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before they were planted in the ground. This behavior leads to many normally biennial plants being treated as annuals in some areas. Conversely, an annual grown under extremely favorable conditions may have highly successful seed propagation, giving it the appearance of being biennial or perennial.
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Biennials do not always follow a strict two-year life cycle and the majority of plants in the wild can take 3 or more years to fully mature. Rosette leaf size has been found to predict when a plant may enter its second stage of flowering and seed production. Alternatively, under extreme climatic
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In its first year, the biennial plant undergoes primary growth, during which its vegetative structures (leaves, stems, and roots) develop. Usually, the stem of the plant remains short and the leaves are low to the ground, forming a
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Biennials grown for flowers, fruits, or seeds are grown for two years, whereas those grown for edible leaves or roots are harvested after one year—and are not kept a second year to run to seed.
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conditions, a biennial plant may complete its life cycle rapidly (e.g., in three months instead of two years). This is quite common in vegetable or flower seedlings that were
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Some short-lived perennials may appear to be biennial rather than perennial. True biennials flower only once, while many perennials will flower every year once mature.
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Gross, Ronald S.; Werner, Patricia A. (1983). "Probabilities of
Survival and Reproduction Relative to Rosette Size in the Common Burdock (Arctium minus: Compositae)".
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164:. Plant breeders have produced annual cultivars of several biennials that will flower the first year from seed, for example,
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Silvertown, Jonathan W. (1983-03-01). "Why are
Biennials Sometimes Not so Few?".
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Flowering plant that takes two years to complete its biological life cycle
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for the colder months. Many biennials require a cold treatment, or
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before it finally dies. There are far fewer biennials than either
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190: – Plant that has no persistent woody stem above ground
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Hart, Robin (1977-07-01). "Why are
Biennials so Few?".
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114:Examples of biennial plants are members of the
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251:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
67:before they will flower. During the next
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26:is a common example of a biennial plant.
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276:"A path to a biennial life history"
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343:. Royal Horticultural Society.
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215:"Annual, Perennial, Biennial?"
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219:Texas Cooperative Extension
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274:Amasino, Richard (2018).
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368:The American Naturalist
341:"Bolting in vegetables"
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44:biological life cycle
38:that, generally in a
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508:Definitions
160:, and some
417:(1): 184.
245:"Biennial"
201:References
162:hollyhocks
154:colic weed
142:silverbeet
134:, fennel,
97:vernalized
50:Background
466:0003-0147
388:0003-0147
302:2055-0278
259:August 9,
229:31 August
538:Category
474:83757143
396:85343835
345:Archived
318:52286843
310:30224663
223:Archived
176:See also
166:foxglove
126:family,
61:dormancy
431:2425529
351:21 June
137:Lunaria
132:parsley
124:cabbage
57:rosette
24:Parsley
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158:carrot
77:fruits
73:summer
69:spring
525:Media
470:S2CID
427:JSTOR
392:S2CID
314:S2CID
170:stock
116:onion
81:seeds
34:is a
462:ISSN
384:ISSN
353:2015
306:PMID
298:ISSN
261:2016
231:2012
168:and
120:leek
79:and
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288:doi
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