1393:
1023:
1081:
321:
264:
33:
51:
4110:
1520:
4118:
1050:
especially in the northern parts of the range, require a longer growth period and flower in their third year. Under better growing conditions, some individuals flower in the first year. Triennial individuals have been found to produce fewer seeds than biennial and annual ones. While year of flowering and size are linked to the environment, most other characteristics appear to be genetic.
313:, usually following damage. After flowering and seed release, the stem and fruits usually persist in winter, drying into dark brown, stiff structures of densely packed, ovoid-shaped, and dry seed capsules. The dried stems may persist into the following spring or even the next summer. The plant produces a shallow
309:, and reaching sizes up to 50 cm long and 14 cm across (19 inches long and 5 inches wide). They become smaller higher up the stem, and less strongly decurrent down the stem. The flowering stem is solid and 2–2.5 cm (nearly an inch) across, and occasionally branched just below the
1088:
The seeds maintain their germinative powers for decades, up to 100 years, according to some studies. Because of this, and because the plant is an extremely prolific seed bearer (each plant produces hundreds of capsules, each containing up to 700 seeds, with a total up to 180,000 or 240,000 seeds), it
490:
has not undergone any significant revision since Svanve Mürbeck's monographs in the 1930s, with the exception of the work of Arthur Huber-Morath, who used informal grouping in organizing the genus for the florae of Iran and Turkey to account for many intermediate species. Since Huber-Morath's groups
1045:
application bypasses this requirement. Seeds germinate almost solely in bare soil, at temperatures between 10 and 40 °C. While they can germinate in total darkness if proper conditions are present (tests give a 35% germination rate under ideal conditions), in the wild, they in practice only do
1005:
Great mullein most frequently grows as a colonist of bare and disturbed soil, usually on sandy or chalky ones. It grows best in dry, sandy, or gravelly soils, although it can grow in a variety of habitats, including banksides, meadows, roadsides, forest clearings, and pastures. This ability to grow
873:
In the 19th century, it had well over 40 different common names in
English alone. Some of the more whimsical ones included "hig candlewick", "Indian rag weed", "bullicks lungwort", "Adams-rod", "hare's-beard", and "ice-leaf". Vernacular names include innumerable references to the plant's hairiness:
285:
of leaves in its first year of growth. The leaves are large, up to 50 cm long. The second-year plants normally produce a single unbranched stem, usually 1–2 m tall. In the eastern part of its range in China, it is, however, only reported to grow up to 1.5 m tall. The tall, pole-like
1049:
Seeds germinate in spring and summer. Those that germinate in autumn produce plants that overwinter if they are large enough, while rosettes less than 15 cm (6 in) across die in winter. After flowering, the entire plant usually dies at the end of its second year, but some individuals,
372:, is known to occur. Flowering lasts up to three months from early to late summer (June to August in northern Europe), with flowering starting at the bottom of the spike and progressing irregularly upward; each flower opens for part of a day and only a few open at the same time around the stem.
874:"woolly mullein", "velvet mullein", or "blanket mullein", "beggar's blanket", "Moses' blanket", "poor man's blanket", "Our Lady's blanket", or "old man's blanket", and "feltwort", and so on ("flannel" is another common generic name). "Mullein" itself derives from the French word for "soft".
1097:
long after previous plants have died. Its population pattern typically consists of an ephemeral adult population followed by a long period of dormancy as seeds. Great mullein rarely establishes on new grounds without human intervention because its seeds do not disperse very far.
881:" (a name it shares with a number of other plants with tall, yellow inflorescences), and a plethora of other "X's staff" and "X's rod". The name "velvet dock" or "mullein dock" is also recorded, where "dock" is a British name applied to any broad-leaved plant.
1046:
so when exposed to light, or very close to the soil surface, which explains the plant's habitat preferences. While it can also grow in areas where some vegetation already exists, growth of the rosettes on bare soil is four to seven times more rapid.
1645:
Roman soldiers are said to have dipped the plant stalks in grease for use as torches. Other cultures use the leaves as wicks. Native
Americans and American colonists lined their shoes with leaves from the plant to keep out the cold.
1174:
Because it cannot compete with established plants, great mullein is no longer considered a serious agricultural weed and is easily crowded out in cultivation, except in areas where vegetation is sparse to begin with, such as
3415:
Parker, Ingrid M.; Joseph
Rodriguez; Michael E. Loik (February 2003). "An Evolutionary Approach to Understanding the Biology of Invasions: Local Adaptation and General-Purpose Genotypes in the Weed Verbascum thapsus".
869:
is known by a variety of names. European reference books call it "great mullein". In North
America, "common mullein" is used while western United States residents commonly refer to mullein as "cowboy toilet paper".
460:
was specified, as the practice only arose later, in the 19th century. When a lectotype (type selected amongst original material) was designated, it was assigned to specimen 242.1 of
Linnaeus' herbarium, the only
3465:
1767:
Eaton went so far as to write: "When botanists are so infatuated with wild speculation, as to tell us the mullein was introduced, they give our youngest pupils occasion to sneer at their teachers."
3880:
491:
are not taxonomical, Mürbeck's treatment is the most current one available, as no study has yet sought to apply genetic or molecular data extensively to the genus. In Mürbeck's classification,
224:
of leaves. It grows in a wide variety of habitats, but prefers well-lit, disturbed soils, where it can appear soon after the ground receives light, from long-lived seeds that persist in the
2214:
232:
in temperate world regions. It is a minor problem for most agricultural crops, since it is not a competitive species, being intolerant of shade from other plants and unable to survive
1347:). The plant's ability to host both pests and beneficials makes it potentially useful to maintain stable populations of insects used for biological control in other cultures, like
2009:
348:(2 mm, 0.08 in). The five stamens are of two types, with the three upper stamens being shorter, their filaments covered by yellow or whitish hairs, and having smaller
236:. It also hosts many insects, some of which can be harmful to other plants. Although individuals are easy to remove by hand, populations are difficult to eliminate permanently.
2574:
Attar, Farideh; et al. (2007). "Micromorphological studies on
Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in Iran with emphasis on seed surface, capsule ornamentation and trichomes".
5214:
1404:
Control of the plant, when desired, is best managed via mechanical means, such as hand pulling and hoeing, preferably followed by sowing of native plants. Animals rarely
2508:
Sotoodeh, Arash (2014). "Verbascum oreophilum var. oreophilum and
Verbascum cheiranthifolium var. asperulum (Scrophulariaceae) two new records for the flora of Iran".
1452:, are also effective, but they result in bare ground – ideal conditions for growing more mullein – and therefore require repeated application to prevent regrowth.
3381:
1445:
1232:
730:
2805:
3508:
784:
also differs from the type in having slightly larger flowers, which measure 15–30 mm wide, whereas in the type, they are 12–20 mm in diameter. Both
3131:
1436:
populations as a whole. Goats and chickens have also been proposed to control mullein. Effective (when used with a surfactant) contact herbicides include
2605:
1340:
1302:
4356:
3914:"Numbers and types of arthropods overwintering on common mullein, Verbascum thapsus L. (Scrophulariaceae), in a central Washington fruit-growing region"
776:, the hairiness is less dense and often absent from the upper part of the anthers, while lower leaves are hardly decurrent and have longer petioles. In
3884:
4004:
1745:
87:43. Some disagree since Huber-Morath did not specifically cite sheet 242.1, and credit instead L. H. Cramer, in
Dassanayake & Fosberg (1981)
1183:
in the USA. In such ecological contexts, it crowds out native herbs and grasses; its tendency to appear after forest fires also disturbs the normal
4870:
3913:
3850:
3821:
4525:
4958:
4699:
4038:
2222:
5229:
4512:
3189:
1102:
requires the stem to be moved by wind or animal movement; 75% of the seeds fall within 1 m of the parent plant, and 93% fall within 5 m.
1065:
by insects during the day. While many insects visit the flowers, only some bees actually accomplish pollination. The flowering period of
4417:
2021:
4976:
5056:
3222:
1547:
for pulmonary diseases. Leaves were smoked to attempt to treat lung ailments, a tradition that in
America was rapidly transmitted to
2674:
2372:
4795:
4210:
920:. In northern Europe, it grows from sea level up to 1,850 m altitude, while in China it grows at 1,400–3,200 m altitude.
5234:
4896:
4821:
3353:
3168:
3159:
3312:
4994:
3356:
2773:
5035:
4924:
4421:
3345:
2622:
1548:
5224:
4901:
3808:
1976:
3627:
Kivilaan, A.; Robert S. Bandurski (October 1981). "The One
Hundred-Year Period for Dr. Beal's Seed Viability Experiment".
220:
that can grow to 2 m tall or more. Its small, yellow flowers are densely grouped on a tall stem, which grows from a large
5133:
1187:. Although not an agricultural threat, its presence can be very difficult to eradicate and is especially problematic in
4733:
4694:
4286:
Drury, Susan (1991). "Plants and Wart Cures in England from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century: Some Examples".
3393:
1069:
lasts from June to August in most of its range, extending to September or October in warmer climates. Visitors include
5219:
4491:
4402:
4222:
4184:
3047:
3022:
2916:
2870:
2817:
2724:
2657:
2470:
2050:
1920:
1887:
3285:"List of alien species recognized to be established in Japan or found in the Japanese wild (as of October 27, 2004)"
5194:
5123:
4808:
4963:
3697:
353:
4857:
3320:
5189:
5118:
4999:
4529:
4249:
Camzine, Scott; Bye, Robert A. (1980). "A Study Of The Medical Ethnobotany Of The Zuni Indians of New Mexico".
4114:
4067:
Sanchez, Juan Antonio; David R. Gillespie; Robert R. McGregor (November 2003). "The effects of mullein plants (
2650:
A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland (Volume 1: Checklist)
5074:
2628:
4945:
4364:
3164:
2617:(in Spanish). Vol. XIII: Plantaginaceae-Scrophulariaceae. Madrid: Real Jardín Botánico. pp. 49–97.
4321:
Turker, Arzu Ucar; N. D. Camper (October 2002). "Biological activity of common mullein, a medicinal plant".
1053:
A given flower is open only for a single day, opening before dawn and closing in the afternoon. Flowers are
290:
of flowers that can occupy up to half the stem length. All parts of the plants are covered with star-shaped
4787:
4774:
4251:
3013:
Britton, Nathaniel A.; Addison Brown (1979). "Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada".
1940:
4650:
966:
In the United States, it was imported very early in the 18th century and cultivated for its medicinal and
5082:
4883:
4625:
4586:
4016:
1667:, although the relationship remained generally ambiguous, and the plant was also widely held to ward off
1969:
5069:
4826:
3150:
2985:
3936:
3858:
3829:
50:
5209:
4986:
4919:
3768:
3751:
3730:
2169:
4748:
4660:
1758:
The 1630 number in Mitch may be a typo: the beginning of the 18th century is cited in other sources.
364:
less than 1 mm (0.04 in) in size, marked with longitudinal ridges. A white-flowered form,
5184:
1571:. All preparations meant to be drunk have to be finely filtered to eliminate the irritating hairs.
924:
4937:
4686:
4139:
2483:
2297:
5199:
4782:
1882:. Vol. 3: Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 211.
1659:
1163:
1135:
599:
340:, the latter bright yellow and an 1.5–3 cm (0.59–1.18 in) wide. The flowers are almost
305:, with much variation in leaf shape between the upper and lower leaves on the stem, ranging from
294:. This cover is particularly thick on the leaves, giving them a silvery appearance. The species'
5143:
5061:
1122:
has been reported to consume them. Other bird species have been reported to consume the leaves (
4875:
4769:
4548:
4520:
4164:
4046:
416:
403:
381:
4228:
3201:
4176:
4169:
3110:, pp. 774–775, 819–820. p. 866: "A tall plant like Mullein attracts 'staff' and 'rod' names."
1876:
Ferguson, Ian Keith (1972). "V. thapsus". In Tutin, Thomas Gaskell; et al. (eds.).
1253:
1227:
1184:
360:
that split open by way of two valves, each capsule containing large numbers of minute, brown
167:
2314:
1314:). Useful insects are also hosted by great mullein, including predatory mites of the genera
758:(Lam.) Murb.; Mediterranean region and to 2000 metres in southwestern Austria. (syn. subsp.
5025:
4849:
4707:
4444:
4084:
3593:
3538:
3425:
2342:
2137:
1704:
1544:
1540:
1180:
1099:
1093:
for extended periods of time, and can sprout from apparently bare ground, or shortly after
620:
240:
213:
native to Europe, northern Africa, and Asia, and introduced in the Americas and Australia.
3234:
1007:
228:. It is a common weedy plant that spreads by prolifically producing seeds, and has become
8:
5204:
4435:
4433:
Wilhelm, Gene (April 1974). "The mullein: Plant piscicide of the mountain folk culture".
3255:
2740:
1560:
1267:
1200:
683:
662:
578:
511:
301:
On flowering plants, the leaves are alternately arranged up the stem. They are thick and
40:
Second-year plant starting to flower, with a dead stem of the previous year, behind left
5048:
4597:
4448:
4088:
3775:, The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
3737:, The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
3671:
3597:
3542:
3429:
796:
has had a great many subspecies described. A recent revision led its author to maintain
356:
filaments and larger anthers. The plant produces small, ovoid (6 mm, 0.24 in)
5179:
5151:
4761:
4460:
4303:
4012:
3985:
3787:
Introducing the Flowering Beauty of Glacier National Park and the Majestic High Rockies
3758:, The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornitholog.
3652:
3609:
3562:
3500:
3441:
2525:
1627:
1223:
1119:
987:
848:
641:
517:
480:
341:
45:
4334:
4264:
4096:
3017:. Vol. 3. Gentianaceae to Compositae. New York: Dover Publications. p. 175.
2858:
1392:
1022:
320:
263:
32:
5020:
4668:
4487:
4398:
4338:
4268:
4218:
4180:
3977:
3928:
3804:
3712:
3644:
3554:
3492:
3437:
3324:
3043:
3018:
2942:
2941:. Vol. 1. The Northeastern States (Part 2). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 389.
2912:
2866:
2720:
2653:
2618:
2466:
2277:
2251:
2046:
1916:
1883:
1568:
1536:
1353:
1333:
1151:
396:
295:
3672:"Habitat requirements of central European bees and the problems of partial habitats"
3504:
3445:
2960:
2784:
2529:
1054:
5156:
4673:
4452:
4330:
4295:
4260:
4092:
3969:
3800:
3636:
3601:
3546:
3484:
3433:
3360:
2686:
2583:
2556:
2517:
2450:
2384:
1702:
Due to its weedy capacities, the plant, unlike other species of the genus (such as
1650:
1249:
999:
716:
505:
438:
345:
337:
282:
229:
221:
134:
4813:
4630:
4299:
3529:): I. Latitudinal Differences in Population Dynamics and Timing of Reproduction".
1061:(with female parts maturing first), and will self-pollinate if they have not been
877:
Some names refer to the plant's size and shape: "shepherd's club(s)" or "staff", "
780:, the hairs are densely white tomentose, and lower leaves are strongly decurrent.
5087:
5007:
4911:
4617:
4390:
2088:
1654:
1532:
1378:
1219:
357:
88:
5110:
4950:
2587:
1626:
describes uses of the plant for respiratory infections. It was also part of the
5043:
4607:
3580:
Reinartz, James A. (November 1984). "Life History Variation of Common Mullein (
3525:
Reinartz, James A. (November 1984). "Life History Variation of Common Mullein (
3284:
2560:
2521:
1878:
1477:
1416:
to be effective, as the hair causes water to roll off the plant, much like the
1241:
1237:
1211:
1204:
1155:
1123:
1090:
897:
878:
701:
430:
225:
217:
75:
1507:. The plant's leaves, in addition to the seeds, have been reported to contain
892:
has a wide native range including Europe, northern Africa, and Asia, from the
5173:
4738:
4571:
4395:
The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region
3981:
3932:
3716:
3648:
3558:
2909:
The Audubon Society field guide to North American wildflowers, eastern region
2613:
1504:
1465:
1279:
1275:
1080:
1034:
905:
457:
389:
310:
244:
183:
940:
5100:
4888:
4342:
4066:
3496:
2281:
1814:
1623:
1615:
1420:. Burning is ultimately ineffective, as it only creates new bare areas for
1417:
1322:
1307:
1192:
1105:
466:
410:
4272:
3960:
Price, W. C. (July 1940). "Comparative Host Ranges of Six Plant Viruses".
3075:
2255:
1741:
The lectotypification is usually attributed to Arthur Huber-Morath (1971)
792:
were originally described as species. Due to its morphological variation,
483:
over the years. Introduced American populations show much less variation.
4932:
4834:
4640:
4580:
4535:
4045:. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. Archived from
3040:
Scientific and common names of 7,000 vascular plants in the United States
2005:
1845:
1672:
1619:
1552:
1449:
1370:
1366:
1316:
1295:
1188:
1094:
1077:. The hair on lower stamens may serve to provide footholds for visitors.
1062:
1042:
936:
909:
278:
5012:
3799:
The History of the British Flora, A Factual Basis for Phytogeography by
4800:
4307:
3989:
3656:
3613:
3566:
2455:
2430:
1543:
first recommended the plant 2000 years ago, considering it useful as a
1437:
1413:
1328:
1176:
1118:. The seeds are generally too small for birds to feed on, although the
1070:
1011:
979:
971:
952:
742:
333:
306:
4464:
2714:
1519:
525:
is the type species of the genus the application of article 22 of the
4839:
4756:
4720:
3488:
3414:
3233:. IUCN Invasive Species Specialist Group. 8 July 2005. Archived from
2690:
2388:
1692:
1680:
1611:
1607:
1587:
1567:, and skin infections. An infusion of the root is also used to treat
1500:
1485:
1441:
1409:
1114:
use the hair (amongst that of various woolly plants) in making their
1110:
1058:
967:
956:
932:
917:
772:
In all subspecies but the type, the lower stamens are also hairy. In
476:
471:
302:
210:
144:
4542:
3973:
3640:
3605:
3550:
5095:
4971:
4565:
4456:
3767:
Garrett, Kimball L., Raphael, Martin G. and Dixon, Rita D. (1996).
1688:
1684:
1556:
1508:
1481:
1421:
1362:
1196:
1131:
1074:
975:
974:
thought it was a native plant. In 1839, it was already reported in
291:
124:
114:
101:
4862:
4725:
1285:
Other insects commonly found on great mullein feed exclusively on
4681:
1776:
In book 25, Pliny describes "two principal kinds " thought to be
1696:
1676:
1583:
1575:
1493:
1473:
1405:
1358:
1215:
1084:
The fruit of great mullein contains large numbers of minute seed.
995:
913:
450:
446:
434:
314:
233:
3729:
Banko, Paul C., Black, Jeffrey M. and Banko, Winston E. (1999).
2946:
2937:
Harold William Rickett, ed. (1966). "The Mulleins (Verbascum)".
2319:
California Plant Names: Latin and Greek Meanings and Derivations
1594:, and other external conditions. Topical application of various
4712:
4009:
Biological Control: A Guide to Natural Enemies in North America
1743:
Denkschriften der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft
1591:
1497:
1489:
1159:
1127:
1038:
991:
983:
944:
893:
526:
442:
349:
329:
287:
268:
4363:. American Botanical Council. February 1, 1990. Archived from
3093:
Coutts, J; Osborn, A; Edwards, A (1954). Preston, G.H. (ed.).
2576:
Flora – Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants
923:
It has been introduced throughout the temperate world, and is
3857:. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Archived from
3828:. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Archived from
3015:
An illustrated flora of the northern United States and Canada
2783:. USDA Natural resources Conservation Service. Archived from
1668:
1664:
1634:
1579:
1262:
960:
948:
901:
252:
62:
3097:. Great Britain: Ward, Lock & Co., Limited. p. 255.
2250:. Philadelphia: George W. Carpenter Fund. pp. 173–174.
4507:
4111:"HOSTS – a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants"
3883:. Victoria Department of Primary Industries. Archived from
3626:
2573:
2543:
Sotoodeh, Arash; Civeyrel, L.; Attar, F. (19 March 2015). "
1603:
1599:
1564:
1115:
1041:
degradation activated by low temperatures in the root, and
928:
361:
4217:. Vol. 3: L-R (2nd ed.). Detroit: Thomson Gale.
3200:(in Spanish). Universidad Nacional del Sur. Archived from
2715:
Schmeil, Otto; Fitschen, Jost; Seybold, Siegmund (2006).
2091:. Plant Conservation Alliance's Alien Plant Working Group
1598:-based preparations was recommended for the treatment of
970:
properties. By 1818, it had begun spreading so much that
248:
3921:
Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia
3266:. Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project. February 19, 2007
1622:
effects in vitro were isolated from flowers. The German
465:
specimen. The species had previously been designated as
4536:
JLindquist.com: webpage with pictures of tall specimens
4208:
4171:
A City Herbal: Lore, Legend, & Uses of Common Weeds
2719:. Wiebelsheim: Quelle & Meyer Verlag. p. 496.
2428:
2248:
The Scrophulariaceae of eastern temperate North America
1691:) that are toxic to fish, and have been widely used as
858:
W.D.J.Koch), have also been reported in North America.
3198:
Base de Datos sobre Invasiones Biológicas en Argentina
2936:
2672:
2547:(Scrophulariaceae), a new species for Flora of Iran".
2429:
Gross, Katherine L.; Patricia A. Werner (April 1978).
2370:
1633:
The plant has been used in an attempt to treat colds,
1207:
region, and regionally controlled in several others).
1006:
in a wide range of habitats has been linked to strong
4484:
Elsevier's Dictionary of Plant Names and their Origin
3911:
3038:
Brako, Lois; Rossman, Amy Y.; Farr, David F. (1995).
2816:. Joint Nature Conservation Committee. Archived from
2542:
1784:. The precise attribution of a third kind is unclear.
1210:
Despite not being an agricultural weed in itself, it
479:
variation, which has led to the plant acquiring many
3012:
2138:"Element Stewardship Abstract for Verbascum thapsus"
5215:
Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
3912:Horton, David R.; Tamera M. Lewis (December 2003).
3092:
2276:(in French). Louvain: Publications Universitaires.
2274:
Dictionnaire étymologique des noms grecs de plantes
2221:. California Invasive Plant Council. Archived from
1169:
1033:Great mullein is a biennial and generally requires
247:are made from this plant. It has been used to make
4320:
4168:
1199:(class C) and Hawaii, and the Australian state of
3464:Turker, Arzu Ucar; Ekrem Gurel (September 2005).
3463:
2865:. Vol. 2: I-Z. New York: Dover Publication.
1278:. These make the plant a potential reservoir for
1037:before it can flower. This dormancy is linked to
982:. It is now found commonly in all the states. In
5171:
3698:"Maintenance Behavior of the American Goldfinch"
3037:
2337:
2335:
537:as the correct nomenclature for this placement.
445:, though it is often assimilated to the ancient
4389:
4075:(Heteroptera: Miridae) in tomato greenhouses".
3584:): III. Differences Among Sequential Cohorts".
3042:. St. Paul, Minnesota: APS Press. p. 189.
2652:. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 588.
2603:
1408:it because of its irritating hairs, and liquid
1400:is resistant to grazing and contact herbicides.
2890:
2888:
2755:(in Catalan). Universitat de les Illes Balears
1138:). Additionally, deer and elk eat the leaves.
4215:The Gale encyclopedia of alternative medicine
2993:An Introduction to the Flora of Central Texas
2332:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2020:. World Biodiversity Database. Archived from
1191:pastures. The species is legally listed as a
807:The plant is also parent to several hybrids (
4158:
4156:
2753:Herbario Virtual del Mediterráneo Occidental
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
1293:in particular. They include mullein thrips (
1274:), and various spider mites from the family
328:Flowers are pentamerous with (usually) five
4204:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4043:control whiteflies in greenhouse tomatoes?"
2885:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
884:
423:
414:
394:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4248:
4209:Hanrahan, Claire; Rebecca J. Frey (2005).
3313:"Common Mullein—the Roadside Torch Parade"
2932:
2930:
2928:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2643:
2641:
2599:
2597:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1911:Blamey, M., & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989).
1226:. It is also a potential reservoir of the
31:
4162:
4153:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3803:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2454:
2267:
2265:
2241:
2239:
2135:
2102:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2008:van der Meijden, R.; de Kort, I. (eds.).
1967:
1747:A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon
1630:in the United States and United Kingdom.
1306:(whose larva consume the seeds), and the
1002:, with scattered populations in between.
540:
4193:
4036:
3685:. London: Academic Press. pp. 1–16.
3669:
3579:
3524:
2683:Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project
2507:
2424:
2381:Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project
2219:Invasive Plants of California's Wildland
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2154:
2143:. The Global Invasive Species Initiative
1963:
1961:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1875:
1518:
1391:
1130:), or to use the plant as a source when
1079:
1021:
319:
262:
4432:
4378:
4037:Ferguson, Gillian (26 September 2005).
3695:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3169:United States Department of Agriculture
3160:Germplasm Resources Information Network
3145:
3143:
2925:
2906:
2703:
2647:
2638:
2594:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2086:
1989:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1675:. The seeds contain several compounds (
1637:, sunburn, and other skin irritations.
1514:
475:. European plants exhibit considerable
5172:
3898:
3784:
3357:Natural Resources Conservation Service
2978:
2953:
2856:
2831:
2271:
2262:
2245:
2236:
2055:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1574:Oil from the flowers was used against
1539:are manufactured from its components.
4547:
4546:
4285:
3959:
3822:"Colorado State-listed Noxious Weeds"
3304:
3125:
2187:
2035:
1958:
1896:
5124:b1c2668d-df7d-42f8-91e3-d1974580361b
4987:9fc4c943-a190-423c-917d-8a7a5e7f052b
4132:
3878:
3681:. Linnean Society Symposium Series,
3620:
3452:
3215:
3140:
2798:
2461:Reprinted in Mulligan, G.A. (1979),
2431:"The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 28.
2401:
2312:
2212:
1977:University of California at Berkeley
1926:
1913:Flora of Britain and Northern Europe
1833:
1150:have been recorded from part of the
823:). All occur in Eurasia, and three,
4521:Microphotographies of great mullein
3851:"Hawaii State-listed Noxious Weeds"
3696:Coutlee, Ellen L. (December 1963).
3677:. In Matheson; et al. (eds.).
2965:Texas Parks & Wildlife Magazine
1860:
1798:
1511:, although quantities are unknown.
1029:grows best with little competition.
429:) for an unspecified herb from the
352:, while the lower two stamens have
13:
5230:Introduced plants of South America
4475:
4002:
2717:Flora von Deutschland, 93. Auflage
2136:Hoshovsky, Marc C. (August 2001).
1523:"Verbasci flos": dried flowers of
1396:Because of ample irritating hair,
1179:semidesertic areas of the eastern
14:
5246:
4501:
3470:L.): Recent Advances in Research"
3310:
3264:Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk
2939:Wild Flowers of the United States
2490:. Northern Ontario Plant Database
2443:Canadian Journal of Plant Science
2353:. Institute for Systematic Botany
2246:Pennel, Francis Whittier (1935).
2167:
2004:
1724:They are all hairy in subspecies
1460:
5075:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:770183-1
4213:. In Jacqueline L. Longe (ed.).
4175:. Ash Tree Publishing. pp.
4071:) on the population dynamics of
3789:. Glacier Park, Inc. p. 42.
3438:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.02019.x
3231:Global Invasive Species Database
3137:, retrieved on November 6, 2009.
2911:. New York: Knopf. p. 798.
2604:Benedí Gonzalez, Carles (2009).
2351:Atlas of Florida vascular Plants
2303:, retrieved on November 6, 2009.
1649:Mullein may be cultivated as an
1248:hosts insects from 29 different
1170:Agricultural impacts and control
1141:
811:). Of these, the most common is
49:
4486:. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
4426:
4411:
4349:
4314:
4279:
4242:
4103:
4060:
4030:
3996:
3953:
3872:
3843:
3814:
3793:
3778:
3761:
3740:
3723:
3689:
3663:
3573:
3518:
3408:
3374:
3338:
3321:Weed Science Society of America
3277:
3248:
3182:
3113:
3101:
3086:
3068:
3056:
3031:
3006:
2900:
2766:
2733:
2673:Natural History Museum (2022).
2666:
2567:
2536:
2501:
2476:
2371:Natural History Museum (2022).
2364:
2306:
2288:
2043:New RHS Dictionary of Gardening
1770:
1761:
1752:
1735:
1718:
1663:), great mullein was linked to
1252:. Most of the pests found were
959:. It has also been reported in
861:
768:(Willk.) Nyman; Spain, endemic.
5235:Flora naturalised in Australia
4393:; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) .
3405:, retrieved December 29, 2006.
3095:The Complete Book of Gardening
2018:Interactive Flora of NW Europe
1432:usually have little effect on
1203:(regionally prohibited in the
762:(Scrad.) Bonnier & Layens)
258:
1:
4335:10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00186-1
4300:10.1080/0015587X.1991.9715809
4265:10.1016/S0378-8741(80)81017-8
4097:10.1016/S1049-9644(03)00116-6
4005:"Campylomma verbasci (Meyer)"
3292:Japan Ministry of Environment
3165:Agricultural Research Service
2463:The Biology of Canadian Weeds
2174:Weedy Wildflowers of Illinois
1848:. Drugs.com. 23 November 2020
1791:
1640:
741:The three usually recognized
4323:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
4252:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
2907:Niering, William A. (1979).
2749:(Schrad.) Bonnier et layens"
1708:), is not often cultivated.
1559:of powdered root applied to
1555:, however, use the plant in
7:
5225:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
4361:The Commission E Monographs
2588:10.1016/j.flora.2006.04.001
1472:flowers and leaves include
986:, it is most common in the
375:
10:
5251:
4481:
3962:American Journal of Botany
3629:American Journal of Botany
3119:
3107:
3062:
2894:
2857:Grieve, Margaret (1982) .
2685:. Natural History Museum.
2561:10.11646/phytotaxa.203.1.8
2522:10.11646/phytotaxa.178.3.6
2383:. Natural History Museum.
1915:. Hodder & Stoughton,
1448:. Ground herbicides, like
1258:Frankliniella occidentalis
1017:
521:(wavy-leaved mullein). As
503:alongside species such as
239:Although commonly used in
4555:
4163:Silverman, Maida (1977).
3785:Reiner, Ralph E. (1969).
3769:White-headed Woodpecker (
3317:Intriguing World of Weeds
2545:Verbascum shahsavarensis
509:(black or dark mullein),
415:
173:
166:
46:Scientific classification
44:
39:
30:
23:
5220:Plants described in 1753
3679:The Conservation of Bees
2986:"BIO 406D-Native Plants"
2041:Huxley, A., ed. (1992).
1821:. CABI. 20 November 2018
1711:
1214:a number of insects and
885:Distribution and habitat
324:A closeup of the flowers
5195:Flora of temperate Asia
3811:, 1975 edition page 318
3670:Westrich, Paul (1996).
1653:. As for many plants, (
1455:
1369:species, including the
1164:Ipswichian interglacial
1162:from some parts of the
1136:white-headed woodpecker
409:had been first used by
388:was first described by
4482:Watts, Donald (2000).
4397:. Knopf. p. 653.
4115:Natural History Museum
3586:The Journal of Ecology
3531:The Journal of Ecology
2995:. Michael Gruenstaeudl
2648:Kartesz, John (1994).
2298:Den virtuella Floran:
2176:. Illinois Wildflowers
1970:"Verbascum thapsus L."
1968:Wetherwax, M. (1993).
1531:Although long used in
1528:
1401:
1289:species in general or
1085:
1030:
541:Subspecies and hybrids
424:
395:
382:botanical nomenclature
336:, and a five-petalled
325:
307:oblong to oblanceolate
298:is 2n = 36.
281:plant that produces a
271:
267:A stemless rosette in
5190:Flora of North Africa
4513:The type specimen of
4142:. Plants For A Future
3771:Picoides albolarvatus
3477:Phytotherapy Research
3190:"Ficha de la Especie
2313:Charters, Michael L.
2087:Remaley, Tom (1998).
1527:as used in herbal tea
1522:
1446:sulfurometuron-methyl
1395:
1254:western flower thrips
1233:Erysiphum cichoraceum
1228:cucumber mosaic virus
1185:ecological succession
1083:
1025:
600:V. pulverulentum
515:(white mullein), and
323:
286:stems end in a dense
266:
3418:Conservation Biology
3390:NatureServe Explorer
2787:on November 19, 2010
1973:Jepson Manual online
1657:described it in his
1515:Traditional medicine
1266:species such as the
802:V. crassifolium
698:W.D.J.Koch, may be a
241:traditional medicine
4449:1974GeoRv..64..235W
4436:Geographical Review
4391:Niering, William A.
4259:(4): 365–388, 378.
4140:"Verbascum thapsus"
4089:2003BiolC..28..313S
4049:on January 27, 2006
4003:Higbee, Bradley S.
3942:on October 16, 2010
3733:Branta sandvicensis
3598:1984JEcol..72..927R
3543:1984JEcol..72..897R
3430:2003ConBi..17...59P
3363:on October 16, 2010
3346:"Verbascum thapsus"
2814:Wildlife Statistics
2272:Carnoy, A. (1959).
2215:"Verbascum thapsus"
2213:Pitcairn, Michael.
2089:"Verbascum thapsus"
1941:"Verbascum thapsus"
1610:, hemorrhoids, and
1365:. A number of pest
1349:Campylomma verbasci
1345:Campylomma verbasci
1268:tarnished plant bug
1195:in the US state of
1008:phenotype variation
916:, and south to the
752:; type, widespread.
731:V. pyramidatum
710:V. × semialbum
550:
512:Verbascum lychnitis
495:is placed in sect.
380:For the purpose of
4077:Biological Control
4013:Cornell University
3861:on October 8, 2010
3754:Loxioides bailleui
2961:"Beyond the River"
2677:Verbascum × thapsi
2456:10.4141/cjps78-062
1705:V. phoeniceum
1660:Naturalis Historia
1628:National Formulary
1614:, amongst others.
1529:
1402:
1224:beneficial insects
1120:American goldfinch
1108:bees of the genus
1086:
1031:
988:Maritime Provinces
790:V. t. crassifolium
782:V. t. crassifolium
774:V. t. crassifolium
756:V. t. crassifolium
621:V. phlomoides
545:
518:Verbascum sinuatum
344:, with very short
326:
272:
209:, is a species of
5167:
5166:
5021:Open Tree of Life
4977:Verbascum~thapsus
4700:Verbascum_thapsus
4661:verbascum-thapsus
4587:Verbascum thapsus
4557:Verbascum thapsus
4549:Taxon identifiers
4515:Verbascum thapsus
4073:Dicyphus hesperus
4069:Verbascum thapsus
4041:Dicyphus hesperus
3887:on March 15, 2011
3582:Verbascum Thapsus
3527:Verbascum Thapsus
3468:Verbascum thapsus
3466:"Common Mullein (
3384:Verbascum thapsus
3258:Verbascum thapsus
3225:Verbascum thapsus
3192:Verbascum thapsus
3153:Verbascum thapsus
3134:Verbascum thapsus
2808:Verbascum thapsus
2743:Verbascum thapsus
2624:978-84-00-08747-0
2486:Verbascum thapsus
2437:V. blattaria
2433:Verbascum thapsus
2375:Verbascum thapsus
2345:Verbascum thapsus
2300:Verbascum thapsus
2014:(Mullein, Great)"
2012:Verbascum thapsus
1819:(common mullein)"
1817:Verbascum thapsus
1430:Cucullia verbasci
1389:as a host plant.
1361:), a predator of
1354:Dicyphus hesperus
1341:mullein plant bug
1337:Orius tristicolor
1334:minute pirate bug
1312:Cucullia verbasci
1303:Gymnaetron tetrum
1218:, including both
1152:Cromer Forest Bed
943:, North America,
939:, tropical Asia,
798:V. giganteum
739:
738:
684:V. lychnitis
663:V. blattaria
579:V. speciosum
548:Verbascum thapsus
523:Verbascum thapsus
397:Species Plantarum
386:Verbascum thapsus
296:chromosome number
194:Verbascum thapsus
190:
189:
177:Verbascum thapsus
25:Verbascum thapsus
5242:
5210:Medicinal plants
5160:
5159:
5147:
5146:
5137:
5136:
5127:
5126:
5114:
5113:
5104:
5103:
5091:
5090:
5078:
5077:
5065:
5064:
5052:
5051:
5039:
5038:
5029:
5028:
5016:
5015:
5003:
5002:
4990:
4989:
4980:
4979:
4967:
4966:
4954:
4953:
4951:NBNSYS0000004046
4941:
4940:
4928:
4927:
4915:
4914:
4905:
4904:
4892:
4891:
4879:
4878:
4866:
4865:
4853:
4852:
4843:
4842:
4830:
4829:
4817:
4816:
4804:
4803:
4791:
4790:
4778:
4777:
4765:
4764:
4752:
4751:
4742:
4741:
4729:
4728:
4716:
4715:
4703:
4702:
4690:
4689:
4677:
4676:
4664:
4663:
4654:
4653:
4644:
4643:
4634:
4633:
4621:
4620:
4611:
4610:
4601:
4600:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4544:
4543:
4497:
4469:
4468:
4430:
4424:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4387:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4357:"Mullein flower"
4353:
4347:
4346:
4329:(2–3): 117–125.
4318:
4312:
4311:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4231:on July 15, 2009
4227:. Archived from
4206:
4191:
4190:
4174:
4160:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4121:on June 27, 2008
4117:. Archived from
4107:
4101:
4100:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4015:. Archived from
4000:
3994:
3993:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3941:
3935:. Archived from
3918:
3909:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3818:
3812:
3801:Sir Harry Godwin
3797:
3791:
3790:
3782:
3776:
3765:
3759:
3744:
3738:
3731:Hawaiian Goose (
3727:
3721:
3720:
3702:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3676:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3635:(9): 1290–1292.
3624:
3618:
3617:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3507:. Archived from
3489:10.1002/ptr.1653
3474:
3461:
3450:
3449:
3412:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3392:. Archived from
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3359:. Archived from
3342:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3323:. Archived from
3311:Mitch, Larry W.
3308:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3289:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3147:
3138:
3132:Flora Europaea:
3129:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2990:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2934:
2923:
2922:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2859:"Mullein, Great"
2854:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2712:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2691:10.5519/qwv6u7j5
2670:
2664:
2663:
2645:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2627:. Archived from
2610:
2601:
2592:
2591:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2480:
2474:
2460:
2458:
2426:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2389:10.5519/qwv6u7j5
2368:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2339:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2310:
2304:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2269:
2260:
2259:
2243:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2210:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2165:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2142:
2133:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2084:
2053:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2002:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1937:
1924:
1909:
1894:
1893:
1873:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1842:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1811:
1785:
1782:V. sinuatum
1774:
1768:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1739:
1733:
1722:
1651:ornamental plant
1375:Papaipema nebris
1244:. A study found
1055:self-fecundating
1000:British Columbia
978:and in 1876, in
900:east to western
642:V. virgatum
551:
544:
506:Verbascum nigrum
486:The taxonomy of
456:At the time, no
427:
420:
419:
404:specific epithet
400:
179:
135:Scrophulariaceae
54:
53:
35:
21:
20:
16:Species of plant
5250:
5249:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5185:Flora of Europe
5170:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5155:
5150:
5142:
5140:
5132:
5130:
5122:
5117:
5109:
5107:
5099:
5094:
5086:
5081:
5073:
5068:
5060:
5055:
5047:
5042:
5034:
5032:
5024:
5019:
5011:
5008:Observation.org
5006:
4998:
4993:
4985:
4983:
4975:
4970:
4962:
4957:
4949:
4944:
4936:
4931:
4923:
4918:
4910:
4909:MichiganFlora:
4908:
4900:
4895:
4887:
4882:
4874:
4869:
4861:
4856:
4848:
4846:
4838:
4833:
4825:
4820:
4812:
4807:
4799:
4794:
4786:
4781:
4773:
4768:
4760:
4755:
4747:
4745:
4737:
4732:
4724:
4719:
4711:
4706:
4698:
4693:
4685:
4680:
4672:
4667:
4659:
4657:
4649:
4647:
4639:
4637:
4629:
4624:
4616:
4614:
4606:
4604:
4596:
4594:
4585:
4584:
4579:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4551:
4504:
4494:
4478:
4476:Further reading
4473:
4472:
4431:
4427:
4416:
4412:
4405:
4388:
4379:
4370:
4368:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4319:
4315:
4284:
4280:
4247:
4243:
4234:
4232:
4225:
4207:
4194:
4187:
4161:
4154:
4145:
4143:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4124:
4122:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4065:
4061:
4052:
4050:
4035:
4031:
4022:
4020:
4001:
3997:
3974:10.2307/2437088
3958:
3954:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3916:
3910:
3899:
3890:
3888:
3881:"Great Mullein"
3879:Faithful, Ian.
3877:
3873:
3864:
3862:
3855:PLANTS Database
3849:
3848:
3844:
3835:
3833:
3832:on July 2, 2009
3826:PLANTS Database
3820:
3819:
3815:
3798:
3794:
3783:
3779:
3766:
3762:
3746:Banko, Paul C.
3745:
3741:
3728:
3724:
3705:Wilson Bulletin
3700:
3694:
3690:
3674:
3668:
3664:
3641:10.2307/2443054
3625:
3621:
3606:10.2307/2259541
3578:
3574:
3551:10.2307/2259539
3523:
3519:
3511:
3472:
3462:
3453:
3413:
3409:
3399:
3397:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3366:
3364:
3350:PLANTS Database
3344:
3343:
3339:
3330:
3328:
3327:on July 2, 2009
3309:
3305:
3296:
3294:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3269:
3267:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3240:
3238:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3207:
3205:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3173:
3171:
3149:
3148:
3141:
3130:
3126:
3122:, pp. 302, 634.
3118:
3114:
3106:
3102:
3091:
3087:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3065:, pp. 108, 369.
3061:
3057:
3050:
3036:
3032:
3025:
3011:
3007:
2998:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2970:
2968:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2935:
2926:
2919:
2905:
2901:
2893:
2886:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2863:A Modern Herbal
2855:
2832:
2823:
2821:
2806:"Great Mullein
2804:
2803:
2799:
2790:
2788:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2758:
2756:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2713:
2704:
2695:
2693:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2646:
2639:
2631:
2625:
2608:
2602:
2595:
2572:
2568:
2541:
2537:
2506:
2502:
2493:
2491:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2427:
2402:
2393:
2391:
2369:
2365:
2356:
2354:
2341:
2340:
2333:
2324:
2322:
2315:"Plant name: T"
2311:
2307:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2270:
2263:
2244:
2237:
2228:
2226:
2211:
2188:
2179:
2177:
2170:"Great Mullein"
2166:
2155:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2103:
2094:
2092:
2085:
2056:
2040:
2036:
2027:
2025:
2003:
1990:
1981:
1979:
1966:
1959:
1950:
1948:
1939:
1938:
1927:
1910:
1897:
1890:
1874:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1834:
1824:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1778:V. thapsus
1775:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1740:
1736:
1726:V. crassifolium
1723:
1719:
1714:
1655:Pliny the Elder
1643:
1618:compounds with
1596:V. thapsus
1549:Native American
1533:herbal medicine
1517:
1478:polysaccharides
1463:
1458:
1434:V. thapsus
1398:V. thapsus
1387:V. thapsus
1383:Strymon melinus
1379:gray hairstreak
1291:V. thapsus
1246:V. thapsus
1172:
1144:
1100:Seed dispersion
1089:remains in the
1067:V. thapsus
1035:winter dormancy
1027:V. thapsus
1020:
904:, north to the
887:
867:V. thapsus
864:
804:into synonymy.
794:V. thapsus
786:V. t. giganteum
778:V. t. giganteum
766:V. t. giganteum
699:
697:
559:parent species
558:
543:
493:V. thapsus
463:V. thapsus
378:
366:V. thapsus
332:, a five-lobed
261:
203:greater mullein
186:
181:
175:
162:
159:V. thapsus
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5248:
5238:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5200:Flora of Spain
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5157:wfo-0000419130
5148:
5138:
5134:common-mullein
5128:
5115:
5105:
5092:
5079:
5066:
5053:
5040:
5030:
5017:
5004:
4991:
4981:
4968:
4955:
4942:
4929:
4916:
4906:
4893:
4880:
4867:
4854:
4844:
4831:
4818:
4805:
4792:
4779:
4766:
4753:
4743:
4730:
4717:
4704:
4691:
4678:
4665:
4655:
4645:
4635:
4622:
4612:
4602:
4592:
4577:
4561:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4523:
4518:
4510:
4503:
4502:External links
4500:
4499:
4498:
4492:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4457:10.2307/213812
4443:(2): 235–252.
4425:
4410:
4403:
4377:
4348:
4313:
4278:
4241:
4223:
4192:
4185:
4152:
4131:
4102:
4083:(3): 313–319.
4059:
4029:
3995:
3968:(7): 530–541.
3952:
3897:
3871:
3842:
3813:
3792:
3777:
3760:
3739:
3722:
3711:(4): 342–357.
3688:
3662:
3619:
3592:(3): 927–936.
3572:
3537:(3): 897–912.
3517:
3514:on 2015-02-13.
3483:(9): 733–739.
3451:
3407:
3373:
3337:
3303:
3276:
3247:
3214:
3181:
3139:
3124:
3112:
3100:
3085:
3076:"mullein (n.)"
3067:
3055:
3048:
3030:
3023:
3005:
2977:
2967:. Dale Weisman
2952:
2924:
2917:
2899:
2897:, pp. 633–634.
2884:
2871:
2830:
2797:
2781:PLANTS Profile
2765:
2732:
2725:
2702:
2665:
2658:
2637:
2634:on 2011-05-13.
2623:
2593:
2582:(2): 169–175.
2566:
2535:
2516:(3): 205–210.
2500:
2475:
2473:, pp. 320–331.
2449:(2): 401–413.
2400:
2363:
2331:
2321:. Calflora.net
2305:
2287:
2261:
2235:
2186:
2153:
2101:
2054:
2034:
1988:
1957:
1945:Flora of China
1925:
1895:
1888:
1879:Flora Europaea
1859:
1832:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1769:
1760:
1751:
1734:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1642:
1639:
1569:athlete's foot
1516:
1513:
1505:essential oils
1466:Phytochemicals
1462:
1461:Phytochemicals
1459:
1457:
1454:
1242:Texas root rot
1238:powdery mildew
1236:(the cucurbit
1205:West Gippsland
1171:
1168:
1156:West Wittering
1154:series and at
1143:
1140:
1126:) or flowers (
1124:Hawaiian goose
1091:soil seed bank
1019:
1016:
898:Canary Islands
886:
883:
863:
860:
821:V. nigrum
770:
769:
763:
753:
737:
736:
734:
727:
723:
722:
720:
717:V. nigrum
713:
706:
705:
702:nomen ambiguum
687:
680:
669:
668:
666:
659:
648:
647:
645:
638:
627:
626:
624:
617:
606:
605:
603:
596:
585:
584:
582:
575:
572:duernsteinense
564:
563:
560:
555:
542:
539:
437:, near modern
433:settlement of
377:
374:
279:dicotyledonous
260:
257:
245:approved drugs
226:soil seed bank
218:biennial plant
216:It is a hairy
207:common mullein
188:
187:
182:
171:
170:
164:
163:
156:
154:
150:
149:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
105:
104:
99:
92:
91:
86:
79:
78:
73:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
42:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5247:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5158:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5139:
5135:
5129:
5125:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5106:
5102:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5031:
5027:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4982:
4978:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4907:
4903:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4845:
4841:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4744:
4740:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4656:
4652:
4646:
4642:
4636:
4632:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4613:
4609:
4603:
4599:
4593:
4588:
4582:
4578:
4573:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4526:Seeds picture
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4509:
4508:Verbascum.org
4506:
4505:
4495:
4493:0-444-50356-0
4489:
4485:
4480:
4479:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4437:
4429:
4423:
4419:
4414:
4406:
4404:0-394-50432-1
4400:
4396:
4392:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4367:on 2006-05-11
4366:
4362:
4358:
4352:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4317:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4294:(1): 97–100.
4293:
4289:
4282:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4253:
4245:
4230:
4226:
4224:0-7876-7427-3
4220:
4216:
4212:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4188:
4186:1-888123-00-1
4182:
4178:
4173:
4172:
4166:
4159:
4157:
4141:
4135:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4063:
4048:
4044:
4042:
4033:
4019:on 2012-04-25
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
3999:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3956:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3886:
3882:
3875:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3810:
3809:0 521 20254 X
3806:
3802:
3796:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3772:
3764:
3757:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3736:
3734:
3726:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3699:
3692:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3576:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3521:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3471:
3469:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3411:
3396:on 2008-05-11
3395:
3391:
3387:
3385:
3377:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3293:
3286:
3280:
3265:
3261:
3259:
3251:
3237:on 2009-07-15
3236:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3218:
3204:on 2009-07-15
3203:
3199:
3195:
3193:
3185:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3154:
3146:
3144:
3136:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3116:
3109:
3104:
3096:
3089:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3064:
3059:
3051:
3049:0-89054-171-X
3045:
3041:
3034:
3026:
3024:0-486-22644-1
3020:
3016:
3009:
2994:
2987:
2981:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2920:
2918:0-394-50432-1
2914:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2891:
2889:
2874:
2872:0-486-22799-5
2868:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2820:on 2007-09-28
2819:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2801:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2769:
2754:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2736:
2728:
2726:3-494-01413-2
2722:
2718:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2669:
2661:
2659:0-88192-204-8
2655:
2651:
2644:
2642:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2614:Flora Iberica
2607:
2600:
2598:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2489:
2487:
2479:
2472:
2471:0-662-10668-7
2468:
2464:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2376:
2367:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2338:
2336:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2301:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2266:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2240:
2225:on 2011-03-12
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2175:
2171:
2168:Hilty, John.
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2139:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2090:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2052:
2051:0-333-47494-5
2048:
2045:. Macmillan.
2044:
2038:
2024:on 2012-06-06
2023:
2019:
2015:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1964:
1962:
1947:. eFloras.org
1946:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1922:
1921:0-340-40170-2
1918:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1891:
1889:0-521-08489-X
1885:
1881:
1880:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1847:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1820:
1818:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1764:
1755:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1638:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1551:peoples. The
1550:
1546:
1545:folk medicine
1542:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1521:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1280:overwintering
1277:
1276:Tetranychidae
1273:
1272:L. lineolaris
1269:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1181:Sierra Nevada
1178:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1142:Fossil record
1139:
1137:
1134:for insects (
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
990:and southern
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
906:British Isles
903:
899:
895:
891:
882:
880:
875:
871:
868:
859:
857:
854: ×
853:
850:
846:
843: ×
842:
838:
835: ×
834:
830:
827: ×
826:
822:
818:
815: ×
814:
810:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
767:
764:
761:
757:
754:
751:
750:V. t. thapsus
748:
747:
746:
744:
735:
733:
732:
728:
725:
724:
721:
719:
718:
714:
711:
708:
707:
704:
703:
696:
693: ×
692:
688:
686:
685:
681:
678:
675: ×
674:
671:
670:
667:
665:
664:
660:
657:
654: ×
653:
650:
649:
646:
644:
643:
639:
636:
633: ×
632:
629:
628:
625:
623:
622:
618:
615:
612: ×
611:
608:
607:
604:
602:
601:
597:
594:
591: ×
590:
587:
586:
583:
581:
580:
576:
573:
570: ×
569:
566:
565:
561:
556:
553:
552:
549:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
519:
514:
513:
508:
507:
502:
498:
497:Bothrospermae
494:
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
473:
468:
464:
459:
458:type specimen
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
431:Ancient Greek
428:
426:
418:
412:
408:
405:
401:
399:
398:
391:
390:Carl Linnaeus
387:
383:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
322:
318:
316:
312:
311:inflorescence
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
284:
280:
276:
270:
265:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:great mullein
196:
195:
185:
180:
178:
172:
169:
168:Binomial name
165:
161:
160:
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
76:Tracheophytes
74:
71:
68:
67:
64:
61:
58:
57:
52:
47:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
4556:
4540:
4514:
4483:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4413:
4394:
4369:. Retrieved
4365:the original
4360:
4351:
4326:
4322:
4316:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4256:
4250:
4244:
4233:. Retrieved
4229:the original
4214:
4170:
4144:. Retrieved
4134:
4123:. Retrieved
4119:the original
4105:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4051:. Retrieved
4047:the original
4040:
4032:
4021:. Retrieved
4017:the original
4008:
3998:
3965:
3961:
3955:
3944:. Retrieved
3937:the original
3924:
3920:
3889:. Retrieved
3885:the original
3874:
3863:. Retrieved
3859:the original
3854:
3845:
3834:. Retrieved
3830:the original
3825:
3816:
3795:
3786:
3780:
3770:
3763:
3753:
3747:
3742:
3732:
3725:
3708:
3704:
3691:
3682:
3678:
3665:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3509:the original
3480:
3476:
3467:
3424:(1): 59–72.
3421:
3417:
3410:
3398:. Retrieved
3394:the original
3389:
3383:
3376:
3365:. Retrieved
3361:the original
3349:
3340:
3329:. Retrieved
3325:the original
3316:
3306:
3295:. Retrieved
3291:
3279:
3268:. Retrieved
3263:
3257:
3250:
3239:. Retrieved
3235:the original
3230:
3224:
3217:
3206:. Retrieved
3202:the original
3197:
3191:
3184:
3172:. Retrieved
3158:
3152:
3133:
3127:
3120:Watts (2000)
3115:
3108:Watts (2000)
3103:
3094:
3088:
3079:
3070:
3063:Watts (2000)
3058:
3039:
3033:
3014:
3008:
2997:. Retrieved
2992:
2980:
2969:. Retrieved
2964:
2955:
2938:
2908:
2902:
2895:Watts (2000)
2876:. Retrieved
2862:
2822:. Retrieved
2818:the original
2813:
2807:
2800:
2789:. Retrieved
2785:the original
2780:
2775:
2768:
2757:. Retrieved
2752:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2716:
2694:. Retrieved
2682:
2676:
2668:
2649:
2629:the original
2612:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2492:. Retrieved
2485:
2478:
2462:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2432:
2392:. Retrieved
2380:
2374:
2366:
2355:. Retrieved
2350:
2344:
2323:. Retrieved
2318:
2308:
2299:
2295:(in Swedish)
2290:
2273:
2247:
2227:. Retrieved
2223:the original
2218:
2178:. Retrieved
2173:
2145:. Retrieved
2093:. Retrieved
2042:
2037:
2026:. Retrieved
2022:the original
2017:
2011:
1980:. Retrieved
1972:
1949:. Retrieved
1944:
1912:
1877:
1850:. Retrieved
1823:. Retrieved
1816:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1763:
1754:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1730:V. giganteum
1729:
1725:
1720:
1703:
1701:
1673:evil spirits
1658:
1648:
1644:
1632:
1624:Commission E
1616:Glycyrrhizin
1595:
1573:
1530:
1524:
1469:
1464:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:lotus effect
1403:
1397:
1386:
1385:), also use
1382:
1374:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1327:
1323:Typhlodromus
1321:
1315:
1311:
1308:mullein moth
1301:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1271:
1261:
1257:
1245:
1231:
1209:
1193:noxious weed
1173:
1147:
1145:
1109:
1104:
1095:forest fires
1087:
1066:
1052:
1048:
1032:
1026:
1014:capacities.
1010:rather than
1004:
965:
922:
889:
888:
876:
872:
866:
865:
862:Common names
855:
851:
844:
840:
839:Franch. and
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
806:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
771:
765:
759:
755:
749:
740:
729:
715:
709:
700:
694:
690:
682:
676:
672:
661:
655:
651:
640:
634:
630:
619:
613:
609:
598:
592:
588:
577:
571:
567:
554:Hybrid name
547:
534:
530:
529:gives sect.
522:
516:
510:
504:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
477:phenotypical
470:
467:type species
462:
455:
422:
411:Theophrastus
406:
393:
392:in his 1753
385:
379:
369:
365:
327:
300:
274:
273:
238:
215:
206:
202:
198:
193:
192:
191:
176:
174:
158:
157:
145:
108:
95:
82:
69:
24:
18:
5049:kew-2453334
4933:NatureServe
4835:iNaturalist
4581:Wikispecies
3174:November 6,
2606:"Verbascum"
2347:: citation"
1620:bactericide
1553:Zuni people
1541:Dioscorides
1450:tebuthiuron
1424:to occupy.
1414:surfactants
1371:stalk borer
1367:Lepidoptera
1317:Galendromus
1296:Haplothrips
1177:Californian
1059:protogynous
1043:gibberellin
937:New Zealand
925:established
910:Scandinavia
879:Aaron's rod
837:pterocaulon
656:pterocaulon
546:Hybrids of
501:Fasciculata
259:Description
89:Angiosperms
5205:Demulcents
5174:Categories
5141:WisFlora:
5044:Plant List
4648:Calflora:
4532:collection
4371:2009-11-06
4235:2006-11-30
4146:2011-03-16
4125:2009-11-06
4053:2009-11-06
4023:2011-12-21
3946:2009-11-06
3891:2009-11-06
3865:2009-11-06
3836:2009-11-06
3400:2009-11-06
3367:2009-11-06
3331:2009-11-06
3297:2009-11-06
3270:2009-11-06
3241:2009-11-06
3208:2009-11-06
3080:Etymonline
2999:2010-06-26
2971:2010-06-26
2878:2009-11-06
2824:2009-11-06
2791:2007-03-07
2759:2009-11-06
2745:L. subsp.
2696:2007-05-14
2494:2009-11-06
2394:2009-11-06
2357:2009-11-06
2325:2009-11-06
2229:2009-11-06
2180:2009-11-06
2147:2009-11-06
2095:2009-11-06
2028:2011-11-20
1982:2009-11-06
1951:2009-11-06
1852:7 February
1792:References
1681:glycosides
1641:Other uses
1612:chilblains
1608:carbuncles
1525:V. thapsus
1501:glycosides
1486:flavonoids
1470:V. thapsus
1438:glyphosate
1410:herbicides
1363:whiteflies
1339:, and the
1329:Amblyseius
1189:overgrazed
1148:V. thapsus
1106:Megachilid
1075:hoverflies
1063:pollinated
1012:adaptation
980:California
972:Amos Eaton
953:Hispaniola
941:La Réunion
890:V. thapsus
819:Chaub. (×
743:subspecies
334:calyx tube
275:V. thapsus
5180:Verbascum
4788:200021301
4775:200021301
4757:FloraBase
4658:Cal-IPC:
4528:from the
4211:"Mullein"
4165:"Mullein"
3982:0002-9122
3933:0071-0733
3927:: 79–86.
3717:0043-5643
3649:0002-9122
3559:0022-0477
2810:Linnaeus"
2776:Verbascum
2555:(1): 76.
2549:Phytotaxa
2510:Phytotaxa
2488:synonymy"
2006:Stace, C.
1846:"Mullein"
1693:piscicide
1588:frostbite
1557:poultices
1442:triclopyr
1426:G. tetrum
1422:seedlings
1287:Verbascum
1146:Seeds of
1111:Anthidium
1073:bees and
968:piscicide
957:Argentina
933:Australia
918:Himalayas
831:Fritsch,
817:semialbum
809:see table
800:but sink
635:lemaitrei
535:Verbascum
533:subsect.
531:Verbascum
499:subsect.
488:Verbascum
472:Verbascum
370:candicans
303:decurrent
292:trichomes
153:Species:
146:Verbascum
59:Kingdom:
5119:VicFlora
5108:VASCAN:
5101:29200424
5096:Tropicos
4972:NSWFlora
4938:2.155675
4876:11196336
4863:770183-1
4695:eFloraSA
4638:BioLib:
4566:Wikidata
4343:12241986
4288:Folklore
3752:Palila (
3750:(2002).
3505:11961736
3497:16222647
3446:18289261
2947:66017920
2747:montanum
2530:86267331
1689:rotenone
1685:coumarin
1677:saponins
1584:earaches
1576:catarrhs
1509:rotenone
1482:mucilage
1474:saponins
1412:require
1298:verbasci
1250:families
1216:diseases
1201:Victoria
1197:Colorado
1166:layers.
1132:foraging
1071:halictid
976:Michigan
760:montanum
658:Franch.
616:Fritsch
593:godronii
481:synonyms
449:city of
447:Tunisian
439:Syracuse
376:Taxonomy
358:capsules
354:glabrous
346:pedicels
230:invasive
184:Linnaeus
131:Family:
125:Lamiales
115:Asterids
102:Eudicots
4920:MoBotPF
4801:3171949
4682:Ecocrop
4572:Q160095
4445:Bibcode
4422:English
4308:1260360
4273:6893476
4085:Bibcode
3990:2437088
3657:2443054
3614:2259541
3594:Bibcode
3567:2259539
3539:Bibcode
3426:Bibcode
2435:L. and
2282:3284108
1825:13 July
1697:fishing
1665:witches
1494:iridoid
1490:tannins
1359:Miridae
1282:pests.
1018:Ecology
996:Ontario
914:Siberia
856:spurium
829:kerneri
712:Chaub.
695:spurium
637:Boreau
614:kerneri
595:Boreau
574:Teyber
451:Thapsus
435:Thapsos
425:Thapsos
407:thapsus
350:anthers
342:sessile
338:corolla
315:taproot
283:rosette
253:torches
234:tilling
222:rosette
211:mullein
141:Genus:
121:Order:
63:Plantae
5057:PLANTS
4984:NZOR:
4925:287011
4749:vertha
4746:FEIS:
4739:182859
4713:578530
4631:110231
4615:APDB:
4595:AoFP:
4490:
4465:213812
4463:
4401:
4341:
4306:
4271:
4221:
4183:
4177:99–104
4113:. The
3988:
3980:
3931:
3807:
3748:et al.
3715:
3655:
3647:
3612:
3565:
3557:
3503:
3495:
3444:
3046:
3021:
2945:
2915:
2869:
2723:
2656:
2621:
2528:
2469:
2280:
2256:852625
2254:
2049:
1919:
1886:
1749:3:389.
1669:curses
1592:eczema
1580:colics
1565:rashes
1535:, no
1503:, and
1498:lignin
1377:) and
1332:, the
1326:, and
1240:) and
1160:Sussex
1128:palila
1039:starch
998:, and
992:Quebec
984:Canada
955:, and
945:Hawaii
912:, and
894:Azores
845:thapsi
677:thapsi
562:Notes
527:ICNafp
443:Sicily
402:. The
330:stamen
269:Hawaii
197:, the
5131:WiO:
5088:18807
5036:11404
5033:PFI:
5026:35629
4995:NZPCN
4964:39388
4902:33394
4889:56652
4871:IRMNG
4847:IPA:
4840:59029
4827:41150
4734:EUNIS
4726:VESTH
4687:17435
4674:7FQFT
4641:40803
4618:93053
4605:APA:
4461:JSTOR
4418:Latin
4304:JSTOR
4039:"Can
3986:JSTOR
3940:(PDF)
3917:(PDF)
3701:(PDF)
3675:(PDF)
3653:JSTOR
3610:JSTOR
3563:JSTOR
3512:(PDF)
3501:S2CID
3473:(PDF)
3442:S2CID
3288:(PDF)
2989:(PDF)
2632:(PDF)
2609:(PDF)
2526:S2CID
2141:(PDF)
1712:Notes
1635:croup
1604:boils
1600:warts
1561:sores
1537:drugs
1406:graze
1263:Lygus
1220:pests
1212:hosts
1116:nests
961:Japan
949:Chile
927:as a
902:China
745:are:
726:none
689:syn.
557:Other
417:Θάψος
362:seeds
288:spike
277:is a
243:, no
109:Clade
96:Clade
83:Clade
70:Clade
5144:5338
5111:9330
5070:POWO
5062:VETH
5013:7613
5000:2589
4959:NCBI
4912:2682
4897:ITIS
4858:IPNI
4850:3080
4822:GRIN
4809:GISD
4796:GBIF
4762:7106
4721:EPPO
4651:8226
4626:APNI
4608:3507
4598:1757
4488:ISBN
4399:ISBN
4339:PMID
4269:PMID
4219:ISBN
4181:ISBN
3978:ISSN
3929:ISSN
3805:ISBN
3713:ISSN
3645:ISSN
3555:ISSN
3493:PMID
3354:USDA
3176:2009
3044:ISBN
3019:ISBN
2943:LCCN
2913:ISBN
2867:ISBN
2721:ISBN
2654:ISBN
2619:ISBN
2467:ISBN
2278:OCLC
2252:OCLC
2047:ISBN
1917:ISBN
1884:ISBN
1854:2021
1827:2019
1780:and
1728:and
1695:for
1671:and
1496:and
1456:Uses
1444:and
1428:and
1351:and
1222:and
1057:and
929:weed
896:and
849:syn.
847:L. (
788:and
469:for
413:(as
251:and
249:dyes
5152:WFO
5083:RHS
4946:NBN
4884:ISC
4814:695
4783:FoC
4770:FNA
4708:EoL
4669:CoL
4530:UBC
4453:doi
4331:doi
4296:doi
4292:102
4261:doi
4093:doi
3970:doi
3925:100
3637:doi
3602:doi
3547:doi
3485:doi
3434:doi
2778:L."
2687:doi
2584:doi
2580:202
2557:doi
2553:203
2518:doi
2514:178
2465:I,
2451:doi
2385:doi
1468:in
1300:),
1260:),
1158:in
931:in
679:L.
368:f.
205:or
5176::
5154::
5121::
5098::
5085::
5072::
5059::
5046::
5023::
5010::
4997::
4974::
4961::
4948::
4935::
4922::
4899::
4886::
4873::
4860::
4837::
4824::
4811::
4798::
4785::
4772::
4759::
4736::
4723::
4710::
4697::
4684::
4671::
4628::
4583::
4568::
4459:.
4451:.
4441:64
4439:.
4420:,
4380:^
4359:.
4337:.
4327:82
4325:.
4302:.
4290:.
4267:.
4255:.
4195:^
4179:.
4167:.
4155:^
4091:.
4081:28
4079:.
4011:.
4007:.
3984:.
3976:.
3966:57
3964:.
3923:.
3919:.
3900:^
3853:.
3824:.
3709:75
3707:.
3703:.
3683:18
3651:.
3643:.
3633:69
3631:.
3608:.
3600:.
3590:72
3588:.
3561:.
3553:.
3545:.
3535:72
3533:.
3499:.
3491:.
3481:19
3479:.
3475:.
3454:^
3440:.
3432:.
3422:17
3420:.
3388:.
3352:.
3348:.
3319:.
3315:.
3290:.
3262:.
3229:.
3196:.
3167:,
3163:.
3157:.
3142:^
3078:.
2991:.
2963:.
2927:^
2887:^
2861:.
2833:^
2812:.
2751:.
2705:^
2681:.
2640:^
2611:.
2596:^
2578:.
2551:.
2524:.
2512:.
2447:58
2445:.
2441:.
2439:L"
2403:^
2379:.
2349:.
2334:^
2317:.
2264:^
2238:^
2217:.
2189:^
2172:.
2156:^
2104:^
2057:^
2016:.
1991:^
1975:.
1960:^
1943:.
1928:^
1898:^
1862:^
1835:^
1800:^
1699:.
1687:,
1683:,
1679:,
1606:,
1602:,
1590:,
1586:,
1582:,
1578:,
1563:,
1492:,
1488:,
1484:,
1480:,
1476:,
1440:,
1320:,
1230:,
994:,
963:.
951:,
947:,
935:,
908:,
852:V.
841:V.
833:V.
825:V.
813:V.
691:V.
673:V.
652:V.
631:V.
610:V.
589:V.
568:V.
453:.
441:,
421:,
384:,
317:.
255:.
201:,
111::
98::
85::
72::
4496:.
4467:.
4455::
4447::
4407:.
4374:.
4345:.
4333::
4310:.
4298::
4275:.
4263::
4257:2
4238:.
4189:.
4149:.
4128:.
4099:.
4095::
4087::
4056:.
4026:.
3992:.
3972::
3949:.
3894:.
3868:.
3839:.
3773:)
3756:)
3735:)
3719:.
3659:.
3639::
3616:.
3604::
3596::
3569:.
3549::
3541::
3487::
3448:.
3436::
3428::
3403:.
3386:"
3382:"
3370:.
3334:.
3300:.
3273:.
3260:"
3256:"
3244:.
3227:"
3223:"
3211:.
3194:"
3178:.
3155:"
3151:"
3082:.
3052:.
3027:.
3002:.
2974:.
2949:.
2921:.
2881:.
2827:.
2794:.
2774:"
2762:.
2741:"
2729:.
2699:.
2689::
2679:"
2675:"
2662:.
2590:.
2586::
2563:.
2559::
2532:.
2520::
2497:.
2484:"
2459:.
2453::
2397:.
2387::
2377:"
2373:"
2360:.
2343:"
2328:.
2284:.
2258:.
2232:.
2183:.
2150:.
2098:.
2031:.
2010:"
1985:.
1954:.
1923:.
1892:.
1856:.
1829:.
1815:"
1732:.
1381:(
1373:(
1357:(
1343:(
1310:(
1270:(
1256:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
