1287:(馬紹武), the Head of Chinese administration in Southern Xinjiang, ordered Chinese Brigadier Yang to leave Maral Bashi front and return to Kashgar with troops because of rapidly deteriorating of the situation in Southern Xinjiang, that was not improved by the refusal of the British Indian Government to send troops to the assistance of the Chinese at Kashgar despite an official request made to the British Consul-General at Kashgar N.Fitzmaurice ( was in office from May 1922 to July 1922 and again from September 1931 to November 1933) by Ma Shaowu on 25 February 1933. It was all too apparent that no help would be forthcoming from Ürümqi, after the cutting of telegraph links between Kashgar and Ürümqi at Aksu. Brigadier Yang troops were attacked by Hui and Uyghur rebels on march and of his original force, estimated well over 1,000 troops, a mere sixty five had straggled back to Kashgar by 27 April. Later the joint Uyghur and Hui force surrounding Kashgar split again, as Ma Zhancang allied with the local provincial authority representative, a fellow Hui named
1615:
slaughtered Indian Hindus happened in Posgam on 25 March and on the previous day in
Karghalik at the hands of Uighurs. Killings of Hindus took place in Khotan at the hands of the Bughra Amirs. Antagonism against the Hindus ran high among the Muslim Turki Uyghur rebels in Xinjiang's southern area. Muslims plundered the possessions in Karghalik of Rai Sahib Dip Chand, who was the aksakal of Britain, and his fellow Hindus on 24 March 1933, and in Keryia they slaughtered Indian Hindus. Sind's Shikarpur district was the origin of the Hindu diaspora there. The slaughter of the Hindus from India was called the "Karghalik Outrage". The Muslims had killed 9 of them. The forced removal of the Swedes was accompanied by slaughter of the Hindus in Khotan by the Islamic Turkic rebels. The Emirs of Khotan slaughtered the Hindus as they forced the Swedes out and declared Shariah in Khotan on 16 March 1933.
1398:
Tungans, we must intensively oppose them, cannot afford to be polite, since the
Tungans have compelled us to follow this way. Yellow Han people have not the slightest thing to do with Eastern Turkestan. Black Tungans also do not have this connection. Eastern Turkestan belongs to the people of Eastern Turkestan. There is no need for foreigners to come be our fathers and mothers. ... From now on we do not need to use foreigner's language or their names, their customs, habits, attitudes, written languages, etc. We must also overthrow and drive foreigners from our boundaries forever. The colors yellow and black are foul. ... They have dirtied our Land for too long. So now it's absolutely necessary to clean out this filth. Take down the yellow and black barbarians! Live long Eastern Turkestan!
2145:
1806:. Zhang Peiyuan himself committed suicide. Ma Zhongying attacked Ürümqi as was planned, taking Sheng completely by surprise, hiddenly approaching the city from the hills on the west and first capturing the telegraph station and aerodrome, then started besieging the city, completely isolating it from suburbs. But the fact, that in the crucial moment of besieging of Ürümqi Ma Zhongying didn't receive the promised help from Zhang Peiyuan's Ili Army, was the reason of Ma's failure to capture the city in the first weeks of attack, nevertheless its fall was imminent and just a matter of time without intervention of Soviet troops. The battle for Ürümqi was decisive for the whole Ma Zhongying's campaign in Xinjiang and its taking by his forces would lead to recognision of him
2161:
1354:
1191:, a rising against Jin Shuren was being systematically planned by prominent Kumulliks. Camels and mules were requisitioned to transport weapons, ammunition and stocks of food over little-known tracks to two former summer Khan's palaces in Aratam on the foot of Karlik Tagh Mountains and one at the natural fortress of Bardash set high in Karlik Tagh. The final straw was in April 1931 when an ethnic Chinese officer and tax collector named Chang Mu wished to marry a Uyghur girl from a village Hsiao-Pu outside Hami. Uyghur accounts usually claim that the girl was raped or the family coerced, but as Islamic law forbids Muslim girls to marry non-Muslim men it was clearly offensive to the Uyghur community.
648:
1624:
2114:
2126:
175:
1914:
that "Hoja Niyaz is not a
Champion of Islam any more, he turned himself into a tool in the hands of Russians to subdue our country". Upon hearing this decision, Niyaz marched from Erkeshtam to Yarkand, where he arrived in mid-April. He proceeded to collect all the gold he could find and withdrew, taking Sabit as his prisoner, going through Merket and Maral Bashi towards Aksu. Despite attempts to capture him by Tungan forces, Niyaz safely arrived in Aksu, where he turned over Sabit to the provincial authorities. Other TIRET officials fled to India and Afghanistan.
1366:, rare Chinese population in most cases saved their lives and property, but was forced to accept Islam under the threat of execution. Old City of Khotan fell to rebels on 28 February 1933 with minimal resistance, the same day when rebels entered the city, while Khotan New City came under siege before surrendering on 16 March 266 Han soldiers of its garrison were spared and reportedly converted to Islam, while both the Treasury and Arsenal were captured by rebels, delivering to their hands several thousands of rifles and almost a ton of gold.
429:
404:
2188:
1492:
192:
1302:. Ma Shaowu had crushed and defeated the Kirghiz rebels. The Soviet Union had been involved in also fighting against the rebels, who had spilled over to the Soviet side. In March 1932, large number of Kirghiz were driven across the Xinjiang frontier by pursuing Soviet forces. A series of guerrilla counter-attacks against the Soviets were mounted from Chinese territory and in raids on Koksu and two other Soviet posts a total of thirty seven Soviet troops were killed.
161:
1632:
Army was poorly armed and trained in the beginning of the
Revolution, so a military academy was set up in Atush (Artush) to train cadets. All Turkic ethnic groups were called to take up arms and join the National Army. The military was headed by the Defense Minister Mahmut Muhiti (a Uyghur revolutionary from Turpan). Although the true size of the National Army is not known, it is estimated at 40,000 to 60,000 according to official Soviet sources.
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25:
1152:
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1688:
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1275:. On 25 February 1933 rebel forces entered Aksu Old City, shot all the Chinese residents and seized their property; it seemed probable that this was the work of Temur's men, as the Hui ( Tungan ) forces of Ma Zhancang are reported to have peacefully occupied Aksu New City, where they took possession of both the Arsenal and the Treasury, their contents were reportedly sent to Tungan Headquarters at
1931:, one of the Hami rebel leaders, to serve as the head of Hami County. Ma Zhongying was persuaded to study in the Soviet Union, where he disappeared. His subordinate forces in southern Xinjiang were eventually absorbed by Sheng Shicai. Muhammad Amin Bughra fled to Afghanistan where he sought Japanese support for the TIRET.
1568:, asking for aid and a supply of arms. However, the Soviet Union, which viewed the TIRET with distaste due to its anti-communism, put pressure on Afghanistan to not send aid. In Turkey the reports of developments in Xinjiang were initially greeted by the press with support; however, no material support was ever announced.
1910:
prospects for the future" if he would help Sheng Shicai and the
Soviets "to dissolve TIRET". Reportedly. Niyaz signed an agreement with the Soviets to dissolve the TIRET and place its authorities under the disposal of the provincial authorities. Niyaz became the "Civil Governor for Life" of Xinjiang province in exchange.
1923:
assume the position of the Vice
Chairman of the Xinjiang Government. His forces received 15,000 rifles and ammunitions from the Soviet Union, but each rifle, each bullet, and each bomb, that was dropped on Tungan troops from Soviet airplanes, had been bought in gold from the Soviet Union by Khoja Niyaz.
1102:, focused on more technical areas of study such as science, mathematics, history, and language studies. Jadidism emphasized the power of education as a tool for personal and national self-advancement, a development sure to disturb the traditional status quo in Xinjiang. The ruler of Xinjiang, Governor
1831:
or residence of the head of
Chinese administration of Southern Xinjiang, and asked to form a new Government. In his letter to Nanjing government Government, Khoja Niyaz explained his decision by emphasizing the fact, that he accepted the decision made by the Congress of People of Eastern Turkestan in
1871:
Nevertheless, the TIRET proved to be short-lived. The Hui forces retreating from the north linked up with Ma
Zhancang's forces in Kashgar allied themselves with the Kuomintang in Nanjing, and attacked the TIRET, forcing Niyaz, Sabit Damolla, and the rest of the government to flee on 6 February 1934,
1779:
You can develop the province and improve living conditions of the people of different nationalities, develop their culture. But if you let them ( muslim rebels ) to create an
Independent State in the South of the province, converting it into the Second Manchuria at the back door of the USSR, we will
1655:
During the war an estimated 300,000 to 500,000 Turki civilians were killed. Although it is not certain how many soldiers the IRET lost in the war, it is estimated that around 50,000 to 70,000 soldiers were killed. In some battles entire companies and brigades were wiped out. When IRET was dismantled
1876:
south of the city. The conquering Hui army killed many of those who remained, and a rapid procession of betrayals among the survivors, following their expulsion from
Kashgar, spelled the effective end of the TIRET. The Hui army crushed the Uyghur and Kirghiz armies of the East Turkestan Republic at
1631:
The National Army of the Islamic Republic East Turkestan Republic was formed on 12 November 1933, and originally consisted of two divisions (around 22,000 troops), the Kashgar infantry division (stationed in the capital, Kashgar), and the Khotan Infantry Division (stationed in Khotan). The National
1407:
outside of Kashgar with the participation of about 7,000 troops and 13,000 civilians, including teachers and students of schools, who delivered speeches along with appointed "Ministers" of the independent republic. On noon cannon fired 41 times and crowd proceeded to the Old City of Kashgar, waving
1233:
soldiers who had previously fled the Japanese invasion of northeast China. In April 1933, Jin was deposed by a combination of these forces and succeeded by Sheng, who enjoyed Soviet support. Newly bolstered, Sheng split the opposing forces around Ürümqi by offering several Uyghur commanders (led by
1194:
Rebellion broke out on the night of 4 April 1931, with a massacre of Chang and his 32 soldiers at the wedding ceremony; 100 Han Chinese families of refugees from Gansu also were killed, altogether with Chinese garrisons in outposts at villages Tu-lu-Hu and Lao-mao-hu near Kumul. It was not confined
1606:
was the state run media of the East Turkestan Republic. The Abdulbaqi lead government used the Swedish Mission Press to print and distribute the media. The Turkic Islamic Republic of East Turkestan's constitution mandated Islam as the official religion of the Republic, while guaranteeing religious
1434:
in the south. Actually, Khoja Niyaz didn't join Republic in November 1933 and kept a separate administration in Aksu, that was involved in negotiations with USSR. In fact, the government in Kashgar was strapped for resources, plagued by rapid inflation, and surrounded by hostile powers — including
1361:
Leader of Karakash gold miners Ismail Khan Khoja sent message to Governor Jin Shuren: "Foolish infidels like you are not fit to rule. ... You infidels think that because you have rifles, guns ... and money, you can depend on them, but we depend of God in whose hands are our lives." Local
1922:
The Kuomintang-allied Hui forces under Ma Zhongying were defeated, and Sheng consolidated his rule over northern Xinjiang with Soviet backing. The seat of Khoja Niyaz Southern Xinjiang Autonomous Government was initially located in Aksu, but later he was urged by Sheng Shicai to move to Ürümqi to
1913:
In the city of Yengi Hissar on 1 March 1934, TIRET cabinet and Sabit Damolla received notice that Niyaz and the Soviets reached an agreement; on 2 March, the cabinet held a special meeting, rejecting the agreement and condemning the President as a "national traitor ". Damolla said on the meeting
1538:
British Consul-General in Kashgar J.W. Thomson-Glover was initially enthusiastic in his response to Sabit and Amirs and reported to New Delhi that "should any lasting unity between the Amirs and Khoja Niyas Hajji emerge, then with nominal allegiance to Nanking it might be possible for a friendly
1934:
Interviews with Turkestani veterans in exile suggest that Sheng Shicai and the Soviets collaborated to crush the Republic. Russia had a two-sided policy in relation to the region of East Turkestan; often promising aid (in 1933 and 1944) but placing its own political and economic interests above
1614:
were potential targets of gangs of Kashgaris so the Consulate-General of Britain was a potential shelter. Killings of 2 Hindus at the hands of Uighurs took place in Shamba Bazaar. They broke their feet, hands, teeth, stabbed their eyes, cut their tongues and ears. Plundering of the valuables of
1171:
in eastern Xinjiang, died, leading Jin to abolish its autonomy and permit waves of Han migration from the neighboring Gansu. Jin then proceeded to impose direct taxes on the Turkic population, expropriated their farmland, and distributed it among Han newcomers from Gansu, sometimes compensating
1926:
By the end of 1934, Sheng Shicai, with Soviet backing, was firmly in control of Xinjiang. With Soviet mediation, Khoja Niyaz agreed to serve as the vice chairman of the Xinjiang Government led by Sheng. Sheng appointed Mahmut Muhiti as the deputy military commander of the Kashgar region, and
1909:
on the Soviet border, with Tungan troops on his heels, which chased him as far as the border. Niyaz took refuge in the Soviet Union, where he was blamed by the Soviets for accepting from Sabit Damolla the position of first leader of TIRET (President), but was promised a military aid and "great
1810:
by Nanjing Government of China, as was previously secretly promised to him. The Soviet brigades, with air support, scattered Ma Zhongying's troops surrounding Ürümqi and forced them to retreat southward. On 16 February 1934, the siege of Ürümqi was lifted, freeing Sheng, his Manchurian and the
1598:
and would have executed them all, but they ended up only being banished thanks to the British interceding in their favor. There were beheadings and executions of Christians who had converted from Islam to Christianity at the hands of the Amir's followers. The missionaries faced hostility from
1397:
The Tungans, more than Han, are the enemy of our people. Today our people are already free from the oppression of the Han, but still continue live under Tungan subjugation. We must still fear the Han, but cannot not fear the Tungans as well. The reason, we must be careful to guard against the
1716:
1109:
The birth of the Soviet Union influenced the Uyghurs, increasing the popularity of nationalist separatist movements and the spread of the communist message. A local Communist revolutionary organization was established in Xinjiang in 1921 (Revolutionary Uyghur Union, member of
1818:
Khoja Niyaz had by this time arrived at Kashgar with 1,500 troops on the same day of 13 January 1934, to assume the presidency of the TIRET, going against his previous deal with Sheng. With him arrived another prominent Uyghur leader Mahmut Muhiti from eastern Xinjiang
1245:, and to Nazir's eldest son and his designated heir Bashir (伯錫爾) with whom he studied together in religious school " Khanliq " in Kumul in their childhood) positions of power in Southern Xinjiang if they would agree to turn against the Hui armies in the north, led by
1402:
On 12 November 1933, an independent republic, the Turkic Islamic Republic of Eastern Turkestan (TIRET; or Republic of Uyghurstan, both names were used at the same time) was proclaimed. This event was organized on Sunday morning in a mass rally on the shore of
1392:
as its president — despite the fact that the respected commander was engaged in fighting in northern Xinjiang and had actually allied his forces with those of Sheng Shicai. Original proclamation was extremely anti-Tungan and anti-Han and contained such words:
1797:
after receiving of message of capturing the city by Russian "Altai Volunteer Army", actually Soviet troops entered the city. Upon approaching Ghulja he was surrounded on mountain road, his troops were partly annihilated, partly fled to Muzart Pass on
1539:
power to extend practical sympathy and help to the new and struggling Republic". However, the British Government in India replied to Thomson-Glover, reminding him that the British authorities recognized the Nanjing government as the sole authority in
1446:). In some sources, it is known as the "East Turkestan Islamic Republic", suggesting a greater role for Islam in its founding character. The extent of Islam's influence in the foundation of the TIRET is disputed; while the constitution endorses
1827:) who had agreed to become Minister of Defense in the TIRET Government, accepting the offer of Prime Minister Sabit Damolla. Sabit Damolla freed for Khoja Niyaz his own Palace in the old city of Kashgar, that was established in the former
1786:, who was staunchy anti-Soviet, and executed by demand of Apresov, replacing him by "neutral" General Bekteyev as Commander-in chief of three White Russian Regiments of Xinjiang Provincial Army, thus paving the way for a Soviet invasion.
2976:
Rakhimov, T. R. "Mesto Bostochno-Turkestanskoi Respubliki (VTR) v Natsional’no-Osvoboditel’noi Bor’be Narodov Kitaya" , A paper presented at 2-ya Nauchnaya Konferentsiya po Problemam Istorii Kitaya v Noveishchee Vremya, (Moscow, 1977),
1056:, the TIRET was effectively eliminated. Its example, however, served to some extent as inspiration for the founding of the Second East Turkestan Republic a decade later in north of the Xinjiang and continues to influence modern Uyghur
1450:
as the guiding law, the jadidist modernizing tradition places much greater emphases on reform and development, which is reflected in subsequent passages of the constitution that focus on health, education, and economic reforms. The
1892:
Following the Tungan capture of Kashgar, the remainders of the TIRET leadership including Prime Minister Sabit Damolla and Nur Ahmadjan retreated to Yengi Hissar to reorganize. Mahmut Muhiti retreated with remainder of Army to
1590:. The Bughras applied Shari'a while ejecting the Khotan-based Swedish missionaries. They demanded the withdrawal of the Swedish missionaries while enacting Shariah on 16 March 1933. In the name of Islam, the Uyghur leader Amir
1374:
2440:
2125:
1382:
1793:, conducted negotiations with Ma Zhongying and planned to join him on the attack on Ürümqi in January 1934. Initially Zhang seized the road between Tacheng and Ürümqi, but decided to return to
1452:
1438:
Although established as a multiethnic republic, as reflected in the choice of the "East Turkestan" name used in its founding constitution, the first coins of the new government were initially
1468:
Since the majority of people of Eastern Turkestan believe in Islam, so the Government particularly advocates this religion. At the same time it promotes religious freedom for other religions.
1125:(樊耀南) who had planned to assume the position for himself. Autocratic, corrupt, and ineffective at managing the province's development, Jin further antagonized the populace by reinstituting
1114:), the area also served as a refuge for many intellectuals fleeing the advent of Soviet Communism in Central Asia, which formed a division within the Xinjiang Turkic nationalist movement.
1172:
Uyghurs on poorer-quality land. Additionally, Han were made exempt from taxation for two years, with one year's amount of tax being levied retroactively for the local Muslim population.
911:
1465:
In order to fully develop the economy of Eastern Turkestan, promote industry, agriculture and animal husbandry as well as private businesses. Increase people's living standards.
1279:. Later Ma Zhancang at the head of approximately 300 well-armed Tungan troops and Temur at the head of an estimated 4,700 ill-armed Uyghur irregulars resumed their advance on
1503:, Yunus Beg and Maqsud Muhiti, a Jadidist. Shams al-Din Damulla was the Waqf affairs Minister while Agriculture Minister was Abuhasan, and Sabit Damolla was Prime Minister.
2144:
1381:, in July 1933. By the fall of that year, the office had shed many of its links to the Khotan government and reformed itself into the multi-ethnic, quasi-nationalist
2382:
1711:(1922–1930), Chief of Procurement Department of 36th KMT Division (1933–1934), Commissioner for Reconstruction Affairs of Xinjiang Provincial Government (1934–1937)
1179:
proved even more antagonizing, and by 1931, scattered revolts, mobs, and resistance movements were emerging throughout the area. According to British missionaries
2448:
2160:
1611:
1773:
rebels. Trade ties between Xinjiang and the Soviet Union also gave the Soviets reason for supporting Sheng. Newly appointed Soviet Consul-General in Ürümqi
1543:
and that all moves to counter the Soviet Union in the province should be based on a policy to support the Chinese authorities. The TIRET envoys who reached
1610:
The safety of the usurers and merchants of Hindu background from India were guaranteed by the British Consul-General. Russian refugees, missionaries, and
3044:
1515:
After declaring independence, TIRET tried to receive international recognition, dispatching of numerous envoys by Prime Minister Sabit Damolla to the
1507:, Shemsiddin Damolla, Abdukerimhan Mehsum, Sabit Damolla, and Abdulqadir Damolla were all Jadists who took part in the First East Turkestan Republic.
3059:
1782:. First request from Sheng Shicai of military support from USSR came in October 1933. In December 1933 Sheng Shicai arrested White Russian Colonel
1423:
2113:
2633:
42:
1769:, another was the prospect that rebellion in Xinjiang might spread to the Soviet Republics in Central Asia and offer a haven to Turkic Muslim
3024:
1564:, who viewed the rebellion with sympathy and had sent congratulations on the establishment of the TIRET in November 1933, and Prime Minister
969:
1535:, though these efforts ultimately failed, with the countries refusing to recognize the envoys as representatives of an independent country.
89:
3029:
2943:
Khakimbaev A. A., "Nekotorye Osobennosti Natsional’no-Osvoboditel’nogo Dvizheniya Narodov Sin’tszyana v 30-kh i 40-kh godakh XX veka" , in
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61:
1832:
accordance with its free will and choice and that Constitution of Chinese Republic of 1912 reserves the "right of five races of China to
1602:
There were several hundred Uyghur Muslims converted to Christianity by the Swedes. The Swedish Mission Society ran a printing operation.
1474:
Establish friendly relations with all democratic countries in the World and neighboring countries, especially with the United Kingdom,
922:
1846:
All the oppressed people, now living in Eastern Turkestan, will have freedom to pursue education, commerce and to build a new nation;
205:
68:
3054:
1210:
The Soviet government further complicated the situation by dispatching troops to come to the aid of Jin and his military commander
1935:
everything else. The Soviet Union did not offer any military equipment despite being paid for it by a delegation of the Republic.
1840:
All of Xinjiang is part of the Eastern Turkestan Republic, while all, that do not belong, should go back to where they came from;
1090:, traveled abroad to Turkey, Europe, and Russia, and returned home determined to modernize and develop the educational system in
767:
1369:
The Khotan Emirate dispatched one of the three brothers, Shahmansur, known also as Emir Abdullah, and a former publisher named
75:
3049:
2990:
2960:
2934:
2908:
2711:
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2423:
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1325:, educated in the jadidist tradition, in February 1933 had led a rebellion of gold miners who worked in Surghak mines near
1117:
The situation in Xinjiang deteriorated with the assassination of Yang Zengxin in 1928 and the rise to power of his deputy,
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Under the Soviet shadow: the Yining Incident : ethnic conflicts and international rivalry in Xinjiang, 1944–1949
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In order to protect peace in Eastern Turkestan, recruit people of all nationalities to establish a strong Army.
1207:
commanders all joined in revolt against Jin's rule, though they would occasionally break to fight one another.
1010:
903:
710:
539:
46:
1849:
The President of the Republic, Khoja Niyaz, will build a Government dedicated to the happiness of the people;
1656:
in 1934 the army was dismantled also (except for 6th Uyghur Division personally commanded by Mahmut Muhiti).
861:
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2728:
1727:
In the north, aid came to Sheng Shicai's forces on 24 January 1934, in the form of two Soviet brigades, the
647:
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627:
82:
2101:
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The Bank, Post Service, Telephone and Telegraph, Forestry and all underground wealth belong to the nation.
1864:
but with a blue background instead of red. The old flag, a white field with a blue crescent and star and
1754:
1241:, an advisor to the newly elected Kumul Khan Nazir (聶滋爾), the second son of recently deceased Kumul Khan
866:
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The stirrings of Uyghur separatism during the early 20th century were greatly influenced by the Turkish
806:
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and more speeches were delivered from Mosque's front, where Sabit Damulla appeared as a main speaker.
1121:, who declared himself governor after arresting and executing Yang's assassin, a rival official named
3034:
1229:, which Hui forces laid under siege until Sheng Shicai's troops were reinforced by White Russian and
932:
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1462:
Establish a free and independent Eastern Turkestan Republic, based on equality of all nationalities.
2383:"The Islamic Republic of Eastern Turkestan and the Formation of Modern Uyghur Identity in Xinjiang"
1878:
1852:
The Republic with its various departments will strive to catch up with other modernizing societies.
850:
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735:
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Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949
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James A. Millward and Nabijan Tursun, "Political History and Strategies of Control, 1884–1978" in
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On 12 November 1933, Sabit Damolla declared the establishment of the East Turkestan Republic with
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Eliminate individualism, bureaucracy idea, nationalism and corruption among Government officials.
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Russian Cossack troops, which had been trapped in the city by Ma forces since 13 January 1934.
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Establishment of the Turkic Islamic Republic of East Turkestan on 12 November 1933, in Kashgar
1106:, responded by closing down or interfering with the operations of several of the new schools.
1028:. Lasting from 12 November 1933 to 16 April 1934, it was primarily the product of a
2701:
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Xinjiang and the Expansion of Chinese Communist Power: Kashgar in the Early Twentieth Century
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Wang, D., "The USSR and the Establishment of the Eastern Turkestan Republic in Xinjiang",
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Community Matters in Xinjiang, 1880–1949: Towards a Historical Anthropology of the Uyghur
2441:"The influence of intellectuals of the first half of the 20th century on Uyghur politics"
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1187:, who were resident in the Kumul area during and shortly after Jin's annexation of the
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Struggle by the Pen: The Uyghur Discourse of Nation and National Interest, c.1900–1949
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Materialy Mezhdunarodnoi Konferentsii po Problemam Istorii Kitaya v Noveishchee Vremya
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of the Khotan Emirate (1933–1934),Vice Chairman of KMT Xinjiang Government (1948-1949)
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put political platform of the self-proclaimed Republic based on nine main principles:
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provincial authorities and troops were annihilated by the miners throughout Khotan
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2807:"Soviet-Chinese collaboration in Eastern Turkestan: the case of the 1933 uprising"
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Soviet Political, Economic and Military Involvement in Sinkiang from 1928 to 1949
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blue banners of Independence, where rally continued on the square in front of
1385:, which drew heavily on ideas of Islamic reformism, nationalism and jadidism.
1094:. The first major school founded on the European model was located outside of
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2733:(illustrated ed.). Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press. p. 53.
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Zhang Peiyuan, a Han Chinese General, who commanded Han Chinese troops in
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1306:
1253:
1242:
1235:
1226:
1219:
1160:
1134:
1087:
1057:
1029:
816:
797:
275:
238:
2895:
Clubb, O. E., China and Russia: The "Great Game". (NY, Columbia, 1971).
2878:
1330:
1204:
1118:
1045:
1041:
1025:
705:
662:
1298:
had earlier broken out in Xinjiang in 1932, led by the Kirghiz leader
1256:, meanwhile, had struck an alliance with Uyghur forces located around
1906:
1799:
1790:
1758:
1692:
1549:
1544:
1471:
Develop education, culture and health standards in Eastern Turkestan.
1427:
1288:
1284:
1265:
1261:
1230:
1176:
1111:
1099:
845:
1264:, occupied Kucha without hostilities and proceeded to march towards
1086:
movement, which spread as wealthier Uyghurs, inspired by notions of
24:
1843:
The Government and economics will be conducted by the local people;
1746:
1540:
1520:
1299:
1276:
1151:
1091:
1083:
916:
830:
720:
455:
251:
1553:
commenting that Delhi recognized Xinjiang as a province of China.
1459:
End the Chinese dictatorial rule in the Land of Eastern Turkestan.
1865:
1836:". He listed five principles of the self-ruling of the Republic:
1739:
1687:
1363:
1342:
1196:
1095:
1053:
1037:
995:
672:
374:
218:
1715:
1675:
2947:, Aprel’ 1977, Problemy Kitaya (Moscow, 1978) pp. 113–118.
2254:
2250:
1820:
1794:
1699:
1648:
Turpan revolutionary brigade (later became the Turpan Division)
1560:, representatives met the newly proclaimed King of Afghanistan
1447:
1431:
1415:
1310:
725:
667:
2971:
Pivot of Asia: Sinkiang and the Inner Asian Frontiers of China
1664:
1902:
1898:
1828:
1557:
1426:, the TIRET claimed authority over territory stretching from
1257:
1238:
1129:
policies, increasing taxes, prohibiting participation in the
447:
2927:
Setting the East Ablaze: On Secret Service in Bolshevik Asia
3003:, Academia Sinica, Taipei, vol. 25 (1996) pp. 337–378.
2135:
1824:
1338:
1130:
1252:
Another Hui faction in Southern Xinjiang under command of
2577:
2349:
2776:
2774:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2481:
2479:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
1856:
Khoja Niyaz introduced a new flag for the republic, the
1683:(1910–1937?), Commander of 36th KMT Division (1933–1934)
1040:, intellectuals. With the sacking of Kashgar in 1934 by
1032:
independence movement in the region, which consisted of
2515:
2513:
2511:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2218:
2216:
1950:
Ministers Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic
1695:(1910–1954), Commander of 36th KMT Division (1934–1937)
2886:
Sven Hedin, "The flight of Big Horse". New York, 1936.
2613:
2601:
2291:
2289:
2287:
1645:
Kumul revolutionary regiment (later became a division)
2837:
2786:
2771:
2754:
2681:
2589:
2553:
2476:
2455:
2119:
Uyghur reinforcements from Khotan marching to Kashgar
1291:, and attacked the Uyghur forces, killing Timur Beg.
602:
588:
2875:
Michael Zrazhevsky, "Russian Cossacks in Sinkiang".
2642:
2565:
2525:
2508:
2491:
2337:
2213:
521:
507:
2325:
2313:
2301:
2284:
2272:
2260:
2228:
1802:Mountains and through it to Southern Xinjiang near
1765:'s Hui forces were one cause for concern troubling
1671:
served as the president of the short-lived republic
1305:While this was transpiring, in the nearby southern
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2699:
2693:
2631:
2411:
1780:not be just a side watchers, we will start to act
1159:The situation came to a head in March 1930, when
3016:
2892:(包尔汗), 《新疆五十年》 , (Beijing, Wenshi ziliao, 1984).
1723:was briefly the Minister of Defense of the TIRET
2546:Missionary Review of the World ; 1878–1939
2447:(11). Central Asia Program: 2–3. Archived from
1777:openly said to Sheng Shicai in May 1933 :
1375:Kashgar Affairs Office of the Khotan Government
1337:mountain rivers, and established themselves as
1020:following the abolition of the semi-autonomous
2660:
1586:Hostility to Christianity was espoused by the
1510:
1345:and independence from China on 16 March 1933.
2726:
1430:along the northern rim of the Tarim Basin to
1218:refugees from the Soviet Union living in the
1098:and, unlike the traditional curricula of the
963:
912:Xinjiang Province, People's Republic of China
558:
544:
2811:Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs Journal
2418:. Columbia University Press. pp. 203–.
1889:. Ma Zhongying effectively destroyed TIRET.
1225:The main fighting initially centered around
130:
16:1933–1934 unrecognized state in Central Asia
1499:The Republic included the participation of
1060:support for the creation of an independent
605:Tung Tʻu-chüeh-si-tʻan I-si-lan Kung-he-kuo
3045:States and territories established in 1933
2654:
2638:. Blackie & son, limited. p. 169.
2625:
2415:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang
1547:in February 1934 were also rebuffed, with
970:
956:
190:
1442:under the name "Republic of Uyghurstan" (
984:Turkic Islamic Republic of East Turkestan
466:Turkic Islamic Republic of East Turkestan
127:Turkic Islamic Republic of East Turkestan
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2973:(Boston, Little, Brown & Co., 1950).
2249:" A record of the memories of Yulbars "
1714:
1698:
1686:
1674:
1663:
1622:
1571:
1490:
1414:
1352:
1341:of the city, having declared the Khotan
1313:, three brothers of rich Bughra family,
1150:
509:Sherqiy Türkistan Turk-Islam Jumhuriyiti
486:شەرقىي تۈركىستان تۈرك ئىسلام جۇمھۇرىيىتى
133:شەرقىي تۈركىستان تۈرك ئىسلام جۇمھۇرىيىتى
3060:Former countries of the interwar period
2983:Wild West China: The Taming of Xinjiang
2924:
2619:
2607:
2595:
2166:Khotan Amir Abdullah Bughra (1933–1934)
1383:East Turkestan Independence Association
1373:to Kashgar, where they established the
1195:to the ethnic Uyghur population alone;
523:Шәрқий Түркистан Түрк-Ислам Җумхурийити
3017:
3006:Whiting, A. S., and Sheng Shih-ts’ai,
3001:Journal of Institute of Modern History
2950:
2898:
2843:
2792:
2780:
2765:
2687:
2648:
2583:
2571:
2559:
2531:
2519:
2485:
2470:
2438:
2355:
2343:
2331:
2319:
2307:
2295:
2278:
2266:
2234:
2222:
2980:
2804:
2635:Karavan: Travels in Eastern Turkestan
2549:. Princeton Press. 1939. p. 130.
2502:
1453:Turkestan Declaration of Independence
3025:East Turkestan independence movement
2107:Ismail Beg before the Battle of Aksu
1137:officials to replace local leaders.
1074:East Turkestan independence movement
888:Xinjiang Province, Republic of China
423:Xinjiang Province, Republic of China
410:Xinjiang Province, Republic of China
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
3030:Former countries in Chinese history
2862:Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland
2374:
2084:Secretary of the National Assembly
2076:President of the National Assembly
2042:Minister of Religious Institutions
1651:Altay revolutionary cavalry brigade
1594:violently physically assaulted the
1435:the Hui forces under Ma Zhancang.
1044:warlords nominally allied with the
196:Territorial extent of the first ETR
13:
1612:Indian Hindu merchants and usurers
1596:Yarkand-based Swedish missionaries
14:
3071:
2439:Tursun, Nabijan (December 2014).
1901:, while Khoja Niyaz fled through
1588:Committee for National Revolution
1578:Committee for National Revolution
923:Production and Construction Corps
590:Dōng Tūjuésītǎn Yīsīlán Gònghéguó
456:Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
2661:Michael Dillon (1 August 2014).
2186:
2171:
2159:
2143:
2124:
2112:
2100:
1618:
1348:
917:Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
758:Medieval and early modern period
646:
427:
402:
173:
159:
23:
3055:1934 disestablishments in China
3010:(Michigan, East Lansing, 1958).
2798:
2720:
2537:
2432:
2405:
2380:
2361:
2050:Minister of Trade and Commerce
1005:. It is often described as the
937:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
58:"First East Turkestan Republic"
34:needs additional citations for
2240:
1808:The absolute ruler of Xinjiang
1659:
1422:Established distinct from the
1283:and Kashgar. On 13 April 1933
1268:, capturing the small town of
1175:The new garrison stationed in
1011:Second East Turkestan Republic
603:
589:
559:
545:
522:
508:
1:
2899:Forbes, Andrew D. W. (1986).
2201:
1938:
1757:. The Japanese annexation of
1067:
1009:to differentiate it from the
1007:First East Turkestan Republic
998:, located in the far west of
3050:1933 establishments in China
2985:. Rutgers University Press.
2206:
1984:Minister of Foreign Affairs
1917:
1868:, became an alternate flag.
1140:
7:
2929:. Oxford University Press.
2805:Pahta, Ghulamuddin (1990).
2700:Ildikó Bellér-Hann (2008).
2667:. Routledge. pp. 85–.
2369:Xinjiang Fengbao Qishinian
2068:Minister of Communications
1755:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
1745:Volunteer Army" and led by
1707:(1889–1971), Chancellor of
1511:Efforts to gain recognition
904:2nd East Turkestan Republic
899:1st East Turkestan Republic
10:
3076:
2853:
2632:Nils Peter Ambolt (1939).
2412:James A. Millward (2007).
2093:
2029:Abd al-Karim Khan Makhdum
1943:
1627:Army officers of the TIRET
1575:
1155:Uyghur rebels in the 1930s
1144:
1071:
2981:Tyler, Christian (2004).
2823:10.1080/02666959008716168
2083:
2075:
2067:
2057:
2049:
2041:
2033:
2025:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1973:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1636:Kashgar infantry division
933:Xinjiang internment camps
616:
596:
582:
575:
570:
566:
552:
538:
533:
515:
501:
496:
492:
485:
479:
474:
470:
465:
443:
381:
356:Chinese customs gold unit
351:
347:
337:
327:
323:
313:
309:
297:
293:
285:
281:
269:
265:
257:
244:
234:
224:
211:
201:
189:
155:
150:
132:
131:
125:
3040:20th century in Xinjiang
3008:Sinkiang: Pawn or Pivot?
2445:Uyghur Initiative Papers
1761:and rumored support for
1639:Khotan infantry division
1607:freedom for all people.
1260:under the leadership of
994:centered on the city of
741:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
736:Western Turkic Khaganate
540:Traditional Chinese
2951:Klimeš, Ondřej (2015).
2925:Hopkirk, Peter (2001).
2706:. BRILL. pp. 59–.
2387:Kansas State University
746:Second Turkic Khaganate
554:Simplified Chinese
225:Official languages
2883:, Russia, Moscow, 2001
2727:David D. Wang (1999).
2026:Minister of Education
1887:battle of Yangi Hissar
1860:, which resembled the
1724:
1712:
1696:
1684:
1672:
1628:
1604:Life of East Turkestan
1599:Muhammad Amin Bughra.
1496:
1444:Uyghurstan Jumhuriyiti
1419:
1400:
1358:
1156:
1050:nationalist government
731:First Turkic Khaganate
339:• Disestablished
2000:Minister of Interior
1718:
1702:
1690:
1678:
1667:
1626:
1572:Christians and Hindus
1494:
1418:
1395:
1356:
1154:
1024:by Xinjiang Governor
2955:. Brill Publishers.
2921:(NY, Garland, 1987).
2917:Hasiotis, A. C. Jr.
2132:Muhammad Amin Bughra
2034:Minister of Finance
2016:Minister of Defense
1992:Minister of Justice
1642:Aksu cavalry brigade
1566:Mohammad Hashim Khan
1505:Muhammad Amin Bughra
1379:Muhammad Amin Bughra
1315:Muhammad Amin Bughra
1016:It emerged from the
43:improve this article
2451:on 12 October 2016.
2152:Nur Ahmadjan Bughra
2062:Nur Ahmadjan Bughra
2045:Shams al-Din Turdi
2008:Minister of Health
1987:Muhammad Qasim Jan
1952:
1582:Young Kashgar Party
1562:Mohammad Zahir Shah
1556:In January 1934 in
1478:, Turkey and China.
1323:Nur Ahmadjan Bughra
1078:History of Xinjiang
831:Ming ruled Kara Del
788:Kara-Khanid Khanate
329:• Established
2586:, p. 124-125.
2358:, p. 122-123.
2071:Abdullah Damullah
1948:
1834:self-determination
1725:
1713:
1697:
1685:
1673:
1629:
1497:
1420:
1359:
1157:
990:) was a breakaway
764:Tang Protectorates
373:) coins minted in
206:Unrecognized state
2992:978-0-8135-3533-3
2962:978-90-04-28809-6
2936:978-0-19-280212-5
2910:978-0-521-25514-1
2713:978-90-04-16675-2
2674:978-1-317-64721-8
2425:978-0-231-13924-3
2091:
2090:
1883:battle of Yarkand
1879:battle of Kashgar
1531:, Turkey and the
1296:Kirghiz rebellion
1003:Xinjiang Province
980:
979:
928:Xinjiang conflict
696:Kingdom of Khotan
620:
619:
612:
611:
577:Standard Mandarin
529:
528:
461:
460:
439:
438:
435:
434:
415:
414:
299:• 1933–1934
271:• 1933–1934
119:
118:
111:
93:
3067:
3035:Former republics
2996:
2966:
2940:
2914:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2769:
2763:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2506:
2500:
2489:
2483:
2474:
2468:
2453:
2452:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2389:. Archived from
2378:
2372:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2196:, Prime Minister
2190:
2181:as the president
2175:
2163:
2147:
2128:
2116:
2104:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1735:, disguised as "
1733:Tarbaghataiskaya
1185:Francesca French
1133:and bringing in
992:Islamic republic
972:
965:
958:
857:Dzungar genocide
811:Chagatai Khanate
793:Kingdom of Qocho
783:Uyghur Khaganate
684:Han Protectorate
650:
640:
622:
621:
608:
607:
606:
592:
591:
568:
567:
562:
561:
548:
547:
525:
524:
511:
510:
494:
493:
487:
463:
462:
431:
430:
419:
418:
406:
405:
399:
398:
383:
382:
333:12 November 1933
214:and largest city
194:
177:
163:
145:
137:
136:
134:
123:
122:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3015:
3014:
3013:
2993:
2977:pp. 68–70.
2969:Lattimore, O.,
2963:
2937:
2911:
2903:. CUP Archive.
2856:
2851:
2850:
2842:
2838:
2803:
2799:
2791:
2787:
2779:
2772:
2764:
2755:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2698:
2694:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2659:
2655:
2647:
2643:
2630:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2582:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2558:
2554:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2530:
2526:
2518:
2509:
2501:
2492:
2484:
2477:
2469:
2456:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2394:
2379:
2375:
2366:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2330:
2326:
2318:
2314:
2306:
2302:
2294:
2285:
2277:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2257:, 1969, page 78
2245:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2221:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2197:
2191:
2182:
2176:
2167:
2164:
2155:
2148:
2139:
2129:
2120:
2117:
2108:
2105:
2096:
2058:Emir of Khotan
2037:Ali Akhund Bay
1974:Prime Minister
1949:
1946:
1941:
1920:
1784:Pavel Pappengut
1775:Garegin Apresov
1662:
1621:
1592:Abdullah Bughra
1584:
1574:
1513:
1351:
1319:Abdullah Bughra
1222:valley region.
1149:
1147:Kumul Rebellion
1143:
1080:
1070:
1018:Kumul Rebellion
976:
947:
946:
894:Xinjiang clique
883:
875:
874:
867:Qing reconquest
836:Dzungar Khanate
759:
751:
750:
688:Chief Officials
678:Western Regions
658:
638:
631:
604:
450:
428:
403:
358:
340:
330:
318:Interwar period
300:
272:
215:
197:
185:
184:
183:
178:
170:
169:
164:
146:
139:
128:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3073:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3012:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2991:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2961:
2948:
2941:
2935:
2922:
2915:
2909:
2896:
2893:
2890:Burhan Shahidi
2887:
2884:
2877:Almanach "The
2873:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:, p. 256.
2836:
2817:(2): 250–251.
2797:
2795:, p. 124.
2785:
2783:, p. 123.
2770:
2768:, p. 122.
2753:
2739:
2719:
2712:
2692:
2690:, p. 140.
2680:
2673:
2653:
2641:
2624:
2622:, p. 222.
2612:
2610:, p. 191.
2600:
2588:
2576:
2564:
2562:, p. 247.
2552:
2536:
2524:
2507:
2505:, p. 115.
2490:
2488:, p. 116.
2475:
2473:, p. 115.
2454:
2431:
2424:
2404:
2393:on 22 May 2011
2373:
2360:
2348:
2336:
2324:
2312:
2300:
2283:
2271:
2259:
2239:
2227:
2225:, p. 121.
2211:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2192:
2185:
2183:
2177:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2158:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2140:
2130:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2011:Abdullah Khan
2009:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1919:
1916:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1620:
1617:
1573:
1570:
1512:
1509:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1424:Khotan Emirate
1350:
1347:
1329:city, also in
1145:Main article:
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2194:Sabit Damolla
2189:
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2169:
2162:
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2137:
2134:(1901–1965),
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2024:
2021:
2020:Mahmut Muhiti
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
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1978:Sabit Damolla
1976:
1972:
1969:
1966:
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1767:Joseph Stalin
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1751:Pavel Rybalko
1748:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1737:White Russian
1734:
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1721:Mahmut Muhiti
1717:
1710:
1709:Kumul Khanate
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1501:Mahmut Muhiti
1495:TIRET leaders
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1476:Soviet Russia
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1371:Sabit Damolla
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1189:Kumul Khanate
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343:16 April 1934
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99:February 2020
91:
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60: –
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54:Find sources:
48:
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32:This article
30:
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3000:
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2800:
2788:
2744:. Retrieved
2729:
2722:
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2695:
2683:
2663:
2656:
2644:
2634:
2627:
2620:Hopkirk 2001
2615:
2608:Hopkirk 2001
2603:
2596:Hopkirk 2001
2591:
2579:
2567:
2555:
2545:
2539:
2527:
2449:the original
2444:
2434:
2414:
2407:
2395:. Retrieved
2391:the original
2381:Lee, Joy R.
2376:
2368:
2363:
2351:
2339:
2327:
2315:
2303:
2274:
2262:
2247:Yulbars Khan
2242:
2230:
2150:Khotan Emir
1995:Sharif Qari
1933:
1929:Yulbars Khan
1925:
1921:
1912:
1891:
1874:Yengi Hissar
1870:
1862:Turkish flag
1855:
1817:
1807:
1788:
1778:
1763:Ma Zhongying
1726:
1705:Yulbars Khan
1681:Ma Zhongying
1654:
1630:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1585:
1555:
1548:
1537:
1517:Soviet Union
1514:
1498:
1443:
1437:
1421:
1401:
1396:
1387:
1368:
1360:
1304:
1293:
1272:
1251:
1247:Ma Zhongying
1224:
1212:Sheng Shicai
1209:
1193:
1174:
1158:
1127:Sinicization
1116:
1108:
1104:Yang Zengxin
1081:
1015:
1006:
987:
983:
981:
898:
701:Former Liang
584:Hanyu Pinyin
534:Chinese name
517:Siril Yëziqi
503:Latin Yëziqi
452:
392:Succeeded by
391:
386:
370:
369:) and gold (
366:
360:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2844:Forbes 1986
2793:Forbes 1986
2781:Forbes 1986
2766:Forbes 1986
2688:Forbes 1986
2649:Forbes 1986
2584:Klimeš 2015
2572:Klimeš 2015
2560:Forbes 1986
2532:Forbes 1986
2520:Forbes 1986
2486:Forbes 1986
2471:Forbes 1986
2356:Klimeš 2015
2344:Forbes 1986
2332:Forbes 1986
2320:Forbes 1986
2308:Forbes 1986
2296:Forbes 1986
2279:Forbes 1986
2267:Forbes 1986
2235:Forbes 1986
2223:Klimeš 2015
2179:Khoja Niyaz
2154:(1933–1934)
1968:Khoja Niyaz
1813:White Guard
1669:Khoja Niyaz
1660:Dissolution
1533:British Raj
1525:Afghanistan
1523:, Moscow),
1405:Tuman River
1390:Khoja Niyaz
1307:Tarim Basin
1281:Maral Bashi
1254:Ma Zhancang
1243:Maqsud Shah
1236:Khoja Niyaz
1161:Maqsud Shah
1135:Han Chinese
1088:Pan-Turkism
1058:nationalist
817:Moghulistan
798:Qara Khitai
711:Later Liang
637:History of
560:东突厥斯坦伊斯兰共和国
546:東突厥斯坦伊斯蘭共和國
475:Uyghur name
387:Preceded by
365:), silver (
276:Khoja Niyaz
239:Sunni Islam
3019:Categories
2879:Third Rome
2503:Tyler 2004
2202:References
2087:Sufi Zada
2079:Tahir Beg
2053:Sadiq Beg
2003:Yunus Beg
1964:President
1956:Portfolio
1939:Government
1927:permitted
1858:Kök Bayraq
1729:Altaiskaya
1576:See also:
1231:Manchurian
1203:, Han and
1123:Fan Yaonan
1119:Jin Shuren
1072:See also:
1068:Background
1046:Kuomintang
1030:pan-Turkic
1026:Jin Shuren
706:Former Qin
663:Tocharians
598:Wade–Giles
245:Government
69:newspapers
2831:0266-6952
2371:, 3393–4.
2207:Citations
1959:Minister
1918:Aftermath
1907:Erkeshtam
1800:Tian Shan
1759:Manchuria
1693:Ma Hushan
1550:The Times
1545:New Delhi
1377:, led by
1331:Yurunkash
1289:Ma Shaowu
1285:Ma Shaowu
1277:Kara Shar
1262:Timur Beg
1220:Ili river
1214:, as did
1141:Rebellion
1112:Comintern
1100:madrassah
1036:, mostly
851:Qing rule
846:Yettishar
258:President
235:Religion
151:1933–1934
1771:Basmachi
1749:General
1747:Red Army
1719:General
1703:General
1691:General
1679:General
1541:Xinjiang
1521:Tashkent
1335:Karakash
1309:city of
1300:Id Mirab
1273:en route
1270:Baicheng
1092:Xinjiang
1084:jadidist
721:Gaochang
639:Xinjiang
628:a series
626:Part of
377:in 1933.
359:Copper (
352:Currency
252:republic
2854:Sources
2746:28 June
2397:28 June
2367:Zhang,
2094:Gallery
1944:Cabinet
1895:Yarkand
1866:Shahada
1753:in the
1740:Cossack
1364:vilayet
1343:Emirate
1197:Kazakhs
1096:Kashgar
1054:Nanjing
1000:China's
996:Kashgar
825:Yarkent
772:Beiting
673:Xiongnu
488:
375:Kashgar
249:Islamic
219:Kashgar
212:Capital
135:
83:scholar
2989:
2959:
2933:
2907:
2868:
2829:
2737:
2710:
2671:
2422:
2255:Taiwan
2251:Taipei
1903:Artush
1885:, and
1821:Turpan
1795:Ghulja
1448:sharia
1440:minted
1432:Khotan
1327:Keriya
1311:Khotan
1227:Ürümqi
1201:Kyrgyz
1163:, the
1038:Uyghur
1034:Turkic
821:Turpan
726:Rouran
668:Yuezhi
630:on the
481:Uyghur
451:
289:
261:
229:Uyghur
202:Status
181:Emblem
142:Uyghur
138:
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1899:Hotan
1829:Yamen
1825:Kumul
1743:Altai
1558:Kabul
1339:emirs
1258:Kucha
1239:Hajji
1048:-led
988:TIRET
448:China
371:tilla
367:tanga
90:JSTOR
76:books
2987:ISBN
2957:ISBN
2931:ISBN
2905:ISBN
2866:ISBN
2827:ISSN
2748:2010
2735:ISBN
2708:ISBN
2669:ISBN
2420:ISBN
2399:2010
2136:Emir
1897:and
1877:the
1804:Aksu
1731:and
1580:and
1529:Iran
1428:Aksu
1333:and
1321:and
1266:Aksu
1183:and
1177:Hami
1165:Khan
1131:hajj
1076:and
982:The
807:Yuan
768:West
167:Flag
62:news
2819:doi
1905:to
1872:to
1791:Ili
1205:Hui
1167:of
1052:in
1042:Hui
362:pūl
45:by
3021::
2872:).
2825:.
2815:11
2813:.
2809:.
2773:^
2756:^
2510:^
2493:^
2478:^
2457:^
2443:.
2385:.
2286:^
2253:,
2215:^
1881:,
1823:,
1527:,
1317:,
1294:A
1249:.
1199:,
1064:.
935:/
823:;
809:;
770:;
686:;
2995:.
2965:.
2939:.
2913:.
2881:"
2864:(
2833:.
2821::
2750:.
2716:.
2677:.
2428:.
2401:.
1819:(
1519:(
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921:(
906:)
892:(
869:)
855:(
827:)
819:(
813:)
805:(
774:)
766:(
690:)
682:(
453:∟
144:)
140:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
