1929:
1948:
1913:
1899:
1887:
243:
343:
1875:
3562:
49:
1862:
was famous for its kale, which was an important foodstuff. A story is told in which a neighbouring village offered to pay a generous price for some kale seeds, an offer too good to turn down. The locals agreed, but a gentle roasting on a shovel over a coal fire ensured the seeds never germinated.
389:
Many varieties of kale and cabbage are grown mainly for ornamental leaves that are brilliant white, red, pink, lavender, blue, or violet in the interior of the rosette. The different types of ornamental kale are peacock kale, coral prince, kamone coral queen, color up kale, and chidori kale.
2499:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
931:
311:
One may differentiate between kale varieties according to the low, intermediate, or high length of the stem, along with the variety of leaf types. The leaf colours range from light green to green, dark green, violet-green, and violet-brown.
2307:
2437:
2840:
2705:
Armesto, Jorge; Gómez-Limia, Lucía; Carballo, Javier; Martínez, Sidonia (23 July 2018). "Effects of different cooking methods on the antioxidant capacity and flavonoid, organic acid and mineral contents of Galega kale
2498:
2792:
Zietz, Michaela; Weckmüller, Annika; Schmidt, Susanne; Rohn, Sascha; Schreiner, Monika; Krumbein, A; Kroh, Lothar W (2010). "Genotypic and
Climatic Influence on the Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoids in Kale
1465:
1947:
3245:
284:
The earliest record of cabbages in western Europe is of hard-heading cabbage in the 13th century. Records in 14th-century
England distinguish between hard-heading cabbage and loose-leaf kale.
1928:
2429:
1724:" ("kale trip"), where a group of people will go on a hike through the woods during the day before gathering at an inn or private residence where kale is served, usually with bacon and
2832:
1823:
For most of the 20th century, kale was primarily used in the U.S. for decorative purposes; it became more popular as an edible vegetable in the 1990s due to its nutritional value.
3043:
2662:
Nugrahedi, P. Y.; Verkerk, R; Widianarko, B; Dekker, M (2015). "A mechanistic perspective on process-induced changes in glucosinolate content in
Brassica vegetables: A review".
2474:
299:, although Fairchild himself disliked cabbages, including kale. At the time, kale was widely grown in Croatia mostly because it was easy to grow and inexpensive, and could
2341:
1478:
944:
2761:
Korus, Anna; Lisiewska, Zofia (2011). "Effect of preliminary processing and method of preservation on the content of selected antioxidative compounds in kale (
269:, where it was cultivated for food beginning by 2000 BCE at the latest. Curly-leaved varieties of cabbage already existed along with flat-leaved varieties in
2916:
381:
is a cultivar often used in
Chinese cuisine. In Portugal, the bumpy-leaved kale is mostly called "couve galega" (Galician kale or Portuguese Cabbage).
3201:
2547:
Walsh RP, Bartlett H, Eperjesi F (2015). "Variation in
Carotenoid Content of Kale and Other Vegetables: A Review of Pre- and Post-harvest Effects".
3699:
2278:
2126:
234:
and thrives in wintertime, and can survive in temperatures as low as −15 °C (5 °F). Kale can become sweeter after a heavy frost.
3276:
2105:
3625:
3440:
2582:
Kushad MM, Brown AF, Kurilich AC, Juvik JA, Klein BP, Wallig MA, Jeffery EH (1999). "Variation of glucosinolates in vegetable crops of
2406:
1815:
or ela gova. It is cultivated for edible use. A dish called 'kale mallung' is served almost everywhere on the island, along with rice.
3039:
2506:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
3647:
2466:
3660:
322:
Bumpy-leaf (black cabbage, better known by its
Italian translation 'cavolo nero', and also known as Tuscan Cabbage, Tuscan Kale,
1912:
1587:. Boiling raw kale diminishes most of these nutrients, while values for vitamins A, C, and K and manganese remain substantial.
2337:
3116:
3082:
3016:
2983:
2873:
2511:
2400:
2183:
2099:
361:
after the period in winter in traditional agriculture when little else could be harvested. An extra-tall variety is known as
3122:
2525:
2210:
2015:
2947:
3386:
2324:
2037:
3704:
3686:
3269:
1800:
3717:
3433:
3145:
2924:
2241:
3239:
1474:
940:
2462:
1898:
3197:
1799:
campaign. The vegetable was easy to grow and provided important nutrients missing from a diet because of
287:
Russian traders introduced
Russian kale into Canada and then into the United States in the 19th century.
3665:
3753:
3712:
3541:
3262:
17:
3426:
2430:"Kale, broccoli and cabbage replace traditional flowers as brides opt for vegetable wedding bouquets"
3758:
295:
is credited with introducing kale (and many other crops) to
Americans, having brought it back from
3402:
2063:
1768:
3074:
2122:
1886:
1349:
815:
3583:
3407:
2246:
1627:, a compound under preliminary research for its potential to affect human health beneficially.
3006:
2902:
2863:
2175:
2149:
2089:
1310:
776:
3106:
2973:
2390:
1612:
1323:
789:
31:
158:
Kale plants have green or purple leaves, and the central leaves do not form a head (as with
2316:
1375:
1336:
841:
802:
3146:"Land army: Alan Titchmarsh on how gardening became essential for survival during wartime"
1709:" is a mix of curly kale and mashed potatoes, sometimes with fried bacon, and served with
8:
3546:
1477:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
1388:
943:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
854:
3725:
3376:
3067:
2890:
2743:
2687:
1494:
1362:
1290:
1050:
828:
756:
516:
231:
1874:
3296:
3286:
3112:
3078:
3012:
2979:
2869:
2814:
2735:
2727:
2679:
2644:
2603:
2564:
2517:
2507:
2396:
2320:
2179:
2168:
2095:
1401:
1162:
867:
628:
399:
134:
65:
2747:
2691:
1767:
In
Scotland, kale provided such a base for a traditional diet that the word in some
3730:
3320:
2806:
2778:
2774:
2719:
2671:
2634:
2595:
2556:
1717:
1564:
1556:
1179:
645:
259:
147:
111:
3170:
2723:
1721:
215:, kale is considered to be closer to wild cabbage than most domesticated forms of
3345:
3330:
2675:
2311:
2304:
1974:
1968:
1954:
1832:
403:
292:
2363:
2218:
2011:
3520:
3305:
3040:"THE LAZY GARDENER 'Off one's kail' you'll be if you eat these winter beauties"
2501:
1981:
1796:
1788:
1635:
223:
182:
175:
159:
78:
73:
3747:
3536:
3515:
3381:
2731:
2560:
1859:
1620:
1616:
1006:
472:
335:
Leaf and spear, or feathery-type leaf (a cross between curly- and plain-leaf)
323:
1774:
In Ireland, kale is mixed with mashed potatoes to make the traditional dish
1760:
and salt. Additional ingredients can include broth and sliced, cooked spicy
3610:
3510:
3449:
3310:
2818:
2739:
2683:
2648:
2607:
2568:
2521:
2279:"Meet the Man Who Found, Finagled, and Ferried Home the Foods We Eat Today"
2154:
1839:
1792:
1771:
is synonymous with food. To be "off one's kail" is to feel too ill to eat.
1729:
1675:
1654:
1624:
1490:
1414:
982:
880:
448:
395:
274:
212:
2461:
3673:
3619:
3566:
3505:
3478:
3468:
3371:
3340:
1938:
1904:
1846:), consisted of authors who wrote about traditional rural Scottish life (
1752:
1736:
1702:
1685:
1650:
1643:
1639:
1524:
1516:
1515: oz) serving, raw kale provides 207 kilojoules (49 kilocalories) of
966:
432:
363:
227:
89:
2242:"America's First "Food Spy" Traveled the World Hunting for Exotic Crops"
3652:
3463:
3325:
2639:
2622:
1919:
1791:, the cultivation of kale (and other vegetables) was encouraged during
1604:
1596:
1584:
1552:
1536:
1196:
1145:
1111:
662:
611:
577:
356:
300:
278:
242:
3678:
2810:
2623:"Sulforaphane: Translational research from laboratory bench to clinic"
2599:
3634:
3500:
3488:
3483:
3473:
2215:
University of Vermont Extension, Department of Plant and Soil Science
1935:
1843:
1781:
1776:
1757:
1744:
1725:
1710:
1580:
1576:
1560:
1544:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1268:
1255:
1242:
1104:
734:
721:
708:
570:
143:
3691:
3577:
3254:
1547:(see table "Kale, raw"). Kale is a good source (10–19% DV) of
332:
Plain-leaf (flat-leaf types like red Russian and white Russian kale)
3604:
3418:
3366:
3315:
1855:
1706:
1658:
1631:
1630:
Boiling kale decreases the level of glucosinate compounds, whereas
1608:
1128:
594:
266:
139:
3639:
2865:
Let's Go Paris, Amsterdam & Brussels: The Student Travel Guide
2704:
2302:
Bailey, L. H., (1912, republished in 1975). Jersey kale Photo. In
1728:("kale sausage"). Kale is considered a Northern German staple and
342:
273:
in the 4th century BC. These forms, which were referred to by the
3361:
3351:
3335:
1991:
1986:
1761:
1740:
1572:
1548:
1229:
1084:
695:
550:
373:
296:
193:
59:
2868:. Let's go travel guide. Avalon Travel Publishing. p. 503.
2661:
3494:
1600:
1540:
1212:
1108:
678:
574:
270:
2494:
2492:
996:
462:
197:
48:
3561:
1568:
288:
117:
2791:
2489:
2467:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
394:
is as edible as any other variety, but potentially not as
281:
kale, are considered to be the ancestors of modern kales.
1498:
1026:
492:
398:. Kale leaves are increasingly used as an ingredient for
2861:
2621:
Houghton, C. A.; Fassett, R. G.; Coombes, J. S. (2013).
2581:
2064:"Food Facts: Broccoli's Wild Roots | BestFoodFacts.org"
350:
Because kale can grow well into winter, one variety of
2620:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2948:"On the kale tour trail in Germany, schnapps in hand"
2546:
2014:. Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper. 2016.
1756:, combines pureed potatoes, very finely sliced kale,
1527:(DV). It is a rich source (20% or more of the DV) of
114:
2712:
International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition
2364:"Is Ornamental Kale Edible? Yes, But Not That Tasty"
120:
2261:
3066:
2503:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
2305:Cyclopedia of American Agriculture: Vol. II--crops
2167:
2457:
2455:
1646:, the levels of which can be reduced by cooking.
1642:does not cause significant loss. Kale is high in
1300:
1094:
766:
560:
265:Kale originated in the eastern Mediterranean and
3745:
2917:"Bremen's unique tradition | European Traveler"
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
1657:, with levels varying due to environmental and
246:Children collecting leaves of red Russian kale
2760:
2664:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
2452:
961:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
427:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
338:Ornamental (less palatable and tougher leaves)
3434:
3270:
1941:: boiled ham, glazed potatoes and stewed kale
53:Curly kale, one of the many varieties of kale
2195:
1953:A kale-based dish with other vegetables and
3224:Autumn in Kyle and the Charm of Cunninghame
3108:Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night
2540:
2382:
1852:Autumn in Kyle and the charm of Cunninghame
956:Kale, cooked, boiled, drained, without salt
27:Form of cabbage with green or purple leaves
3441:
3427:
3277:
3263:
3143:
3064:
3008:The Illustrated Cook's Book of Ingredients
2971:
2799:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2463:United States Food and Drug Administration
2038:"Greeks and Romans Grew Kale and Collards"
47:
2638:
2276:
2117:
2115:
319:Curly-leaf (Scots kale, blue curled kale)
2833:"A kid-friendly potato chip alternative"
2427:
2125:. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. 2006.
1720:, there is a winter tradition known as "
1623:, which contributes to the formation of
341:
241:
3111:. Oxford University Press. p. 47.
2862:Harvard Student Agencies, Inc. (2013).
2698:
2395:. frances lincoln ltd. pp. 30–32.
2388:
2239:
1850:= 'kale field'). In Cuthbertson's book
1784:, when it may be served with sausages.
14:
3746:
3177:. National WWII Museum. 15 August 2014
3104:
2945:
2165:
2112:
2018:from the original on 11 September 2016
1489:Raw kale is composed of 84% water, 9%
3582:
3581:
3422:
3284:
3258:
3222:Cuthbertson, David Cuningham (1945).
2170:Taylor's Guide to Heirloom Vegetables
2061:
1957:, served at a restaurant in Australia
346:Ornamental kale in white and lavender
226:grown from seed with a wide range of
3448:
3198:"Scots Word of the Season: Kailyard"
3032:
3011:. DK Publishing. 2010. p. 193.
2428:Jamieson, Sophie (30 October 2015).
2174:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p.
2141:
2129:from the original on 4 November 2016
1838:of Scottish writers, which included
1705:, a traditional winter dish called "
3046:from the original on 27 August 2017
2344:from the original on 28 August 2017
2338:"Couve Galega (Portuguese Cabbage)"
24:
3718:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60452375-2
2978:. Ebury Publishing. p. pt80.
2785:
2655:
2477:from the original on 27 March 2024
2440:from the original on 18 March 2017
2277:Graber, Cynthia; Twilley, Nicola.
2108:from the original on 17 June 2016.
2062:Facts, Best Food (26 April 2017).
384:
25:
3770:
3233:
3204:from the original on 3 March 2016
3195:
3069:The Gardeners' Community Cookbook
2843:from the original on 2 April 2017
2409:from the original on 29 June 2014
2208:
2087:
1590:
132:, belongs to a group of cabbage (
3626:Brassica oleracea var. sabellica
3560:
2946:Gorman, Louise (11 April 2016).
2094:. FK Publications. p. 149.
1946:
1927:
1911:
1897:
1885:
1873:
1818:
1691:
1669:
1466:Full link to USDA database entry
932:Full Link to USDA Database entry
110:
3216:
3189:
3163:
3144:Titchmarsh, Alan (3 May 2015).
3137:
3125:from the original on 2 May 2016
3098:
3058:
2999:
2965:
2939:
2909:
2855:
2825:
2754:
2614:
2575:
2528:from the original on 9 May 2024
2421:
2356:
2330:
2296:
1750:A traditional Portuguese soup,
329:Sparkly-leaf (shiny and glossy)
3242:– Plants for a Future database
2779:10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.04.048
2240:Diamond, Anna (January 2018).
2233:
2159:
2081:
2055:
2030:
2004:
206:
153:
146:. It has also been used as an
13:
1:
3175:The National WWII Museum Blog
3065:Wise, V.; Hawken, S. (1999).
2972:Gray, R.; Rogers, R. (2013).
2724:10.1080/09637486.2018.1482530
1997:
1826:
1811:In Sri Lanka, it is known as
1739:kale is an ingredient of the
1649:Kale contains high levels of
315:Classification by leaf type:
2710:var. acephala cv. Galega)".
2676:10.1080/10408398.2012.688076
2389:Larkcom, Joy (1 June 2003).
1473:Percentages estimated using
939:Percentages estimated using
414:
306:
165:
7:
3226:. London: Jenkins. Page 186
2765:L. var. acephala) leaves".
1962:
1664:
96:Cultivar group members
10:
3775:
3542:List of potato chip brands
1866:
1684:" have been produced as a
1673:
1501:(table). In a 100 g (
971:117 kJ (28 kcal)
437:207 kJ (49 kcal)
237:
142:primarily grown for their
29:
3590:
3555:
3529:
3456:
3395:
3294:
2166:Watson, Benjamin (1996).
1696:
1472:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1413:
1400:
1387:
1374:
1361:
1348:
1335:
1322:
1309:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1267:
1254:
1241:
1228:
1211:
1195:
1178:
1161:
1144:
1127:
1103:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1063:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1005:
995:
979:
975:
965:
960:
938:
928:
924:
916:
904:
900:
892:
879:
866:
853:
840:
827:
814:
801:
788:
775:
754:
750:
746:
733:
720:
707:
694:
677:
661:
644:
627:
610:
593:
569:
548:
544:
540:
533:
529:
513:
509:
505:
489:
485:
481:
471:
461:
445:
441:
431:
426:
258:(DC.) Alef.) in a family
196:. The ultimate origin is
174:originates from Northern
95:
84:
72:
58:
46:
41:
2561:10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03691
2392:The Organic Salad Garden
2319:, New York. pp. 389–90.
2211:"Interesting cool crops"
2123:"Growing guide for kale"
1595:Kale is a source of the
3403:List of broccoli dishes
3073:. Workman Pub. p.
2975:The River Cafe Cookbook
1806:
1475:US recommendations
941:US recommendations
409:
3408:List of cabbage dishes
1613:cruciferous vegetables
1519:and a large amount of
1479:the National Academies
945:the National Academies
347:
262:
2310:27 April 2016 at the
1069:Vitamins and minerals
535:Vitamins and minerals
345:
245:
32:Kale (disambiguation)
2921:europeantraveler.net
2317:Macmillan Publishing
2150:Vegetables of Canada
2091:VK Science – Biology
1713:("smoked sausage").
230:temperatures. It is
88:Unknown; before the
30:For other uses, see
3547:List of snack foods
3105:Rogers, N. (2003).
3042:. 4 December 2009.
2837:The Washington Post
2555:(28 Oct): 9677–82.
2042:aggie-hort.tamu.edu
1780:. It is popular on
1619:compounds, such as
1180:Pantothenic acid (B
957:
646:Pantothenic acid (B
423:
3592:Brassica oleracea
3377:Romanesco broccoli
3200:. arts.gla.ac.uk.
3171:"Kitchen Memories"
2901:has generic name (
2797:var. sabellica)".
2640:10.1111/nure.12060
2370:. 14 December 2017
1707:boerenkoolstamppot
1440:Other constituents
955:
906:Other constituents
419:
400:vegetable bouquets
348:
326:and dinosaur kale)
263:
222:Kale is usually a
3754:Brassica oleracea
3741:
3740:
3584:Taxon identifiers
3575:
3574:
3416:
3415:
3297:Brassica oleracea
3287:Brassica oleracea
3248:Brassica oleracea
3118:978-0-19-516896-9
3084:978-0-7611-1772-8
3018:978-0-7566-7673-5
2985:978-1-4464-6035-1
2875:978-1-61237-028-6
2811:10.1021/jf9033909
2795:Brassica oleracea
2763:Brassica oleracea
2708:Brassica oleracea
2627:Nutrition Reviews
2600:10.1021/jf980985s
2588:J Agric Food Chem
2584:Brassica oleracea
2549:J Agric Food Chem
2513:978-0-309-48834-1
2402:978-0-7112-2204-5
2185:978-0-395-70818-7
2101:978-81-88597-06-2
1854:, he states that
1523:at 3.7 times the
1485:
1484:
1430:
1429:
951:
950:
896:
895:
135:Brassica oleracea
103:
102:
66:Brassica oleracea
16:(Redirected from
3766:
3734:
3733:
3721:
3720:
3708:
3707:
3695:
3694:
3682:
3681:
3669:
3668:
3656:
3655:
3643:
3642:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3595:
3579:
3578:
3565:
3564:
3450:Chips and crisps
3443:
3436:
3429:
3420:
3419:
3321:Broccoli sprouts
3279:
3272:
3265:
3256:
3255:
3240:Marrow-Stem Kale
3227:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3072:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2927:on 28 March 2022
2923:. Archived from
2913:
2907:
2906:
2900:
2896:
2894:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2839:. 23 June 2015.
2829:
2823:
2822:
2805:(4): 2123–2130.
2789:
2783:
2782:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2642:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2496:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2459:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2334:
2328:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2274:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2217:. Archived from
2209:Perry, Leonard.
2206:
2193:
2192:
2173:
2163:
2157:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2119:
2110:
2109:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2008:
1950:
1931:
1915:
1901:
1892:Red Russian kale
1889:
1877:
1718:Northern Germany
1615:, kale contains
1565:dietary minerals
1557:pantothenic acid
1514:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1304:
1216:
1200:
1183:
1166:
1149:
1132:
1105:Vitamin A equiv.
1098:
1065:
1064:
958:
954:
770:
682:
666:
649:
632:
615:
598:
571:Vitamin A equiv.
564:
531:
530:
424:
418:
404:wedding bouquets
260:vegetable garden
148:ornamental plant
127:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
51:
39:
38:
21:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3759:Leaf vegetables
3744:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3729:
3724:
3716:
3711:
3703:
3698:
3690:
3685:
3677:
3672:
3664:
3659:
3651:
3646:
3638:
3633:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3593:
3586:
3576:
3571:
3567:Food portal
3559:
3551:
3525:
3452:
3447:
3417:
3412:
3391:
3331:Brussels sprout
3290:
3283:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3196:Scott, Maggie.
3194:
3190:
3180:
3178:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3154:
3152:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3126:
3119:
3103:
3099:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3047:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2970:
2966:
2956:
2954:
2944:
2940:
2930:
2928:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2898:
2897:
2888:
2887:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2844:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2790:
2786:
2759:
2755:
2703:
2699:
2660:
2656:
2619:
2615:
2580:
2576:
2545:
2541:
2531:
2529:
2514:
2497:
2490:
2480:
2478:
2460:
2453:
2443:
2441:
2426:
2422:
2412:
2410:
2403:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2371:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2340:. myfolia.com.
2336:
2335:
2331:
2312:Wayback Machine
2301:
2297:
2287:
2285:
2275:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2222:
2221:on 19 June 2022
2207:
2196:
2186:
2164:
2160:
2147:Derek B. Munro
2146:
2142:
2132:
2130:
2121:
2120:
2113:
2102:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2070:
2068:Best Food Facts
2060:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1975:Crambe maritima
1965:
1958:
1955:sourdough bread
1951:
1942:
1932:
1923:
1916:
1907:
1902:
1893:
1890:
1881:
1880:Curly-leaf kale
1878:
1869:
1829:
1821:
1809:
1797:Dig for Victory
1699:
1694:
1678:
1672:
1667:
1593:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1487:
1486:
1468:
1463:
1421:
1408:
1395:
1382:
1369:
1356:
1343:
1330:
1317:
1305:
1275:
1262:
1249:
1236:
1223:
1214:
1206:
1198:
1190:
1181:
1173:
1164:
1156:
1147:
1139:
1130:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1099:
1070:
1059:
1054:
1035:
1030:
991:
986:
934:
929:
887:
874:
861:
848:
835:
822:
809:
796:
783:
771:
741:
728:
715:
702:
689:
680:
672:
664:
656:
647:
639:
630:
622:
613:
605:
596:
589:
585:
580:
565:
536:
525:
520:
501:
496:
457:
452:
421:
417:
412:
392:Ornamental kale
387:
385:Ornamental kale
309:
293:David Fairchild
248:(Brassica napus
240:
209:
168:
156:
128:), also called
113:
109:
99:Many; see text.
54:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3772:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3731:wfo-0000571452
3722:
3709:
3696:
3683:
3670:
3657:
3644:
3631:
3616:
3600:
3598:
3588:
3587:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3521:Vegetable chip
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3446:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3423:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3306:Acephala group
3302:
3300:
3292:
3291:
3282:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:(leaf cabbage)
3243:
3235:
3234:External links
3232:
3229:
3228:
3215:
3188:
3162:
3136:
3117:
3097:
3083:
3057:
3031:
3017:
2998:
2984:
2964:
2938:
2908:
2874:
2854:
2824:
2784:
2773:(1): 149–154.
2767:Food Chemistry
2753:
2718:(2): 136–149.
2697:
2654:
2633:(11): 709–26.
2613:
2574:
2539:
2512:
2488:
2451:
2420:
2401:
2381:
2355:
2329:
2295:
2260:
2232:
2194:
2184:
2158:
2140:
2111:
2100:
2080:
2054:
2029:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1982:Leaf vegetable
1979:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1943:
1934:A traditional
1933:
1926:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1908:
1903:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1817:
1808:
1805:
1789:United Kingdom
1769:Scots dialects
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1592:
1591:Phytochemicals
1589:
1563:, and several
1483:
1482:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1294:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1088:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1002:
999:
993:
992:
989:
987:
980:
977:
976:
973:
972:
969:
963:
962:
953:
952:
949:
948:
936:
935:
930:
926:
925:
922:
921:
918:
914:
913:
908:
902:
901:
898:
897:
894:
893:
890:
889:
885:
883:
877:
876:
872:
870:
864:
863:
859:
857:
851:
850:
846:
844:
838:
837:
833:
831:
825:
824:
820:
818:
812:
811:
807:
805:
799:
798:
794:
792:
786:
785:
781:
779:
773:
772:
765:
760:
752:
751:
748:
747:
744:
743:
739:
737:
731:
730:
726:
724:
718:
717:
713:
711:
705:
704:
700:
698:
692:
691:
687:
685:
675:
674:
670:
668:
659:
658:
654:
652:
642:
641:
637:
635:
625:
624:
620:
618:
608:
607:
603:
601:
591:
590:
587:
583:
581:
573:
567:
566:
559:
554:
546:
545:
542:
541:
538:
537:
534:
527:
526:
523:
521:
514:
511:
510:
507:
506:
503:
502:
499:
497:
490:
487:
486:
483:
482:
479:
478:
475:
469:
468:
465:
459:
458:
455:
453:
446:
443:
442:
439:
438:
435:
429:
428:
416:
413:
411:
408:
386:
383:
340:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
320:
308:
305:
239:
236:
224:biennial plant
208:
205:
192:) for various
176:Middle English
167:
164:
160:headed cabbage
155:
152:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
86:
82:
81:
79:Acephala Group
76:
74:Cultivar group
70:
69:
62:
56:
55:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3771:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3621:
3617:
3612:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3537:Chips and dip
3535:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3516:Tortilla chip
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3439:
3437:
3432:
3430:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3387:Spring greens
3385:
3383:
3382:Savoy cabbage
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3280:
3275:
3273:
3268:
3266:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3246:PROTAbase on
3244:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3225:
3219:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3101:
3086:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3061:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3020:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3002:
2987:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2968:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2904:
2892:
2877:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2858:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2788:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2670:(6): 823–38.
2669:
2665:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2594:(4): 1541–8.
2593:
2589:
2585:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2495:
2493:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2456:
2439:
2435:
2434:The Telegraph
2431:
2424:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2385:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2326:
2325:0-405-06762-3
2322:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2299:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2236:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2162:
2156:
2153:, p. 120, at
2152:
2151:
2144:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2084:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1956:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1900:
1895:
1888:
1883:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1860:East Ayrshire
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1824:
1819:United States
1816:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1692:Regional uses
1689:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1670:Snack product
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1621:glucoraphanin
1618:
1617:glucosinolate
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1491:carbohydrates
1480:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1218:
1210:
1203:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1185:
1177:
1170:
1168:
1160:
1153:
1151:
1146:Riboflavin (B
1143:
1136:
1134:
1126:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1007:Dietary fiber
1004:
1000:
998:
994:
988:
985:
984:
983:Carbohydrates
978:
974:
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968:
964:
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933:
927:
923:
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669:
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660:
653:
651:
643:
636:
634:
626:
619:
617:
612:Riboflavin (B
609:
602:
600:
592:
582:
579:
576:
572:
568:
563:
558:
555:
553:
552:
547:
543:
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473:Dietary fiber
470:
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454:
451:
450:
449:Carbohydrates
444:
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436:
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382:
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214:
211:Derived from
204:
202:
199:
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173:
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151:
149:
145:
144:edible leaves
141:
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107:
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68:
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63:
61:
57:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3591:
3511:Tapioca chip
3493:
3356:
3311:Broccoflower
3295:
3285:
3247:
3223:
3218:
3206:. Retrieved
3191:
3179:. Retrieved
3174:
3165:
3153:. Retrieved
3149:
3139:
3127:. Retrieved
3107:
3100:
3088:. Retrieved
3068:
3060:
3048:. Retrieved
3034:
3022:. Retrieved
3007:
3001:
2989:. Retrieved
2974:
2967:
2955:. Retrieved
2951:
2941:
2929:. Retrieved
2925:the original
2920:
2911:
2899:|first=
2879:. Retrieved
2864:
2857:
2845:. Retrieved
2836:
2827:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2667:
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2591:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2552:
2548:
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2530:. Retrieved
2502:
2479:. Retrieved
2470:
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2433:
2423:
2411:. Retrieved
2391:
2384:
2372:. Retrieved
2367:
2358:
2346:. Retrieved
2332:
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2298:
2286:. Retrieved
2282:
2251:. Retrieved
2245:
2235:
2223:. Retrieved
2219:the original
2214:
2189:
2169:
2161:
2155:Google Books
2148:
2143:
2131:. Retrieved
2090:
2083:
2071:. Retrieved
2067:
2057:
2045:. Retrieved
2041:
2032:
2020:. Retrieved
2006:
1973:
1969:Bowen's Kale
1851:
1847:
1842:(creator of
1840:J. M. Barrie
1833:
1830:
1822:
1812:
1810:
1793:World War II
1786:
1775:
1773:
1766:
1751:
1749:
1734:
1730:comfort food
1715:
1700:
1688:substitute.
1681:
1679:
1676:Veggie chips
1655:ferulic acid
1648:
1629:
1625:sulforaphane
1594:
1567:, including
1488:
1444:
1439:
1301:
1296:
1289:
1095:
1090:
1083:
1049:
1025:
981:
910:
905:
767:
762:
755:
561:
556:
549:
515:
491:
447:
391:
388:
379:Chinese kale
378:
372:
368:
362:
355:
351:
349:
314:
310:
286:
283:
264:
255:
251:
247:
221:
216:
213:wild mustard
210:
200:
189:
185:
178:
171:
169:
157:
133:
130:leaf cabbage
129:
105:
104:
64:
36:
3674:iNaturalist
3620:Wikispecies
3506:Potato chip
3479:Carrot chip
3469:Banana chip
3372:Red cabbage
3341:Cauliflower
3150:The Express
2957:24 February
2931:24 February
2247:Smithsonian
2190:kale frost.
2088:Tomar, BS.
1939:Danish dish
1922:in Illinois
1905:Tuscan kale
1753:caldo verde
1737:cavolo nero
1703:Netherlands
1686:potato chip
1651:polyphenols
1644:oxalic acid
1640:stir frying
1636:microwaving
1597:carotenoids
1525:Daily Value
1517:food energy
1129:Thiamine (B
595:Thiamine (B
369:cow cabbage
364:Jersey kale
354:is called "
228:germination
217:B. oleracea
207:Cultivation
203:'cabbage'.
188:and German
154:Description
90:Middle Ages
3748:Categories
3692:60452375-2
3464:Apple chip
3326:Broccolini
2952:sbs.com.au
2368:Garden.eco
2133:7 November
1998:References
1978:– sea kale
1920:kale chips
1827:In culture
1735:In Italy,
1682:kale chips
1680:Flavored "
1674:See also:
1653:, such as
1611:and other
1607:. As with
1605:zeaxanthin
1585:phosphorus
1553:riboflavin
1537:vitamin B6
1363:Phosphorus
1112:zeaxanthin
829:Phosphorus
578:zeaxanthin
357:hungry gap
301:desalinate
250:L. subsp.
18:Curly kale
3596:sabellica
3501:Pita chip
3489:Kale chip
3484:Corn chip
3474:Bean chip
3181:24 August
2891:cite book
2732:0963-7486
2413:30 August
2283:Gastropod
2022:16 August
1936:New Years
1844:Peter Pan
1813:kola gova
1801:rationing
1782:Halloween
1777:colcannon
1758:olive oil
1745:ribollita
1726:Kohlwurst
1722:Kohlfahrt
1711:rookworst
1661:factors.
1581:potassium
1577:magnesium
1561:vitamin E
1545:manganese
1533:vitamin C
1529:vitamin A
1521:vitamin K
1497:, and 1%
1376:Potassium
1350:Manganese
1337:Magnesium
1269:Vitamin K
1256:Vitamin E
1243:Vitamin C
1213:Folate (B
1197:Vitamin B
1163:Niacin (B
842:Potassium
816:Manganese
803:Magnesium
735:Vitamin K
722:Vitamin E
709:Vitamin C
679:Folate (B
663:Vitamin B
629:Niacin (B
420:Kale, raw
415:Nutrition
396:palatable
352:rape kale
307:Cultivars
291:botanist
279:Sabellian
256:pabularia
181:(compare
170:The name
166:Etymology
140:cultivars
3605:Wikidata
3530:See also
3396:See also
3367:Kohlrabi
3316:Broccoli
3202:Archived
3155:5 August
3123:Archived
3044:Archived
2841:Archived
2819:20095605
2748:51712893
2740:30037287
2692:25728864
2684:24915330
2649:24147970
2608:10564014
2569:26477753
2526:Archived
2522:30844154
2481:28 March
2475:Archived
2465:(2024).
2444:25 March
2438:Archived
2407:Archived
2342:Archived
2308:Archived
2127:Archived
2106:Archived
2016:Archived
1987:Kalettes
1963:See also
1856:Kilmaurs
1848:kailyard
1834:Kailyard
1795:via the
1665:Culinary
1632:steaming
1609:broccoli
1445:Quantity
1389:Selenium
1357:0.416 mg
1297:Quantity
1291:Minerals
1207:0.138 mg
1140:0.053 mg
1091:Quantity
1085:Vitamins
911:Quantity
855:Selenium
763:Quantity
757:Minerals
557:Quantity
551:Vitamins
324:lacinato
267:Anatolia
194:cabbages
3705:2650123
3653:3042870
3362:Kalette
3352:Gai lan
3346:Collard
3336:Cabbage
3208:13 June
3129:2 April
3090:2 April
3024:2 April
2991:2 April
2881:2 April
2847:2 April
2532:21 June
2374:2 March
2073:29 June
2047:29 June
1992:Cabbage
1918:Making
1867:Gallery
1787:In the
1762:sausage
1701:In the
1659:genetic
1573:calcium
1549:thiamin
1510:⁄
1495:protein
1422:0.24 mg
1311:Calcium
1263:0.85 mg
1230:Choline
1191:0.05 mg
1157:0.07 mg
1122:4983 μg
1051:Protein
823:0.66 mg
777:Calcium
729:1.54 mg
696:Choline
673:0.27 mg
623:0.13 mg
606:0.11 mg
588:6261 μg
517:Protein
374:Kai-lan
297:Croatia
238:History
60:Species
3679:739454
3666:319629
3611:Q45989
3495:Kripik
3457:Topics
3348:greens
3115:
3081:
3050:3 June
3015:
2982:
2872:
2817:
2746:
2738:
2730:
2690:
2682:
2647:
2606:
2567:
2520:
2510:
2399:
2348:3 June
2323:
2288:5 June
2253:5 June
2225:5 June
2182:
2098:
2012:"Kale"
1836:school
1741:Tuscan
1697:Europe
1601:lutein
1583:, and
1543:, and
1541:folate
1454:91.2 g
1402:Sodium
1396:0.9 μg
1383:228 mg
1331:0.9 mg
1276:418 μg
1237:0.4 mg
1174:0.5 mg
1120:146 μg
1109:lutein
1001:1.25 g
997:Sugars
990:5.63 g
967:Energy
920:84.0 g
888:0.6 mg
868:Sodium
862:0.9 μg
849:491 mg
797:1.5 mg
784:150 mg
742:390 μg
716:120 mg
703:0.8 mg
690:141 μg
657:0.9 mg
640:1.0 mg
586:241 μg
575:lutein
463:Sugars
433:Energy
422:
303:soil.
275:Romans
271:Greece
201:caulis
85:Origin
3640:BRSOC
2744:S2CID
2688:S2CID
1743:soup
1638:, or
1493:, 4%
1451:Water
1409:23 mg
1370:28 mg
1344:18 mg
1318:72 mg
1250:41 mg
1224:13 μg
1058:1.9 g
1034:0.4 g
917:Water
875:38 mg
836:92 mg
810:47 mg
524:4.3 g
500:0.9 g
477:3.6 g
467:2.3 g
456:8.8 g
254:var.
252:napus
232:hardy
198:Latin
183:Scots
3713:POWO
3700:NCBI
3687:IPNI
3661:GRIN
3648:GBIF
3635:EPPO
3594:var.
3357:Kale
3210:2017
3183:2020
3157:2017
3131:2017
3113:ISBN
3092:2017
3079:ISBN
3052:2017
3026:2017
3013:ISBN
2993:2017
2980:ISBN
2959:2020
2933:2020
2903:help
2883:2017
2870:ISBN
2849:2017
2815:PMID
2736:PMID
2728:ISSN
2680:PMID
2645:PMID
2604:PMID
2565:PMID
2534:2024
2518:PMID
2508:ISBN
2483:2024
2446:2017
2415:2012
2397:ISBN
2376:2018
2350:2017
2321:ISBN
2290:2018
2255:2018
2227:2018
2180:ISBN
2135:2016
2096:ISBN
2075:2023
2049:2023
2024:2016
1831:The
1807:Asia
1603:and
1569:iron
1415:Zinc
1324:Iron
1274:348%
881:Zinc
790:Iron
740:325%
714:133%
410:Uses
402:and
289:USDA
190:Kohl
186:kail
179:cale
172:kale
106:Kale
42:Kale
3726:WFO
3075:276
2807:doi
2775:doi
2771:129
2720:doi
2672:doi
2635:doi
2596:doi
2586:".
2557:doi
2471:FDA
2176:200
1858:in
1716:In
1499:fat
1355:18%
1302:%DV
1248:46%
1118:16%
1096:%DV
1027:Fat
1011:2 g
847:16%
821:29%
808:11%
782:12%
768:%DV
727:10%
688:35%
671:16%
655:18%
621:10%
584:27%
562:%DV
493:Fat
377:or
367:or
277:as
162:).
3750::
3728::
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1579:,
1575:,
1571:,
1559:,
1555:,
1551:,
1539:,
1535:,
1531:,
1420:2%
1407:1%
1394:2%
1381:8%
1368:2%
1342:4%
1329:5%
1316:6%
1261:6%
1235:0%
1222:3%
1205:8%
1189:1%
1172:3%
1155:5%
1138:4%
886:5%
873:2%
860:2%
834:7%
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701:0%
638:6%
604:9%
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
