576:
565:
413:
586:
418:
649:
61:
56:
205:
66:
39:
1576:
501:
636:. In it, he describes a meeting he had with other Uyghur political leaders the day after the ETR's founding. He was the first to speak, expressing his confusion at the sudden turn of events in Ghulja: "Early this morning, many flags appeared on the street. One was a green field with a white star and crescent, and the other was a white field with
622:. The new state was covertly supported by the Soviet Union, but its leadership was dominated by religious conservatives who saw it as a restoration of the First East Turkestan Republic. A green flag charged with a star and crescent was adopted as the national flag of the ETR, with the green symbolising Islam.
715:
competed with light-blue skis featuring a star and crescent. Uyghur activists praised İpcioğlu, believing his skis deliberately depicted the Kök Bayraq. However, İpcioğlu later declined interview questions about the Kök Bayraq, insisting that his skis were meant to depict the
Turkish flag and that he
531:. A government with a constitution and legislature was established, with the Kök Bayraq specifically defined in the former. The design of a blue field with a white star and crescent, nearly identical to the Turkish flag, was meant to symbolise the republic's cultural and political ties to
535:. While the Turkish public expressed enthusiasm at the republic's founding, the Turkish foreign ministry exercised caution. The Turkish foreign minister acknowledged Turkey's "feelings for a people which speaks her language" and reasserted the right of every nation to
488:(the sultan's holy flag), and sent military advisors and weapons to assist Yakub Beg's army. An expeditionary army sent by the Qing reconquered the area after Yakub Beg's sudden passing in 1877. Töre petitioned the Ottoman sultan to persuade the
732:
The East
Turkestan Government in Exile has stated that the Kök Bayraq is banned by the Chinese government. The Kök Bayraq was previously banned in Turkey during the tenure of prime minister
196:
written in gold. All symbols associated with the former East
Turkestan republics, including the Kök Bayraq, are banned in China by the government's anti-extremism and anti-separatism laws.
672:
claims the Kök Bayraq as its national flag in its constitution. The flag has also been flown at numerous anti-Chinese government protests, including demonstrations held in
492:
to withdraw his forces from
Kashgaria, citing Kashgar's raising of the Ottoman flag as evidence of Ottoman sovereignty over the area. Töre's request was ignored.
1171:
472:
support for Yakub Beg. By the time of his last trip in April 1875, the
Ottoman flag had already been flying over Kashgar for two years. In August 1875, the
1461:
543:
diplomatic pressure kept
Turkish political influence out of Central Asia in general, and the republic collapsed with the capture of Kashgar by the
527:
sentiments among the Turkic population of East
Turkestan culminated in local resistance against Chinese rule and the foundation of the republic in
1343:
1392:
1596:
1324:
958:
a crescent moon and star design in the color green, symbolising Islam, was adopted for the national flag of the East
Turkestan Republic."
1107:
640:, written with gold powder. What is going on?" The exact designs and dimensions of the flags are not described by Azizi in his work.
1580:
724:: "This was not a political statement. As you may know, the official Turkish flag includes a white crescent and a star on it."
1413:
1255:
1234:
1198:
1165:
1137:
473:
1611:
1543:
661:
489:
179:
1547:
1518:
717:
669:
519:, officially the Turkic Islamic Republic of East Turkestan, upon its proclamation of independence on 12 November 1933.
174:(1933–1934). It is a blue field charged with a white star and crescent slightly left-of-centre. It is identical to the
190:(1944–1946) introduced a similar star-and-crescent flag but with a green background, as well as a white flag with the
1601:
1101:
629:
585:
417:
1616:
697:
603:
65:
693:
615:
590:
187:
973:
575:
19:
1370:
516:
508:
437:
171:
1484:
433:
421:
668:, and Turkic diaspora communities to represent East Turkestan or the Uyghur people in particular. The
1440:
1466:
1361:
1275:
745:
712:
412:
1606:
564:
178:, albeit with a blue background instead of red. The Kök Bayraq remains a prominent symbol of the
60:
1445:
1326:
A Nearly
Perfect Storm: The Rise and Fall of the Eastern Turkistan People's Revolutionary Party
449:
602:
On 7 November 1944, uprisings against
Chinese rule erupted in the three northern districts of
46:
136:
during rebellions in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Nearly all the flags feature a
1418:
1348:
1083:
704:
8:
483:
165:
696:
protesters held a rally in solidarity with East Turkestan independence supporters, amid
1295:
665:
536:
120:
A number of flags have been used to represent the cultural and geographical region of
1431:
1299:
1251:
1230:
1194:
1161:
1133:
1097:
445:
137:
107:
55:
1287:
653:
611:
700:. Many demonstrators waved the Kök Bayraq or wore face masks with the flag on it.
628:, a member of the ETR government who would later become the first chairman of the
1375:
1291:
1245:
1224:
1188:
1155:
1127:
1079:
677:
320:
Distance between the inner circle of the crescent and the circle around the star
240:
Distance between the centre of the outer crescent and the seam of the white band
156:
1551:
1157:
Soviet Policy in Xinjiang: Stalin and the National Movement in Eastern Turkistan
733:
648:
625:
594:
469:
464:
in 1864. Seyyid Yaqub Khan Töre, an official Kokandi envoy, made four trips to
175:
141:
121:
1542:
1229:. Translated by Fletcher, Carissa. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press.
1038:
979:
1590:
681:
51:
1514:
280:
Distance between the centres of the inner and outer circles of the crescent
1489:
1209:
540:
524:
441:
204:
125:
520:
504:
618:(officially just the East Turkestan Republic or ETR) was proclaimed in
544:
170:'blue flag'), introduced by the government of the short-lived
685:
548:
429:
129:
1371:"Uyghurs remember 1990 Baren Uprising over China's forced abortions"
1050:
1276:"Nationalism and modernism in the East Turkestan Republic, 1933–34"
1215:
673:
465:
1513:
1044:
1462:"Turkish govt banning activities of East Turkestan Turks: Report"
1397:
1247:
Routledge Companion to China and the Middle East and North Africa
721:
708:
637:
607:
461:
457:
192:
183:
38:
1575:
689:
619:
532:
528:
1393:"Athlete hailed by Uyghur advocates for 'East Turkestan' flag"
500:
453:
145:
133:
1344:"1,000 protest in Istanbul over China's treatment of Uygurs"
1190:
Oasis Identities: Uyghur Nationalism Along China's Silk Road
1026:
1211:
Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations
638:'There is no god but God; Muhammad is the messenger of God'
477:
103:
539:, but immediately denied any connection to the republic.
1460:
1226:
The East Turkestan Independence Movement, 1930s to 1940s
1056:
792:
790:
788:
786:
632:, described an additional flag in his biographical work
1090:
The Eagle of Tengri Tagh – The Life of Abdulkerim Abbas
908:
906:
904:
902:
809:
807:
805:
660:
The Kök Bayraq is frequently used by supporters of the
634:
The Eagle of Tengri Tagh – The Life of Abdulkerim Abbas
1391:
Grohmann, Karolos; Phillips, Mitch (6 February 2022).
961:
933:
923:
921:
889:
887:
885:
836:
834:
1485:"Uighur rights advocated at rally for East Turkestan"
870:
819:
783:
1414:"Hong Kongers take to streets in support of Uighurs"
1096:(in Chinese). Chinese Literature and History Press.
899:
846:
802:
980:
Constitution of the Republic of East Turkestan 2004
918:
882:
858:
831:
1483:Wang, Chien-hao; Chung, Jake (13 November 2022).
554:
1588:
1544:"Constitution of the Republic of East Turkestan"
1390:
1032:
1014:
495:
515:The Kök Bayraq was adopted as the flag of the
652:The Kök Bayraq at an East Turkestan event in
589:Reconstruction of the two flags flown by the
481:
300:Diameter of the inner circle of the crescent
260:Diameter of the outer circle of the crescent
720:echoed İpcioğlu's statements, commenting to
511:, in front of the Kök Bayraq in January 1934
444:rule erupted in East Turkestan in 1862. The
424:, which flew over Kashgar from 1873 to 1877
1482:
1008:
1186:
876:
796:
647:
499:
411:
407:
203:
1368:
1207:
1153:
1045:East Turkestan Government in Exile 2021
996:
939:
912:
840:
825:
456:in the region's west and proclaimed an
340:diameter of the circle around the star
1589:
1273:
1243:
1129:Xinjiang: China's Muslim Far Northwest
1125:
893:
864:
852:
813:
1322:
1174:from the original on 29 December 2023
1113:from the original on 17 December 2023
1078:
967:
927:
643:
1597:East Turkestan independence movement
1441:"Protesters demand freedom in China"
1412:
1342:
1222:
1020:
1004:
992:
951:
662:East Turkestan independence movement
384:Width of the white hem at the hoist
208:Construction sheet of the Kök Bayraq
180:East Turkestan independence movement
18:For other uses of "Kök Bayraq", see
1439:Tu, Shing-Cheng (5 December 2022).
1369:Ghayrat, Shahrezad (8 April 2024).
1266:
1126:Dillon, Michael (23 October 2003).
160:
13:
1550:. 25 November 2004. Archived from
1548:East Turkestan Government in Exile
1519:East Turkestan Government in Exile
1438:
1329:(PhD thesis) – via ProQuest.
1274:Klimeš, Ondřej (3 November 2014).
1187:Rudelson, Justin Ben-Adam (1997).
1154:Hasanli, Jamil (3 December 2020).
1000:
718:Turkish National Olympic Committee
670:East Turkestan Government in Exile
14:
1628:
1568:
692:. On 22 December 2019, Hong Kong
630:Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
476:bestowed upon Yakub the title of
1574:
1335:
1244:Zoubir, Yahia H. (16 May 2023).
584:
574:
563:
416:
151:The most well-known flag is the
64:
59:
54:
37:
1323:Evans, Michael P. (July 2017).
985:
945:
199:
758:
698:wider anti-government protests
616:Second East Turkestan Republic
591:Second East Turkestan Republic
555:Second East Turkestan Republic
188:Second East Turkestan Republic
128:, particularly by states that
1:
1193:. Columbia University Press.
1057:Asian News International 2023
771:
517:First East Turkestan Republic
509:First East Turkestan Republic
496:First East Turkestan Republic
468:from 1865 to 1875 to request
172:First East Turkestan Republic
1292:10.1080/02634937.2014.976947
1160:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1033:Grohmann & Phillips 2022
776:
716:was merely a sportsman. The
593:(1944–1946), as reported by
7:
1612:Flags of indigenous peoples
1506:
739:
727:
140:, a symbol of the region's
106:field charged with a white
10:
1633:
1223:Wang, Ke (15 March 2020).
1066:
434:flag of the Ottoman Empire
422:Flag of the Ottoman Empire
402:
17:
1315:
1208:Shichor, Yitzhak (2009).
764:Measurement relative to G
114:
98:
80:
72:
45:
36:
32:
1602:Flags introduced in 1933
1535:
1467:Asian News International
1362:South China Morning Post
1250:. Taylor & Francis.
1084:
1071:
751:
746:Emblem of East Turkestan
1617:Obsolete national flags
1581:Flags of East Turkestan
1218:, HI: East-West Center.
982:, Section I, Article 3.
614:. Five days later, the
428:The breakaway state of
110:slightly left-of-centre
1446:Washington Square News
657:
512:
482:
425:
209:
86:; 90 years ago
1009:Wang & Chung 2022
711:, Turkish ski jumper
651:
503:
436:from 1873 to 1877. A
430:Kashgaria (Yettishar)
415:
408:Kashgaria (Yettishar)
207:
84:12 November 1933
1583:at Wikimedia Commons
1419:Agence France-Presse
1349:Agence France-Presse
1280:Central Asian Survey
705:2022 Winter Olympics
551:on 6 February 1934.
1085:天山雄鹰——阿布杜克力木·阿巴索夫生平
995:, Washington D.C.:
954:, p. 148: "...
713:Fatih Arda İpcioğlu
666:Uyghur nationalists
507:, president of the
438:large Muslim revolt
29:
1422:. 22 December 2019
1352:. 21 December 2019
658:
644:Contemporary usage
537:self-determination
513:
452:conquered several
426:
210:
27:
1579:Media related to
1432:New Straits Times
1257:978-1-000-83531-1
1236:978-962-996-769-7
1200:978-0-231-10787-7
1167:978-1-7936-4127-4
1139:978-1-134-36096-3
1082:(December 1987).
999:, New York City:
970:, pp. 71–72.
400:
399:
169:
138:star and crescent
118:
117:
108:star and crescent
1624:
1578:
1563:
1561:
1559:
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1501:
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1407:
1405:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1365:
1359:
1357:
1330:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1267:Journal articles
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1240:
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1120:
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989:
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862:
856:
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844:
838:
829:
823:
817:
811:
800:
794:
765:
762:
654:Washington, D.C.
588:
578:
567:
487:
460:centered around
448:military leader
420:
395:
394:
390:
375:
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367:
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41:
30:
26:
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1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1587:
1586:
1571:
1566:
1557:
1555:
1554:on 2 April 2018
1538:
1533:
1524:
1522:
1515:"National Flag"
1509:
1504:
1495:
1493:
1473:
1471:
1470:. 16 April 2023
1451:
1449:
1425:
1423:
1403:
1401:
1381:
1379:
1376:Radio Free Asia
1355:
1353:
1338:
1333:
1318:
1313:
1304:
1302:
1269:
1264:
1258:
1237:
1201:
1177:
1175:
1168:
1144:
1142:
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1116:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1093:
1086:
1080:Azizi, Seypidin
1074:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1019:
1015:
990:
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978:
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926:
919:
911:
900:
892:
883:
875:
871:
863:
859:
851:
847:
839:
832:
828:, pp. 5–6.
824:
820:
812:
803:
795:
784:
779:
774:
769:
768:
763:
759:
754:
742:
730:
678:Washington D.C.
646:
620:Ghulja (Yining)
600:
599:
598:
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581:
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202:
90:
88:
85:
23:
12:
11:
5:
1630:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1607:Flags of China
1604:
1599:
1585:
1584:
1570:
1569:External links
1567:
1565:
1564:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1521:. 4 March 2021
1510:
1508:
1505:
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1366:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
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1286:(2): 162–176.
1270:
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1049:
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1025:
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984:
972:
960:
944:
942:, p. 125.
932:
917:
898:
881:
869:
857:
855:, p. 167.
845:
830:
818:
816:, p. 279.
801:
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773:
770:
767:
766:
756:
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749:
748:
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645:
642:
626:Seypidin Azizi
595:Seypidin Azizi
583:
582:
573:
572:
571:
562:
561:
560:
559:
558:
556:
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547:forces of the
497:
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484:Sancak-ı Şerif
474:Ottoman sultan
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186:diaspora. The
176:flag of Turkey
122:East Turkestan
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1132:. Routledge.
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1103:9787503400254
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1003:, Hong Kong:
1002:
998:
994:
988:
981:
976:
969:
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953:
948:
941:
936:
930:, p. 53.
929:
924:
922:
914:
909:
907:
905:
903:
896:, p. 21.
895:
890:
888:
886:
879:, p. 28.
878:
877:Rudelson 1997
873:
867:, p. 20.
866:
861:
854:
849:
842:
837:
835:
827:
822:
815:
810:
808:
806:
799:, p. 27.
798:
797:Rudelson 1997
793:
791:
789:
787:
782:
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757:
747:
744:
743:
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695:
694:pro-democracy
691:
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682:New York City
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