"Uighur Muslim Community invites global media to witness Ramadan rituals" 6884:"No place to hide: exiled Chinese Uighur Muslims feel state's long reach" 6820: 6028: 4833:

is the Chinese rendering of Tazi—the name the Persians used for the Arabs

3964: 3845: 3835: 3749: 3729: 3645: 3625: 3518: 3494: 3175: 2934: 2873: 2819: 2623: 2603: 2255:

against Chinese government officials responsible for re-education camps.

2166: 2068: 1927: 1781: 1716: 1658: 1521: 1501: 1237: 1105: 1047: 977: 914: 853: 634: 212: 5294: 5277: 4956: 4860:"Farrukh Travels Into the Muslim History of China – ارشيف اسلام اونلاين" 3509:

to gain Islamic knowledge. For some Muslim groups in China, such as the

2431: 2114:

As of 2024, a significant new wave of Chinese Uyghur Muslims is fleeing

1375:

dynasty from 1644; Muslim Ming loyalists in Gansu led by Muslim leaders

988: 617:

population. Lesser yet significant populations reside in the regions of

10755: 10441:

Islam in China, Hui and Uyghurs: between modernization and sinicization

8914:"الماتريدية وآثارها في الفكر الإنساني بدول طريق الحرير.. الصين نموذجًا" 7966:"China Wants the World to Stay Silent on Muslim Camps. It's Succeeding" 5085:(illustrated ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 228. 4943:

Buell, Paul D. (1979). "Sino-Khitan administration in Mongol Bukhara".

4525:

Ar-Raheeq al-Makhtum: The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Noble Prophet

4098: 4059: 4055: 4012: 3981: 3921: 3914: 3908: 3895: 3854: 3818: 3804: 3744: 3719: 3699: 3689: 3684: 3640: 3595: 3510: 3490: 3463: 3412: 3388: 3384: 3110: 2922: 2869: 2850: 2838: 2662: 2631: 2627: 2614: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2488: 2377: 2365: 2276: 2264: 2054:

teaching those in her mosque how to pray and read the Quran in Arabic.

1826: 1800: 1696: 1607: 1563: 1537: 1529: 1493: 1225: 1208: 739: 719: 606: 493: 478: 307: 292: 262: 252: 242: 227: 217: 197: 8913: 5357:

The history of women's mosques in Chinese Islam: a mosque of their own

5209:

The history of women's mosques in Chinese Islam: a mosque of their own

3085:, which connotes a sense of grandeur; this applies to everything from 2983:

Muslim workers are permitted holidays during major religious festivals

10800: 10785: 10396:

Asian Borderlands: The Transformation of Qing China's Yunnan Frontier

9388: 9312:. Vol. X, no. 4. Hartford Seminary Foundation. p. 379. 9194: 9144:"China announces new rules for Muslims visiting Saudi Arabia for Haj" 8990: 7187:"'Purify' or perish: the vulnerable lives of China's Uyghur scholars" 7032: 4075: 3940: 3901: 3891: 3862: 3839: 3814: 3774: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3734: 3674: 3665: 3630: 3497:. They believed that Islam could be understood through Confucianism. 3459: 3431: 3351:

Xiao'erjing (also Xiao'erjin or Xiaojing) is the practice of writing

2655: 2599: 2328:. The highest concentrations are found in the northwest provinces of 2032: 1915:

students are permitted to embark on religious studies under an Imam.

1846: 1753:, Ma Bufang arranged for a cavalry division under the Muslim General 1746: 1719:

was a Muslim General and Defence Minister of China during this time.

1700: 1611: 1567: 1512:

exterminate the Muslim rebels. These Muslim generals belonged to the

1422: 1403: 1352: 1063: 973: 895: 794: 713:. Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, along with the Companion Suhayla Abu Arja and 710: 706: 674: 352: 257: 237: 232: 202: 9617:"Sino-Muslim relations: the Han, the Hui, and the Uyghurs (page 31)" 8231:"Sino-Muslim Relations: The Han, the Hui, and the Uyghurs (page 36)" 7904:"China putting minority Muslims in 'concentration camps,' U.S. says" 6766:"Islamic State executes three of its Chinese militants: China paper" 5860: 2929:

sponsored Imam Wang Jingzhai when he went on hajj to Mecca in 1921.

2067:

reported in the same year that Uyghurs in Xinjiang made prayers for

1228:

birth although at least in later life not a Muslim himself, to lead

1062:

to help design the construction of the capital of the Yuan dynasty,

11352: 8863: 7251: 6739: 6593:

ELISABETH ALLES, LEILA CHERIF-CHEBBI & CONSTANCE-HELENE HALFON

6174: 4618:, Tehran: Ahlul Bayt World Assembly Publications, pp. 300,303, 333. 4536: 4049: 4043: 3968: 3949: 3931: 3927: 3918: 3905: 3858: 3605: 3567: 3447: 3421: 3179: 3145: 3082: 2995: 2973:

Some examples of the religious concessions granted to Muslims are:

2930: 2926: 2842: 2830: 2801: 2797: 2704: 2607: 2568: 2508: 2413: 2329: 2215: 2101: 2051: 2026: 1958: 1935: 1670: 1575: 1541: 1533: 1450: 1442: 1290: 1221: 1183: 1167: 1039: 996: 992: 930: 822: 814: 806: 802: 798: 790: 610: 448: 317: 272: 207: 10456:, White Lotus Press editor, Bangkok, Thailand, published in 2004. 10077:

Journal of the American Water Works Association, Volume 39, Part 1

9525:"Thousands of Xinjiang mosques destroyed or damaged, report finds" 9271:

James Hastings; John Alexander Selbie; Louis Herbert Gray (1916).

8149:

Woodhead, Linda; Partridge, Christopher; Kawanami, Hiroko (2016).

6816:"Beijing jumps onto Paris attack to feed state propaganda machine" 6306:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

5389:"Hui mosque protest ends after official vows to consult community" 4795:

Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies "EJARS"

4740:

Japan [and China]: China; its history, arts and literature

3081:. An important feature in Chinese architecture is its emphasis on 1749:

that he was prepared to fight the Japanese. Immediately after the

1520:

broke out, and loyalist Muslims such as Dong Fuxiang, Ma Anliang,

1178: 776:. The minaret was built in the 10th century. Photograph from 1860. 10790: 10609: 10445: 9409:"PBNU Yakin Tidak Ada Kekerasan Etnis Uighur dan Muslim Xinjiang" 9067: 3936: 3739: 3579: 3573: 3550: 3522: 3486: 3479: 3436: 3303: 3299: 3263: 3215: 3207: 3199: 3128: 3114: 3029:

were given to "eating rations", a reference to military service.

2865: 2684: 2552: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2520: 2516: 2439: 2435: 2425: 2417: 2369: 2361: 2337: 2321: 2268: 2097: 2058: 2022: 1864:

used to fire rockets onto the village. Following the fall of the

1830: 1821: 1745:, the Chinese government received a telegram from Muslim General 1712: 1704: 1666: 1662: 1647: 1638:

decade, its estimated that there were 20 million Muslims in

1525: 1513: 1481: 1454: 1438: 1298: 1253: 1203:'s most trusted generals are said to have been Muslim, including 1067: 1043: 1004: 891: 887: 879: 810: 782: 768: 735: 658: 626: 618: 614: 483: 438: 423: 372: 277: 267: 10945: 10355:

Dudoignon, Stéphane A.; Komatsu, Hisao; Kosugi, Yasushi (2006),

10074: 9811:"Women lead Friday prayers at Denmark's first female-run mosque" 8308:

New International Yearbook: A Compendium of the World's Progress

7714:"China 'holding at least 120,000 Uighurs in re-education camps'" 5644:

Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1

5608:(illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 171. 5496:(illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 298. 4791:"Xi'an Daxuexi Alley Mosque: Historical and Architectural Study" 2573:

New International Yearbook: A Compendium of the World's Progress

1849:. Numerous places of worship, including mosques, were attacked. 1776:

were established for Muslims. Muslims served extensively in the

10701: 10597: 9779:

China's universities, 1895–1995: a century of cultural conflict

9044:

Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia

7383: 6357:. Cambridge: Harvard East Asian Monographs. 1996. p. 140. 4063: 3545: 3336: 3291: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3078: 2827: 2564: 2560: 2504: 2385: 2341: 2292: 2018: 1981: 1651: 1603: 1595: 1571: 1556: 1434: 1426: 1396: 1259: 1101: 762: 750: 731: 666: 518: 282: 10412:

Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; La Boda, Sharon, eds. (1996).

10129:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

9381: 8987:

Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland: China's Muslim Borderland

7872:"UN 'alarmed' by reports of China's mass detention of Uighurs" 7840:"China denies violating minority rights amid detention claims" 6947:"Mosque protest highlights China's shrinking religious spaces" 5440:"Chinese Hui Muslims continue protest at Weizhou Grand Mosque" 4015:, Master Supervisor of the Imperial Observatory (Ming dynasty) 4009:, author of the most popular Chinese translation of the Qur'an 3327: 10653: 10449: 10415:

International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania

10318: 8151:

Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations

7683:"Chinese mass-indoctrination camps evoke Cultural Revolution" 7098:"Beijing's Muslim community celebrates holy month of Ramadan" 6694:

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China

6018:. United States: Fleming H. Revell Company. pp. 106–107. 5843:

China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects

5647:(illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 8. 5176: 5174: 5049:

China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects

5008: 4111: 3714: 3467: 3443: 3435:. There were specific areas that were known to be centers of 3380: 3344: 3307: 3295: 3228: 3224: 3211: 3187: 3141: 3121:

in the 7th century. In July 2019, Indonesian Islamic scholar

2980:

Muslim couples may have their marriage consecrated by an Imam

2914: 2902: 2894: 2789: 2781: 2556: 2532: 2421: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2333: 2325: 2152: 2047: 1708: 1681: 1674: 1643: 1591: 1469: 1458: 1236:

nation. The Muslims in China who were descended from earlier

1092: 1029: 943: 786: 622: 528: 7300:"Come see China Muslim culture for yourselves, embassy says" 7277: 5974:

Oasis Identities: Uyghur Nationalism Along China's Silk Road

2961:

Headquarters of the Islamic Association of China in Beijing.

1011:(1271–1368), large numbers of Muslims settled in China. The 10177:

Familiar Strangers, a history of Muslims in Northwest China

9741:

Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China

5798:

Brown, Rajeswary Ampalavanar; Pierce, Justin, eds. (2013).

5683:

Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China

5571:

Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China

5532:

Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China

5307: 5115:

Muslim Chinese: ethnic nationalism in the People's Republic

4514:, California, vol.16, No.3, Aug. 1987, p. 498, p. 498 nt.8. 3952: 2910: 2906: 2890: 2834: 2793: 2610:

were involved in reforming Islamic education inside China.

2602:

funded schools or sponsored students studying abroad. Imam

2579:" as the total number of Muslims in the Republic of China. 1881: 1703:) were appointed as military governors of the provinces of 1410:

period in Guangzhou. The Ming Muslim loyalists were called

1387:

in order to drive the Qing out and restore the Ming Prince

1267: 1152: 1034: 939: 9304:

M. E. Botham (October 1920). Samuel Marinus Zwemer (ed.).

8889:"China: The Best and the Worst Place to Be a Muslim Woman" 8713:. Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies. Archived from 7807:"China's Mass Internment Camps Have No Clear End in Sight" 7144:"Last major Islamic-style mosque in China loses its domes" 5171: 3505:

A lot of Chinese students including male and females join

3190:. The arrival of Arabian and Persian merchants during the 2563:

and smaller numbers for other provinces, down to 1,000 in

1942:

In 2007, anticipating the coming "Year of the Pig" in the

10795: 9168:, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Ministry of Hajj, 2007-11-15, 8148: 7876: 7395: 6624: 6547: 6426: 5353: 5205: 2207: 2006: 1891:

in the 1930s and as a Soviet Communist puppet state, the

1508:

defected to the Qing dynasty and helped the Qing General

1207:

who, in 1388, led a strong imperial Ming army out of the

10475: 9990:, New York: The Ronald Press Company, pp. 344–374, 8201:"Exemptions in China's 'one-child policy' – iLook China" 7649: 7389: 2833:

Madhhab. However a large minority of Hui are members of

1764:

By 1939, at least 33 Hui Muslims had studied at Cairo's

929:

The tombs of Sa-Ke-Zu and Wu-Ko-Shun at Mount Lingshan,

9744:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 79. 9384:"Isu Xinjiang Terus Digoreng Bagian dari Perang Dagang" 8770:"Jihad in China? Marketing the Turkistan Islamic Party" 7057:"Special report: meet the female imams of Muslim China" 3961:, one of the four famous Imams of the Republican period 2531:). He uses the estimates of 2,000,000 to 3,500,000 for 2495:

An older estimate of the Muslim population of the then

1730:

was subjected to slaughter by the Japanese. During the

10354: 10161:(2nd ed.), New York: Cambridge University Press, 9737: 9112: 6653:

Annual Report on International Religious Freedom, 2004

5360:(illustrated ed.). Psychology Press. p. 77. 5212:(illustrated ed.). Psychology Press. p. 77. 4583:

Maazars in China-www.aulia-e-hind.com/dargah/Intl/Chin

4215:

Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party

3474:. It was written in the early 18th century during the 2723:

violent sectarian fighting between different Hui sects

2167:

Internment camps and restrictions on religious freedom

1899:

supported Uyghur separatists against China during the

1757:

to be sent east to battle the Japanese. Ethnic Turkic

1684:, many Chinese Muslims syncretized their beliefs with 10493:(1). Translated from the French by Anne Evans: 7–35. 10199:, United States of America: Oxford University Press, 10127:

Goldman, Merle (1986), "Religion in Post-Mao China",

10060:(reprinted ed.), Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 9988:

Islam—The Straight Path: Islam Interpreted by Muslims

8690: 6551:

Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics: A-Ed

6264:"还原真实的西北群马之马步芳骑八师中原抗日 – 历史 – 穆斯林在线-打造全球最大的伊斯兰中文门户网站" 4540:

Le mahométisme en Chine et dans le Turkestan oriental

3462:

was a collection of Chinese Islamic texts written by

2893:

pilgrimage routes, by land and by sea, from China to

2340:, with significant populations also found throughout 1484:

and other Islamic prayers; section of an 1845 scroll.

1108:

in rebelling against the Mongols. The founder of the

10083: 9439:"China mosque demolition sparks standoff in Ningxia" 8711:"Uyghur Muslim Ethnic Separatism in Xinjiang, China" 8003:"International Religious Freedom Annual Report 2020" 7638:

What's happened to the vanished Uighurs of Xinjiang?

5144: 4131: 2129: 8493:"Asia and the Americas, Volume 42, Issues 1–6" 1942 7497: 7495: 4673: 1274:, many Muslims had vastly different conceptions of 10248: 10119:Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (1997, 2011). 10012: 9068:Mohammed Rasooldeen; Ali Al-Zahrani (2006-07-06), 8010:U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom 6115:Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (1997, 2011). 6094:. Muslim Media Network. 2008-03-24. Archived from 4853: 4851: 2977:Muslim communities are allowed separate cemeteries 2703:has accused the Chinese "Muslim Brotherhood" (the 2237:U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom 2030:security. Arabic calligraphy was also reported by 1780:and reached positions of importance, like General 1562:Uyghurs in Turfan and Hami and their leaders like 1532:suppressed and massacred the rebel Muslims led by 1248:. Mosque architecture began to follow traditional 1091:and his successors forbade Islamic practices like 10411: 9007: 8958:The Cambridge Companion to Modern Chinese Culture 8738:Nationalism and ethnoregional identities in China 8175:"International Religious Freedom Report for 2011" 5971:Rudelson, Justin J.; Rudelson, Justin B. (1997). 4715:China: its history, arts and literature, Volume 2 3148:. The residents of Weizhou alarmed each other by 2227:wants to remove Uyghur identity from the world." 1985:advocating limiting freedom of speech, while the 1383:led a revolt in 1646 against the Qing during the 631:China's 55 officially recognized minority peoples 13280: 9670:"China launches anti-halal campaign in Xinjiang" 8978: 8949: 7492: 6541: 5970: 5896: 3069:in Jinan, whose current buildings date from the 3065:(first established during the Tang era) and the 3032: 613:autonomous region, which contains a significant 10179:, Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 9834:"Female Imams Blaze Trail Amid China's Muslims" 9614: 9165:A record 10,700 Chinese Muslims to perform Hajj 9034: 8632: 8228: 8130:"The Terrible 'Sinicization' of Islam in China" 7650:Philip Wen; Olzhas Auyezov (29 November 2018). 7075: 5327:. University of California Press. p. 214. 5078: 4848: 4508:Muslim Tombs & Ethnic Folklore-Hui Identity 4240:Proposed demolition of the Weizhou Grand Mosque 2952: 2880: 2061:on 2021 in the cities of Shanghai and Beijing. 1630:Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War 8702: 7141: 7054: 7028:"The common threads of Confucianism and Islam" 6423:"BBC – Religion & Ethics – Islam in China" 6071:"China (includes Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet)" 5839: 5686:. University of Washington Press. p. 55. 5574:. University of Washington Press. p. 54. 5535:. University of Washington Press. p. 53. 5111: 5045: 4736: 4711: 4390:"China halts mosque demolition due to protest" 4230:Demographics of the People's Republic of China 13063: 12913: 12632: 12241: 11832: 11406: 11368: 10961: 10636: 10578:Encyclopædia of religion and ethics, Volume 8 10289:, United States of America: Lexington Books, 9863: 9382:Drs H. Agus Fathuddin Yusuf MA (2020-09-28). 9321: 9319: 9274:Encyclopædia of religion and ethics, Volume 8 8843:. LHASA, Tibet. 28 March 2008. Archived from 7542:. LHASA, Tibet. 28 March 2008. Archived from 6388:"ALLÈS & CHÉRIF-CHEBBI & HALFON 2003" 6203: 5835: 5833: 4003:, first translator of the Qur'an into Chinese 3131:officials notified on 3 August 2018 that the 2760: 2446: 2364:. The largest groups in descending order are 1810: 1594:, and perform religious functions, including 1256:become an important center of Islamic study. 1190: 1038:("various eye color"), to act as officers of 586: 13034:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 10114:Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia 9962:Keim, Jean (1954), "Les Musulmans Chinois", 9303: 7122: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6620:"Ban Thwarts 'Year of the Pig' Ads in China" 6324:Antidrug crusades in twentieth century China 6317: 6315: 5320: 4976:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 96–. 4969: 4537:Claude Philibert Dabry de Thiersant (1878). 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4114:, painter, poet and calligrapher during the 3894:(1656–1719), Sufi master who introduced the 3093:. One notable exception is in the design of 10486:Archives de sciences sociales des religions 9775: 9676:. Reuters Staff. 2018-10-09. Archived from 8639:. Stockholm: Esselte studium. p. 111. 7455: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7447: 7445: 7278:M. Irfan Ilmie, Atman Ahdiat (2021-03-18). 7184: 7142:Hawkins, Amy; Morresi, Elena (2024-05-25). 5797: 5756: 5718: 4657: 4655: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 3904:(1681?–1766?), Sufi master who brought the 3888: 1739), Islamic author (Qing dynasty). 3786:36th Division (National Revolutionary Army) 3507:International Islamic University, Islamabad 3294:in Eastern China and to a lesser extent in 3262:Sini-style Arabic calligraphy of the first 2864:The predominant religion of Äynu people is 2626:(Pai Chung-hsi) and the vice president was 13070: 13056: 12927: 12920: 12906: 12646: 12639: 12625: 12248: 12234: 11839: 11825: 11413: 11399: 11375: 11361: 10968: 10954: 10643: 10629: 9316: 7414: 7412: 6845: 6843: 5901:. Hong Kong University Press. p. 55. 5879: 5830: 5763:. University of California Press. p. 5725:. University of California Press. p. 4727:Original from the University of California 4350:The Muslim Minority Nationalities of China 4027:, contemporary author, son of Bai Chongxi. 3556: 3415:started and adapted many of the styles of 1650:(as defined at that time) and the rest in 1425:, the capital of the Pingnan Sultanate in 593: 579: 10528: 10075:American Water Works Association (1947), 9716: 9557: 9406: 8708: 8281: 8269: 8257: 8122: 7460:Fischer, Andrew Martin (September 2005). 7390:Tara John and Yong Xiong (May 17, 2024). 7135: 6871: 6793: 6312: 6179:Dîvân Disiplinlerarasi Çalismalar Dergisi 6144:Dîvân DİSİPLİNLERARASI ÇALIŞMALAR DERGİSİ 5293: 4963: 4411: 4319: 3521:is frowned upon; for some groups such as 2818:The vast majority of China's Muslims are 2408:are officially classified along with the 10478:"Chinese Islam: Unity and Fragmentation" 10230: 10192: 9522: 9071:Legacy of Chinese Muslim Mariner Relived 8940: 8153:(3rd ed.). Routledge. p. 145. 7711: 7615: 7442: 7356: 7325: 7244: 7185:Szadziewski, Henryk (10 November 2018). 6481: 5601: 5489: 5324:Peking: temples and city life, 1400–1900 5002: 4652: 4621: 4313: 3326: 3257: 3218:), which offer inexpensive noodle soup. 3169: 3042: 2994: 2956: 2947: 2884: 2770: 2450: 2430: 2309: 2081: 1922: 1820: 1566:allied with the Qing against Uyghurs in 1475: 1416: 1342: 1284: 1177: 1162: 1151: 1072: 1066:(also known as Khanbaliq or present-day 987: 924: 894:). They were led by Prince Amir Sayyid " 833:, even though it virtually extinguished 767: 650: 633:, ten of these groups are predominantly 17: 10393: 10339:Genocide in the Age of the Nation-State 10284: 10126: 10039: 9468: 9040: 8090: 7773: 7501: 7459: 7409: 7015:from the original on 10 September 2021. 6840: 5446:from the original on September 27, 2019 5395:from the original on September 24, 2019 4920:. Central Asia Traveler. Archived from 4842: 4822: 4773: 4646: 4220:Human rights in China#Religious freedom 3975: 2990: 2015:Gallatin School of Individualized Study 1852:In 1975, in what would be known as the 906:("law of the Arabs"). He renamed it to 13281: 10372: 10336: 10212: 10174: 10154: 10042:China on the Eve of Communist Takeover 9722: 9495: 9464: 9462: 9460: 9433: 9431: 9127: 9014:Bader, Alyssa Christine (9 May 2012). 8734: 7963: 7864: 7798: 7742: 7609: 7418: 7240: 7238: 7236: 6849: 6595:Chinese Islam: Unity and Fragmentation 6013: 5955: 5885: 5846:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 45–. 5679: 5567: 5528: 5260: 5052:. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 24. 4996: 4857: 4788: 4661: 4634: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4430: 3857:(1837–1894), Qing Muslim general from 3842:and rebel during the Panthay Rebellion 3831:Muslim rebellion in northwestern China 3343:dictionary from the early days of the 3159: 2780:international Islamic universities in 2755: 2428:, which is known as the "Quran Belt". 2057:Chinese Muslims reportedly celebrated 2046:reported in the same year of a female 1946:, depictions of pigs were banned from 1799:was over. Muslims affiliated with the 1159:, constructed during the Ming dynasty. 972:Bukhara and Samarqand were visited by 13051: 12901: 12620: 12229: 11820: 11394: 11356: 10949: 10624: 10266: 9984:"Chapter 9: Islamic Culture in China" 9782:. Taylor & Francis. p. 202. 9558:Skopeliti, Clea (25 September 2020). 9504:from the original on 14 December 2019 9441:. bbc.com. BBC News. 10 August 2018. 9354: 9325: 9013: 8984: 8955: 8859:"Chinese Muslims forge isolated path" 8837:"Police shut Muslim quarter in Lhasa" 8696: 8665: 8605: 8398:"The China Monthly, Volumes 3–4" 1941 8379:"The China Monthly, Volumes 3–4" 1941 8341:"The China Monthly, Volumes 3–4" 1941 8029: 7945:from the original on December 7, 2019 7774:Nebehay, Stephanie (10 August 2018). 7536:"Police shut Muslim quarter in Lhasa" 7473:(Working Paper no.68). Archived from 7212: 7025: 6998: 6927:from the original on 10 November 2018 6503: 6009: 6007: 6005: 5922:Allès, Elizabeth (17 January 2007) . 5921: 5915: 5640: 5271: 5269: 4942: 4784: 4782: 4547: 4523:Safi-ur Rahman Al-Mubarakpuri, 2009, 3154:Australian Strategic Policy Institute 2673: 2668: 2251:, which authorizes the imposition of 1224:, perhaps the most famous Chinese of 1182:Chinese Muslim explorer and admiral, 1082:Temür Khan, Emperor Chengzong of Yuan 1032:administrators, generically known as 13077: 11382: 10576:This article incorporates text from 10557:This article incorporates text from 10055: 9981: 9961: 9808: 9113:Dudoignon, Komatsu & Kosugi 2006 8802: 8767: 8293: 7884:from the original on 1 December 2018 7804: 7680: 7421:"Tibetan-Muslim tensions roil China" 7371:from the original on 1 December 2018 7259:from the original on January 5, 2019 6828:from the original on 14 January 2015 6548:Kees Versteegh; Mushira Eid (2005). 6303:(1986). Religion in Post-Mao China, 5899:Hong Kong images: people and animals 5867:Ring & Salkin & La Boda 1996 5354:Maria Jaschok; Jingjun Shui (2000). 5275: 5248: 5206:Maria Jaschok; Jingjun Shui (2000). 4761: 2721:There have been many occurrences of 2582: 2499:belongs to the Christian missionary 1699:party, Muslim warlords (such as the 1617: 1170:was a Chinese Muslim general of the 1147: 12255: 11420: 10532:Islam in China: a neglected problem 10394:Giersch, Charles Patterson (2006), 10302: 9831: 9489: 9457: 9428: 9326:Cowen, Jill S. (July–August 1985), 9223: 9208: 8609:Xinjiang: China's Muslim borderland 7837: 7628:from the original on 5 January 2019 7585: 7357:Withnall, Adam (30 November 2018). 7245:Sudworth, John (October 24, 2018). 7233: 6910: 6670:from the original on 8 January 2017 6617: 6482:Sergeant, Gray (10 November 2018). 6172: 6137: 5840:Michael Dillon (16 December 2013). 5082:Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road 4889:"Imam Asim Shrine and Ancient Tomb" 4599: 4586: 4553: 4441: 4033:, contemporary author and historian 3619:Generals in the Republic of China: 3379:who adhere to the Islamic faith in 2965:Established by the government, the 709:and from the northwest through the 13: 9844:from the original on 27 April 2021 9622:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 9473:. independent.co.uk. Independent. 9469:Osborne, Samuel (10 August 2018). 9277:. T. & T. Clark. p. 893. 8928:"الحنفية الماتريدية في بلاد الصين" 8455:"China Magazine, Volumes 6–7" 1941 8236:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 8181:from the original on 25 March 2017 7786:from the original on 30 March 2019 7662:from the original on 25 April 2019 7431:from the original on June 22, 2010 7338:from the original on July 28, 2014 7055:Anna Zacharias (January 1, 2019). 7005:Compass: Gallatin Research Journal 6913:"China: re-engineering the Uighur" 6185:from the original on 18 March 2014 6050:"CIA – The World Factbook – China" 6002: 5818:from the original on 27 April 2016 5700:from the original on 27 April 2016 5661:from the original on 28 April 2016 5622:from the original on 27 April 2016 5549:from the original on 28 April 2016 5510:from the original on 28 April 2016 5266: 5226:from the original on July 27, 2014 4970:Michal Biran (15 September 2005). 4779: 4752:Original from Princeton University 4487: 4346: 4322:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 3668:during the Republic of China era: 3227:by approved agencies. In Chinese, 3057:(清真寺) or "pure truth temple". The 2728: 2687:remember that the Hui army at the 2535:(which then also included today's 1957:There are about 24,400 mosques in 1907:Muslims without charge in Turpan. 1829:family celebrating Eid ul-Fitr in 1244:and by adopting Chinese names and 1080:was completed during the reign of 785:settlements in China consisted of 14: 13300: 11846: 10975: 10908:Heterodox teachings (Chinese law) 10590: 10158:A History of Chinese Civilization 9477:from the original on 8 April 2019 9445:from the original on 2 April 2019 8666:Beech, Hannah (August 12, 2014). 7712:Phillips, Tom (25 January 2018). 7616:Sudworth, John (10 August 2018). 7508:. Taylor Francis US. p. 75. 6999:Zhang, Boheng (8 December 2019). 6850:Creery, Jennifer (25 July 2018). 4858:Younus, Farrukh I. (2011-02-18). 4363: 4069: 3375:. It is used on occasion by many 3186:Halal food has a long history in 2695:The Uyghur militant organization 2438:Muslims in a livestock market in 2130:Tibetan-Muslim sectarian violence 2118:in Xinjiang Province and seeking 2036:in 2019 to be commonplace at the 1665:. Similar organization formed in 1582:Many Muslims chose to live among 1395:The Confucian Hui Muslim scholar 920: 12760:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 12207: 12198: 12197: 11721:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 11491:Democratic Republic of the Congo 11336: 11327: 11326: 10935:Huichang Persecution of Buddhism 10764: 10652: 10608: 10596: 10569: 10550: 10308:, Religion and Ethics, BBC, 2002 10175:Lipman, Jonathan Newman (1997), 9895: 9870:. University Press. p. 44. 9856: 9825: 9821:from the original on 2016-10-17. 9802: 9769: 9731: 9699:"About NTU Bajiquan Kungfu Club" 9691: 9662: 9637: 9608: 9579: 9551: 9516: 9500:. theguardian.com. Theguardian. 9400: 9396:from the original on 2022-11-22. 9375: 9348: 9334:, pp. 30–35, archived from 9297: 9264: 9247: 9217: 9202: 9182: 9156: 9136: 9121: 9106: 9088: 9061: 8934: 8920: 8906: 8881: 8851: 8829: 8796: 8761: 8741:. Psychology Press. p. 35. 8728: 8659: 8626: 8599: 8587: 8568: 8549: 8524: 8505: 8486: 8467: 8448: 8429: 8410: 8391: 8372: 8353: 8334: 8315: 8299: 8287: 8275: 8263: 8251: 8222: 8193: 8167: 8142: 8096: 8084: 8066: 8048: 8023: 7995: 7957: 7925: 7896: 7831: 7767: 7736: 7705: 7674: 7643: 7579: 7550: 7528: 7419:Demick, Barbara (23 June 2008). 7350: 7319: 7292: 7271: 7206: 7178: 7116: 7090: 7069: 7048: 7019: 6992: 6971: 6965: 6939: 6904: 5680:Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1998). 5568:Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1998). 5529:Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1998). 4680:. Forgotten Books. p. 139. 4148: 4134: 3971:reformer and Chinese nationalist 3306:. A famous Sini calligrapher is 2857:This section is an excerpt from 2807: 2577:between 5,000,000 and 10,000,000 2305: 2038:Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture 1414:"Three defenders of the faith". 1240:began to assimilate by speaking 910:("the Religion of the Huihui"). 831:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 562: 551: 46: 9986:, in Morgan, Kenneth W. (ed.), 9884:from the original on 2011-12-13 9758:from the original on 2013-06-22 9738:Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). 9496:Harris, Rachel (7 April 2019). 9236:from the original on 2019-11-10 9172:from the original on 2009-08-09 9078:from the original on 2013-06-11 8895:from the original on 2016-09-09 8871:from the original on 2008-05-14 8784:from the original on 2015-09-30 8678:from the original on 2017-06-17 8538:from the original on 2014-07-14 8211:from the original on 2014-05-12 7984:from the original on 2019-12-08 7914:from the original on 2019-12-08 7852:from the original on 2018-08-14 7819:from the original on 5 May 2019 7755:from the original on 2018-05-16 7724:from the original on 2018-08-19 7693:from the original on 2018-05-17 7652:"Tracking China's Muslim Gulag" 7598:from the original on 2019-11-10 7221:from the original on 2015-06-13 6911:Lim, Louisa (7 November 2018). 6808: 6794:Rachel Lu (February 18, 2015). 6787: 6776:from the original on 2016-09-18 6758: 6747:from the original on 2016-12-11 6727: 6700: 6682: 6643: 6632:from the original on 2017-12-01 6618:Lim, Louisa (6 February 2007). 6611: 6572:from the original on 2017-01-09 6522: 6475: 6456: 6444: 6415: 6404:from the original on 2016-04-29 6380: 6371: 6345: 6294: 6285: 6256: 6227: 6216:from the original on 2015-09-23 6197: 6166: 6154:from the original on 2014-03-18 6131: 6122: 6109: 6084: 6063: 6042: 6022: 5991:from the original on 2017-01-08 5964: 5949: 5938:from the original on 2010-06-30 5890: 5791: 5750: 5712: 5673: 5634: 5595: 5561: 5522: 5483: 5472:from the original on 2019-09-27 5458: 5432: 5421:from the original on 2019-09-27 5407: 5381: 5347: 5314: 5254: 5242: 5199: 5188:from the original on 2016-10-16 5138: 5105: 5072: 5039: 5029:from the original on 2010-07-06 5013: 4990: 4936: 4910: 4899:from the original on 2011-05-24 4881: 4836: 4816: 4767: 4755: 4730: 4705: 4694:from the original on 2013-06-03 4667: 4640: 4608: 4577: 4566:from the original on 2019-11-10 4530: 4517: 4454:from the original on 2019-11-10 4400:from the original on 2018-08-11 3402: 3053:In Chinese, a mosque is called 2853:and Sarikul areas of Xinjiang. 2697:East Turkestan Islamic Movement 2177:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 2088:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 1918: 1736:fought in the war against Japan 1332: 1130: 957: 859: 817:during the Tang and especially 683: 13098:Federated States of Micronesia 12165:British Indian Ocean Territory 11294:British Indian Ocean Territory 10690:Chinese salvationist religions 10121:Traders of the Golden Triangle 10099:, Cambridge University Press, 10022:East Asia: The Great Tradition 9523:Davidson, Helen (2020-09-25). 9407:Fathuddin, Agus (2019-07-19). 9328:"Muslims in China: The Mosque" 8891:. Foreign Policy. 2015-07-17. 8768:Zenn, Jacob (March 17, 2011). 7213:Beech, Hannah (Aug 12, 2014). 7076:JIHANE BOUGRINE (2021-04-14). 6510:Beijing Review, Volume 32 1989 6206:"He Offers Aid to Fight Japan" 6181:. cilt 15 (sayi 29): 139–141. 6117:Traders of the Golden Triangle 6016:Modern Movements Among Moslems 6014:Wilson, Samuel Graham (1916). 5757:WAKEMAN JR., FREDERIC (1986). 5719:WAKEMAN JR., FREDERIC (1986). 4500: 4490:The Ageless Chinese: A History 4481: 4465: 4435: 4382: 4357: 4340: 4086:Righteous and Harmonious Fists 3528: 3316: 3242: 2921:made a Hajj to Mecca. General 2868:, a tradition identified with 2249:Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act 2003:install GPS tracking devices. 1893:Second East Turkestan Republic 1: 10235:, Stanford University Press, 10231:Gillette, Maris Boyd (2000), 10056:Ferm, Vergilius, ed. (1976), 9862:A memorial to him was built. 9355:Jiang, Shelley (2004-12-13). 8803:Zenn, Jacob (February 2013). 8474:"China at War, Volume 6" 1941 7805:Thum, Rian (22 August 2018). 7743:Denyer, Simon (17 May 2018). 7470:Crisis States Research Centre 6204:Central Press (30 Jul 1937). 5977:. Columbia University Press. 5145:Donald Daniel Leslie (1998). 4301: 3885: 3880: 3453: 3399:descendants in Central Asia. 3033:Islamic architecture in China 2767:History of education in China 2146:Muslim deaths and riots. The 2136:Ngolok rebellions (1917–1949) 1817:Islam in China (1912–present) 1793:Kuomintang Islamic insurgency 1624:Islam in China (1912–present) 1339:Islam during the Qing dynasty 1137:Islam during the Ming dynasty 964:Islam during the Yuan dynasty 866:Islam during the Song dynasty 726:, returned to China from the 690:Islam during the Tang dynasty 12885:United States Virgin Islands 10903:Freedom of religion in China 10529:Broomhall, Marshall (1910), 10398:, Harvard University Press, 10375:"Islamic Education in China" 10323:, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 10305:Islam in China (650-present) 10253:, Rowman & Littlefield, 10215:China's Muslim Hui Community 9944:Resources in other libraries 9832:Lim, Louisa (21 July 2010). 9047:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 14–15. 8985:Starr, S. Frederick (2004). 8930:. midad.com. 4 January 2020. 8810:. p. 57. Archived from 8612:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 311. 8606:Starr, S. Frederick (2004). 7838:Kuo, Lily (13 August 2018). 6463:Rudelson & Rudelson 1997 4674:Herbert Allen Giles (1926). 4512:The Journal of Asian Studies 4306: 4210:Freedom of religion in China 4037: 3993:Ma Zhu, Islamic scholar and 3939:(1857–1914), founder of the 3917:(1719–1781), founder of the 3869: 3589:Generals from the Qing era: 3561: 3535:Women's mosques § China 3500: 3290:. It is used extensively in 3198:saw the introduction of the 2967:Islamic Association of China 2953:Islamic Association of China 2881:Chinese Muslims and the Hajj 2710: 2559:), 300,000 to 1,000,000 for 2543:), 500,000 to 1,000,000 for 391:Islamic Association of China 7: 10559:The Moslem World, Volume 10 10499:10.1080/0963749032000045837 10444:, the study of the Hui and 10269:Guide to Islamist Movements 10249:Uradyn Erden Bulag (2002), 10196:The Oxford history of Islam 10141:10.1177/0002716286483001013 10058:An Encyclopedia of Religion 9982:Ting, Dawood C. M. (1958), 9361:(5th ed.). Macmillan. 7964:Perlez, Jane (2019-09-25). 7681:Shih, Gerry (16 May 2018). 6735:"China has an ISIS problem" 6331:. 1999. pp. 137, 162. 5602:Millward, James A. (1998). 5490:Millward, James A. (1998). 4677:Confucianism and its rivals 4127: 4052:Gansu Minister of Education 3140:style and include numerous 3015: 2841:Chinese Muslims are mostly 2735:Ngolok rebellions (1917–49) 2515:) to 2,400,000 (2 million " 2376:(1.25 million, 6.1%), 2243:On 17 June 2020, President 2017:interviewed Hui Muslims in 1778:National Revolutionary Army 1488:However, many Muslims like 1449:, which occurred mostly in 1116:, led Muslim generals like 1078:Jinan Great Southern Mosque 1058:(Amir al-Din) learned from 878:invited 5,300 Muslims from 848:defeated Tang China at the 10: 13305: 10193:Esposito, John L. (1999), 10071:1976 reprint is unrevised. 9918: 9230:guides.library.cornell.edu 9041:Minahan, James B. (2014). 8962:Cambridge University Press 8709:Van Wie Davis, Elizabath. 7592:guides.library.cornell.edu 7326:Aly Song (July 24, 2014). 7026:Aneja, Atul (2019-08-31). 6173:LEI, Wan (February 2010). 6138:LEI, Wan (February 2010). 5641:Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007). 4560:guides.library.cornell.edu 4448:guides.library.cornell.edu 4088:(the "Boxers") during the 3865:, Korea, from the Japanese 3582:, a companion of Zheng He 3532: 3345:People's Republic of China 3320: 3251: 3163: 3036: 2856: 2811: 2764: 2761:Islamic education in China 2714: 2447:Number of Muslims in China 2262: 2170: 2085: 1839:People's Republic of China 1814: 1811:People's Republic of China 1788:of the Republic of China. 1774:Chinese Muslim Association 1751:Marco Polo Bridge Incident 1627: 1621: 1336: 1191:Middle to late Ming period 1140: 1134: 961: 863: 687: 644: 640: 13189: 13166: 13085: 13047: 13008: 12935: 12897: 12860:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 12778: 12652: 12616: 12564: 12526: 12263: 12225: 12193: 12152: 12112: 11854: 11816: 11734: 11709: 11428: 11390: 11322: 11281: 11241: 10983: 10923:Ghosts in Chinese culture 10918:Regional Religious System 10895: 10859: 10773: 10762: 10665: 10321:The Earth and Its Peoples 10285:Israeli, Raphael (2002), 10040:Barnett, A. Doak (1963), 9939:Resources in your library 9213:China Islamic Association 9018:. Alyssa Christine Bader 8030:Kirby, Jen (2020-07-28). 7123:BEH YUEN HUI (May 2021). 6451:New Encyclopedia of Islam 5897:Hugh D. R. Baker (1990). 4334:10.1080/02666958108715833 3861:who died while defending 3442:, such as Cang County in 3280:Islamic calligraphic form 2889:Late 19th century map of 2872:, although a few profess 2372:(8.4 million, 41%), 2258: 2173:Xinjiang internment camps 2100:reported that Uyghurs in 1860:massacred 1,600 Hui with 1743:Battle of Beiping–Tianjin 1574:, in eastern present-day 890:and Yenching (modern day 647:History of Islam in China 13249:Northern Mariana Islands 12880:Turks and Caicos Islands 11914:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 11476:Central African Republic 11043:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 10667:Major religions in China 10535:, China Inland Mission, 10359:, Taylor & Francis, 10213:Dillon, Michael (1999), 10155:Gernet, Jacques (1996), 10093:Twitchett, Denis Crispin 9615:Jörg Friedrichs (2017). 8735:Safran, William (1998). 8633:Lars-Erik Nyman (1977). 8360:O'Toole & Tsʻai 1941 8229:Jörg Friedrichs (2017). 7103:South China Morning Post 7062:The National (Abu Dhabi) 6951:Hong Kong Free Press/AFP 5276:Wang, Wei (2022-08-16). 5079:Johan Elverskog (2010). 4945:Journal of Asian History 4801:: 97–113. Archived from 4614:Abul-Fazl Ezzati, 1994, 4296: 4280:Islam in the Philippines 4058:, representative of the 3850:Second Sino-Japanese War 3395:) and formerly by their 3359:(especially the Lanyin, 3174:A halal butcher shop at 3039:List of mosques in China 2689:Battle of Kashgar (1934) 2324:live in every region in 1975:In response to the 2015 1724:Second Sino-Japanese war 1297:Muslims in Ming dynasty 856:for the next 400 years. 746:during the reign of the 665:, one of China's oldest 169:Second Sino-Japanese War 13214:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 12929:Islam in South America 12647:Islam in North America 12175:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 11304:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 10929:Three Persian religions 10836:Mongolian folk religion 10373:Armijo, Jackie (2006), 8575:Jaschok & Shui 2000 8556:Jaschok & Shui 2000 7502:Mayaram, Shail (2009). 6980:. National Public Radio 6377:Israeli (2002), pg. 253 6291:Gladney (1999), pg. 458 6128:Gladney (1999), pg. 457 5112:Dru C. Gladney (1991). 5046:Michael Dillon (1999). 5022:The Hui ethnic minority 4789:Hagras, Hamada (2019). 4737:Frank Brinkley (1904). 4712:Frank Brinkley (1902). 4494:Charles Scribner's Sons 4195:The Hundred-word Eulogy 4121:Noor Deen Mi Guangjiang 4105: 3576:, Zheng He's translator 3557:Famous Muslims in China 3311:Noor Deen Mi Guangjiang 3247: 3166:Chinese Islamic cuisine 2775:Chinese Muslim students 1987:Chinese Communist Party 1889:existed for a few years 1695:During the rule of the 1480:Pagoda composed of the 1214:The Hundred-word Eulogy 1143:The Hundred-word Eulogy 12810:British Virgin Islands 12306:Bosnia and Herzegovina 10685:Folk ritual ministries 10613:Quotations related to 10379:Harvard Asia Quarterly 10097:Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911 9864:Aliya Ma Lynn (2007). 8512:"Asia, Volume 42" 1942 8311:. 1920. pp. 155–. 7618:"China's hidden camps" 7247:"China's hidden camps" 6329:Rowman and Littlefield 6092:"Muslim Media Network" 4200:Chinese Muslim cuisine 3848:, guerilla during the 3705:Ma Dunjing (1906-1972) 3570:, mariner and explorer 3348: 3275: 3210:population in Western 3183: 3050: 3004: 2962: 2937:went on Hajj in 1925. 2898: 2859:Äynu people § Religion 2814:Muslim groups in China 2776: 2745:minority of Muslims). 2717:Muslim groups in China 2466: 2443: 2318: 2235:On 28 April 2020, the 2013:A 2019 paper from the 1977:Charlie Hebdo shooting 1939: 1834: 1485: 1430: 1360: 1294: 1289:The seventh voyage of 1187: 1175: 1160: 1128: 1085: 1046:. Muslims headed many 1000: 968:Chinese people in Iran 934: 777: 696:Companions of Muhammad 670: 108:Rebellions and revolts 23: 13192:and other territories 12750:Saint Kitts and Nevis 11636:São Tomé and Príncipe 11496:Republic of the Congo 10675:Chinese folk religion 10584:in the United States. 10565:in the United States. 10337:Levene, Mark (2005), 10267:Rubin, Barry (2000), 9587:"Halal Food in China" 7505:The other global city 7328:"Uighurs of Shanghai" 5321:Susan Naquin (2000). 4471:Dru C. Gladney wrote 4235:Christianity in China 4185:Islamophobia in China 4097:, martial artist and 4021:, contemporary author 3330: 3272:Great Mosque of Xi'an 3268:La 'ilāha 'illā Allāh 3261: 3173: 3067:Great Southern Mosque 3063:Great Mosque of Xi'an 3046: 2998: 2960: 2948:Representative bodies 2888: 2774: 2454: 2434: 2313: 2116:religious persecution 2082:Repression of Uyghurs 1970:Chinese New Year Gala 1926: 1824: 1479: 1420: 1346: 1288: 1195:During the following 1181: 1166: 1155: 1123: 1076: 995:Mausoleum complex in 991: 928: 771: 663:Great Mosque of Xi'an 654: 137:Second Dungan Revolt 21: 12089:United Arab Emirates 11218:United Arab Emirates 10605:at Wikimedia Commons 10014:Reischauer, Edwin O. 9776:Ruth Hayhoe (1996). 9631:University of Oxford 8916:. Alfaisal Magazine. 8245:University of Oxford 8104:"The World Factbook" 7941:. October 22, 2019. 7192:Hong Kong Free Press 6889:Hong Kong Free Press 6857:Hong Kong Free Press 6489:Hong Kong Free Press 4543:(in French). Leroux. 4353:(Thesis). p. 4. 3976:Scholars and writers 3133:Weizhou Grand Mosque 3075:Chinese architecture 3012:to the present day. 2991:Culture and heritage 2648:Nasr al-Din (Yunnan) 2513:Statesman's Yearbook 2220:investigative exposé 2192:In August 2018, the 2187:"re-education" camps 1875:After the advent of 1741:In 1937, during the 1408:Ming–Qing transition 1315:Weizhou Grand Mosque 1270:had with writing in 1250:Chinese architecture 1157:Weizhou Grand Mosque 744:Tang emperor Gaozong 129:First Dungan Revolt 12765:Trinidad and Tobago 12660:Antigua and Barbuda 12527:States with limited 12116:limited recognition 11711:States with limited 11245:limited recognition 10913:Irreligion in China 10841:Qiang folk religion 10680:Ancestor veneration 10385:(1), archived from 10085:Fairbank, John King 9903:British and Muslim? 9809:Sherwood, Harriet. 9152:. October 12, 2020. 8956:Louie, Kam (2008). 7009:New York University 5442:. August 10, 2018. 5391:. August 14, 2018. 5295:10.3390/rel13080748 5159:on 17 December 2010 5009:Bulliet et al. 2005 4924:on February 3, 2015 4616:The Spread of Islam 4488:Li, Dun J. (1965). 4255:Islam in Bangladesh 3610:(late Qing dynasty) 3288:Chinese calligraphy 3160:Halal food in China 3101:was built in 1009. 2942:Cultural Revolution 2940:Briefly during the 2756:Religious practices 2750:2008 Tibetan unrest 1882:pilgrimage to Mecca 1843:Cultural Revolution 1766:Al-Azhar University 1544:. The Muslim army, 870:By the time of the 700:Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas 153:Post-dynastic China 145:Afaqi Khoja revolts 12700:Dominican Republic 10826:Miao folk religion 10722:Theravada Buddhism 9908:2009-04-08 at the 9332:Saudi Aramco World 9149:The Economic Times 8580:2014-07-19 at the 8561:2014-07-28 at the 8517:2014-07-15 at the 8498:2014-07-16 at the 8479:2014-07-16 at the 8460:2014-07-29 at the 8441:2014-07-24 at the 8422:2014-07-16 at the 8403:2017-08-09 at the 8384:2017-07-12 at the 8365:2014-07-27 at the 8346:2017-08-09 at the 8327:2014-03-19 at the 8284:, pp. 216–217 8272:, pp. 196–215 8138:. 15 January 2021. 7970:The New York Times 7880:. 31 August 2018. 6604:2016-04-29 at the 6534:2015-09-15 at the 6515:2015-09-12 at the 6468:2017-01-09 at the 6035:2003-02-08 at the 5928:China Perspectives 5872:2016-06-10 at the 5025:, People's Daily, 4394:The Times of India 4347:Poston, Dudley L. 4260:Islam in Indonesia 4190:Ahmadiyya in China 4165:Islam in Hong Kong 3829:in Yunnan and the 3784:Generals from the 3553:, dating to 1820. 3466:which synthesized 3349: 3278:Sini is a Chinese 3276: 3184: 3051: 3005: 2963: 2905:and performed the 2899: 2777: 2674:Hui-Uyghur tension 2669:Sectarian tensions 2501:Marshall Broomhall 2473:CIA World Factbook 2467: 2444: 2319: 2289:Tajiks of Xinjiang 2229:The New York Times 2225:Chinese government 1940: 1895:in 1944–1950. The 1835: 1807:within this time. 1646:, over a third in 1486: 1431: 1361: 1295: 1188: 1176: 1161: 1086: 1001: 935: 839:Church of the East 827:Guangzhou massacre 778: 772:Guang Ta minaret, 671: 121:Panthay Rebellion 24: 13276: 13275: 13272: 13271: 13264:Wallis and Futuna 13209:Clipperton Island 13167:Associated states 13079:Islam in Oceania 13043: 13042: 13015:other territories 12893: 12892: 12782:other territories 12612: 12611: 12221: 12220: 12158:other territories 11812: 11811: 11738:other territories 11511:Equatorial Guinea 11350: 11349: 11287:other territories 10943: 10942: 10851:Yao folk religion 10659:Religion in China 10601:Media related to 10470:978-974-480-062-6 10405:978-1-84511-057-4 10366:978-0-415-36835-3 10348:978-1-84511-057-4 10330:978-0-618-42770-3 10296:978-0-7391-0375-3 10278:978-0-7656-1747-7 10260:978-0-7425-1144-6 10242:978-0-8047-3694-7 10224:978-0-7007-1026-3 10206:978-0-19-510799-9 10186:978-0-295-97644-0 10168:978-0-521-49712-1 10106:978-0-521-22029-3 10079:, The Association 10067:978-0-8371-8638-2 10018:Fairbank, John K. 9925:Library resources 9877:978-0-88093-861-7 9789:978-0-8153-1859-0 9751:978-0-295-97644-0 9392:(in Indonesian). 9261:No. 5, March 2006 9198:. August 4, 2019. 8847:on April 4, 2008. 8774:Terrorism Monitor 8748:978-0-7146-4921-4 8646:978-91-24-27287-6 8135:NewLines Magazine 7938:Independent.co.uk 7562:www.xinhuanet.com 7546:on April 4, 2008. 7515:978-0-415-99194-0 7480:on 3 January 2006 7425:Los Angeles Times 7217:. TIME magazine. 6565:978-90-04-14473-6 6558:. pp. 383–. 6364:978-0-674-59497-5 6338:978-0-8476-9598-0 6239:Chinaislam.net.cn 5908:978-962-209-255-6 5853:978-1-136-80940-8 5367:978-0-7007-1302-8 5334:978-0-520-21991-5 5219:978-0-7007-1302-8 5125:978-0-674-59495-1 5092:978-0-8122-4237-9 5059:978-0-7007-1026-3 4983:978-0-521-84226-6 4687:978-1-60680-248-9 4275:Islam in Pakistan 4205:Religion in China 3930:, founder of the 3911:movement to China 3838:, great-uncle of 3827:Panthay Rebellion 3825:, leaders of the 3377:ethnic minorities 3367:dialects) or the 3353:Sinitic languages 3206:Due to the large 2701:Islamic Turkistan 2619:Republic of China 2617:officials in the 2583:Islamic education 2575:gave the number " 2479:NewLines Magazine 2456:99 names of Allah 2380:(514,000, 2.5%), 2214:In October 2018, 2120:religious freedom 1901:Sino-Soviet split 1692:alongside Allah. 1688:, and worshipped 1618:Republic of China 1600:Confucian temples 1385:Milayin rebellion 1326:Milayin rebellion 1230:seven expeditions 1148:Early Ming period 950:of the Shia Imam 846:Abbasid Caliphate 728:Arabian Peninsula 715:Hassan ibn Thabit 603: 602: 181: 180: 13296: 13254:Pitcairn Islands 13224:French Polynesia 13204:Christmas Island 13133:Papua New Guinea 13113:Marshall Islands 13086:Sovereign states 13072: 13065: 13058: 13049: 13048: 13035: 13023:Falkland Islands 12937:Sovereign states 12922: 12915: 12908: 12899: 12898: 12850:Saint Barthélemy 12780:Dependencies and 12653:Sovereign states 12641: 12634: 12627: 12618: 12617: 12565:Dependencies and 12264:Sovereign states 12257:Islam in Europe 12250: 12243: 12236: 12227: 12226: 12211: 12201: 12200: 12170:Christmas Island 11856:Sovereign states 11841: 11834: 11827: 11818: 11817: 11799: 11798:(United Kingdom) 11794:Tristan da Cunha 11790:Ascension Island 11782: 11769: 11760: 11736:Dependencies and 11429:Sovereign states 11422:Islam in Africa 11415: 11408: 11401: 11392: 11391: 11384:Islam by country 11377: 11370: 11363: 11354: 11353: 11340: 11330: 11329: 11299:Christmas Island 10985:Sovereign states 10970: 10963: 10956: 10947: 10946: 10816:Manchu shamanism 10768: 10717:Tibetan Buddhism 10712:Chinese Buddhism 10657: 10656: 10645: 10638: 10631: 10622: 10621: 10612: 10600: 10573: 10572: 10554: 10553: 10543: 10525: 10523: 10521: 10482: 10436: 10434: 10432: 10408: 10390: 10369: 10351: 10333: 10315: 10314: 10313: 10299: 10281: 10263: 10245: 10227: 10209: 10189: 10171: 10151: 10112:Forbes, Andrew, 10109: 10089:Liu, Kwang-ching 10080: 10070: 10052: 10036: 10026:Houghton Mifflin 10009: 10008: 10007: 9998:, archived from 9978: 9912: 9899: 9893: 9892: 9890: 9889: 9867:Muslims in China 9860: 9854: 9853: 9851: 9849: 9829: 9823: 9822: 9806: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9796: 9773: 9767: 9766: 9764: 9763: 9735: 9729: 9720: 9714: 9713: 9711: 9710: 9701:. Archived from 9695: 9689: 9688: 9686: 9685: 9666: 9660: 9659: 9657: 9656: 9647:. Archived from 9641: 9635: 9634: 9612: 9606: 9605: 9603: 9602: 9593:. Archived from 9591:Muslim2china.com 9583: 9577: 9576: 9574: 9572: 9555: 9549: 9548: 9546: 9545: 9520: 9514: 9513: 9511: 9509: 9493: 9487: 9486: 9484: 9482: 9466: 9455: 9454: 9452: 9450: 9435: 9426: 9425: 9423: 9422: 9404: 9398: 9397: 9379: 9373: 9372: 9352: 9346: 9345: 9344: 9343: 9323: 9314: 9313: 9310:The Moslem World 9306:"Islam in Kansu" 9301: 9295: 9294: 9292: 9291: 9268: 9262: 9251: 9245: 9244: 9242: 9241: 9221: 9215: 9206: 9200: 9199: 9186: 9180: 9179: 9178: 9177: 9160: 9154: 9153: 9140: 9134: 9125: 9119: 9110: 9104: 9103: 9092: 9086: 9085: 9084: 9083: 9065: 9059: 9058: 9038: 9032: 9031: 9029: 9027: 9011: 9005: 9004: 8982: 8976: 8975: 8953: 8947: 8938: 8932: 8931: 8924: 8918: 8917: 8910: 8904: 8903: 8901: 8900: 8885: 8879: 8878: 8877: 8876: 8855: 8849: 8848: 8833: 8827: 8826: 8824: 8822: 8816: 8809: 8800: 8794: 8793: 8791: 8789: 8765: 8759: 8758: 8756: 8755: 8732: 8726: 8725: 8723: 8722: 8706: 8700: 8694: 8688: 8687: 8685: 8683: 8663: 8657: 8656: 8654: 8653: 8630: 8624: 8623: 8603: 8597: 8591: 8585: 8572: 8566: 8553: 8547: 8546: 8544: 8543: 8528: 8522: 8509: 8503: 8490: 8484: 8471: 8465: 8452: 8446: 8436:ed. Kurzman 2002 8433: 8427: 8417:ed. Kurzman 2002 8414: 8408: 8395: 8389: 8376: 8370: 8357: 8351: 8338: 8332: 8319: 8313: 8312: 8303: 8297: 8291: 8285: 8279: 8273: 8267: 8261: 8255: 8249: 8248: 8226: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8216: 8197: 8191: 8190: 8188: 8186: 8171: 8165: 8164: 8146: 8140: 8139: 8126: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8115: 8100: 8094: 8088: 8082: 8081: 8070: 8064: 8063: 8062:. June 30, 2020. 8060:Business Insider 8052: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8042: 8027: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8017: 8007: 7999: 7993: 7992: 7990: 7989: 7961: 7955: 7954: 7952: 7950: 7929: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7919: 7900: 7894: 7893: 7891: 7889: 7868: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7835: 7829: 7828: 7826: 7824: 7802: 7796: 7795: 7793: 7791: 7771: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7760: 7740: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7729: 7709: 7703: 7702: 7700: 7698: 7687:Associated Press 7678: 7672: 7671: 7669: 7667: 7647: 7641: 7640: 7635: 7633: 7613: 7607: 7606: 7604: 7603: 7583: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7573: 7564:. Archived from 7554: 7548: 7547: 7532: 7526: 7525: 7523: 7522: 7499: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7485: 7479: 7466: 7457: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7436: 7416: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7402: 7387: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7376: 7354: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7323: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7313: 7296: 7290: 7289: 7288:(in Indonesian). 7275: 7269: 7268: 7266: 7264: 7242: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7226: 7210: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7199: 7182: 7176: 7175: 7173: 7172: 7139: 7133: 7132: 7120: 7114: 7113: 7112: 7111: 7106:, April 14, 2021 7094: 7088: 7087: 7073: 7067: 7066: 7052: 7046: 7045: 7023: 7017: 7016: 6996: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6969: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6953:. 11 August 2018 6943: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6908: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6897: 6892:. 19 August 2018 6880: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6847: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6812: 6806: 6805: 6791: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6781: 6762: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6752: 6731: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6721: 6704: 6698: 6697: 6696:. 1 August 2020. 6686: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6647: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6637: 6615: 6609: 6599:Keston Institute 6591: 6585: 6584: 6578: 6577: 6556:Brill Publishers 6545: 6539: 6526: 6520: 6507: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6479: 6473: 6460: 6454: 6448: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6438: 6429:. Archived from 6419: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6409: 6403: 6395:Keston Institute 6392: 6384: 6378: 6375: 6369: 6368: 6349: 6343: 6342: 6319: 6310: 6298: 6292: 6289: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6279: 6270:. Archived from 6260: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6250: 6241:. Archived from 6235:"让日军闻风丧胆地回族抗日名将" 6231: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6221: 6201: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6135: 6129: 6126: 6120: 6113: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6088: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6078: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6057: 6046: 6040: 6026: 6020: 6019: 6011: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5996: 5968: 5962: 5953: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5919: 5913: 5912: 5894: 5888: 5883: 5877: 5864: 5858: 5857: 5837: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5795: 5789: 5788: 5783: 5781: 5760:GREAT ENTERPRISE 5754: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5722:GREAT ENTERPRISE 5716: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5487: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5477: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5426: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5385: 5379: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5297: 5273: 5264: 5258: 5252: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5233: 5231: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5193: 5178: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5158: 5151: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5132: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5099: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5035: 5034: 5017: 5011: 5006: 5000: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4940: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4918:"Niya / Minfeng" 4914: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4904: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4875: 4866:. Archived from 4855: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4810: 4786: 4777: 4776:, pp. 283–4 4771: 4765: 4759: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4748: 4734: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4699: 4671: 4665: 4664:, pp. 26–27 4659: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4619: 4612: 4606: 4597: 4584: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4571: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4534: 4528: 4521: 4515: 4506:Dru C. Gladney, 4504: 4498: 4497: 4485: 4479: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4459: 4439: 4433: 4428: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4405: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4376: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4344: 4338: 4336: 4317: 4270:Islam in Nigeria 4245:Islam by country 4158: 4153: 4152: 4151: 4144: 4139: 4138: 4137: 4084:, member of the 4078:, martial artist 4031:Yusuf Liu Baojun 4007:Muhammad Ma Jian 3887: 3884: 3882: 3664:Warlords of the 3656: 3611: 3123:Said Aqil Siradj 3059:Huaisheng Mosque 2739:Sino-Tibetan War 2644:Muhammad Ma Jian 2273:Kazakhs in China 2140:Sino-Tibetan War 2109:Associated Press 1965:and stability." 1944:Chinese calendar 1862:MIG fighter jets 1854:Shadian incident 1786:Defence Minister 1473:central plain." 1412:Jiaomen sanzhong 1060:Han architecture 1054:. The architect 774:Huaisheng Mosque 755:Huaisheng Mosque 595: 588: 581: 569:China portal 567: 566: 565: 558:Islam portal 556: 555: 554: 164: 140: 132: 124: 64: 63: 50: 41: 35: 26: 25: 13304: 13303: 13299: 13298: 13297: 13295: 13294: 13293: 13279: 13278: 13277: 13268: 13191: 13185: 13168: 13162: 13143:Solomon Islands 13081: 13076: 13039: 13033: 13016: 13014: 13004: 12931: 12926: 12889: 12783: 12781: 12774: 12648: 12645: 12608: 12566: 12560: 12546:Northern Cyprus 12528: 12522: 12438:North Macedonia 12259: 12254: 12217: 12189: 12157: 12148: 12129:Northern Cyprus 12115: 12108: 11850: 11845: 11808: 11807: 11797: 11780: 11767: 11758: 11739: 11737: 11730: 11714: 11712: 11705: 11424: 11419: 11386: 11381: 11351: 11346: 11318: 11286: 11277: 11258:Northern Cyprus 11244: 11237: 10979: 10974: 10944: 10939: 10891: 10855: 10774:Other religions 10769: 10760: 10661: 10651: 10649: 10593: 10588: 10570: 10551: 10547: 10519: 10517: 10480: 10430: 10428: 10426: 10406: 10367: 10349: 10341:, I. B.Tauris, 10331: 10311: 10309: 10297: 10279: 10271:, M.E. Sharpe, 10261: 10243: 10225: 10207: 10187: 10169: 10107: 10068: 10005: 10003: 9950: 9949: 9948: 9933: 9932: 9928: 9921: 9916: 9915: 9910:Wayback Machine 9900: 9896: 9887: 9885: 9878: 9861: 9857: 9847: 9845: 9830: 9826: 9807: 9803: 9794: 9792: 9790: 9774: 9770: 9761: 9759: 9752: 9736: 9732: 9721: 9717: 9708: 9706: 9697: 9696: 9692: 9683: 9681: 9668: 9667: 9663: 9654: 9652: 9643: 9642: 9638: 9613: 9609: 9600: 9598: 9585: 9584: 9580: 9570: 9568: 9565:The Independent 9556: 9552: 9543: 9541: 9521: 9517: 9507: 9505: 9494: 9490: 9480: 9478: 9467: 9458: 9448: 9446: 9437: 9436: 9429: 9420: 9418: 9417:(in Indonesian) 9405: 9401: 9380: 9376: 9369: 9353: 9349: 9341: 9339: 9324: 9317: 9302: 9298: 9289: 9287: 9285: 9269: 9265: 9252: 9248: 9239: 9237: 9222: 9218: 9207: 9203: 9188: 9187: 9183: 9175: 9173: 9162: 9161: 9157: 9142: 9141: 9137: 9126: 9122: 9111: 9107: 9094: 9093: 9089: 9081: 9079: 9066: 9062: 9055: 9039: 9035: 9025: 9023: 9020:Whitman College 9012: 9008: 9001: 8993:. p. 303. 8983: 8979: 8972: 8964:. p. 114. 8954: 8950: 8939: 8935: 8926: 8925: 8921: 8912: 8911: 8907: 8898: 8896: 8887: 8886: 8882: 8874: 8872: 8857: 8856: 8852: 8835: 8834: 8830: 8820: 8818: 8817:on 4 March 2016 8814: 8807: 8801: 8797: 8787: 8785: 8766: 8762: 8753: 8751: 8749: 8733: 8729: 8720: 8718: 8707: 8703: 8695: 8691: 8681: 8679: 8664: 8660: 8651: 8649: 8647: 8631: 8627: 8620: 8604: 8600: 8592: 8588: 8582:Wayback Machine 8573: 8569: 8563:Wayback Machine 8554: 8550: 8541: 8539: 8530: 8529: 8525: 8519:Wayback Machine 8510: 8506: 8500:Wayback Machine 8491: 8487: 8481:Wayback Machine 8472: 8468: 8462:Wayback Machine 8453: 8449: 8443:Wayback Machine 8434: 8430: 8424:Wayback Machine 8415: 8411: 8405:Wayback Machine 8396: 8392: 8386:Wayback Machine 8377: 8373: 8367:Wayback Machine 8358: 8354: 8348:Wayback Machine 8339: 8335: 8329:Wayback Machine 8320: 8316: 8305: 8304: 8300: 8292: 8288: 8280: 8276: 8268: 8264: 8256: 8252: 8227: 8223: 8214: 8212: 8199: 8198: 8194: 8184: 8182: 8173: 8172: 8168: 8161: 8147: 8143: 8128: 8127: 8123: 8113: 8111: 8102: 8101: 8097: 8089: 8085: 8080:. July 2, 2020. 8072: 8071: 8067: 8054: 8053: 8049: 8040: 8038: 8028: 8024: 8015: 8013: 8005: 8001: 8000: 7996: 7987: 7985: 7962: 7958: 7948: 7946: 7931: 7930: 7926: 7917: 7915: 7902: 7901: 7897: 7887: 7885: 7870: 7869: 7865: 7855: 7853: 7836: 7832: 7822: 7820: 7803: 7799: 7789: 7787: 7772: 7768: 7758: 7756: 7749:Washington Post 7741: 7737: 7727: 7725: 7710: 7706: 7696: 7694: 7679: 7675: 7665: 7663: 7648: 7644: 7631: 7629: 7614: 7610: 7601: 7599: 7584: 7580: 7571: 7569: 7556: 7555: 7551: 7534: 7533: 7529: 7520: 7518: 7516: 7500: 7493: 7483: 7481: 7477: 7464: 7458: 7443: 7434: 7432: 7417: 7410: 7400: 7398: 7388: 7384: 7374: 7372: 7364:The Independent 7355: 7351: 7341: 7339: 7324: 7320: 7311: 7309: 7298: 7297: 7293: 7276: 7272: 7262: 7260: 7243: 7234: 7224: 7222: 7211: 7207: 7197: 7195: 7183: 7179: 7170: 7168: 7140: 7136: 7121: 7117: 7109: 7107: 7096: 7095: 7091: 7074: 7070: 7053: 7049: 7024: 7020: 6997: 6993: 6983: 6981: 6970: 6966: 6956: 6954: 6945: 6944: 6940: 6930: 6928: 6917:The Interpreter 6909: 6905: 6895: 6893: 6882: 6881: 6872: 6862: 6860: 6848: 6841: 6831: 6829: 6814: 6813: 6809: 6792: 6788: 6779: 6777: 6764: 6763: 6759: 6750: 6748: 6733: 6732: 6728: 6719: 6717: 6713:Hindustan Times 6706: 6705: 6701: 6688: 6687: 6683: 6673: 6671: 6664: 6648: 6644: 6635: 6633: 6616: 6612: 6606:Wayback Machine 6592: 6588: 6575: 6573: 6566: 6546: 6542: 6536:Wayback Machine 6527: 6523: 6517:Wayback Machine 6508: 6504: 6494: 6492: 6480: 6476: 6470:Wayback Machine 6461: 6457: 6449: 6445: 6436: 6434: 6421: 6420: 6416: 6407: 6405: 6401: 6390: 6386: 6385: 6381: 6376: 6372: 6365: 6351: 6350: 6346: 6339: 6321: 6320: 6313: 6299: 6295: 6290: 6286: 6277: 6275: 6262: 6261: 6257: 6248: 6246: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6219: 6217: 6202: 6198: 6188: 6186: 6171: 6167: 6157: 6155: 6150:(29): 139–141. 6136: 6132: 6127: 6123: 6114: 6110: 6101: 6099: 6090: 6089: 6085: 6076: 6074: 6069: 6068: 6064: 6055: 6053: 6048: 6047: 6043: 6037:Wayback Machine 6027: 6023: 6012: 6003: 5994: 5992: 5985: 5969: 5965: 5954: 5950: 5941: 5939: 5920: 5916: 5909: 5895: 5891: 5884: 5880: 5874:Wayback Machine 5865: 5861: 5854: 5838: 5831: 5821: 5819: 5812: 5796: 5792: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5755: 5751: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5717: 5713: 5703: 5701: 5694: 5678: 5674: 5664: 5662: 5655: 5639: 5635: 5625: 5623: 5616: 5600: 5596: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5566: 5562: 5552: 5550: 5543: 5527: 5523: 5513: 5511: 5504: 5488: 5484: 5475: 5473: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5449: 5447: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5424: 5422: 5413: 5412: 5408: 5398: 5396: 5387: 5386: 5382: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5352: 5348: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5319: 5315: 5274: 5267: 5259: 5255: 5247: 5243: 5229: 5227: 5220: 5204: 5200: 5191: 5189: 5180: 5179: 5172: 5162: 5160: 5156: 5149: 5143: 5139: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5110: 5106: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5077: 5073: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5044: 5040: 5032: 5030: 5019: 5018: 5014: 5007: 5003: 4995: 4991: 4984: 4968: 4964: 4941: 4937: 4927: 4925: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4902: 4900: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4873: 4871: 4864:Islamonline.net 4856: 4849: 4841: 4837: 4825:, p. 283; 4821: 4817: 4808: 4806: 4787: 4780: 4772: 4768: 4760: 4756: 4746: 4744: 4735: 4731: 4721: 4719: 4710: 4706: 4697: 4695: 4688: 4672: 4668: 4660: 4653: 4645: 4641: 4633: 4622: 4613: 4609: 4598: 4587: 4582: 4578: 4569: 4567: 4552: 4548: 4535: 4531: 4522: 4518: 4505: 4501: 4486: 4482: 4470: 4466: 4457: 4455: 4440: 4436: 4429: 4412: 4403: 4401: 4388: 4387: 4383: 4374: 4372: 4364:Beech, Hannah. 4362: 4358: 4345: 4341: 4318: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4290:Islam in Russia 4285:Islam in Europe 4225:Racism in China 4180:Tibetan Muslims 4175:Islam in Taiwan 4154: 4149: 4147: 4140: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4108: 4095:Chang Dongsheng 4090:Boxer Rebellion 4072: 4040: 3978: 3898:school to China 3879: 3872: 3809: 3779: 3659: 3654: 3651:Ma Ching-chiang 3614: 3609: 3564: 3559: 3541: 3533:Main articles: 3531: 3503: 3456: 3405: 3387:, but also the 3369:Dungan language 3325: 3319: 3256: 3250: 3245: 3220:Lamb and mutton 3168: 3162: 3099:Qingjing Mosque 3041: 3035: 3018: 2993: 2955: 2950: 2883: 2878: 2877: 2862: 2816: 2810: 2769: 2763: 2758: 2731: 2729:Tibetan Muslims 2719: 2713: 2676: 2671: 2585: 2523:" and 200,000 " 2449: 2406:Tibetan Muslims 2342:Yunnan Province 2308: 2303: 2281:Kyrgyz in China 2261: 2179: 2169: 2132: 2090: 2084: 1989:-owned tabloid 1932:Jiangwan Mosque 1921: 1819: 1813: 1805:moved to Taiwan 1732:Rape of Nanking 1632: 1626: 1620: 1550:Boxer Rebellion 1347:Depiction of a 1341: 1335: 1193: 1150: 1145: 1139: 1133: 1056:Yeheidie'erding 970: 962:Main articles: 960: 952:Ja'far al-Sadiq 923: 868: 862: 850:Battle of Talas 724:Owais al-Qarani 692: 686: 649: 643: 599: 563: 561: 552: 550: 545: 544: 543: 468: 460: 459: 458: 413: 412: 396: 395: 387: 332: 324: 323: 322: 298:Yeheidie'erding 192: 184: 183: 182: 162: 138: 130: 122: 116:Jahriyya revolt 103: 60: 37: 36: 29: 12: 11: 5: 13302: 13292: 13291: 13289:Islam in China 13274: 13273: 13270: 13269: 13267: 13266: 13261: 13256: 13251: 13246: 13244:Norfolk Island 13241: 13236: 13231: 13226: 13221: 13216: 13211: 13206: 13201: 13199:American Samoa 13195: 13193: 13187: 13186: 13184: 13183: 13178: 13172: 13170: 13169:of New Zealand 13164: 13163: 13161: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13089: 13087: 13083: 13082: 13075: 13074: 13067: 13060: 13052: 13045: 13044: 13041: 13040: 13038: 13037: 13030: 13025: 13019: 13017: 13009: 13006: 13005: 13003: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12941: 12939: 12933: 12932: 12925: 12924: 12917: 12910: 12902: 12895: 12894: 12891: 12890: 12888: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12870:Sint Eustatius 12867: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12827: 12822: 12817: 12815:Cayman Islands 12812: 12807: 12802: 12797: 12792: 12786: 12784: 12779: 12776: 12775: 12773: 12772: 12767: 12762: 12757: 12752: 12747: 12742: 12737: 12732: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12702: 12697: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12656: 12654: 12650: 12649: 12644: 12643: 12636: 12629: 12621: 12614: 12613: 12610: 12609: 12607: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12570: 12568: 12567:other entities 12562: 12561: 12559: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12538: 12532: 12530: 12524: 12523: 12521: 12520: 12515: 12513:United Kingdom 12510: 12505: 12500: 12495: 12490: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12420: 12415: 12410: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12348: 12343: 12338: 12333: 12328: 12326:Czech Republic 12323: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12273: 12267: 12265: 12261: 12260: 12253: 12252: 12245: 12238: 12230: 12223: 12222: 12219: 12218: 12216: 12215: 12205: 12194: 12191: 12190: 12188: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12161: 12159: 12150: 12149: 12147: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12120: 12118: 12110: 12109: 12107: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11860: 11858: 11852: 11851: 11848:Islam in Asia 11844: 11843: 11836: 11829: 11821: 11814: 11813: 11810: 11809: 11806: 11805: 11803:Western Sahara 11800: 11783: 11770: 11761: 11747:Canary Islands 11743: 11742: 11740: 11735: 11732: 11731: 11729: 11728: 11723: 11717: 11715: 11710: 11707: 11706: 11704: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11608: 11603: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11533: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11498: 11493: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11432: 11430: 11426: 11425: 11418: 11417: 11410: 11403: 11395: 11388: 11387: 11380: 11379: 11372: 11365: 11357: 11348: 11347: 11345: 11344: 11334: 11323: 11320: 11319: 11317: 11316: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11290: 11288: 11279: 11278: 11276: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11249: 11247: 11239: 11238: 11236: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11110: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11065: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10989: 10987: 10981: 10980: 10977:Islam in Asia 10973: 10972: 10965: 10958: 10950: 10941: 10940: 10938: 10937: 10932: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10899: 10897: 10893: 10892: 10890: 10889: 10884: 10882:Inner Mongolia 10879: 10874: 10869: 10863: 10861: 10857: 10856: 10854: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10777: 10775: 10771: 10770: 10763: 10761: 10759: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10747: 10746: 10741: 10739:Roman Catholic 10736: 10726: 10725: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10693: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10671: 10669: 10663: 10662: 10648: 10647: 10640: 10633: 10625: 10619: 10618: 10615:Islam in China 10606: 10603:Islam in China 10592: 10591:External links 10589: 10587: 10586: 10567: 10546: 10545: 10526: 10473: 10454:Jean A. Berlie 10437: 10425:978-1884964046 10424: 10409: 10404: 10391: 10370: 10365: 10352: 10347: 10334: 10329: 10316: 10300: 10295: 10287:Islam in China 10282: 10277: 10264: 10259: 10246: 10241: 10228: 10223: 10210: 10205: 10190: 10185: 10172: 10167: 10152: 10135:(1): 146–156, 10124: 10117: 10110: 10105: 10081: 10072: 10066: 10053: 10037: 10010: 9979: 9959: 9951: 9947: 9946: 9941: 9935: 9934: 9930:Islam in China 9923: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9914: 9913: 9894: 9876: 9855: 9824: 9817:. Copenhagen. 9801: 9788: 9768: 9750: 9730: 9715: 9690: 9661: 9636: 9607: 9578: 9550: 9515: 9488: 9456: 9427: 9399: 9374: 9367: 9358:Let's Go China 9347: 9315: 9296: 9283: 9263: 9246: 9224:Houissa, Ali. 9216: 9201: 9181: 9155: 9135: 9120: 9105: 9087: 9060: 9053: 9033: 9006: 9000:978-0765613189 8999: 8977: 8971:978-0521863223 8970: 8948: 8933: 8919: 8905: 8880: 8867:, 2004-09-15, 8850: 8828: 8795: 8760: 8747: 8727: 8701: 8699:, p. 113. 8689: 8658: 8645: 8625: 8618: 8598: 8594:Matsumoto 2004 8586: 8567: 8548: 8523: 8504: 8485: 8466: 8447: 8428: 8409: 8390: 8371: 8352: 8333: 8314: 8298: 8286: 8282:Broomhall 1910 8274: 8270:Broomhall 1910 8262: 8258:Broomhall 1910 8250: 8221: 8207:. 2010-11-05. 8192: 8166: 8159: 8141: 8121: 8095: 8083: 8065: 8047: 8022: 7994: 7956: 7924: 7910:. 2019-05-04. 7895: 7863: 7830: 7812:Foreign Policy 7797: 7766: 7735: 7704: 7673: 7642: 7608: 7586:Houissa, Ali. 7578: 7549: 7527: 7514: 7491: 7441: 7408: 7382: 7349: 7318: 7291: 7270: 7232: 7205: 7177: 7134: 7115: 7089: 7068: 7047: 7018: 6991: 6964: 6938: 6921:Lowy Institute 6903: 6870: 6839: 6824:. 2013-05-10. 6807: 6801:Foreign Policy 6786: 6772:. 2015-02-05. 6757: 6743:. 2015-03-02. 6726: 6699: 6681: 6663:978-0160725524 6662: 6642: 6610: 6586: 6564: 6540: 6521: 6502: 6474: 6455: 6443: 6414: 6397:. p. 12. 6379: 6370: 6363: 6354:Muslim Chinese 6344: 6337: 6311: 6293: 6284: 6255: 6226: 6210:Herald-Journal 6196: 6165: 6130: 6121: 6108: 6083: 6062: 6041: 6021: 6001: 5983: 5963: 5948: 5914: 5907: 5889: 5878: 5859: 5852: 5829: 5811:978-1317938521 5810: 5790: 5774:978-0520048041 5773: 5749: 5736:978-0520048041 5735: 5711: 5693:978-0295800554 5692: 5672: 5654:978-3447040914 5653: 5633: 5615:978-0804729338 5614: 5594: 5581:978-0295800554 5580: 5560: 5542:978-0295800554 5541: 5521: 5503:978-0804729338 5502: 5482: 5457: 5431: 5406: 5380: 5366: 5346: 5333: 5313: 5265: 5253: 5241: 5218: 5198: 5170: 5137: 5124: 5104: 5091: 5071: 5058: 5038: 5012: 5001: 4989: 4982: 4962: 4935: 4909: 4880: 4847: 4835: 4815: 4778: 4766: 4754: 4729: 4704: 4686: 4666: 4651: 4639: 4620: 4607: 4585: 4576: 4554:Houissa, Ali. 4546: 4529: 4516: 4499: 4496:. p. 374. 4480: 4464: 4442:Houissa, Ali. 4434: 4410: 4381: 4356: 4339: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4170:Islam in Macau 4167: 4161: 4160: 4159: 4145: 4129: 4126: 4125: 4124: 4123:, calligrapher 4118: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4102: 4092: 4079: 4071: 4068: 4067: 4066: 4053: 4047: 4039: 4036: 4035: 4034: 4028: 4025:Pai Hsien-yung 4022: 4019:Zhang Chengzhi 4016: 4010: 4004: 4001:Yusuf Ma Dexin 3998: 3991: 3985: 3977: 3974: 3973: 3972: 3962: 3956: 3943: 3934: 3925: 3912: 3899: 3889: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3866: 3852: 3843: 3833: 3812: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3791: 3782: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3671: 3662: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3657: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3622: 3617: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3612: 3603: 3598: 3592: 3587: 3586: 3585: 3577: 3571: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3539:Women as imams 3530: 3527: 3502: 3499: 3464:Chinese Muslim 3455: 3452: 3444:Hebei Province 3404: 3401: 3321:Main article: 3318: 3315: 3252:Main article: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3196:Song dynasties 3164:Main article: 3161: 3158: 3138:Middle Eastern 3037:Main article: 3034: 3031: 3017: 3014: 2992: 2989: 2988: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2913:pilgrimage to 2882: 2879: 2863: 2855: 2812:Main article: 2809: 2806: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2730: 2727: 2715:Main article: 2712: 2709: 2681:Kizil massacre 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2590:Generals like 2584: 2581: 2448: 2445: 2410:Tibetan people 2350:Henan Province 2307: 2304: 2301:Chinese Tatars 2260: 2257: 2253:U.S. sanctions 2194:United Nations 2168: 2165: 2131: 2128: 2096:In July 2014, 2086:Main article: 2083: 2080: 1920: 1917: 1870:anti-socialist 1815:Main article: 1812: 1809: 1622:Main article: 1619: 1616: 1337:Main article: 1334: 1331: 1311:Xuande Emperor 1307:Hongwu Emperor 1218:Yongle Emperor 1201:Hongwu Emperor 1192: 1189: 1172:Hongwu Emperor 1149: 1146: 1135:Main article: 1132: 1129: 1114:Hongwu Emperor 959: 956: 922: 921:Tombs of Imams 919: 864:Main article: 861: 858: 835:Zoroastrianism 730:in 637 by the 688:Main article: 685: 682: 645:Main article: 642: 639: 601: 600: 598: 597: 590: 583: 575: 572: 571: 547: 546: 542: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 470: 469: 466: 465: 462: 461: 457: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 415: 414: 411: 410: 407: 403: 402: 401: 398: 397: 394: 393: 386: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 340: 334: 333: 330: 329: 326: 325: 321: 320: 315: 313:Zhang Chengzhi 310: 305: 303:Yusuf Ma Dexin 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 194: 193: 190: 189: 186: 185: 179: 178: 177: 176: 171: 166: 155: 154: 150: 149: 148: 147: 142: 134: 126: 118: 110: 109: 105: 104: 102: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 75: 72: 71: 62: 61: 56: 55: 52: 51: 43: 42: 39:Islam in China 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13301: 13290: 13287: 13286: 13284: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13257: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13247: 13245: 13242: 13240: 13239:New Caledonia 13237: 13235: 13232: 13230: 13227: 13225: 13222: 13220: 13219:Easter Island 13217: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13207: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13197: 13196: 13194: 13188: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13173: 13171: 13165: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13090: 13088: 13084: 13080: 13073: 13068: 13066: 13061: 13059: 13054: 13053: 13050: 13046: 13036: 13031: 13029: 13028:French Guiana 13026: 13024: 13021: 13020: 13018: 13012: 13007: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12942: 12940: 12938: 12934: 12930: 12923: 12918: 12916: 12911: 12909: 12904: 12903: 12900: 12896: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12787: 12785: 12777: 12771: 12770:United States 12768: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12657: 12655: 12651: 12642: 12637: 12635: 12630: 12628: 12623: 12622: 12619: 12615: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12579:Faroe Islands 12577: 12575: 12572: 12571: 12569: 12563: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12551:South Ossetia 12549: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12533: 12531: 12525: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12398:Liechtenstein 12396: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12268: 12266: 12262: 12258: 12251: 12246: 12244: 12239: 12237: 12232: 12231: 12228: 12224: 12214: 12210: 12206: 12204: 12196: 12195: 12192: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12162: 12160: 12155: 12151: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12139:South Ossetia 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12121: 12119: 12117: 12111: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11861: 11859: 11857: 11853: 11849: 11842: 11837: 11835: 11830: 11828: 11823: 11822: 11819: 11815: 11804: 11801: 11795: 11791: 11787: 11784: 11778: 11774: 11771: 11765: 11762: 11756: 11752: 11748: 11745: 11744: 11741: 11733: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11718: 11716: 11708: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11551:Guinea-Bissau 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11433: 11431: 11427: 11423: 11416: 11411: 11409: 11404: 11402: 11397: 11396: 11393: 11389: 11385: 11378: 11373: 11371: 11366: 11364: 11359: 11358: 11355: 11343: 11339: 11335: 11333: 11325: 11324: 11321: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11291: 11289: 11284: 11280: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11268:South Ossetia 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11250: 11248: 11246: 11240: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10990: 10988: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10971: 10966: 10964: 10959: 10957: 10952: 10951: 10948: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10930: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10900: 10898: 10894: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10864: 10862: 10858: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10778: 10776: 10772: 10767: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10731: 10730: 10727: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10709: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10677: 10676: 10673: 10672: 10670: 10668: 10664: 10660: 10655: 10646: 10641: 10639: 10634: 10632: 10627: 10626: 10623: 10616: 10611: 10607: 10604: 10599: 10595: 10594: 10585: 10583: 10582:public domain 10577: 10568: 10566: 10564: 10563:public domain 10558: 10549: 10548: 10542: 10538: 10534: 10533: 10527: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10504: 10500: 10496: 10492: 10488: 10487: 10479: 10474: 10471: 10467: 10463: 10462:974-480-062-3 10459: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10443: 10442: 10438: 10427: 10421: 10417: 10416: 10410: 10407: 10401: 10397: 10392: 10389:on 2007-09-28 10388: 10384: 10380: 10376: 10371: 10368: 10362: 10358: 10353: 10350: 10344: 10340: 10335: 10332: 10326: 10322: 10317: 10307: 10306: 10301: 10298: 10292: 10288: 10283: 10280: 10274: 10270: 10265: 10262: 10256: 10252: 10247: 10244: 10238: 10234: 10229: 10226: 10220: 10216: 10211: 10208: 10202: 10198: 10197: 10191: 10188: 10182: 10178: 10173: 10170: 10164: 10160: 10159: 10153: 10150: 10146: 10142: 10138: 10134: 10130: 10125: 10122: 10118: 10115: 10111: 10108: 10102: 10098: 10094: 10090: 10086: 10082: 10078: 10073: 10069: 10063: 10059: 10054: 10051: 10047: 10043: 10038: 10035: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10002:on 2011-10-11 10001: 9997: 9993: 9989: 9985: 9980: 9977: 9973: 9969: 9965: 9960: 9957: 9953: 9952: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9911: 9907: 9904: 9898: 9883: 9879: 9873: 9869: 9868: 9859: 9843: 9839: 9835: 9828: 9820: 9816: 9812: 9805: 9791: 9785: 9781: 9780: 9772: 9757: 9753: 9747: 9743: 9742: 9734: 9728: 9724: 9719: 9705:on 2006-09-03 9704: 9700: 9694: 9680:on 2022-03-23 9679: 9675: 9671: 9665: 9651:on 2006-09-21 9650: 9646: 9640: 9632: 9628: 9624: 9623: 9618: 9611: 9597:on 2016-08-23 9596: 9592: 9588: 9582: 9567: 9566: 9561: 9554: 9540: 9536: 9532: 9531: 9526: 9519: 9503: 9499: 9492: 9476: 9472: 9465: 9463: 9461: 9444: 9440: 9434: 9432: 9416: 9415: 9414:Suara Merdeka 9410: 9403: 9395: 9391: 9390: 9385: 9378: 9370: 9368:9780312320058 9364: 9360: 9359: 9351: 9338:on 2006-03-22 9337: 9333: 9329: 9322: 9320: 9311: 9307: 9300: 9286: 9284:9780567065094 9280: 9276: 9275: 9267: 9260: 9256: 9250: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9220: 9214: 9210: 9205: 9197: 9196: 9191: 9185: 9171: 9167: 9166: 9159: 9151: 9150: 9145: 9139: 9133: 9129: 9124: 9118: 9114: 9109: 9101: 9097: 9091: 9077: 9073: 9072: 9064: 9056: 9054:9781610690188 9050: 9046: 9045: 9037: 9021: 9017: 9010: 9002: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8981: 8973: 8967: 8963: 8959: 8952: 8946: 8942: 8941:Esposito 1999 8937: 8929: 8923: 8915: 8909: 8894: 8890: 8884: 8870: 8866: 8865: 8860: 8854: 8846: 8842: 8838: 8832: 8813: 8806: 8799: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8764: 8750: 8744: 8740: 8739: 8731: 8717:on 2009-06-17 8716: 8712: 8705: 8698: 8693: 8677: 8673: 8672:Time magazine 8669: 8662: 8648: 8642: 8638: 8637: 8629: 8621: 8619:0-7656-1318-2 8615: 8611: 8610: 8602: 8595: 8590: 8583: 8579: 8576: 8571: 8564: 8560: 8557: 8552: 8537: 8533: 8527: 8520: 8516: 8513: 8508: 8501: 8497: 8494: 8489: 8482: 8478: 8475: 8470: 8463: 8459: 8456: 8451: 8444: 8440: 8437: 8432: 8425: 8421: 8418: 8413: 8406: 8402: 8399: 8394: 8387: 8383: 8380: 8375: 8368: 8364: 8361: 8356: 8349: 8345: 8342: 8337: 8330: 8326: 8323: 8318: 8310: 8309: 8302: 8296:, p. 145 8295: 8290: 8283: 8278: 8271: 8266: 8259: 8254: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8237: 8232: 8225: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8196: 8180: 8177:. state.gov. 8176: 8170: 8162: 8160:9780415858816 8156: 8152: 8145: 8137: 8136: 8131: 8125: 8109: 8105: 8099: 8093:, p. 183 8092: 8087: 8079: 8075: 8069: 8061: 8057: 8051: 8037: 8033: 8026: 8011: 8004: 7998: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7960: 7944: 7940: 7939: 7934: 7928: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7899: 7883: 7879: 7878: 7873: 7867: 7851: 7847: 7846: 7841: 7834: 7818: 7814: 7813: 7808: 7801: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7770: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7739: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7708: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7677: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7646: 7639: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7612: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7582: 7568:on 2019-12-02 7567: 7563: 7559: 7553: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7531: 7517: 7511: 7507: 7506: 7498: 7496: 7476: 7472: 7471: 7463: 7456: 7454: 7452: 7450: 7448: 7446: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7415: 7413: 7397: 7393: 7386: 7370: 7366: 7365: 7360: 7353: 7342:September 10, 7337: 7333: 7329: 7322: 7307: 7306: 7301: 7295: 7287: 7286: 7281: 7274: 7258: 7254: 7253: 7248: 7241: 7239: 7237: 7220: 7216: 7209: 7194: 7193: 7188: 7181: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7150: 7145: 7138: 7130: 7126: 7119: 7105: 7104: 7099: 7093: 7085: 7084: 7079: 7072: 7064: 7063: 7058: 7051: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7034: 7029: 7022: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6995: 6979: 6975: 6972:Feng, Emily. 6968: 6952: 6948: 6942: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6907: 6891: 6890: 6885: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6859: 6858: 6853: 6846: 6844: 6827: 6823: 6822: 6817: 6811: 6803: 6802: 6797: 6790: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6761: 6746: 6742: 6741: 6736: 6730: 6715: 6714: 6709: 6703: 6695: 6691: 6685: 6669: 6665: 6659: 6655: 6654: 6646: 6631: 6627: 6626: 6621: 6614: 6607: 6603: 6600: 6596: 6590: 6583: 6571: 6567: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6552: 6544: 6537: 6533: 6530: 6525: 6518: 6514: 6511: 6506: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6478: 6471: 6467: 6464: 6459: 6452: 6447: 6433:on 2007-09-18 6432: 6428: 6424: 6418: 6400: 6396: 6389: 6383: 6374: 6366: 6360: 6356: 6355: 6348: 6340: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6325: 6318: 6316: 6308: 6307: 6302: 6301:Merle Goldman 6297: 6288: 6274:on 2016-08-27 6273: 6269: 6268:Muslimwww.com 6265: 6259: 6245:on 2017-07-02 6244: 6240: 6236: 6230: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6200: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6169: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6134: 6125: 6118: 6112: 6098:on 2008-03-27 6097: 6093: 6087: 6072: 6066: 6051: 6045: 6038: 6034: 6031: 6025: 6017: 6010: 6008: 6006: 5990: 5986: 5984:9780231107860 5980: 5976: 5975: 5967: 5961: 5957: 5952: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5918: 5910: 5904: 5900: 5893: 5887: 5882: 5875: 5871: 5868: 5863: 5855: 5849: 5845: 5844: 5836: 5834: 5817: 5813: 5807: 5804:. Routledge. 5803: 5802: 5794: 5787: 5776: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5761: 5753: 5738: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5723: 5715: 5699: 5695: 5689: 5685: 5684: 5676: 5660: 5656: 5650: 5646: 5645: 5637: 5621: 5617: 5611: 5607: 5606: 5598: 5583: 5577: 5573: 5572: 5564: 5548: 5544: 5538: 5534: 5533: 5525: 5509: 5505: 5499: 5495: 5494: 5486: 5471: 5467: 5461: 5450:September 27, 5445: 5441: 5435: 5420: 5416: 5410: 5399:September 27, 5394: 5390: 5384: 5369: 5363: 5359: 5358: 5350: 5336: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5317: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5272: 5270: 5262: 5257: 5251:, p. 350 5250: 5245: 5238: 5225: 5221: 5215: 5211: 5210: 5202: 5187: 5183: 5177: 5175: 5155: 5148: 5141: 5127: 5121: 5117: 5116: 5108: 5094: 5088: 5084: 5083: 5075: 5061: 5055: 5051: 5050: 5042: 5028: 5024: 5023: 5016: 5010: 5005: 4998: 4993: 4985: 4979: 4975: 4974: 4966: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4939: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4898: 4894: 4893:wikimapia.org 4890: 4884: 4870:on 2011-02-18 4869: 4865: 4861: 4854: 4852: 4845:, p. 284 4844: 4839: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4819: 4805:on 2019-12-13 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4785: 4783: 4775: 4770: 4764:, p. 346 4763: 4758: 4742: 4741: 4733: 4717: 4716: 4708: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4679: 4678: 4670: 4663: 4658: 4656: 4649:, p. 291 4648: 4643: 4636: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4601: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4580: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4550: 4542: 4541: 4533: 4526: 4520: 4513: 4509: 4503: 4495: 4491: 4484: 4478: 4474: 4468: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4432: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4385: 4371: 4367: 4360: 4352: 4351: 4343: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4312: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4265:Islam in Iran 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4250:Islam in Asia 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4162: 4157: 4146: 4143: 4132: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4100: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4041: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3995:Southern Ming 3992: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3970: 3967:(1880–1956), 3966: 3963: 3960: 3959:Wang Jingzhai 3957: 3954: 3951: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3893: 3890: 3877: 3874: 3873: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3813: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3795:Ma Sheng-kuei 3793: 3792: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3770:Ma Chengxiang 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3655:(Lt. General) 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3620: 3618: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3584: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3554: 3552: 3548: 3547: 3540: 3536: 3526: 3525:, it is not. 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3438: 3434: 3433: 3428: 3424: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3400: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3373:Arabic script 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3284:Arabic script 3281: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3254:Sini (script) 3240: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3157: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3106: 3102: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3048:Id Kah Mosque 3045: 3040: 3030: 3028: 3024: 3013: 3009: 3002: 3001:Niujie Mosque 2997: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2959: 2945: 2943: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2860: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2820:Sunni Muslims 2815: 2808:Muslim groups 2805: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2773: 2768: 2753: 2751: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2726: 2724: 2718: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2666: 2664: 2659: 2657: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2639:Wang Jingzhai 2635: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2539:and parts of 2538: 2534: 2530: 2529:George Hunter 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2490: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2475: 2474: 2464: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2400:(17,000) and 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2344:in Southwest 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2316: 2312: 2306:Ethnic groups 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2238: 2233: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2218:published an 2217: 2212: 2209: 2203: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2164: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2148:Tibetan exile 2143: 2141: 2137: 2127: 2125: 2124:New York City 2121: 2117: 2112: 2110: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2079: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2044: 2039: 2035: 2034: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1994: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1878: 1877:Deng Xiaoping 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1787: 1784:, who became 1783: 1779: 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Retrieved 4369: 4359: 4349: 4342: 4328:(2): 10–29, 4325: 4321: 4315: 4156:China portal 4142:Islam portal 4116:Song dynasty 4082:Wang Zi-Ping 4070:Martial arts 3988:Tohti Tunyaz 3946:Ma Yuanzhang 3800:Su Chin-shou 3680:Ma Zhongying 3544: 3542: 3517:minorities, 3504: 3484: 3476:Qing dynasty 3472:Confucianism 3457: 3439: 3430: 3426: 3420: 3416: 3408: 3406: 3403:Martial arts 3383:(mostly the 3365:Northeastern 3350: 3340: 3277: 3267: 3237: 3232: 3205: 3185: 3150:social media 3127: 3119:Tang dynasty 3107: 3103: 3071:Ming dynasty 3054: 3052: 3019: 3010: 3006: 2972: 2964: 2939: 2900: 2845:, including 2824:female imams 2817: 2786:Saudi Arabia 2778: 2747: 2732: 2720: 2700: 2699:'s magazine 2694: 2677: 2660: 2652: 2636: 2612: 2586: 2576: 2572: 2519:", 200,000 " 2512: 2494: 2485: 2477: 2471: 2468: 2320: 2297:Bonan people 2285:Salar people 2245:Donald Trump 2242: 2234: 2213: 2204: 2191: 2184: 2180: 2161: 2144: 2133: 2113: 2106: 2095: 2091: 2074:A policy to 2073: 2063: 2056: 2043:The National 2042: 2031: 2012: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1992:Global Times 1990: 1980: 1974: 1967: 1963: 1956: 1941: 1919:21st century 1913: 1909: 1905: 1897:Soviet Union 1886: 1874: 1866:Gang of Four 1851: 1836: 1790: 1763: 1740: 1721: 1694: 1690:Chinese gods 1686:Confucianism 1679: 1656: 1640:China proper 1633: 1588:Chinese gods 1581: 1561: 1554: 1546:Kansu Braves 1510:Zuo Zongtang 1498:Dong Fuxiang 1487: 1467: 1432: 1411: 1401: 1394: 1389:Zhu Shichuan 1381:Ding Guodong 1369:Qing dynasty 1362: 1357:Qing dynasty 1351:Muslim from 1333:Qing dynasty 1322:Qing dynasty 1319: 1304: 1296: 1264:Confucianism 1258: 1234:isolationist 1197:Ming dynasty 1194: 1131:Ming dynasty 1124: 1110:Ming dynasty 1098:Circumcision 1089:Genghis Khan 1087: 1048:corporations 1033: 1026:Central Asia 1009:Yuan dynasty 1002: 971: 958:Yuan dynasty 936: 912: 907: 903: 900:Chinese name 872:Song dynasty 869: 860:Song dynasty 844:In 751, the 843: 779: 759: 718: 704: 693: 684:Tang dynasty 679: 672: 635:Sunni Muslim 604: 338:Architecture 288:Shams al-Din 174:Islamophobia 38: 15: 13123:New Zealand 12845:Puerto Rico 12755:Saint Lucia 12705:El Salvador 12594:Isle of Man 12529:recognition 12498:Switzerland 12433:Netherlands 12213:Asia portal 12114:States with 12034:Philippines 11974:South Korea 11969:North Korea 11864:Afghanistan 11713:recognition 11666:South Sudan 11556:Ivory Coast 11342:Asia portal 11243:States with 11163:Philippines 11103:South Korea 11098:North Korea 10993:Afghanistan 10821:Manichaeism 9964:France-Asie 9723:Dillon 1999 9128:Lipman 1997 9026:19 November 8205:iLook China 7949:October 24, 7285:Antara News 7198:11 November 6931:10 November 6821:Japan Times 6495:11 November 6073:. State.gov 5956:Dillon 1999 5886:Gernet 1996 5261:Dillon 1999 5163:30 November 4997:Lipman 1997 4662:Lipman 1997 4635:Lipman 1997 4431:Armijo 2006 3990:, historian 3984:, historian 3965:Hu Songshan 3846:Ma Zhanshan 3836:Ma Shenglin 3750:Ma Guoliang 3730:Ma Qianling 3646:Bai Chongxi 3626:Ma Zhancang 3529:Women imams 3519:coeducation 3495:Hu Songshan 3323:Xiao'erjing 3317:Xiao'erjing 3243:Calligraphy 3233:qīngzhēncài 3176:Huxi Mosque 3055:qīngzhēn sì 2935:Hu Songshan 2925:along with 2874:Sunni Islam 2624:Bai Chongxi 2604:Hu Songshan 2497:Qing Empire 2392:(105,000), 2388:(125,000), 2384:(144,000), 2352:in Central 2247:signed the 1928:Eid al-Adha 1782:Bai Chongxi 1722:During the 1717:Bai Chongxi 1673:(1925) and 1659:Sun Yat-sen 1602:as well as 1522:Ma Guoliang 1502:Ma Qianling 1421:Capture of 1238:immigration 1106:Han Chinese 1003:During the 915:Pu Shougeng 908:Huihui Jiao 854:Transoxiana 383:Xiao'erjing 373:Sufi orders 368:Sini script 213:Hu Songshan 139:(1895–1896) 131:(1862–1877) 123:(1856–1873) 12840:Montserrat 12835:Martinique 12830:Guadeloupe 12685:Costa Rica 12468:San Marino 12428:Montenegro 12408:Luxembourg 12388:Kazakhstan 12291:Azerbaijan 12094:Uzbekistan 12069:Tajikistan 11984:Kyrgyzstan 11964:Kazakhstan 11884:Bangladesh 11874:Azerbaijan 11768:(Portugal) 11726:Somaliland 11646:Seychelles 11611:Mozambique 11596:Mauritania 11581:Madagascar 11536:The Gambia 11471:Cape Verde 11223:Uzbekistan 11198:Tajikistan 11113:Kyrgyzstan 11093:Kazakhstan 11013:Bangladesh 11003:Azerbaijan 10756:Falun Gong 10734:Protestant 10312:2010-03-15 10217:, Curzon, 10006:2008-07-24 9888:2010-06-28 9795:2010-06-29 9762:2010-06-28 9725:, p. 9709:2006-10-22 9684:2022-06-18 9655:2006-10-23 9601:2016-09-17 9544:2020-09-26 9421:2022-11-22 9342:2006-04-08 9290:2010-11-28 9240:2019-11-10 9176:2010-09-19 9130:, p. 9115:, p. 9100:google.com 9082:2010-09-19 8943:, p. 8899:2016-09-17 8875:2008-08-05 8754:2011-01-11 8721:2010-06-28 8697:Starr 2004 8652:2010-06-28 8542:2014-07-26 8215:2014-05-21 8041:2023-08-01 8016:2020-07-29 7988:2019-11-10 7918:2019-11-10 7888:1 December 7790:1 December 7666:1 December 7632:1 December 7602:2019-11-10 7572:2019-11-10 7521:2010-07-30 7435:2010-06-28 7312:2022-03-17 7171:2024-05-25 7110:2021-05-22 6832:14 January 6780:2016-09-17 6751:2016-09-17 6720:2020-08-16 6636:2018-04-05 6576:2016-09-21 6437:2007-05-28 6408:2014-07-26 6327:. Lanham: 6278:2016-09-17 6249:2016-09-17 6220:2010-11-28 6102:2009-07-14 6077:2009-06-15 6056:2009-06-15 5995:2016-09-21 5958:, p. 5942:2011-07-20 5476:2019-09-27 5425:2019-09-27 5340:2010-11-28 5288:(8): 5–6. 5192:2016-04-18 5131:2010-06-28 5098:2010-06-28 5065:2010-06-28 5033:2010-09-19 4903:2010-11-29 4874:2016-09-17 4809:2019-07-05 4747:2011-12-14 4722:2011-12-14 4698:2011-12-14 4570:2019-11-10 4477:1850653240 4458:2019-11-09 4404:2018-08-10 4375:2021-05-07 4302:References 4099:Shuai jiao 4060:Kuomintang 4056:Tang Kesan 4013:Wang Daiyu 3982:Bai Shouyi 3922:Naqshbandi 3915:Ma Mingxin 3909:Naqshbandi 3896:Qadiriyyah 3855:Zuo Baogui 3823:Ma Zhan'ao 3819:Ma Hualong 3805:Pai Tzu-li 3745:Ma Anliang 3725:Ma Zhan'ao 3720:Ma Hu-shan 3700:Ma Hongbin 3695:Ma Dunjing 3690:Ma Hongkui 3685:Ma Fuxiang 3641:Ma Zhanhai 3636:Ma Ju-lung 3596:Xu Shiheng 3491:Ma Fuxiang 3454:Literature 3427:piguazhang 3341:Xiaoerjing 3231:is called 3003:in Beijing 2923:Ma Fuxiang 2870:Shia Islam 2851:Tashkurgan 2765:See also: 2663:Ma Fuxiang 2632:Ma Hongkui 2628:Tang Kesan 2615:Kuomintang 2596:Ma Hongkui 2592:Ma Fuxiang 2588:Hui Muslim 2527:", as per 2396:(41,000), 2277:Dongxiangs 2265:Hui people 2263:See also: 2171:See also: 2069:Aidilfitri 1825:An ethnic 1801:Kuomintang 1697:Kuomintang 1628:See also: 1584:Confucians 1564:Emin Khoja 1538:Ma Yonglin 1530:Ma Fuxiang 1494:Ma Anliang 1490:Ma Zhan'ao 1209:Great Wall 1141:See also: 841:in China. 763:Muslim era 740:Chittagong 717:, and the 494:Dongxiangs 308:Wang Daiyu 293:Su fei-erh 263:Ma Mingxin 253:Ma Hualong 243:Ma Fuxiang 228:Ma Anliang 218:Kasim Tuet 198:Afaq Khoja 30:Part of a 13093:Australia 13000:Venezuela 12945:Argentina 12825:Greenland 12740:Nicaragua 12715:Guatemala 12584:Gibraltar 12403:Lithuania 12180:Hong Kong 12134:Palestine 12059:Sri Lanka 12054:Singapore 11934:Indonesia 11601:Mauritius 11309:Hong Kong 11263:Palestine 11188:Sri Lanka 11183:Singapore 11063:Indonesia 10877:Northeast 10867:Hong Kong 10860:By region 10801:Dongbaism 10786:Benzhuism 10515:144070358 10507:0963-7494 10149:146171018 9976:457005588 9539:0261-3077 9389:Detik.com 9259:1833-8461 9195:Arab News 8991:Routledge 8445:, p. 373. 8426:, p. 368. 8294:Ferm 1976 7978:0362-4331 7856:14 August 7823:23 August 7375:23 August 7158:1756-3224 7146:. 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